Dictionary of Media Studies Specialist dictionaries Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Aviation 0 7475 7219 4 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7136 7739 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7475 6980 0 Dictionary of Computing 0 7475 6622 4 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Information and Library Management 0 7136 7591 8 Dictionary of Law 0 7475 6636 4 Dictionary of Leisure, Travel and Tourism 0 7475 7222 4 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7136 7603 5 Dictionary of Military Terms 0 7475 7477 4 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Politics and Government 0 7475 7220 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8

Easier English™ titles Easier English Basic Dictionary 0 7475 6644 5 Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 Easier English Dictionary: Handy Pocket Edition 0 7475 6625 9 Easier English Intermediate Dictionary 0 7475 6989 4 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3

Check Your English Vocabulary workbooks Academic English 0 7475 6691 7 Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 Human Resources 0 7475 6997 5 Law 0 7136 7592 6 Leisure, Travel and Tourism 0 7475 6996 7 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS 0 7136 7604 3 PET 0 7475 6627 5 TOEFL® 0 7475 6984 3 TOEIC 0 7136 7508 X

Visit our website for full details of all our books: www.acblack.com Dictionary of Media Studies

A & C Black ț London www.acblack.com

First published in Great Britain in 2006

A & C Black Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB

© A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0208-4

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Text Production and Proofreading Sandra Anderson, Heather Bateman, Emma Harris, Katy McAdam

A & C Black uses paper produced with elemental chlorine-free pulp, harvested from managed sustainable forests.

Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Italy by Legoprint Preface

This dictionary provides a basic vocabulary of terms used in the media and entertainment industries. It is ideal for all students of Media Studies and related subjects, as well as those working for the first time in jobs such as journalism, radio and television production and advertising.

Each headword is explained in clear, straightforward English and quotations from newspapers and specialist magazines show how the words are used in context. There are also supplements including an overview of media law, details of major national publications and a list of media resources on the Web.

Thanks are due to Andrea Esser for her help and advice during the production of this book. Pronunciation Guide

The following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary.

Stress is indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ) . Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence.

Vowels Consonants back b buck ɑ harm d dead ɒ stop ðother a type d jump aυ how f fare aə hire  gold aυə hour h head ɔ course j yellow ɔ annoy k cab ehead l leave eə fair m mix e make n nil eυ go ŋ sing  word p print i keep r rest i happy s save ə about ʃ shop  fit t take ə near tʃ change u annual θ theft u pool v value υ book w work υə tour x loch ' shut  measure z zone MediaStudies.fm Page 1 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

A

A abbreviation amp advertising agency, for example an adver- A&R /e ənd ɑ / noun the section of a tisement in a magazine or a stand at a record company that tries to find new acts, trade fair above-the-title əbv ðə tat ə l works out contracts and copyright issues above-the-title / | ( ) / and generally protects their artists’ inter- adjective CINEMA relating to the credits ests. Full form Artists and Repertoire that appear before the title of a film, listing AB /e bi / noun the highest socio- the names of the starring actors, the direc- economic group, consisting of profes- tors and the producers abridge əbrd sionals with a high disposable income abridge / | / verb to make a text abbreviate əbri viet abbreviate / | / verb to make a shorter by reducing detail or cutting piece of text shorter sections out AB roll ABC abbreviation 1. Audit Bureau of AB roll /e bi rəυl/ noun a sequence Circulation 2. Australian Broad- of two video or music segments that are casting Corporation synchronised so that one fades as the AB deadline deadline /e bi dedlan/ abbre- second starts absolute cost viation advance booking deadline absolute cost /bsəlu t kɒst/ noun aberrant decoding berənt di the actual cost of placing an advertisement aberrant decoding / | | kəυdŋ/ noun an understanding of a in a magazine or other advertising media product by an audience which is medium not the one intended by its maker absolute time time /bsəlu t tam/ noun aberrant reading berənt ri dŋ aberrant reading / | / the length of time that an audio disc has noun an interpretation of a text which was been playing not the meaning which was intended when abstract data type data type /bstrkt detə the text was written tap/ noun a general data type that can aberration bəreʃ ə n aberration / | ( ) / noun store any kind of information Academy Award əkdəmi əwɔ d distortion of a television picture caused by Academy Award / | | / a corrupt signal or incorrect adjustment noun an award that the Academy of abjection /bdekʃ(ə)n/ noun the Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the condition of, for example, a minority United States gives to particularly group, that has been cast out or expelled outstanding actors and many other above-the-fold əbv ðə fəυld workers in the film industry each year. above-the-fold /| / adjective 1. E-COMMERCE referring to the Also called Oscar acceleration factor əkseləreʃ ə n most valuable area of a webpage which acceleration factor / | | ( ) appears at the top of the screen so that the fktə/ noun the idea that increased effi- user does not have to scroll down to see it ciency in communication and transport 2. referring to the position of an important links speeds up the exchange of informa- story or on the front page of a tion, which has an immediate impact on newspaper so that it is visible when the the media newspaper is folded accent /ksənt/ noun the way in which above-the-line advertising əbv above-the-line advertising / | a language is pronounced, which is char- ðə lan dvətazŋ/ noun advertising acteristic of a whole region, social group for which commission is paid to the or other community MediaStudies.fm Page 2 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

access 2 access /kses/ noun the ability of the acid house house /sd haυs/ noun elec- public to question the actions and motives tronic disco music that was popular in the of major media companies. ı right of late 1980s, and is associated with the use reply of the drug ecstasy access controller kses kən acid jazz sd dz access controller / | acid jazz / / noun a mixture trəυlə/ noun an electronic device that of funk, jazz, and soul music that was transfers image data to a video controller developed in the 1980s accessed voices voices /ksesd vɔsz/ acid rock rock /sd rɒk/ noun a type of plural noun those people in a society who rock music that was popular in the late are given by the media, for 1960s, with weird electronic instrumental example celebrities, politicians and effects suggestive of psychedelic experi- experts in various fields, whose views are ences ACORN not necessarily representative of the views ACORN /ekɔ n/ noun MARKETING a of society as a whole classification of residential areas into access head head /kses hed/ noun the categories, based on the type of people part of a disk drive that moves to a partic- who live in them, the type of houses, etc., ular part of the disk’s surface and reads much used in consumer research. Full information stored on the disk form a classification of residential access number number /kses nmbə/ neighbourhoods acoustic əku stk noun ONLINE the telephone number that a acoustic / | / adjective 1. refer- computer uses to establish a dial-up ring to sound 2. referring to a musical connection to an Internet service provider instrument or musical performance which or other network provider is not amplified accessory shoe əksesəri ʃu acoustic coupler əku stk kplə accessory shoe / | / noun acoustic coupler / | / a bracket on a to noun a device that connects to a telephone which an accessory such as a unit handset, converting binary computer data may be fitted into sound signals to allow it to be trans- access panel panel /kses pn(ə)l/ noun mitted down a telephone line acoustic panel əku stk pn ə l a group of people that allows their televi- acoustic panel / | ( ) / sion watching habits to be monitored for noun a soundproof panel placed behind a research purposes. Also called panel device to reduce noise access provider kses prəvadə acoustic rock əku stk rɒk access provider / | / acoustic rock / | / noun noun same as Internet service provider rock music that is mainly played on access television television /kses instruments without electronic amplifica- telv(ə)n/ noun television which is tion acoustics əku stks free of state control and broadcast inde- acoustics / | / noun the study pendently, usually on a small budget and of sound and sound recording acquiescent kwies ə nt within a particular area acquiescent / | ( ) / noun in account əkaυnt account / | / noun an area of busi- advertising audience classifications, a ness such as design or publicity, that one person who has an easy-going attitude to company handles on behalf of another advertising and is more likely to be account director əkaυnt darektə account director / | | / impressed by adverts which are funny, noun a person who works in an adver- clever or eye-catching. ı ambivalent, tising agency and who oversees various cynic, enthusiast acquisition kwzʃ ə n account managers who are each respon- acquisition / | ( ) / noun 1. sible for specific clients the accepting, capturing or collecting of account executive əkaυnt $ account executive /| | information 2. the act of or acquiring new zekjυtv/ noun an employee, especially customers for a company, brand or in an advertising or public relations product, one possible aim of an adver- company, who handles all of a client’s tising campaign. Compare retention business Acrobat /krəυbt/ ‘ Adobe account handler əkaυnt hndlə account handler / | /, Acrobat əkaυnt mndə action kʃən account manager / | / action / / interjection the noun a person who works in an adver- command a film director uses to tell actors tising agency, and who is responsible for a to begin acting as filming begins í noun, particular client adjective a of film featuring action MediaStudies.fm Page 3 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

3 adman

actuality ktʃulti sequences such as natural disasters, actuality / | / noun live or violence and acts of heroism recorded sound of an event on location as action code action code /kʃən kəυd/ noun one it actually happens ad of five codes used in the analysis of texts, ad /d/ abbreviation advertisement describing events in a narrative. ı enigma ADA abbreviation audio distribution code, referential code, semantic amplifier code, symbolic code adaptive control model ədptv adaptive control model / | actioner kəntrəυl mɒd ə l actioner /kʃənə/ noun a film that | ( ) / noun a model for particularly features a large number of planning advertising expenditure which action sequences takes into account changes in consumer ActionMedia kʃənmi diə responses to advertising ActionMedia / | / a trade adaptor ədptə name for a digital video system developed adaptor /| / a device which by Intel that uses its i750 video processor converts a single plug socket into two, chip to allow a computer to record, play three or four sockets add back and manipulate digital video add /d/ noun additional material in the action replay kʃən ri ple form of new paragraphs which updates or action replay / / noun expands on an existing article the repeat of a brief part of a filmed event added value dd vlju such as a sports match, often in slow added value / / noun, motion adjective any extra promotion that a action shot publication can offer its advertisers, such action shot /kʃən ʃɒt/ noun a scene as press events, supplements or special with movement either in a film or on TV sections í noun extra promotional items active audience active audience /ktv ɔ diəns/ that are offered with publications as an noun the audience for a media product, enticement to buy, such as free gifts or seen not as accepting a product as it is offers addendum ədendəm presented to them, but as interpreting, addendum / | / noun an extra interacting with and using it for their own section of a book or magazine, such as an agenda. ı uses and gratifications appendix theory additive printing printing /dtv prntŋ/ active listening active listening /ktv ls(ə)nŋ/ noun PHOTOGRAPHY a printing process in noun the act of listening with the attitude which all other colours are produced by of wanting to understand the speaker’s mixing the three primary colours addressee dresi point of view, thinking that it is worth addressee / | / noun in human considering. Compare deliberative interaction, the person who is receiving a listening piece of communication or at whom it is active participation ktv pɑ ts aimed. Compare addresser active participation / | | addresser ədresə peʃ(ə)n/ the way in which media intru- addresser / | / noun in human sion can influence the stories which they interaction, the person who is trying to are supposed to be reporting impartially communicate with somebody. Compare active region addressee active pixel region /ktv pks(ə)l ad impression d mpreʃ ə n ad impression / | ( ) / ri dən/ noun an area of a computer noun the number of times an advertise- screen that can display graphic image ment is downloaded from a webpage and information assumed to have been seen by a potential active video active video /ktv vdiəυ/, active customer. Also called ad view video signal /ktv vdiəυ s$n(ə)l/ adjacency ədes ə nsi adjacency /| ( ) / noun a noun a part of a video signal that contains commercial which is run between two TV picture information programmes actor actor /ktə/ noun a person who acts in ad lib lib /d lb/ noun improvised speech plays, films or television í verb to improvise a speech

ACTT AdLib™ ACTT /e si ti ti / noun formerly, the AdLib™ /dlb/ noun a type of sound trade union representing workers in the card for a PC with basic sound playback film and television industries. Full form and MIDI functions Association of Cinematograph and adman /dmn/ noun a man whose Television Technicians. ı BECTU job is in advertising MediaStudies.fm Page 4 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

admass 4

admass dms advertisement panel əd admass / / noun MARKETING the advertisement panel /| part of society that advertising is aimed at v& tsmənt pn(ə)l/ noun a specially Adobe Acrobat ədəυbi krəbt designed large advertising space in a Adobe Acrobat / | / a trade name for a piece of software that newspaper converts documents and formatted pages advertiser-financed programming program- into a file format that can be viewed on ming /dvətazə fannsd almost any computer platform or using a prəυ$rmŋ/ noun programmes whose web browser on the Internet making costs are paid by individual spon- adperson dp& sən sors, rather than out of a larger budget for adperson / | / noun a person whose job is in advertising all programmes paid for by advertising, a ADR licence fee or subscription. Abbreviation ADR abbreviation Automatic Dialogue AFP Replacement advertising ADR editor dvətazŋ e di ɑ edtə advertising / / noun the ADR editor / / noun in public promotion of something such as a film and television production, the crew product, service, business, or event in member who has responsibility for order to attract or increase interest in it re-recorded sound (ADR) onto COMMENT: Advertising is a multi-billion filmed pieces pound industry worldwide and adshel adshel /dʃel/ noun advertising space advertisers are forced to come up with that is often illuminated and holds large new and innovative ways of catching the posters in bus shelters public eye. Techniques range from adspeak conventional television and radio slots, adspeak /dspi k/ noun jargon used in inserts in magazines and newspapers, the advertising trade maildrops and posters to less usual methods such as promotional weblog ‘You obviously wouldn’t bring in Stone entries and e-mail spam, as well as to do a table-top (adspeak for static, product placement and subliminal studio-based commercial with endless advertising techniques. close-ups of food products).’ [Belinda advertising agency advertising agency /dvətazŋ Archer, The Guardian] edənsi/ noun a company which creates adspend adspend /dspend/ noun the amount advertising campaigns for products, from of money that is spent on advertising a the advertisement concept and storyboard particular product to its filming and production and finally adult-oriented rock adult-oriented rock /dlt its placement ɔ rientd rɒk/ noun classic rock music advertising appropriation appropriation dvətazŋ əprəυprieʃ ə n which appeals to an older audience. / | ( ) / noun Abbreviation AOR money set aside by an organisation for its advance ədvɑ ns advertising advance / | / noun a statement advertising boycotts offered in advance to the media, giving advertising boycotts /dvətazŋ them time to cover it while it is still rele- bɔkɒts/ the practice of advertising vant news companies influencing media coverage by advance booking deadline əd threatening to take their business else- advance booking deadline / | vɑ ns bυkŋ dedlan/ noun the date by where unless the newspaper publishes a which an advertiser must book a particular particular story in their interests, or aban- media slot in order to guarantee the best dons one that they would prefer not to be rates and quality. Abbreviation AB dead- published advertising brief line advertising brief /dvətazŋ bri f/ advertise advertise /dvətaz/ verb to present noun basic objectives and instructions information to the public, such as infor- concerning an advertising campaign, mation about a product or service that is given by an advertiser to an advertising available agency advertising budget advertisement ədv& tsmənt advertising budget /dvətazŋ advertisement /| /, bdt advert /dv& t/ noun the public promo- / noun money planned for tion of a product or service, in forms such spending on advertising advertising campaign as posters, short television or radio broad- advertising campaign /dvətazŋ kmpen casts and announcements in the press. | / noun a coordinated publicity Abbreviation ad or advertising drive to sell a product MediaStudies.fm Page 5 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

5 aesthetic

advertising control control /dvətazŋ advertising time time /dvətazŋ tam/ kəntrəυl | / noun legislative and other noun the time on television or radio set measures to prevent abuses in advertising aside for advertising advertising department advertising department ‘Clear Channel said the results reflected dvətazŋ dpɑ tmənt / | / noun the its strategy of cutting advertising time department in a company that deals with on radio stations to improve its product.’ the company’s advertising [Aline van Duyn, The Financial Times] advertising expenditure advertising expenditure advertising weight dvətazŋ dvətazŋ kspendtʃə advertising weight / / | / noun the wet/ noun 1. the amount of advertising amount a company spends on its adver- given to a brand 2. the amount of adver- tising tising of all types used in a particular advertising hoarding advertising hoarding /dvətazŋ campaign hɔ dŋ/ noun a billboard or wooden advertorial dv& tɔ riəl advertorial / | / noun a surface onto which advertising posters are piece of text in a newspaper or magazine stuck advertising impression which is advertising a product or service advertising impression advice column ədvas kɒləm dvətazŋ mpreʃ ə n advice column / | / noun / | ( ) / noun the total number of times that an advertisement of the section of a newspaper or magazine any type reaches a person, including where advice is given to readers who have sent in questions or problems duplications. Also called gross audi- ad view ence. Compare net audience ad view /d vju / noun same as ad advertising jingle jingle /dvətazŋ impression advocacy advertising dŋ$(ə)l/ noun a short and easily advocacy advertising /dvəkəsi remembered tune or song used to adver- dvətazŋ/ noun advertising by a busi- tise a product on television or the radio ness that expresses a particular point of advertising manager manager /dvətazŋ view on an issue advocacy journalism mndə/ noun the manager in charge advocacy journalism /dvəkəsi of advertising a company’s products d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a type of jour- advertising medium medium /dvətazŋ nalism which seems neutral, but which in mi diəm/ noun a type of advertisement fact presents the facts in a persuasive way such as a TV commercial towards one point of view adwoman advertising rates rates /dvətazŋ rets/ adwoman /dwυmən/ noun a woman noun the amount of money charged for whose job is in advertising advertising space in a newspaper or adver- AE abbreviation auto exposure tising time on TV aerial eəriəl advertising sales aerial / / noun a part of a radio or advertising sales /dvətazŋ television system, often in the form of a selz/ noun the work of selling adver- metallic rod or wire, that transmits or tising space in the media receives radio waves. An aerial is attached advertising space advertising space /dvətazŋ to a radio or TV to improve the reception. spes aerial advertising / noun any available ‘slot’ in a aerial advertising /eəriəl media product, for example part of a dvətazŋ/ noun advertising displayed newspaper page, 30 seconds of radio time, in the air from balloons or planes or in a banner on a webpage etc, which can be smoke designs sold to companies for placing an adver- aerial perspective eəriəl pə tisement aerial perspective / | advertising specialities spektv/ noun ART the technique of advertising specialities dvətazŋ speʃilətiz making objects appear more distant by / | / plural noun painting them less sharply and brightly special items given away as part of an aerial shot eəriəl ʃɒt advertising campaign, such as T-shirts, aerial shot / / noun a shot mugs or umbrellas taken from an extremely high angle, Advertising Standards Authority Standards Authority above the action. Also called bird’s-eye dvətazŋ stndədz ɔ θɒrəti view | / / noun aesthetic i sθetk the body which regulates marketing and aesthetic / | / noun beauty, form, advertising in non-broadcast media, to composition, as opposed to content make sure that it is ‘legal, decent, honest ‘…stylish sofas that compete with top and truthful’. Abbreviation ASA end Conran in terms both of finger-on- MediaStudies.fm Page 6 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

aesthetics 6

AFTRA the-pulse aesthetic and price…’ AFTRA /ftrə/ abbreviation BROAD- [Victoria Stanley, The Sunday Times] CAST American Federation of Televi- COMMENT: The adjective aesthetic sion and Radio Artists means ‘pleasing to the eye, exciting or agate line line /$ət lan/ noun a measure arousing the senses’, and refers to the guiding principles by which we judge that of publishing space on a page, for something is beautiful or striking. example in classified advertising, one aesthetics i sθetks column that is 1.8mm deep aesthetics / | / noun the study, ageism edz ə m pursuit and evaluation of beauty ageism / ( ) / noun the high- aesthetic theory i sθetk θəri of differences between older and aesthetic theory / | / younger people, especially when this noun a philosophical discipline in which leads to discrimination or prejudice art and media texts and products are eval- uated in terms of their aesthetic qualities ‘The IT sector has a youthful image… AF however, the sector has a reputation for AF abbreviation 1. PHOTOGRAPHY auto- ageism and is often perceived as dealing focus 2. average frequency unkindly or unfairly with older affective behaviour əfektv b affective behaviour /| | workers.’ [Peter Skyte, Computer hevjə/ noun the category of human Weekly magazine] behaviour associated with feeling, agency /edənsi/ noun 1. an organisa- believing and holding attitudes. Compare tion, especially a company, that performs cognitive behaviour a particular type of service for its clients affiliate əfliet affiliate / | / noun a local TV 2. the fact or condition of doing some- station which is part of a national network thing, of being active affiliate marketing əfliət agency commission edənsi kə affiliate marketing /| agency commission / | mɑ ktŋ/ noun the practice of mʃ(ə)n/ noun the fee charged by an marketing products for companies that advertising agency for its services pay to have their goods or services adver- agency mark-up mark-up /edənsi mɑ k tised on a centralised website p/ noun an amount of money added by affiliate partner əfliət pɑ tnə affiliate partner /| / an advertising agency to purchases, which noun a company that puts advertising forms parts of the agency’s commission onto its website for other companies, who agency roster roster /edənsi rɒstə/ noun pay for this service a group of different advertising agencies affiliate programme əfliət affiliate programme /| all which work for a large company prəυ$rm agenda ədendə / noun a form of advertising agenda / | / noun 1. a list of on the Internet, in which a business items to be dealt with by somebody, persuades other businesses to put banners according to priority 2. the idea of a list of and buttons advertising its products or items, such as news items or issues, that services on their websites and pays them a should be considered important commission on any purchases made by agenda-setting ədendə setŋ agenda-setting /| / their customers noun the power of the media to decide affordable method əfɔ dəb ə l affordable method /| ( ) which issues are covered and to define the meθəd/ noun a method of budgeting how way in which they are covered, their order much can be spent on marketing and of importance and so on promotion, which is based on what you ‘The paper continues to build on its can afford, rather than what you want to reputation for breaking agenda-setting achieve stories, not least the exclusive revelation AFM AFM abbreviation assistant floor of the ministerial rule breach that led to manager the resignation of David Blunkett.’ AFP AFP abbreviation advertiser-financed [The Independent on Sunday] programming COMMENT: McCombs and Shaw describe Afropop frəυpɒp agenda-setting as a process of allowing Afropop / / noun contempo- the public to decide what is important, rary music from Africa and African from a finite list of issues which the media communities elsewhere in the world have told them are worth thinking about. afterpiece afterpiece /ɑ ftəpi s/ noun a short agent /edənt/ noun 1. somebody who dramatic entertainment, usually comic, officially represents somebody else in that follows the performance of a play business, especially in arranging work in MediaStudies.fm Page 7 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

7 alienation effect entertainment 2. the means by which an picture which he or she might associate effect or result is produced 3. a computer with it. Compare unprompted recall program that works automatically on aid-to-trade /ed tə tred/ noun a routine tasks such as sorting e-mail or service, such as banking or advertising, gathering information that supports trade age profile age profile /ed prəυfal/ noun the air /eə/ verb to broadcast a radio or tele- audience a particular media product is vision programme or to be broadcast targeted at, defined by age group, such as AIR abbreviation Average Issue Read- teenagers or over-60s aggregator ership aggregator /$r$etə/ noun a airbrush eəbrʃ airbrush / | / noun 1. ART a website which collects syndicated news device that uses compressed air to force a from other websites, often using RSS fine spray of paint onto a surface 2. a tool technology agit-prop dt prɒp in graphics and design software which agit-prop / / noun the prac- allows flaws to be removed from images tice of using the media to distribute prop- í verb to modify pictures in order to aganda remove flaws etc using a computer agony aunt agony aunt /$əni ɑ nt/ noun a airbrush tool woman who gives personal advice to airdate /eədet/ noun the date of a radio readers, viewers or listeners, in a news- or television broadcast paper or magazine, or on a radio or televi- airing eərŋ sion programme airing / / noun the occasion of a agony column radio or television broadcast $əni kɒləm airplay agony column / / noun eəple 1. the section of a newspaper or magazine airplay / / noun an occasion when where advice is given to readers who have a recording of music is broadcast on the written in about their personal problems radio, or the number of times a recording is broadcast on the radio 2. a newspaper column containing air time personal messages and advertisements, air time /eə tam/, airtime noun 1. the usually relating to missing relatives or amount of time given to a programme or friends subject in radio or television broadcasting agony uncle uncle /$əni ŋk(ə)l/ noun a 2. the time at which an item is scheduled to be broadcast man who gives personal advice to readers, airwaves viewers or listeners, in a newspaper or airwaves /eəwevz/ plural noun the magazine, or on a radio or television radio waves used in broadcasting, often programme used to refer to radio and television broad- agora /$ərə/ noun a marketplace on casting in general A law the Internet A law /e lɔ / noun a method of agreed doorstep ə$ri d dɔ step encoding digital audio data so that an 8-bit agreed doorstep / | / noun an interview which appears to be a data word can contain a 13-bit audio doorstep, but which has been agreed to sample album beforehand by the interviewee. ı door- album /lbəm/ noun 1. a recording of step music that is issued and marketed as a Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual onProperty Rights Trade-Related single product 2. the sleeves for several Aspects of Intellectual Property gramophone records, bound together like Rights noun full form of TRIPS agree- a book ALC ment ALC abbreviation automatic level AI abbreviation Audience Apprecia- control Aldis lamp tion Index Aldis lamp /lds lmp/ noun a port- AIDA model model /edə mɒd(ə)l/ noun a able lamp used to flash messages in Morse model for what should be provoked by an code advertisement for a product in its prelimi- Alexandra Palace Palace /leksɑ ndrə nary stages, that is: Awareness, Interest, pləs/ noun the studios from which the Desire and Action United Kingdom first broadcast television aided recall recall /edd ri kɔ l/ noun an in 1936, remaining in use until 1955 alienation effect eliəneʃ ə n  advertising research test to see how well alienation effect / | ( ) | someone remembers an advertisement by fekt/ noun in Marxist theory, the practice giving the respondent some help such as a of using alienating techniques such as MediaStudies.fm Page 8 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

alignment 8 unsettling and unnatural lighting effects, system, used in case of a fault or break- or music to force an audience to develop a down critical attitude to what they are seeing alternative comedy ɔ lt& nətv alternative comedy / | alignment əlanmənt kɒmədi alignment / | / noun the posi- / noun the presentation of tioning of text and headlines within comedy material that is deliberately columns on a page different in style and subject matter from Al-Jazeera l dəzərə mainstream comedy Al-Jazeera / | / noun a satellite TV channel that is based in Qatar ‘I have infinite respect for Eric and broadcasts in Arabic Morecambe. He exuded comedy, but he was also such an innovator. He was COMMENT: Al-Jazeera came to public notice with coverage of Taliban- deconstructing humour way before controlled areas in Afghanistan and has alternative comedy came along.’ long been the subject of international [Simon Pegg, interview by Robert controversy because of its willingness to Colville, The Daily Telegraph] broadcast such footage as the interview alternative media ɔ lt& nətv with Osama Bin Laden which defended alternative media /| the September 11th attacks on New York mi diə/ plural noun 1. media forms such City. Many claim that this supports the as pamphlets and graffiti, which are not views of terrorists and helps spread their mainstream, and which challenge tradi- message to a wider audience, but the 2. network says that such footage is news tional controls over what is made public and should be broadcast uncensored. any media form which is used to transmit

all-age personals non-mainstream messages or is subject to ɔ l ed all-age personals / more liberal controls, regulations over p& sən ə lz ( ) / plural noun advertisements content etc placed with Internet dating agencies by COMMENT: Alternative media is often people of all ages who are looking for a cited as a method of avoiding the romantic relationship dangers of mainstream news allegory /lə$(ə)ri/ noun a story that is presentation, which is subject to outside allegory pressures and bias. However, the quality a metaphor for another situation, often of reporting is often less reliable due to a carrying a moral message lack of strong financial backing. alliteration alternative press ə| ltə|reʃ ə n ɔ lt& nətv pres alliteration / ( ) / noun a alternative press / | / poetic or literary effect achieved by using noun non-mainstream news publications several words that begin with the same or such as those with radical political stand- similar consonants. Compare assonance points or a narrow focus, usually with a allness attitude allness attitude /ɑ lnəs ttju d/ small circulation noun the attitude that it is possible to alt rock rock /ɔ lt rɒk/ noun rock music that know everything there is to know about a is considered alternative because it is not person or issue. This shapes perceptions by well-known performers or promoted and therefore makes communication more by large record companies difficult. always on on /ɔ lwez ɒn/ adjective 1. Alpha Alpha /lfə/ noun COMMUNICATION an referring to a feature of high-speed broad- internationally recognised code word for band communications devices such as the letter A, used in radio communications cable modems and ADSL that link a

alt alt /ɔ lt/ noun a type of newsgroup on the computer to the Internet so that the Internet that contains discussions about computer appears to be permanently alternative subjects connected and there is no need to dial up alterity a special number 2. describes a home or ɔ lterti alterity / | / noun in the theories business with several computers and of structuralism and discourse, the state in mobile phones, in which Internet access is which a person recognises that he or she is not restricted to specific times uniquely different from other people am , AM abbreviation RADIO amplitude alternate media am ɔ lt& nət mi diə alternate media / | / modulation plural noun forms of advertising such as ambient advertising advertising /mbiənt TV commercials or magazine inserts, dvətazŋ/ noun advertising such as which are not direct mailing posters on the side of a bus or in a public alternate route ɔ lt& nət ru t alternate route / | / noun toilet, to which people are exposed during a backup path in a communications their everyday activities MediaStudies.fm Page 9 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

9 anarchist cinema

ambient media media /mbiənt mi diə/ device that increases the magnitude of a plural noun advertising media outdoors, signal, voltage or current such as posters and advertisements on the amplify /mplfa/ verb 1. to become sides of buses louder, or make a sound become louder, ambient noise noise /mbiənt nɔz/ noun by electronic or other means 2. to increase background noise such as traffic noise or the magnitude of a signal using an ampli- birdsong fier, or undergo such an increase amplitude ambisonics mbisɒnks amplitude /mpltju d/ noun a meas- ambisonics / | / noun the technique of using several separate chan- urement of radio waves, describing the nels to record and then reproduce sounds distance of the waves upwards or down- so that they seem to completely surround wards from the centre point. ı frequency, the listener. ı surround sound wavelength amplitude modulation ambivalent mbvələnt amplitude modulation /mpltju d ambivalent / | / noun in mɒdjuleʃ ə n advertising audience classifications, a ( ) / noun a method of trans- person who is neither interested in nor mitting audio or visual information using opposed to advertising, but passively radio waves, where the frequency remains accepts its influence. ı acquiescent, constant but the amplitude varies cynic, enthusiast according to the input signal. Abbrevia- ambush interview tion am, AM. Compare frequency ambush interview /mbυʃ ntəvju modulation / noun a line of questioning that anaglyph nə$lf surprises an interviewee, perhaps by intro- anaglyph / / noun PHOTOG- ducing a topic which was known to be RAPHY the visual effect created by super- unwelcome or contentious imposing two images of the same object, American dream əmerkən dri m taken from slightly different angles and American dream / | / each of a different colour, often red and noun the belief that anybody can succeed green. The image appears three-dimen- in America, regardless of their social sional when viewed through spectacles background with one red and one green lens. American Federation of Television and Radio Artists American Federation of Televi- analogue /n(ə)lɒ$/ noun, adjective a əmerkən sion and Radio Artists / | form of transmission in which a signal is fedəreʃ ə n əv telv ə n ən ( ) ( ) sent in one continuously-varying stream. rediəυ / noun a trade union in the USA Compare digital representing more than 70,000 artists, analogue channel channel /n(ə)lɒ$ performers, actors and broadcast journal- tʃn(ə)l/ noun a communications line ists. Abbreviation AFTRA Americanisation that carries analogue signals such as əmerkəna Americanisation /| | speech zeʃ ə n analogue line ( ) / noun the process of globalisa- analogue line /n(ə)lɒ$ lan/ noun a tion by which American cultural forms communications line such as a telephone become more widespread and eventually line, that carries analogue signals supplant others analogue recording n ə lɒ$ r American Sign Language ə analogue recording / ( ) | American Sign Language /| kɔ dŋ/ noun non-digital recording using merkən san lŋ$wd / noun a magnetic tape dialect of sign language used primarily in analytic editing editing /nəltk edtŋ/ the US. Abbreviation ASL America Online noun a type of editing in which a əmerkə ɒnlan America Online / | | / sequence of images is constructed to noun a company that is the largest Internet follow an argument, rather than to explain service provider in the world. Abbrevia- a narrative tion AOL anamorphic nəmɔ fk anamorphic / | / adjective a amp amp /mp/ noun a measure of current picture which is anamorphic has been flow. Abbreviation A stretched or distorted by changing the ampersand /mpəsnd/ noun a aspect ratio inefficiently anamorphic lens nəmɔ fk lenz symbol (&) that means ‘and’ anamorphic lens / | / amplifier /mplfaə/ noun 1. a device noun a lens which distorts the image in a that makes sounds louder, especially one particular way which increases the sound level of anarchist cinema cinema /nəkst snmə/ musical instruments 2. an electronic noun a type of film-making which juxta- MediaStudies.fm Page 10 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

anchor 10

animate poses images to express the view that life animate /nmet/ verb to make a is unfair and unequal series of drawings which, when filmed, anchor anchor /ŋkə/ verb to present a news will create moving images. ı í noun animatic nmtk programme a presenter who reads animatic / | / noun same as the news and introduces news reports and storyboard interviews from reporters located outside animation nmeʃ ə n animation / | ( ) / noun a the studio. Also called anchorperson anchorage moving image created from still objects anchorage /ŋkərd/ noun the such as drawings or models that are ability of a piece of accompanying text or exposed on film for a few frames at a time, sound to focus the message of an image so then moved slightly. The process is then that it is interpreted in the way that was repeated many times until an entire intended sequence has been completed. anchorman /ŋkəmn/ noun a man animation cell nmeʃ ə n sel anchorman animation cell / | ( ) / who presents a news programme noun a single picture or part of a picture anchorperson ŋkəp& sən anchorperson / | / noun on a transparent sheet which can be over- same as anchor laid with other sheets and backgrounds, anchorwoman ŋkəwυmən used to create anchorwoman / | / noun animator a woman who presents a news programme animator /nmetə/ noun a person ancillary-to-trade nsləri tə who is involved in making animated films ancillary-to-trade /| animatronics nmətrɒnks tred/ noun a service such as banking or animatronics / | / plural advertising, which supports trade noun puppets, models and prosthetics Andersch, Staats and Bostrom’s model of communicationStaats 1969 and Bostrom’s which are controlled electronically or model of communication 1969 mechanically to create movement /nd& ʃ stts ənd bɒstrəm/ noun a anime /nme/ noun anima- model which stresses the transactional tion. ı manga annals nature of any communication, in which annals /n(ə)lz/ plural noun the meanings are constructed and interpreted records that are published of events and by both the sender and the receiver and are developments in a particular field also subject to outside influences Annan Commission Report on Broadcasting 1977 androcentric Annan Commission Report on ndrəυsentrk androcentric / | / Broadcasting 1977 noun a report on adjective referring first to men and male the future of the broadcasting industry, perspectives which made recommendations for ‘Rich also commends the emerging field reforms for when the licences of various of Women’s Studies for offering a media companies expired in 1979. A "woman-directed education" that change of government from Labour to transforms curricula and develops Conservative led to most of the recom- critical thinking about androcentric mendations, such as the setting up of new, scholarship and society.’ [NWSA independent authorities, being rejected. journal] announce ənaυns announce / | / verb 1. to read the androgyny ndrɒdni androgyny / | / noun in news headlines or introduce programmes feminism, the theoretical condition of on the television or radio 2. to present being both male and female something such as a television or radio

anecdote anecdote /nkdəυt/ noun a small show announcement ənaυnsmənt personal story which helps to illustrate announcement / | / noun and stir up human interest in a more a formal notice, making public the news general issue of a birth, wedding, or other event anechoic chamber nekəυk announcer ənaυnsə anechoic chamber / announcer / | / noun a person tʃembə/ noun a perfectly quiet room in who reads news headlines or gives which sound or radio waves do not reflect programme information on the television off the walls or radio

angle annual angle /ŋ$əl/ noun the main point of annual /njuəl/ noun a book or maga- focus when covering a story, usually zine, especially one for children, that is stressed in the headline or introducing published every year and focuses on a paragraph. Also called hook particular subject or area of interest MediaStudies.fm Page 11 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

11

anomie nəmi antifeminist ntifemnst anomie / / noun the state in antifeminist / | / adjec- which there are either insufficient social tive referring to the conscious rejection of norms governing behaviour in a particular feminist principles í noun a person who society or for a particular individual or far is hostile to feminist principles too many, which is therefore confusing. antihero /ntihərəυ/ noun the central This state is blamed for social breakdown character in a story who is not a tradition- and general malaise, and is believed by ally brave or good hero some to make people more susceptible to anti-language anti-language /nti lŋ$wd/ the effects of mass media. anonym noun a new dialectal form of a language anonym /nənm/ noun a publication which has been developed and designed to by an unnamed or unknown author exclude outsiders from a group answer ɑ nsə anti-realism answer / / verb to reply to a signal anti-realism /nti rəlz(ə)m/ noun a and set up a communications link method of presenting narrative in a film or answer/originate ɑ nsə ərdnet answer/originate / | novel in which no attempt is made to dvas | /, answer/originate device noun represent a realistic situation a communications device such as a ‘In the new novel, Rooke seems to have modem, that can receive or send data outdone himself in wild, complex anti- answerprint /ɑ nsəprnt/ noun the realism. The narrative is steeped in first print of a filmed piece for show, parody, caricature… surrealism and which is sent from the laboratory and general comic bumptiousness.’ [The checked for final changes Toronto Star] antenna antisexist n| tenə ntiseksst antenna / / noun same as aerial antisexist / | / adjective anthology nθɒlədi anthology / | / noun 1. a book GENDER ISSUES referring to somebody or that is made up of essays, stories or poems something that challenges all discrimina- by different writers 2. a collection of tion on the grounds of sex, most particu- works from different musicians or artists larly that against women anthropology nθrəpɒlədi Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 anthropology / | / noun Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Secu- the study of the human species, focusing rity Act 2001 noun an act of Parliament on its cultural, historical and social devel- that introduced the new offence of inciting opment. Compare sociology racial hatred using the media. Rules on COMMENT: The study of anthropology privacy were also relaxed, making draws together such diverse areas as personal information more freely avail- archaeology, biology, linguistics, able to the authorities when investigating psychology and many more, to create a crimes. It was introduced after the New conception of a society’s culture and its ‘sense of self’. York attacks of September 11th, 2001. anti-trust laws anti-aliasing anti-trust laws /nti trst lɔ z/ anti-aliasing /nti eliəsŋ/ noun a plural noun legislation designed to method of ‘smoothing’ digital picture or prevent large corporations forming a sound signals, by removing the parts of monopoly to the detriment of smaller the signal which are too high-frequency to enterprises, for example by price-fixing. be represented correctly on the available Companies found guilty of this practice technology and which may therefore can be fined up to 10% of their annual create interference ı anticlimax sales under EU law. price-fixing ntiklamks AOL anticlimax / | / noun a AOL abbreviation America Online sudden or disappointing change from the AOR serious to the trivial or from compelling to AOR abbreviation MUSIC adult-oriented dull rock AP anti-climax order order /nti klamks AP abbreviation 1. Associated Press ɔ də/ noun a method of arranging the 2. assistant producer apache silence əptʃi saləns arguments or main points in a narrative so apache silence /| / the most important point is presented first. noun the use of silence as a form of non- Compare climax order verbal communication in situations in antics /ntks/ noun the outrageous which words are difficult to find, such as behaviour required of an actor or when a person has been bereaved performer playing an exaggerated comic aperture /pətʃə/ noun the hole at the role centre of a lens which admits light, meas- MediaStudies.fm Page 12 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

aperture card 12 ured in f-stops. It may be increased or have watched, recorded as a score from 1 decreased in size to alter the exposure of to 10 aquatint the film. aquatint /kwətnt/ noun PRINTING a aperture card card /pətʃə kɑ d/ noun a technique of etching with acid on a copper piece of card that surrounds and supports plate in order to produce prints that microfilmed pages so that they can be resemble watercolours handled easily arbitrary /ɑ btrəri/ adjective referring aperture priority pətʃə praɒrti aperture priority / | / to something that is chosen or determined noun PHOTOGRAPHY an exposure system at random. Human language described as where the photographer decides on the arbitrary because the words or sounds that aperture of the lens and the appropriate denote objects do not reflect their features speed is set automatically by the in any meaningful way, but have been camera chosen as a name for convenience. apocryphal əpɒkrəf ə l Onomatopoeic words such as ‘buzz’ are apocryphal /| ( ) / adjective referring to information or stories of false an exception to this. Compare represent- or doubtful origin ative arbitrary signifier signifier /ɑ btrəri ‘And though the story of the judge who s$nfaə said: "What are the Beatles?" appears to / noun in semiology, a sign or be apocryphal, there are plenty of other symbol which bears no direct relation to stories which back up the commonly the thing it signifies or refers to. Compare held view that judges live in a well- icon arc appointed cloud cuckoo land.’ [Jennifer arc /ɑ k/ noun a type of powerful light Selway, The Express] used for filming í verb to change the size apology əpɒlədi or shape of a picture using an aspect ratio apology / | / noun a written converter retraction of something which was printed ARC but has later been found to be inaccurate ARC abbreviation aspect ratio or to have caused offence converter archaeology aporia ɑ kiɒlədi pɔ riə archaeology / | / noun in aporia / | / noun in the theories of structuralism and discourse, a state in cultural theory, the study of ideas and which there is doubt or uncertainty about theories, their history and how they inter- relate how to proceed with an argument archive appeal əpi l archive /ɑ kav/ noun a store of old appeal / | / noun a short radio or tele- vision programme or a charity campaign material such as newspaper articles or asking for donations, usually for a partic- pieces of film that can be used again later if needed ular cause archive material appendix ɑ kav mətəriəl əpendks archive material / | / / | / noun extra mate- appendix noun film or footage which has been rial that appears at the end of a book or stored in an archive and can be reused at a document Apple later date p ə l archive site Apple / ( ) / a trade name for archive site /ɑ kav sat/ noun a computer technology company which has computer on the Internet that provides a developed, among other products, the vast collection of public-domain files and Apple Macintosh personal computer and programs copied from other computers the iPod around the Internet, that a user can down- Apple Macintosh Apple Macintosh /p(ə)l load mkntɒʃ/ noun a user-friendly Areopagitica riəυp$stə Areopagitica / | / noun personal computer developed by Apple the title of a pamphlet distributed by John with the Mac OS X operating system. Milton in 1644, which defended the Also called Mac freedom of the press and the sanctity of appreciation data əpri ʃieʃ ə n appreciation data /| | ( ) books detə / noun details of a viewer’s or COMMENT: Milton wrote the Areopagitica listener’s reactions to a broadcast, used in protest at the Licensing Act 1643, in alongside audience numbers which Parliament banned printing without appreciation index əpri ʃieʃ ə n a licence and set up committees to appreciation index / | | ( ) monitor and censor all publications. The ndeks/ noun a measure of how much a Areopagitica was addressed to person has enjoyed a programme that they Parliament and was writing in the style of MediaStudies.fm Page 13 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

13 aspect ratio converter

a speech, imitating the original articulation ɑ tkjυleʃ ə n articulation / | | ( ) / noun Areopagitica which was written by the the process of expressing something Athenian Isocrates in 355 BC. artificial language

A roll ɑ tfʃ ə l e rəυl artificial language / ( ) A roll / / noun the primary footage lŋ$wd/ noun a language that has used in an edited sequence, mainly inter- been invented for a particular purpose, views or pictures which are directly rele- such as for use with computers. The best- vant to the issue. Compare B roll array known human artificial language, devel- əre array / | / noun TELECOMS the spacing oped for international communication, is or arrangement of aerials so that their Esperanto. effectiveness is maximised artificial light ɑ tfʃ ə l lat Arri ri artificial light / ( ) / noun Arri / / a trade name for a German- lighting used to enable filming where made type of film camera there is no natural light source, for Arriflex Arriflex /rifleks/ a trade name for a example in a studio German-made type of film camera artistic media ɑ tstk mi diə artistic media / | / noun art director ɑ t darektə art director / | / noun 1. a media such as paint, photography, sculp- person who coordinates creative work in ture, collage etc which are used to create advertising 2. a crew member in televi- works of art sion, film and theatre production, who is arts /ɑ ts/, the arts plural noun 1. activ- responsible for overseeing the look and ities enjoyed for the beauty they create or feel of the set and instructing the set the way they present ideas, for example designer 2. artefacts painting, music, and literature nonsci- artefacts /ɑ tfkts/ plural noun items entific and nontechnical subjects at school such as media products, that hold infor- or university mation about the culture that produced artwork /ɑ tw& k/ noun 1. graphics them such as charts, diagrams or maps that ‘Among the bones were those of the accompany textual material 2. in printing, Mayan king Kan Maax and his wife, any material which can be printed, identified by their jewellery, whether illustrations or text headdresses and other precious ASA abbreviation Advertising Stand- artefacts.’ [Andrew Gumbel, The ASA ards Authority Independent] ascender əsendə ɑ t flm ascender / | / noun PRINTING 1. art film / / noun a film that is the part of a lowercase letter such as d, h made not for commercial reasons, but as a or k, that extends above its lower half 2. a work of art, usually on a low budget art gallery letter with an ascender art gallery /ɑ t $ləri/ noun a ascription skrpʃ ə n ascription / | ( ) / noun the building or room where works of art can adjustment of statistics to reflect unex- be seen by the public art-house pected circumstances, for example a art-house /ɑ t haυs/ adjective 1. refer- reduced circulation for a magazine caused ring to films that are not mainstream and by a delay at the printers are more devoted to the art of film-making A-side A-side /e sad/ noun the more impor- than to mass entertainment 2. referring to tant side of a pop, rock, or jazz single that cinemas that show art-house films article usually contains the title track article /ɑ tk(ə)l/ noun 1. a text on a ASL abbreviation American Sign particular subject in a newspaper, maga- ASL Language zine or reference book 2. ONLINE a as-live message or posting to an Internet news- as-live /z lav/ adjective referring to group film or sounds that are pre-recorded and Article 19 ɑ tk ə l nanti n then replayed as if live | Article 19 / ( ) / noun a aspect ratio clause in the European Convention for the aspect ratio /spekt reʃiəυ/ noun Protection of Human Rights and Funda- the ratio between the width and height of mental Freedom. The Article defends an image on-screen, such as 4:3, which is both the right to freedom of expression the usual television screen size, or 16:9, and the need for legal conditions and which is wide screen restrictions to be placed upon expression aspect ratio converter ratio converter /spekt reʃiəυ kənv& tə in order to protect other rights such as the | / noun a device for right to privacy. converting pictures into a form that can be MediaStudies.fm Page 14 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

aspirational value 14 shown on a screen with a different aspect words that contain the same or similar ratio. Abbreviation ARC vowel sounds. Compare alliteration aspirational value spreʃən ə l asterisk aspirational value / | ( ) asterisk /stərsk/ noun a symbol (*) vlju / noun a quality in fiction that used to indicate that there is a footnote makes it appeal to an audience, in which it relating to the text after which the symbol describes situations and objects which appears. Asterisks are also used to replace people aspire to or aspire to have, for letters of words which cannot be printed example romance, money, prestige in full because they are considered aspirer əsparə aspirer / | / noun in advertising obscene. asterism audience classifications, a person who asterism /st& rz(ə)m/ noun wants products which improve their PRINTING three asterisks that form a image and are fashionable. ı main- triangle and draw the reader’s attention to streamer, succeeder, reformer the next piece of text assertiveness əs& tvnəs Aston assertiveness / | / noun the Aston /stən/ a trade name for a char- ability to express needs, desires, values acter generator which lays captions on an and opinions in a direct and confident image manner. Assertiveness is not always Aston operator considered a positive attribute since in Aston operator /stən ɒpəretə/ many collectivist cultures it is considered noun the member of a television produc- more polite to consider the needs of others tion team who is responsible for on-screen above your own. graphics Astra assets /sets/ plural noun separate Astra /strə/ noun a satellite operator data elements such as video, audio and which broadcasts BSkyB and other Euro- image that are used in a multimedia appli- pean satellite channels, based in Luxem- cation bourg assimilate əsmlet atmosphere assimilate / | / noun 1. to inte- atmosphere /tməsfə/, atmos noun grate somebody into a larger group, so ambient noise, recorded and added to a that differences are minimised or elimi- radio recording to make it sound more nated, or become integrated in this way 2. realistic. Also called wild track to integrate new knowledge or informa- atmospherics tməsferks atmospherics / | / noun tion with what is already known assistant floor manager noises that interfere with radio reception, ə assistant floor manager /| caused by natural electrical disturbances sst(ə)nt flɔ mndə/ noun an in the atmosphere assistant to the floor or stage manager, ATR e ti ɑ who does such tasks as checking props ATR / / noun a model showing and coordinating rehearsals. Abbreviation stages in the effects of advertising on the AFM consumer. According to this model, the assistant producer əsst ə nt prə customer becomes aware of the product, assistant producer / | ( ) | dju sə buys it once to try it, and then buys it again / noun in television production, when he or she finds it is satisfactory. Full the crew member who is responsible for form awareness, trial, repeat directing the content and action, roughly attachment əttʃmənt equivalent to a director in film production. attachment / | / noun same Abbreviation AP as work experience attack Associated Press ətk əsəυsietd | Associated Press /| attack / / noun RADIO the shape of pres/ noun a major international news the start of a sound signal over time agency founded in 1848. Abbreviation AP attention economy ətenʃən  attention economy /| | associate producer əsəυsiət prə kɒnəmi associate producer / | | / noun the view that people’s dju sə/ noun in television and film attention, particularly their attention to production, the producer’s head assistant websites, is a driving force in the Association of Cinematograph and Television Techniciansof Cinematograph economy ə attention model of mass communication and Television Technicians /| attention model of mass commu- səυsieʃ  n əv snmətə$rɑ f ən ətenʃən mɒd ə l əv ms ( ) nication / | ( ) telv ə n teknʃ ə nz | / noun kəmju nkeʃ ə n ( ) ( ) full form | | ( ) / noun the idea that of ACTT communication (especially in advertising) assonance /sənəns/ noun a poetic is a matter of attracting and holding the or literary effect achieved by using several attention of the consumer or receiver MediaStudies.fm Page 15 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

15 audio feed

attention value ətenʃən vlju attention value / | / audience for an advertisement that is noun the likelihood of an advertisement reached by it more than once, or in more attracting and holding attention than one form audience factor ‘Newspaper advertising is done at least audience factor /ɔ diəns fktə/ twice a week, and David reports that the noun the average number and constitu- company is ‘experimenting with TV and ency of viewers in each television-owning radio. The typical men’s stores in home Detroit don’t do much advertising, so audience flow audience flow /ɔ diəns fləυ/ noun we get good attention value.’’ [Stan Gellars, DNR] the way in which the audience for a partic- ular channel changes throughout the day, attitude attitude /ttju d/ noun the way in expressed by the percentage that changes which a person approaches or receives the channel, turns the television on or off something, formed by social norms, expe- or leaves the room rience and personal taste. Attitudes can be audience measurement audience measurement /ɔ diəns shaped, refined and changed, for example meəmənt/ research into how many by the presentation of stereotypes in the people are receiving a particular media media. attitude research product and what they are like, their social ttju d rs& tʃ attitude research / | / status etc. noun research into the feelings, tastes and audience research ɔ diəns rs& tʃ perceptions of an audience audience research / | / attribution trbju ʃ ə n noun research into the attitudes of an attribution / | ( ) / noun a audience to an advertising campaign credit for the original source of a piece of audimeter news, quote or photograph audimeter /ɔ dmi tə/ noun an elec- attribution theory trbju ʃ ə n tronic device attached to a TV set, which / | ( ) attribution theory records details of a viewer’s viewing θəri/ noun ‘ dispositional attribution, habits situational attribution audio audience ɔ diəυ audience /ɔ diəns/ noun 1. the group audio / / noun recorded material audiocassette ɔ diəυkəset of people who are exposed to a media audiocassette / | / noun product. ı target audience 2. the people an audiotape in a plastic box, for use in a who receive a media product, or at whom tape recorder a piece of advertising is aimed audioconferencing ɔ diəυ audioconferencing /| COMMENT: Audience research plays an kɒnf(ə)rənsŋ/ noun BUSINESS the prac- important role in dictating which media products are made and the way in which tice of holding a meeting between several they are packaged. The more closely a people in different locations, whose product matches the needs and desires discussions take place over the telephone of its target audience, the more likely it is audio console ɔ diəυ kɒnsəυl to be accepted and successful. audio console / /

audience appreciation noun a piece of furniture designed to ɔ diəns ə audience appreciation / | house the separate components of an pri ʃieʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a measure of how an audio system such as a radio tuner, a audience responded to a media product, compact disc player, a tape recorder and a used as a factor in ratings research along- record deck side the bare statistics of how many audio description ɔ diəυ d audio description / | people were watching skrpʃən Audience Appreciation Index / noun a spoken description of Audience Appreciation Index ɔ diəns əpri ʃieʃ ə n ndeks what is happening onscreen for the visu- / | | ( ) / noun ally impaired a study of audience opinions on audio distribution amplifier programmes they have watched. Abbrevi- audio distribution amplifier ɔ diəυ dstrbju ʃ ə n mplfaə ation AI / | ( ) / audience differentiation abbreviation ADA. ı distribution ampli- audience differentiation /ɔ diəns dfərenʃieʃ ə n fier | ( ) / the process of split- audio EDL ting an audience into groups according to audio EDL /ɔ diəυ i di el/ noun ‘ age, social status and considering the editing decision list audio feed needs of each group audio feed /ɔ diəυ fi d/ noun recorded audience duplication duplication /ɔ diəns sound sent from one place to another dju plkeʃ ə n | ( ) / noun the percentage of where it can be used MediaStudies.fm Page 16 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

audio insert 16

audio insert ɔ diəυ ns& t audio insert / | / noun a a director may be regarded as a film’s feature on some video equipment which author allows dubbing author /ɔ θə/ verb to create a computer audiophile /ɔ diəυfal/ noun some- application such as a multimedia docu- body who has an enthusiasm for hi- ment, usually using special software fidelity sound reproduction, especially authoring software software /ɔ θərŋ recordings of music sɒftweə/, authoring system /ɔ θərŋ audiotape /ɔ diəυtep/ noun 1. a sstəm/ noun a special application for length of magnetic tape containing a creating multimedia titles. Authoring soft- sound recording for use in a tape recorder ware is for designing the pages of a multi- 2. magnetic tape that is used for recording media book and placing video clips, sound images, text and sound on a page. authorship audio-video support system support system authorship /ɔ θəʃp/ noun the idea ɔ diəυ vdiəυ səpɔ t sstəm that a particular person in a film’s produc- / | / noun full form of AVSS tion (usually the director) is mainly audiovisual /ɔ diəυ vuəl/ noun responsible for the look and style of the media that can be seen and also heard, for film, rather than looking at the larger body of people who produced it as a whole example a TV commercial. Abbreviation author’s marks AV author’s marks /ɔ θəz mɑ ks/ plural Audit Bureau of Circulation Bureau of Circulation /ɔ dt noun proofreading marks made by the bjυərəυ əv s& kjυleʃ ə n author on a piece of text | ( ) / noun the auto-conforming ɔ təυ kən body which provides official figures for auto-conforming / | fɔ mŋ newspaper circulation. Abbreviation ABC / noun the process of conforming audited circulation ɔ dtəd s& kjυ done by a special computer program, audited circulation / | which automatically recreates the editing leʃ(ə)n/ noun circulation figures for done during the off-line edit newspapers or magazines that have been autocracy ɔ tɒkrəsi independently verified autocracy / | / noun a system ɔ rə of government based on the principle of aura / / noun in aesthetic theory, the absolute power invested in one ruler, idea that a piece of art retains its special usually a monarch. Compare democracy unique qualities and mystical value even if Autocue ɔ təυkju it is mass-reproduced Autocue / / a trade name for a aural signature ɔ rəl s$ntʃə type of electronic scrolling script aural signature / / prompter, often used generically to mean noun a set of musical sounds used to iden- any type of device like this tify a product or service auto exposure ɔ təυ kspəυə Australian Broadcasting Corporation auto exposure / | / Australian Broadcasting Corpo- ɒstreliən brɔ dkɑ stŋ noun a feature on a camera to set the ration /| kɔ pəreʃ ə n exposure level automatically. Abbrevia- ( ) / the government-owned tion AE public service broadcaster of radio and autofocus ɔ təυfəυkəs television programmes in Australia. autofocus / / noun a Abbreviation ABC camera system that allows the lens to be ɔ t& adjusted automatically so that the image is auteur / | / noun a film director who in focus. Abbreviation AF is known for their distinctive individual auto-function ɔ təυ fŋkʃən style auto-function / / noun a feature in editing and playback equip- ‘But the talents of movie directors ment that performs functions such as remain shrouded in mystery and focusing or tracking automatically. This ignorance. One of the complications is can be helpful for amateur users but is an ambiguous label – that of ‘auteur’, usually set manually by the professional which attracts as much derision as it to give greater control over the output. does respect and eulogy.’ [Don Boyd, Automatic Dialogue Replacement Automatic Dialogue Replacement Time Out] ɔ təmtk daəlɒ$ rplesmənt | auteurism / / ɔ t& rz ə m auteurism / | ( ) / noun the noun 1. a device which allows actors to principle that a director’s influence on a watch themselves on screen while re- film is its defining characteristic recording their lines simultaneously, for auteur theory ɔ t& θəri auteur theory / | / noun the greater clarity 2. the practice of re- theory in film criticism that suggests that recording lines from a filmed piece, either MediaStudies.fm Page 17 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

17 axeman

average audience because the sound was incorrectly average audience /v(ə)rd recorded or just to make it louder and ɔ diəns/ noun the average of the minute- clearer, and dubbing them over the top so by-minute audience rating throughout the that they appear to be part of the original duration of a radio or television dialogue ̈ abbreviation ADR programme automatic exposure ɔ təmtk k average frequency automatic exposure / | average frequency /v(ə)rd spəυə/ noun a camera system that auto- fri kwənsi/ noun 1. the number of times matically sets the lens aperture and shutter on average that the same person is reached speed, after measuring how much light by advertising in the same campaign, there is either in the same or different media vehi- automatic frequency control frequency control cles 2. the average number of opportuni- ɔ təmtk fri kwənsi kəntrəυl ties to see an advertisement. Abbreviation / | / noun a control system in a radio or televi- AF average hours per head sion receiver that keeps it tuned to the average hours per head /v(ə)rd incoming signal, even if its frequency aυəz pə hed/ noun the average number varies slightly of television viewing hours across the

automatic gain control automatic gain control /ɔ təmtk whole population who did or could have $en kəntrəυl watched | / noun a control system in Average Issue Readership a radio receiver, that keeps the amplified Average Issue Readership volume constant in spite of variations in /v(ə)rd ʃu ri dəʃp/ noun an esti- the volume of the signal mate of the number of people who have

automatic level control automatic level control /ɔ təmtk read or looked at a publication during its lev ə l kəntrəυl issue period. Abbreviation AIR ( ) | / noun a device on average quarter-hour figure recording machines that maintains a average quarter-hour figure constant recording level. Abbreviation /v(ə)rd kwɔ tər aυə f$ə/ noun ALC the average number of people watching a autonomy ɔ tɒnəmi TV programme during a 15-minute period autonomy /| / noun in avi aesthetic theory, independence, without avi /e vi a/ noun COMPUTING a file relying on any other idea, cultural form or extension for a multimedia video format value file Avid technology autoscript vd teknɒlədi autoscript /ɔ təυskrpt/ noun a type Avid technology / | / of prompting system used by television the market leader in software for non- presenters linear editing AVSS auto white balance auto white balance /ɔ təυ wat AVSS /e vi es es/ noun a digital video bləns/ noun a feature on a camera that system, originally for MS-DOS, used to sets the white balance automatically. play back video and audio files on a Abbreviation AWB computer awareness AV əweənəs AV abbreviation MEDIA audiovisual awareness / | / noun same as availability əveləblti brand awareness availability / | | / noun the awareness, trial, repeat əweənəs time and number of advertising slots awareness, trial, repeat / | traəl rpi t which are available to be used | / noun full form of ATR AWB avant-garde avant-garde /vɒŋ $ɑ d/ adjective AWB abbreviation auto white balance AWM novel, experimental and outside the main- AWM /e db(ə)l ju em/ noun a stream system developed by Yamaha to sample ‘Braunstein… published an article natural sounds and convert them to digital called Stalking Kate in BlackBook, a form axe progressive magazine that describes axe /ks/ noun a rock guitar or a brass itself as ‘clandestine and avant garde’.’ instrument used in jazz, particularly a [Tony Allen-Mills, TheSundayTimes] saxophone (informal)

avatar axeman avatar /vətɑ / noun a computer- axeman /ksmən/ noun a rock generated icon or figure representing a guitarist, a jazz saxophonist or other horn character in a virtual world player (informal) MediaStudies.fm Page 18 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

B

B/A abbreviation back-anno dialogue.’ [Letters Page, The Sun baby legs legs /bebi le$z/ noun a camera Newspaper] with especially short legs for low- backing /bkŋ/ noun the accompani- angle shots ment for a solo musician or singer of back /bk/ noun the part of a book popular music where the pages and the binding are backing track track /bkŋ trk/ noun a joined together recording that is used as an accompani- back-anno /bk nəυ/ noun an ment to a solo performance announcement following an audio piece back issue issue /bk ʃu / noun a on the radio, explaining what has just been previous edition of a paper or magazine heard. Abbreviation B/A backlight bklat backbench backlight / / noun a light that bkbentʃ backbench / / noun a illuminates the subject from behind on a committee of senior journalists who film set, helping them to stand out against decide the overall look, structure and the background. Also called rim light focus of a particular newspaper backlight correction bklat kə back catalogue bk kt ə lɒ$ backlight correction / | back catalogue / ( ) / rekʃ(ə)n/ noun an automatic function on noun all the publications, recordings or some to reduce the shadowing films a particular artist or company has effect of lighting an object from behind. ever produced Abbreviation BLC back cover back cover /bk kvə/ noun the back back projection bk prə back projection / | of a magazine cover, which can be used dekʃ(ə)n/ noun the cinematic technique for advertising backfile of creating a background for a scene by backfile /bkfal/ noun a collection of projecting other moving images onto a all the previous issues of a newspaper or screen behind the action being filmed magazine back-story bk stɔ ri background back-story / / noun CINEMA, bk$raυnd background / / noun part TV same as prequel of a feature that gives background details back up bk p to the main part of a news story back up / / verb to print on the backgrounder second side of a sheet of paper bk$raυndə backup backgrounder / / noun a bkp feature that gives background details to backup / / noun a copy of saved another major news story data that can be used if the original is lost, background music or a second source of or facilities background music /bk$raυnd mju zk that may be used if the first source fails / noun music that accompanies back-up bk p action or dialogue in a film, or music back-up / / noun the accompa- played to create a pleasant environment niment to the main performer of a piece of and make people feel comfortable, for popular music or jazz badged example in a shop or at a party badged /bdd/ adjective referring to a ‘When the BBC finally manages to give distinctive branding that is given to a us a decent programme, why must they product to appeal to its target audience bad language ruin it with irritating background music bad language /bd lŋ$wd/ noun that runs right through the show? In the use or misuse of language which is many cases it completely drowns out the likely to cause offence to its audience, for MediaStudies.fm Page 19 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

19 barbershop

B & W example swearing, poor grammar or the B & W abbreviation PHOTOGRAPHY use of certain accents or dialects black-and-white ‘Millions of pounds are spent bandwidth /bndwdθ/ noun 1. a researching whether television violence range of frequencies that is used for radio makes children more aggressive, but the or telecommunications transmission and mere price of a bus ticket will reception 2. ONLINE the amount of data, demonstrate conclusively that television often measured in bits per second, that a swearing makes children use bad communication channel such as an language more readily.’ [Christopher Internet connection, can transmit Middleton, The Daily Telegraph] bang bang /bŋ/ noun PRINTING an exclama- bad taste bad taste /bd test/ ȣ in bad taste tion mark (!) referring to a comment or joke that is bangtail /bŋtel/ noun a type of enve- considered unsuitable because it may lope with a piece that can be torn off and offend a group or individual, particularly used as an order form or to collect because of being ill-timed. An example of marketing data this would be light-hearted comments bank bŋk made about a person shortly after their bank / / noun PRESS a secondary part of a headline running below the main death. Bafta headline in smaller type Bafta /bftə/ noun an award given in banner /bnə/ noun PRESS same as the UK every year by the British Academy banner banner headline of Film and Television Arts for banner ad outstanding work in films and television banner ad /bnə d/, banner adver- BAFTA bnə ədv& tsmənt tisement / | /, BAFTA /bftə/ abbreviation British banner advertising /bnə Academy of Film and Television Arts dvətazŋ balanced audio / noun an advertisement that balanced audio /blənst ɔ diəυ/ stretches across the top or bottom of a noun audio signals which are transmitted printed page or a webpage. Also called along the cable in inverted form, which banner eliminates any interference balanced programming ‘…a mistake by the Lycos search engine balanced programming /blənst resulted in the fledgling casino’s banner prəυ$rmŋ/ noun the practice of advertising being flashed across the giving fair coverage to all subject matter, world. The surge in internet traffic was representing each view in an impartial almost too big for the company’s servers manner and not marginalising any to cope with.’ [Matthew Garrahan, The programming by, for example, always Financial Times] broadcasting it at off-peak times banner exchange bnə ks ballad bləd banner exchange / | ballad / / noun a slow romantic tʃend/ noun an agreement between song in popular music, or an older song two or more businesses, in which each that tells a sentimental story allows the others’ advertising banners to balloon bəlu n balloon / | / noun the rounded be displayed on its website space on a cartoon picture where the text banner headline headline /bnə hedlan/ of a character’s speech or thoughts is noun a large headline that stretches across printed. Also called bubble the top of the page of a newspaper. Also ballyhoo blihu ballyhoo / | / noun sensational called banner publicity for something such as a story or bar /bɑ / noun in music, a fundamental product unit of time into which a musical work is band band /bnd/ noun a horizontal section divided, according to the number of beats of a reel-to-reel tape BARB abbreviation Broadcasters’ bandpass filter bandpass filter /bndpɑ s fltə/ Audience Research Board noun a device that filters out all sounds barbershop /bɑ bəʃɒp/ noun a style except those within a certain frequency of arranging unaccompanied popular bandspreading bndspredŋ bandspreading / | / songs, originally for four male voices, that noun a tuning system on some radios that was developed in the US in the 1920s and allows a narrow band of frequencies to be 1930s. There are now many female spread wider apart to enable more accu- barbershop groups and larger barbershop rate tuning to a particular frequency choirs. MediaStudies.fm Page 20 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

bar counting 20

bar counting counting /bɑ kaυntŋ/ noun a Organisation to allow free trade for tele- method of timing camera shots by communications services, signed by 69 counting the bars of accompanying music countries Baskerville barn door barn door /bɑ n dɔ / noun THEATRE, Baskerville /bskəvl/ noun PRINTING CINEMA one of four adjustable flaps on the a typeface characterised by serifs and front of a large industrial light used on traditionally regarded suitable for books film sets and in the theatre and periodicals Bass’s double action model of internal news flow 1969 baron /brən/ noun the main owner Bass’s double action model of and controller of a newspaper or media internal news flow 1969 /bs/ noun empire. Examples include Rupert a model which describes news as being Murdoch, Robert Maxwell and Silvio processed in two stages before release – Berlusconi. (informal) Also called firstly by the newsgatherers, who are magnate, mogul concerned only with factual reporting, barrier signals signals /briə s$n(ə)lz/ then by the editors, who are more plural noun in human interaction, non- concerned with the values and norms of verbal communication such as crossing the news organisation bastard title the arms or holding a hand in front of the bastard title /bɑ stəd tat(ə)l/ noun face, which are seen as defensive signals PRINTING same as half title batter barter /bɑ tə/ noun a system in which batter /btə/ noun PRINTING 1. the advertising space or time is exchanged for impression produced by a damaged goods from the advertiser printing plate 2. a damaged or worn area base of printing type or a defective block /bes/ noun 1. RADIO the studio 2. base battery pack bt ə ri pk MARKETING the actual number of individ- battery pack / ( ) / noun a uals that were asked questions in a survey powerful battery that can be recharged base and superstructure and superstructure /bes ən and used in portable machines such as su pəstrktʃə laptop computers and video cameras / noun a Marxist theory in baud rate which the economy is the ‘base’ of any baud rate /bɔ d ret/ noun the speed of society, around which is built the ‘super- data transfer within a network, measured structure’ of the law, religion, culture etc. in bits per second BBC baseband bi bi si baseband /besbnd/ noun 1. TELE- BBC / / noun the public COMS the narrow range of frequencies service broadcaster in the UK that was necessary to transmit a single message 2. established in 1922. As the BBC is non- the form of a satellite signal as it is trans- commercial, it is funded by an annual mitted, before it is received and converted licence fee paid by television owners. Full into viewable pictures and sound form British Broadcasting Corpora- base station station /bes steʃ(ə)n/ noun a tion fixed radio transmitter/receiver that relays COMMENT: The BBC has been subject to many reports since it was founded in radio signals to and from data terminals or 1922, primarily looking into the quality of radios its programming, its funding via the basher /bʃə/ noun a small hand-held licence fee and the need for competition lamp used on a film shoot in the British broadcasting market. The basic service most recent government white paper basic service /besk s& vs/ noun (called ‘The Future of the BBC: Serving the basic package of television channels the Nation, Competing Worldwide’) that are available on a cable or satellite recommended that the BBC should subscription service. Extra channels can continue to develop worldwide services, pay particular attention to matters of taste usually be paid for. and decency and should provide ‘Sky launched the service in October programming dedicated to education, 2004, a month before the meeting, news and ‘bringing the nation together’. offering a set-top box and basic service BBC digital digital /bi bi si ddt(ə)l/ for a flat £150.’ [Jane Martinson and noun the six extra BBC channels available Rob Evans, The Guardian] to digital viewers since 2002. These chan- Basic Telecommunications Agreement 1997 Telecommunications nels include a 24-hour news channel and besk telikə round-the-clock children’s programming. Agreement 1997 / | mju nkeʃ ə nz ə$ri mənt BBC English bi bi si ŋ$lʃ | ( ) | / noun an BBC English / / noun agreement introduced by the World Trade the standard form of spoken English used MediaStudies.fm Page 21 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

21 benday by announcers on BBC television and tainment, Cinematograph and radio Theatre Union BBC World bed BBC World /bi bi si w& ld/ noun bed /bed/ noun BROADCAST music or the BBC’s international 24-hours new other background sounds that are played service, which is commercially funded under an item such as the news Beeb BBC World Service World Service /bi bi si Beeb /bi b/ noun an informal way of w& ld s& vs/ noun the BBC’s interna- referring to the BBC beermat tional radio news service, which is funded beermat /bəmt/ noun MARKETING a by the British government and broadcasts cardboard mat for use under a beer glass in 43 languages in a pub, that often carries advertising for BBC Worldwide bi bi si w& ld breweries or other drinks companies BBC Worldwide / | wad behaviourism bhevjərz ə m / noun a BBC company which behaviourism /| ( ) / makes consumer products relating to their noun a psychological movement that television and radio broadcasts, such as focuses on what can be observed and audio books, magazines and book tie-ins measured about a person’s behaviour, BBC written archives BBC written archives /bi bi si rather than what can only be inferred rt(ə)n ɑ kavz/ noun a store of more about their thought processes. Compare than 200,000 files from the BBC’s first 40 cognitive psychology bellows years of broadcasting, kept by the BBC bellows /beləυz/ noun the telescopic Monitoring Service in Reading part of a camera or photographic , BBFC abbreviation British Board of that houses its lenses bells and whistles Film Classification bells and whistles /belz ənd BBS ws ə lz BBS abbreviation 1. Bulletin Board ( ) / plural noun every possible System 2. British Business Survey feature that could be included, for BCNZ example, in an advertising campaign BCNZ abbreviation Broadcasting below-the-fold bləυ ðə fəυld / | / Corporation of New Zealand below-the-fold BCU adjective relating to the parts of a BCU abbreviation big close-up webpage that can be seen only by BDL /bi di el/ noun a company that scrolling down the page and that are there- makes autocue equipment. Full form fore less commercially valuable for Broadcast Development Ltd marketing purposes BDS below-the-line bləυ ðə lan BDS abbreviation Broadcasting Data below-the-line / | / adjec- Services tive 1. relating to advertising that is not beach box beach box /bi tʃ bɒks/ noun a device mainstream, for example mailouts, beer for connecting an external microphone to mats, etc 2. relating to advertising that is a hand-held digital video camera, to not paid for and for which no commission provide better sound recording quality is paid to an advertising agency, for beam bi m example work by staff who are manning beam / / verb to broadcast radio or an exhibition television signals to a particular place belter beltə beam aerial bi m eəriəl belter / / noun a song that can be beam aerial / / noun an sung loudly and enthusiastically, espe- aerial that sends or receives radio or tele- cially by a group singing together vision signals to or from a particular (informal) direction benchmark measure bentʃmɑ k beam splitter bi m spltə benchmark measure / beam splitter / / noun a meə/ noun the measure of a target audi- device that can split a beam such as a ence’s response at the beginning of an , into two beams of light that can be advertising campaign which is then used to create a three-dimensional image compared to the response at the end of the such as a hologram campaign to test the efficiency of the beatbox beatbox /bi tbɒks/ noun MUSIC a drum campaign machine used in popular music to provide benday /bende/ adjective referring to repetitive rhythm accompaniments a method of adding tone or shading to a BECTU /bektu / noun a trade union in line drawing by overlaying the image with the UK, representing employees in the a screen that bears a pattern of, for film and television industries and also in example, lines or dots, before a plate is theatre. Full form Broadcasting, Enter- made MediaStudies.fm Page 22 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Berliner 22

Berliner b& lnə BFI Berliner / | / noun a newspaper BFI abbreviation CINEMA, UK British format slightly larger in size than tabloid, Film Institute used by several European newspaper B-girl /bi $& l/ noun a young woman including France’s Le Monde and The who is enthusiastic about hip-hop music Guardian in the UK and culture Berlusconi phenomenon b& lυ Berlusconi phenomenon / | ‘Another rising star in the British B-girl skəυni fənɒmnən | / noun the way in camp is Firefly – real name Andrea which Silvio Berlusconi reached power as Parker. She’s 26. She lives in Leeds. Italian prime minister due to his control of Now a full-time professional B-girl, she the country’s media packed in her nine-to-five office job as best boy best boy /best bɔ/ noun 1. the an accounts director in a solicitors’ firm assistant to the chief lighting technician six years ago.’ [The Independent] on a film or television set 2. the chief bhangra /bŋ$rə/ noun a style of assistant to the key grip on a film set popular music in British Asian communi- best-of-breed best-of-breed /best əv bri d/ adjec- ties that mixes elements of traditional tive COMPUTING, MARKETING referring to a Punjabi folk music and pop music product that is the best in its class bias /baəs/ noun 1. the failure to report ‘…consumers can mix and match news in an impartial, factual manner, components at will, without having to whether intentional or not 2. a prejudiced replace the entire system. They can buy or non-objective attitude, which may not individual components from specialised fairly represent all sides of an issue bibliography bbliɒ$rəfi suppliers and then assemble these ‘best- bibliography / | / noun 1. a of-breed’ components into a customised list of books and articles consulted, system.’ [The Financial Times] appearing at the end of a book or other text bestseller bestselə 2. a list of books and articles on a subject bestseller / | / noun a product such as a book or a CD that sells very well, 3. a list of the books and articles written often very quickly by a specific author or issued by a specific Betacam bi təkm publisher 4. the history of books and other Betacam / / a trade name for publications, and the work of classifying a videotape format, overtaken in the and describing them consumer market by VHS but still used big beat b$ bi t for some professional productions big beat / / noun a type of elec- Beta SP bi tə es pi tronic music, later more usually called Beta SP / / a trade name for electronica, that incorporates elements of variant of the Betacam format for video- both dance and rock music and is charac- tapes (the SP stands for ‘superior terised by its rock-style drum patterns performance’) Big Brother Beta SX Big Brother noun a concept in George Beta SX /bi tə es eks/ a trade name for Orwell’s novel 1984, describing an a digital version of the Beta SP videotape authoritarian government which format ‘watches’ every move of its citizens, inter- beta testing beta testing /bi tə testŋ/ noun the cepts their communications etc and moni- practice of asking consumers to test a tors them for any signs of unrest or non- product, after it has been officially tested, conformity í a trade name for a reality but before it is released to the general format, in which a group public of ordinary people are put together in a Beveridge Committee report on broadcasting Committee 1950 report on house and their behaviour monitored broadcasting 1950 /bevərd/ noun continuously by television cameras big close-up a report into the monopoly on broad- big close-up /b$ kləυs p/ noun casting held by the BBC at the time. It PHOTOGRAPHY an extreme close-up shot recommended closer surveillance of of a person’s face, in which the lower chin governors’ activities and output and some and top of the head are cut off. Abbrevia- regional devolution of activities, but tion BCU advised against greater competition, such Bigfoot /b$fυt/ noun US a celebrity as from commercial broadcasters, because journalist employed by a large media it would reduce the overall quality of organisation (slang) output. big idea b$ adiə big idea / | / noun the main bf bf abbreviation PRINTING boldface new idea behind an advertising campaign, MediaStudies.fm Page 23 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

23 black-and-white

bind the aim of which is to attract potential bind /band/ verb PRINTING to make customers pages into a book form by fastening them bigotry /b$ətri/ noun unreasonable together inside a cover binder intolerance of other people’s beliefs, binder /bandə/ noun 1. a machine that values or opinions fastens pages together in the form of a big screen screen /b$ skri n/ noun 1. films book 2. a firm cover that can hold separate that are made to be seen in a cinema rather items such as sheets of paper or maga- than on a television 2. a television report zines securely together binding in which the presenter stands in front of a binding /bandŋ/ noun the material large screen, which is showing charts, that is used to fasten the pages of a book graphs, short interviews etc or booklet together bill bl biodata bill / / noun MARKETING a piece of biodata /baəυdetə/ noun details paper such as a poster or leaflet with an about an individual, relating for example, advertisement on it to his or her education or professional billboard billboard /blbɔ d/ noun 1. a poster history advertising a newspaper by displaying the biographee baɒ$rəfi biographee / | / noun a main headline of the day, usually person who is the subject of a biography displayed outside newsagents on news- biography baɒ$rəfi paper stands 2. a sponsorship message biography / | / noun the story shown before, after and in the breaks of a of a person’s life, told by somebody else biopic sponsored television programme biopic /baəυpk/ noun a biographical billing /blŋ/ noun 1. the particular film bird’s-eye view importance or prominence given to a bird’s-eye view /b& dz a vju / noun performer or event in advertisements 2. same as aerial shot biscuit the details such as the cast list and length biscuit /bskt/ noun the connecting of a radio or television programme, as mechanism that allows the attachment of supplied to the Broadcasting Data Serv- the plate on the bottom of a camera to the ices 3. the total amount of business done head of a tripod over a given period, especially in adver- bit bt tising 4. the way in which a performance, bit / / noun a binary digit, either ‘0’ or event, or product is publicised ‘1’. More bits indicate more digits in a billing form blŋ fɔ m string, which means more possible combi- billing form / / noun one of nations, so that a 24-bit palette of colours the four forms which must be submitted will have more shades and combinations when delivering a programme to the BBC, available than a 16-bit palette. giving billing details for listings maga- BITC zines. ı transmission form, music BITC abbreviation burned-in timecode bitmap reporting form, Programme as bitmap /btmp/ noun an image, the Completed form data for which is stored in the form of bits bitmapped font billposter /blpəυstə/ noun a person bitmapped font /btmpt fɒnt/ whose job it is to put up advertisements in noun a typeface formed as a pattern of public places or dots that are stored separately for bi-media /ba mi diə/ adjective each font size biweekly bawi kli involving both radio and television biweekly / | / noun a magazine bi-media journalism journalism /ba mi diə or paper that is published once every two d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a BBC scheme weeks black whereby journalists are trained for both black /blk/ noun a back-up copy of a television and radio at the same time story, originally made using a carbon binary opposition banəri ɒpə binary opposition / | sheet when typing the story on a type- zʃ(ə)n/ noun a pair of direct opposites writer black-and-white such as good and evil, white and black or black-and-white adjective 1. referring male and female to images shown only in black, white and binaural banɔ rəl binaural / | / adjective referring shades of grey 2. PHOTOGRAPHY, TV, to stereo sound that is recorded and then CINEMA reproducing images in which reproduced through two separate chan- colours have been converted to black, nels, one for each side of a pair of head- white, and shades of grey í noun phones PHOTOGRAPHY a visual medium without MediaStudies.fm Page 24 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

BlackBerry 24 colours, and in hues of black, white, and 1970s in which black people are repre- shades of grey. Abbreviation B & W, BW sented as stereotypes

BlackBerry BLC BlackBerry /blkbəri/ a trade name BLC abbreviation backlight correction bleed for a hand-held wireless device which bleed /bli d/ verb 1. to print something combines e-mail and Internet access, a or be printed so that the colours run into phone and software applications each or beyond the edge of an illustration black comedy /blk kɒmədi/ noun 2. to print something or be printed so that comedy based on serious subjects that are part of a text or graphic is missing when not normally regarded as humorous, such the page is trimmed í noun a graphic or as death or illness piece of text, printed so that it runs off the black letter letter /blk letə/ noun same as edge of the page bleep gothic bleep /bli p/ verb to attract a person’s black level black level /blk lev(ə)l/ noun the attention by activating their bleeper – an level of a video signal that represents electronic device that emits one or more absolutely no light, i.e. total blackness short, high-pitched signals blacklist bleep out blacklist /blklst/ noun a list of bleep out /bli p aυt/ verb to cover an people from whom e-mails are not offensive word on a radio or television welcome on a particular account programme with a high-pitched electronic black out out /blk aυt/ verb 1. to exclude sound blimp all light from an area 2. to stop news or blimp /blmp/ noun a cover that was information about a particular subject formerly used to muffle the sound of the being made public 3. to lose radio contact, camera whirring when recording sound for example with a vessel or aircraft 4. to blind certificate bland sətfkət be unable to broadcast radio or television blind certificate / | / programmes, usually because of a strike í noun ONLINE a type of cookie that is used noun a period during which no news to track which websites a person visits by stories may be reported, imposed by a identifying their computer system, rather government or other organisation than their name blind spot black wrap bland spɒt black wrap /blk rp/ noun black, blind spot / / noun a place reflective heat-resistant foil used to black where radio reception is poor, even out or direct light though it is within the normal range of the blanket blŋkt transmitter blanket / / noun PRINTING a blink rubber or plastic sheet around the cylinder blink /blŋk/ verb to send a signal by of a printing press, which transfers images flashing a light blinker in ink to the surface being printed on blinker /blŋkə/ noun a flashing light, blanket coverage coverage /blŋkt used as a signalling device, for example, kv(ə)rd/ noun advertising to the to indicate which way a vehicle is going to general public with no particular target turn. Blinkers were used to send coded audience in mind messages, especially between ships, to ‘More and more companies in the avoid interception of radio signals during North-East are recognising the value of World Wars I and II. blitz sending their message via taxis. It’s a blitz /blts/ noun a marketing campaign surprisingly cost-effective method of which starts at full pressure, as opposed to outdoor media advertising, achieving a gradual build-up

blob paragraph blanket coverage over a wide blob paragraph /blɒb prə$rɑ f/ geographical area.’ [The Journal] noun in newspaper terminology, a para- blasphemous /blsfəməs/ adjective graph in a newspaper that is marked with offensive because it defames the name of a bullet point

block God block /blɒk/ noun a piece of hard mate- blasphemy blasphemy /blsfəmi/ noun defama- rial with a carved image in relief, that can tion of, or irreverance towards, God be printed in ink í verb to use a block to blat /blt/, blatt noun US a tabloid print a design, especially a title on a book newspaper (slang) cover blksplɔteʃ ə n block capital blɒk kpt ə l blaxploitation / | ( ) / block capital / ( ) / noun a noun a style of film-making popular in the single capital letter MediaStudies.fm Page 25 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

25 boil down

block letter letter /blɒk letə/ noun a blues /blu z/ noun 1. a style of music compressed sans serif typeface or indi- that developed from African American vidual letter folk songs early in the 20th century. The block out out /blɒk aυt/ verb to mask part structure and harmony of the blues is of a photographic during usually uncomplicated and the music is processing, to prevent light from passing often slow and sad. 2. a piece of music in through it the style of the blues blue-screen director block printing printing /blɒk prntŋ/ noun blue-screen director /blu skri n darektə the technique of printing from carved | / noun the member of a film or blocks television production team who is respon- blog /blɒ$/ noun same as weblog sible for managing effects using chro- makey, or blue-screen, technology ‘Blogging’s conversational style and blue-screen effect blu skri n  anti-establishment ethos have attracted a blue-screen effect / | growing and loyal readership. fekt/ noun same as chromakey Technorati, the internet search bluesman /blu zmən/ noun a man company, says the size of the known who plays or sings the blues blueswoman ‘blogosphere’ is about 20m blogs and blueswoman /blu zwυmən/ noun a counting.’ woman who plays or sings the blues [Kevin Allison, The Financial Times] bluesy blu zi blogger bluesy / / adjective reminiscent of blogger /blɒ$ə/ noun a person who a blues style creates or runs a weblog Bluetooth blu tu θ blogging blɒ$ŋ Bluetooth / / a trade name for a blogging / / noun the act of technology that enables portable elec- creating or maintaining a weblog tronic devices such as mobile phones, to COMMENT: Blogging provides an easy connect with each other and the Internet way of maintaining an online diary or blurb news site, as new content can be easily blurb /bl& b/ noun a short piece of uploaded and also filtered and archived. complimentary text about a product, often It also makes it simple for outside written about a book on its cover contributors (visitors to the site) to submit BMIG content without prior programming BMIG abbreviation British Media knowledge. Industry Group bodkin blogosphere blɒ$əsfə bodkin /bɒdkn/ noun a long pointed blogosphere / | / noun the parts of the World Wide Web where blog- tool used for making corrections in type- gers communicate with each other setting Bodoni blogware bɒdəυni blogware /blɒ$weə/ noun computer Bodoni / | / noun PRINTING a software that is designed to help people font or style of typeface create weblogs body /bɒdi/ noun the main part of a blonde blonde /blɒnd/ noun TV a 2,000 watt piece of text after the introductory para- halogen spotlight graph body double blow-in /bləυ n/ noun a postcard-size body double /bɒdi db(ə)l/ noun a advertising card inserted in a magazine person whose job is to substitute for a star- blow up up /bləυ p/ verb 1. to enlarge all ring actor when body, rather than facial or part of a photograph 2. to make the shots are being filmed images of a motion picture fit a larger body language language /bɒdi lŋ$wd/ gauge of film noun gestures, expressions, and move- blowup bləυp blowup / | / noun 1. an enlarge- ments which show what somebody’s ment of all or part of a photograph or response is to a situation picture 2. a motion picture that has been ‘Body language is a strong factor. If enlarged from a smaller gauge of film, for someone isn’t making eye contact or example from 16mm to 35mm paying attention to what I’m saying, blue-eyed soul soul /blu ad səυl/ noun perhaps it’s because they don’t soul music that is performed by white understand, so now I’ll go over it again musicians or deliver it in a different way.’ [The blue-pencil /blu pensl/ verb to edit Times] a piece of writing or a film, especially in boil down down /bɔl daυn/ noun to shorten order to censor it a piece of text MediaStudies.fm Page 26 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

bold 26

bold bold /bəυld/ noun lettering with darker speakers at each end and a carrying handle thicker lines than usual í adjective refer- on top boomerang response ring to lettering with darker and thicker boomerang response /bu mərŋ í rspɒns lines than usual. Also called boldfaced | / noun a response by an audience verb to set, print, or display text in bold to a media text which is the opposite of the type ̈ also called (all senses) boldface one intended boldface boom shadow boldface /bəυldfes/ verb to make boom shadow /bu m ʃdəυ/ noun letters darker and thicker for emphasis. the accidental shadow of a boom micro- Abbreviation bf í adjective PRINTING phone cast on set boom swinger same as bold boom swinger /bu m swŋə/ noun Bollywood /bɒliwυd/ noun a the person who controls a boom boost humorous name for India’s prolific film boost /bu st/ noun a promotion or industry, based in Bombay. Typical Bolly- advertising campaign wood films are colourful epics with big boosted sample boosted sample /bu std musical numbers. sɑ mp ə l bongs bɒŋz ( ) / noun a sample of a particular bongs / / noun the clock chimes sub-section of the population, rather than that are heard before a news broadcast the whole bonk journalism bɒŋk booster bonk journalism / booster /bu stə/ noun a radio- d& n ə lz ə m ( ) ( ) / noun journalism which frequency amplifier that strengthens weak is frivolous and more concerned with television or radio signals reporting sex scandals and titillating booth bu ð gossip than serious events (informal) booth / / noun a soundproof room bonus spot used in sound recordings or for broad- bonus spot /bəυnəs spɒt/ noun a free casting television or radio slot offered to an adver- borderless world bɔ dələs w& ld tiser as part of an advertising package borderless world / / book noun the global economy in the age of the book /bυk/ noun a publication in book Internet, which is thought to have form, such as a magazine or brochure removed all the previous barriers to inter- bookbinding bυkbandŋ bookbinding / | / noun the national trade bounce process of creating a bound book with a bounce /baυns/ verb to reflect light spine and cover from separate sheets of from a source onto a subject to make it paper and other materials less harsh bookmaker bowdlerise bookmaker /bυkmekə/ noun a bowdlerise /baυdləraz/ verb to person whose job it is to design, print or censor something by removing all bind books possibly offensive or contentious material bookmark bookmark /bυkmɑ k/ noun 1. the from it address of a website that is stored on a COMMENT: The word bowdlerise comes computer so that it can be revisited easily from Thomas Bowdler, an Englishman 2. an electronic marker that enables the who in 1818 published an edition of Shakespeare called Family Shakespeare user to return quickly to a particular place in which he omitted scenes that he in a document í verb to list a website on considered unsuitable. a computer for future reference bɒks km ə rə book palette bυk plət box camera / ( ) / noun a book palette / / noun a set camera shaped like a box, with a simple of colours that is used in a particular lens, a single and an elemen- multimedia application tary viewfinder bookstall bυkstɔ l box number bookstall / / noun a stand or box number /bɒks nmbə/ noun a stall where it is possible to buy newspa- reference number used instead of an pers, magazines or books address for mail that is delivered to a post boom boom /bu m/ noun a long, adjustable office or in answer to a newspaper adver- pole, used during filming to suspend a tisement box office microphone above what is being filmed box office /bɒks ɒfs/ noun 1. the without getting in shot office in a cinema, theatre or concert-hall boom box boom box /bu m bɒks/ noun a port- where the public can buy tickets 2. the able machine that contains a radio and income generated from ticket sales for an cassette or CD player with built-in entertainment event MediaStudies.fm Page 27 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

27 breakdancing

boy band boy band /bɔ bnd/ noun a young, ‘Indeed, Mr. Maradona, 44, is re- all-male pop group that uses backing emerging as the hottest ad pitchman in tracks to accompany their singing and Argentina. ‘‘He now personifies dancing resilience and social responsibility,’’ values advertisers are keen to associate ‘They were the biggest-selling boy band with their brands, said Horacio Castelli, since the Beatles – five likely lads who a brand image consultant.’ [Charles churned out a seemingly endless stream of hits, while pushing all the right Newbery, Advertising Age] branding buttons for a generation of young branding /brndŋ/ noun the practice females’ [Nicola Methvyn, The Mirror] of attaching distinctive associations and

B picture B picture /bi pktʃə/ noun 1. in a meanings to a product, which identify it cinema double bill, the first-shown, less and assure consumers of its quality and important film 2. a general, old-fashioned the reputation of the company producing term for any less successful film with poor it production values and usually a small COMMENT: The branding of a product budget makes an important contribution to its brace public perception and the future success brace /bres/ noun either of a pair of of other products in that line. For brackets, { }, used singly to group lines of example, a particular manufacturer of text together or as a pair in mathematical cars may wish their products to be seen formulae where parentheses and square as safe, comfortable, reliable and good for a family, so when that future models brackets have already been used. Also are designed and released they will called curly bracket already have these associations. bracket brkt brand loyalty bracket / / noun 1. an informal brand loyalty /brnd lɔəlti/ noun word for parenthesis, square bracket or the tendency of consumers to buy the brace 2. one of a pair of shallow, curved same brands they have bought before signs, ( ), used to separate words from the brand X surrounding text. Also called round brand X /brnd eks/ noun the anony- bracket, parenthesis mous brand used in television commer- Braille cials to compare with the named brand Braille /brel/ noun a writing system for visually impaired people, consisting of being advertised Bravo patterns of raised dots that are read by Bravo /brɑ vəυ/ noun an internation- touch ally recognised code word for the letter B,

Brailler Brailler /brelə/ noun a machine that used in radio communications bray can be used to type documents in Braille bray /bre/ verb PRINTING to spread ink

brains trust brains trust /brenz trst/ noun a over a printing block or type break panel of knowledgeable or respected break /brek/ noun the point at which a people who discuss topics in public, espe- word is hyphenated at the end of a line of cially on television or radio text

brainwash breakbeat brainwash /brenwɒʃ/ verb to make a breakbeat /brekbi t/ noun a type of person believe or do something such as electronic music characterised by its elec- buy a new product, as a result of tronically produced drum patterns, used constantly repeated advertising mostly in jungle, drum and bass, and brainwashing brainwashing /brenwɒʃŋ/ noun the breakbeat hard-core music break bumper process of changing a person’s attitude, break bumper /brek bmpə/ noun usually by isolating them and subjecting the technique of announcing a competi- them to intense coercion, replacing previ- tion or quiz during a programme, the ously-held beliefs with new ones answer to which is contained in the brand awareness brnd əweənəs brand awareness / | / commercial break. The aim is to get noun a measure of how many people are viewers to pay attention to the advertise- aware of a brand, and how aware they are. ments. Also called awareness breakdancing brekdɑ nsŋ breakdancing / | / noun brand image brand image /brnd md/ noun an acrobatic style of solo dancing to rap the associations and feelings that an audi- music, typically involving spinning of the ence has of a particular brand body on the ground MediaStudies.fm Page 28 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

breaker 28

breaker breaker /brekə/ noun any device such for particular audiences. Abbreviation as a subtitle, which breaks up a solid piece BBFC of text to make it more accessible British Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Corporation breakfast paper breakfast paper /brekfəst pepə/ /brtʃ brɔ dkɑ stŋ kɔ pəreʃ(ə)n/ noun an early edition of a daily newspaper noun full form of BBC British Business Survey breakfast television brekfəst British Business Survey /brtʃ breakfast television / bznəs s& ve telv(ə)n/ noun informal, magazine- / noun a wide-ranging style television programmes that are survey into the readership of business broadcast early in the morning magazines and the lifestyle of their break in brek n readers, used for advertising strategies. break in / / verb to interrupt Abbreviation BBS another programme to broadcast some- British Code of Advertising Practice British Code of Advertising Prac- thing such as a news flash brtʃ kəυd əv dvətazŋ breaking news brekŋ nju z tice / | breaking news / / noun prkts/ noun same as Code of Adver- same as spot news tising Standards and Practice break up break up /brek p/ verb to start to British Film Institute Film Institute /brtʃ flm lose clear communication when using a nsttju t/ noun a body in the UK that mobile phone promotes the cultural heritage of film. It bribery bribery /brab(ə)ri/ noun the practice also produces a range of educational of offering money or other incentives to books, sponsors British film projects and persuade somebody to do something, runs festivals and the National Film especially something dishonest or illegal Theatre. Abbreviation BFI bricolage British Media Industry Group bricolage /brkəlɑ / noun the tech- British Media Industry Group nique, frequently used in postmodern art, /brtʃ mi diə ndəstri $ru p/ noun a of putting together different articles that pressure group comprising several large are already available, to create something media groups in the UK, which lobbies new against restrictions on cross-media owner- bricoleur brkəl& ship. Abbreviation BMIG bricoleur / / noun a person who British Rate and Data uses bricolage British Rate and Data /brtʃ ret bridge ən detə brd / noun a regular publication bridge / / noun 1. a passage in a which lists British newspapers and maga- song or other musical work which links zines, giving information about their two sections 2. ONLINE a connection circulation, rates, frequency and other between two local area networks brief advertising services offered bri f British Sign Language brief / / noun a short news article, British Sign Language /brtʃ san anything from a few lines to a couple of lŋ$wd/ noun a dialect of sign paragraphs long. Also called nib, filler language used primarily in the UK. Bristol board Bristol board /brst(ə)l bɔ d/ noun Abbreviation BSL fine quality lightweight cardboard that is British Sky Broadcasting Sky Broadcasting /brtʃ used in design and drawing ska brɔ dkɑ stŋ/ noun full form of British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy of Film and Tele- BSkyB brtʃ əkdəmi əv flm broadband access vision Arts / | broadband access /brɔ dbnd ən telv(ə)n ɑ ts/ noun an organisa- kses/ noun a connection to the Internet tion in the UK that gives annual awards that allows it to remain connected while for achievements in film and television. still using phone and fax facilities on the Abbreviation BAFTA same line, as many signals can be trans- British Board of Film Censors Board of Film Censors mitted simultaneously. Compare dial-up /brtʃ bɔ d əv flm sensəz/ noun the access name for the British Board of Film Classi- broadband cable cable /brɔ dbnd fication before the 1984 Video Recording keb(ə)l/ noun a cable which allows Act broadband communications British Board of Film Classification Board of Film Classifica- broadband communications communications brtʃ bɔ d əv flm brɔ dbnd kəmju nkeʃ ə nz tion / / | | ( ) / klsfkeʃ(ə)n/ noun the Soho-based plural noun the number of different organisation that gives certificates to films communications channels which are in the UK based on how suitable they are available using broadband cable MediaStudies.fm Page 29 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

29 broadsheet broadcast /brɔ dkɑ st/ noun 1. a tele- Broadcasting Data Services Data Services vision or radio programme 2. the trans- /brɔ dkɑ stŋ detə s& vsz/ noun a mission of a radio or television company that supplies television schedule programme í verb 1. to take part in a information to listings programmes and radio or television programme 2. to magazines. Abbreviation BDS

broadcasting media transmit information or a television or broadcasting media /brɔ dkɑ stŋ radio programme mi diə/ plural noun media such as radio Broadcast Development Ltd Broadcast Development Ltd or television brɔ dkɑ st dveləpmənt lmtd Broadcasting Standards Commission / | / Broadcasting Standards noun full form of BDL brɔ dkɑ stŋ Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board Commission / Broadcasters’ Audience stndənz kəmʃ ə n | ( ) / noun the body Research Board /brɔ dkɑ stəz formerly responsible for regulating broad- ɔ diəns rs& tʃ bɔ d | / noun a body that casting standards in the UK, adjudicating provides official viewing figures for on complaints and undertaking research broadcasters, based on a panel of approx- into standards and fairness. It was formed imately 5,000 homes in the UK. Abbrevi- in 1994 by the merger of the Broadcasting ation BARB Standards Council and the Broadcasting broadcasting /brɔ dkɑ stŋ/ noun Complaints Commission, and was itself the practice of making and transmitting replaced by OFCOM under the 2003 television and radio programmes Communications Act. ı OFCOM Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Broadcasting, Entertainment, Broadcasting Standards Council Standards Council Cinematograph and Theatre /brɔ dkɑ stŋ stndənz kaυns(ə)l/ Union noun full form of BECTU noun a body formerly responsible for Broadcasting Act 1980 Act 1980 monitoring broadcasting standards in the /brɔ dkɑ stŋ kt/ noun the act of UK, particularly in relation to the amount Parliament that set up provisions for the or sex, drugs and violence broadcast. It new Channel 4 in the UK and S4C in was merged with the Broadcasting Wales, administered by the Independent Complaints Commission in 1994 to form Broadcasting Authority the Broadcasting Standards Commission. broadcast quality Broadcasting Act 1990 Act 1990 broadcast quality /brɔ dkɑ st /brɔ dkɑ stŋ kt/ noun the act of kwɒlti/ noun a quality of video image or Parliament that proposed Channel 5 in the signal that is the same as that used by UK, and recommended a devolution of professional television stations power from the BBC by creating more ‘In what they describe as the first ever satellite radio and television channels and interactive and broadband election, they by allocating television franchises will beam broadcast quality video Broadcasting Act 1996 Act 1996 noun the act footage directly to people’s computers.’ of Parliament that removed regulations on [Richard Alleyne, The Daily Telegraph] licensing for media groups in the UK and broadsheet broadsheet /brɔ dʃi t/ noun a large- also paved the way for a greater number of size newspaper such as the Daily Tele- digital channels Broadcasting Complaints Commission graph, with the added implication that it Broadcasting Complaints covers the news in a serious, informative brɔ dkɑ stŋ kəm Commission / | way. Compare tabloid plents kəmʃ ə n | ( ) / noun the body that COMMENT: The Guardian, The Times and formerly investigated complaints about The Independent have recently changed decency and unjust treatment in broad- from the broadsheet format to smaller casting. It was merged with the Broad- formats, leaving The Daily Telegraph and casting Standards Council in 1994 to form The Financial Times as the only national the Broadcasting Standards Commission. broadsheets in the UK In most cases the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand new format adopted by these Broadcasting Corporation of New newspapers was the tabloid format – Zealand /brɔ dkɑ stŋ kɔ pəreʃ(ə)n blurring the alleged quality distinction əv nju zi lənd/ noun until 1988, the between the two formats – but The company that had the monopoly on televi- Guardian instead adopted the Berliner format. The main reason for the change sion and radio broadcasting in New in format was to make the newspapers Zealand. It was dissolved to allow freer more portable, and this seems to have competition. Abbreviation BCNZ had the effect of increasing sales. MediaStudies.fm Page 30 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

brochure 30

brochure buffo brochure /brəυʃə/ noun a booklet or buffo /bυfəυ/ noun a male opera singer, pamphlet that contains advertising and especially a bass in a comic role bulk eraser blk rezə descriptive details of products or services bulk eraser / | / noun a brochure site brochure site /brəυʃə sat/ noun a device for wiping the contents from simple website that advertises a magnetic tape company’s products and gives contact bulk mail mail /blk mel/ noun mail, details usually advertising, that is sent by post at B roll B roll /bi rəυl/ noun the secondary reduced rates because there is a lot of it footage used in an edited sequence, such bulk rate rate /blk ret/ noun a cheap rate as scene-setting background shots, offered to advertisers who take large footage of the interviewer etc., used for amounts of advertising space cutaways. Compare A roll bullet /bυlt/ noun a printed dot placed bromide paper bromide paper /brəυmad pepə/ before a line of text to highlight it, for noun a type of light-sensitive photo- example, at the beginning of a paragraph graphic paper that is coated with a layer of or to introduce an item in a list. Also silver bromide emulsion called bullet point Bronze Lion bulleted Bronze Lion /brɒnz laən/ noun an bulleted /bυltd/ adjective referring to award given at the Cannes International a line of text such as the beginning of a Advertising Festival paragraph, or an item in a list, that is browse browse /braυz/ noun a leisurely look marked by a bullet bulletin through something such as a magazine or bulletin /bυltn/ noun a radio report newspaper, or around a shop í verb to with information on for example the look up and view websites, particularly on weather or the traffic the Internet bulletin board board /bυltn bɔ d/ noun a browser /braυzə/ noun a software website that allows members of an interest program that allows a user to browse the group to exchange e-mails, chat online World Wide Web and access software Bulletin Board System browsing bυlətn browsing /braυzŋ/ noun the activity Bulletin Board System / bɔ d sstəm of moving through sites on the Internet, a / noun a precursor to the list of files or a multimedia title in no Internet, using software that could dial up particular order a connection and upload and download brute bru t information. Abbreviation BBS brute / / noun TV a large bullet point B-side bυlt pɔnt bi sad bullet point / / noun same B-side / / noun the less impor- as bullet tant side of a pop, rock, or jazz single, bumper bmpə which does not usually contain the title bumper / / noun a short sepa- track rating device such as a piece of music, BSkyB bi ska bi after and before a commercial break in a BSkyB / / noun a company radio or television programme operating the most popular subscription bumper sticker bmpə stkə satellite television service in the UK. Full bumper sticker / / noun an sticker put onto the bumper of a car to form British Sky Broadcasting BSL advertise a product or convey a message BSL abbreviation British Sign burden of representation of representation Language b& d ə n əv reprzenteʃ ə n / | / noun bubble ( ) ( ) bubble /bb(ə)l/ noun PRESS same as the difficulties faced by the media when balloon they use a single character to represent an bubblegum bubblegum /bb(ə)l$m/ noun a type entire social group, wishing to avoid of commercial pop music that is aimed at creating stereotypes or unwelcome asso- young teenagers and usually considered to ciations be unoriginal and banal bureau /bjυərəυ/ noun an office bucket bucket /bkt/ noun the bottom bar in a attached to a newspaper but in a different colour bar test pattern, which is usually country red burn /b& n/ verb to copy data onto a CD buddy movie buddy movie /bdi mu vi/ noun a burned-in timecode timecode /b& nd n film that focuses on the adventures and tamkəυd/ noun a timecode which is relationship of two friends included in a video signal as an image that MediaStudies.fm Page 31 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

31 byte is visible on any television or monitor. business-to-business advertising adver- Abbreviation BITC tising /bzns tə bzns dvətazŋ/ burn in burn in /b& n n/ verb to expose to noun advertising aimed at businesses and light part of an image on photographic not at households or private consumers bust paper, while protecting other areas so that bust /bst/ noun the situation when an they do not darken any further article or headline is larger than the space burst campaign allotted to it. Compare fit b& st kmpen button apathy burst campaign / | / bt ə n pəθi noun a concentrated period of advertising button apathy / ( ) / noun for a product, such as before the launch of the condition of a television viewer who watches a programme purely because they a new product line. Compare drip were watching the previous programme campaign on that channel and they cannot be both- bury bury /beri/ verb 1. to release news at a ered to change channels time at which it will be given less buying service service /baŋ s& vs/ noun coverage, for example when a another an agency that buys advertising space or large important story is breaking 2. to time for its clients buy-up place important information within the buy-up /ba p/ noun MEDIA same as body of the text so that it is less noticeable chequebook journalism and loses its impact buzz track buzz track /bz trk/ noun BROAD- bush telegraph bush telegraph /bυʃ tel$rɑ f/ noun CAST same as atmosphere BW 1. a primitive method of communicating BW abbreviation PHOTOGRAPHY black- over long distances, such as by beating a and-white drum 2. a method of communicating byline /balan/ noun a credit for the information or rumours swiftly and unof- journalist who has written an article, ficially by word of mouth or other means sometimes with a photograph. Also called business business /bzns/ noun an action or sign-off series of actions that an actor includes for byte /bat/ noun the basic unit of elec- dramatic or comic effect or to fill in a tronic data storage. The size of files and of pause when nothing of interest is a computer’s memory are measured in happening on stage bytes, kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes. MediaStudies.fm Page 32 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

C

cabaret cable run cabaret /kbəre/ noun live entertain- cable run /keb(ə)l rn/ noun the route ment in a restaurant, club or bar, of a cable for broadcast equipment consisting of singing, dancing or comic cable television keb ə l tel cable television / ( ) | acts v ə n keb ə l ti vi ( ) /, cable TV / ( ) | / cable cable /keb(ə)l/ verb 1. to send a tele- noun a television service that a viewer gram 2. to supply a place with a link to a receives via a cable from a particular cable telecommunications network í station and pays for by subscription. Also noun 1. a telegram, nowadays sent abroad called cable

cache by telephone, radio or satellite, and cache /kʃ/ noun a system of storing formerly sent by submarine cable 2. TV data from visited websites in a temporary same as cable television file on a person’s computer, speeding up cable-access cable-access /keb(ə)l kses/ access to related pages adjective relating to television program- café society kfe səsaəti café society / | / noun ming that is made for and by a particular the people, particularly working in the community, as opposed to commercially media, who attend fashionable events and produced material visit fashionable restaurants, clubs and cablecast cablecast /keb(ə)lkɑ st/ noun a bars broadcast that is transmitted on a cable ‘But after a few weeks I began to tire of television network the constant round of promotional cable duct cable duct /keb(ə)l dkt/ noun a parties that fuel this bright, shiny and, of permanent channel under some sort of course, ultimately false world. It was the obstacle such as a road, through which worst excesses of café society and my cables for broadcast equipment can be run boyfriend hated it.’ [Julia Stephenson, cable modem cable modem /keb(ə)l məυdem/ The Daily Mail] Cahiers du Cinéma noun a modem that enables a computer to Cahiers du Cinéma /kae dυ connect to the Internet via a cable televi- snemɑ / noun a French film magazine sion network of the 1950s, concerned with New Wave Cable News Network Cable News Network /keb(ə)l cinema nju z netw& k/ noun full form of CNN Calcutt Committee Report on PrivacyCommittee and Related Matters 1990 Report on cable penetration keb ə l pen cable penetration / ( ) | Privacy and Related Matters 1990 treʃ(ə)n/ noun the number of homes in /klkt/ noun a report which investi- the UK that have cable television gated privacy issues and the press, recom- subscriptions mending the formation of the Broad- cable reel extension keb ə l ri l k casting Complaints Commission cable reel extension / ( ) | call stenʃən/ an extension lead that can be call /kɔ l/ verb 1. to contact a person by wound up on a reel and stored away telephone or radio 2. to give a running cable release keb ə l rli s commentary on a sports event, especially cable release / ( ) | / noun an extension cable on the shutter release a horse race callback system of a camera that is used to take callback /kɔ lbk/ noun the practice without shaking the camera, of making a second or further attempt to for example on long exposures contact a person for interview, random MediaStudies.fm Page 33 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

33 campaign km ə rə ɒb sampling etc., after the first attempt has camera obscura / ( ) | failed skjυərə/ noun the precursor of a modern caller /kɔ lə/ noun a person who gives a camera that uses a dark chamber with a running commentary on a sports event, small aperture allowing light in, which especially a horse race brings an image of an object outside into call-in /kɔ l n/ noun a telephone call focus on a facing surface cameraperson km ə rəp& sən from a radio listener or a television viewer cameraperson / ( ) | / to a talk show noun the operator of a video, film or tele- call letters letters /kɔ l letəz/ plural noun a vision camera camera-ready particular sequence of letters that a radio camera-ready /km(ə)rə redi/ station uses to identify itself when broad- adjective referring to material that is of casting good enough quality to be photographed call sheet sheet /kɔ l ʃi t/ noun a schedule of for the purpose of creating printing plates camera script the times that each actor in a film should camera script /km(ə)rə skrpt/ arrive on set for a day’s shooting noun a script which includes camera /kləυtap/ noun 1. an early directions camera-shy photographic process in which a negative camera-shy /km(ə)rə ʃa/ adjective was produced on paper coated with silver referring to a subject who dislikes being iodide 2. a photograph produced by the photographed or filmed calotype process calypso kəlpsəυ ‘No Direction Home is the first-ever calypso / | / noun Caribbean film biography of this notoriously dance music that has syncopated rhythms, camera-shy figure and sees Dylan is usually improvised, and is often played granting Scorsese his first full-length by a steel band interview in 20 years.’ [Fiona Sturges, camcorder /kmkɔ də/ noun a The Independent] camera that both films and records video camerawoman km ə rəwυmən camerawoman / ( ) | / pictures cameo noun a woman who operates a video, film cameo /kmiəυ/ noun a short appear- or television camera ance by a famous actor in a film or play camerawork km ə rəw& k camera km ə rə camerawork / ( ) / noun camera / ( ) / noun 1. a device the camera techniques used in making for taking photographs by letting light films or television programmes from an image fall briefly onto sensitized cam L km el film, usually by means of a lens-and- cam L / / noun the left-hand side shutter mechanism 2. a device that of a stage or set from the camera’s point of converts images into electrical signals for view, facing towards the actors. Compare television transmission, video recording stage left camp or digital storage camp /kmp/ adjective referring to the camera angle angle /km(ə)rə ŋ$əl/ intentionally theatrical, often effeminate noun the relation between the position of behaviour supposedly characteristic of the camera and the action being filmed, homosexual men campaign kmpen for example higher, lower, closer or campaign / | / noun a coordi- further away nated attempt to persuade an audience of camera card card /km(ə)rə kɑ d/ noun something. ı advertising campaign the directions for an individual camera, Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom for Press and Broad- kmpen fə pres attached to the camera for constant refer- casting Freedom / | ence throughout a film shoot ən brɔ dkɑ stŋ fri dəm/ noun a pres- camera control unit km ə rə kən camera control unit / ( ) | sure group in the UK that campaigns for trəυl ju nt/ noun a console in a televi- greater accountability of the media, sion production control room that allows particularly for the right to reply cameras on the studio floor to be Campaigncampaign for Quality Television controlled remotely. Abbreviation CCU kmpen fə kwɒləti telv ə n / | | ( ) / camera lucida lucida /km(ə)rə lu sdə/ noun a campaign relaunched in 1995 that noun an instrument that allows an image maintains that the quality of television to be projected onto a surface such as a programming is being compromised as a piece of paper, so that it can be traced result of deregulation, independent MediaStudies.fm Page 34 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

campaigning journalism 34 production and the increasing number of east France and attended by stars and the channels available media campaigning journalism km Cannes International Advertising Festival campaigning journalism / | Cannes International Advertising penŋ d& nəlz(ə)m/ noun the prac- Festival /kn ntənʃ(ə)nəl tice of reporting a story from a particular dvətazŋ festvəl/ noun an annual viewpoint or promoting a cause festival held to honour the best in adver- cam R cam R /km ɑ / noun the right-hand tising, which awards the prestigious side of a stage or set from the camera’s Palme d’Or to the best production point of view, facing towards the actors. company and Gold, Silver and Bronze Compare stage right Lion awards to advertising agencies canon Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Corpora- canon /knən/ noun 1. in aesthetic kənediən brɔ dkɑ stŋ theory, the collection of literature from tion /| kɔ pəreʃ(ə)n/ noun the government- classical to modern times, which forms owned public service broadcaster of radio the backbone of literary culture and and television programmes in Canada. embodies all human and moral values 2. Abbreviation CBC the accepted ‘history’ of a fictional char- Canadian Press kənediən pres acter, which provides background for Canadian Press / | / their current actions noun the major multimedia news and cans knz information service for Canada. Abbrevi- cans / / plural noun a set of head- ation CP phones cap cancel kp cancel /kns(ə)l/ noun 1. a page or cap / / abbreviation capital letter CAP section of a book that needs to be replaced CAP abbreviation Committee of because it contains an error 2. a page or Advertising Practice CAP codes section of a book that is inserted to replace CAP codes /si e pi kəυdz/ plural one that was missing or one that was noun the codes of advertising standards faulty and practice which are written by the candid candid /kndd/ noun an unposed and Committee of Advertising Practice and informal photograph of a person or group enforced by the ASA capi í adjective referring to a photograph or capi abbreviation computer-assisted film that was taken without the subject personal interview knowing or having the opportunity to capital kpt ə l prepare or pose capital / ( ) / adjective referring to the form of letters used at the beginning ‘…this book, with its candid of sentences and names, for example A, B photographs of Lennon, like this one and C as distinct from a, b and c í noun with Yoko Ono and baby son Sean, is same as capital letter something different from the usual look capitalise kptəlaz at the boys with their haircuts and capitalise / / verb to write guitars.’ [The Express] or print something with an initial capital

candid camera letter or entirely in capital letters kndd km ə rə capitalism candid camera / ( ) / capitalism /kpt(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun an noun the practice of secretly filming economic system in which goods are subjects who are likely to do something owned and controlled by private individ- amusing in situations that are often stage- uals and their movements dictated by the managed for the sake of viewers’ enter- free market tainment capitalist canned kpt ə lst knd capitalist / ( ) / adjective canned / / adjective 1. referring to relating to capitalism in terms of outlook audience laughter on a television or policy programme which is dubbed in later, capital letter kpt ə l letə rather than provided by a live audience capital letter / ( ) / noun reacting to the jokes in the show 2. refer- an alphabetical letter in the larger form ring to a website that is designed used to begin sentences and names, for according to a standard template rather example A, B or C. Also called capital. than to particular specifications Abbreviation cap caps Cannes Film Festival kps Cannes Film Festival /kn flm caps / / plural noun capital letters capstan festvəl/ noun a prestigious film festival capstan /kpstən/ noun a spindle of a held annually in May in Cannes, south- tape player that keeps the tape pressed MediaStudies.fm Page 35 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

35 cast against the magnetic read/write head or carrier /kriə/ noun 1. a company that pinch roller conveys telecommunications messages 2. caption caption /kpʃən/ noun 1. a few words a high-frequency electromagnetic wave accompanying a picture or piece of that is modulated to carry a signal in radio artwork 2. a short piece of on-screen or television transmission writing which explains something that is carrier wave wave /kriə wev/ noun happening, for example the name of a BROADCAST, TELECOMS same as carrier person that is talking 3. same as subtitle carry /kri/ verb to publish or broad- capture card capture card /kptʃə kɑ d/ noun a cast an article, picture, item of news or removable device on video equipment piece of information cartel kɑ tel which receives analogue signals, which cartel / | / noun a group of compa- the computer converts to digital nies who illegally and secretly agree to fix carabiner krəbi nə the price of their products in order to carabiner / | / noun a steel coupling link for connecting equipment destroy the competition cartoon kɑ tu n securely cartoon / | / noun 1. a humorous carbon process kɑ bən prəυses or satirical drawing relating to a topical carbon process / / event and published in a newspaper or noun a method of making photographic magazine 2. a strip of drawings, some- print by soaking carbon tissue in a sensi- times with captions, that tell a short story tising solution to produce positive prints and are published in a newspaper or maga- card deck card deck /kɑ d dek/ noun a series of zine 3. an animated film, especially a small cards, advertising different products humorous one intended primarily for chil- or services, that are posted to prospective dren. Also called toon 4. a full-size customers as a pack in a plastic envelope drawing, often including a large amount cardioid microphone cardioid microphone /kɑ diɔd of detail, that is done as preparation for a makrəfəυn/ noun a microphone with a painting or other work of art cartoonish kɑ tu nʃ pick-up pattern which captures most cartoonish / | / adjective sounds in the vicinity relating to or reminiscent of an animated

card rate card rate /kɑ d ret/ noun an adver- cartoon cartridge tising charge which is based on the cartridge /kɑ trd/ noun 1. the end charges listed in a rate card, i.e. without section of the arm of a record player that any discounts holds the needle over the record 2. caret cartidge, cart a plastic box containing a /krət/ noun a symbol written on caret length of magnetic tape for recording a piece of text to show where something cascading style sheet kskedŋ cascading style sheet / | such as a letter or word should be inserted stal ʃi t caricature krkətjυə / noun a method of describing caricature / / noun a the font, spacing and colour of text within drawing, description or performance that a webpage and storing this information in exaggerates somebody’s or something’s a style sheet that can be applied to any text characteristics for humorous or satirical within the page. Abbreviation CSS effect case case /kes/ noun 1. PRINTING a compart- ‘Wright is not only something of a mentalised tray in which loose metal type genius as a writer, he is also clearly a is kept before being combined for printing good sport who has no objection to 2. one of the two kinds of printed letters of being portrayed as a hilariously camp the alphabet, either a capital or small letter and po-faced caricature gay.’ [Rebecca cassette kəset cassette / | / noun a sealed plastic Tyrell, The Daily Telegraph] box containing a length of audiotape or carnival carnival /kɑ nv(ə)l/ noun the idea of videotape for playing or recording cassette recorder kəset rkɔ də an ‘escape from reality’, in which people cassette recorder / | | / temporarily ignore the restrictions society noun a machine for transferring audio normally imposes on them and enjoy signals onto magnetic tape excess in all its forms for a short period cast /kɑ st/ noun 1. the actors or other carousel krəsel carousel / | / noun a circular performers in a drama, dance or other holder for photographic slides that turns production 2. each individual part of a through the projector so that the pictures multimedia presentation or animation. can be viewed one after the other The members of a cast can be individual MediaStudies.fm Page 36 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

casting agency 36 images, sound clips or text. í verb to electron beams fired at the screen’s phos- choose somebody for a particular role in a phorescent coating to display video drama, dance, or other performance, or pictures choose people for all the roles in a produc- Catholic Legion of Decency Legion of Decency tion /kθlk li d(ə)n əv di s(ə)nsi/ noun a casting agency agency /kɑ stŋ edənsi/ US pressure group advocating severe film noun a company which will audition and censorship from the 1930s, made up of hire actors for a particular production religious leaders from all Catholic denom- Casting Society of America Society of America inations kɑ stŋ səsaəti əv əmerkə CATV / | | / noun an CATV abbreviation TV community association of film, television and theatre antenna television CBC casting directors in the USA. Abbrevia- CBC abbreviation BROADCAST Cana- tion CSA dian Broadcasting Corporation cast off kɑ st ɒf cc cast off / / verb to estimate the cc /si si / noun a copy of an e-mail potential length of a story í castoff message sent to another recipient verb castoff /kɑ stɒf/ noun an estimate of to copy a message to another recipient, how much space a piece of text will either by using the cc line on an e-mail or occupy when it is printed in a particular by sending a photocopy font and size CC casual CC abbreviation closed captioning kuəl CCIR 601 casual / / noun a journalist si si a ɑ sks əυ wn employed on a temporary rather than a CCIR 601 / / permanent basis by a newspaper noun a recommended standard for casualisation kuəlazeʃ ə n defining digital video casualisation / | ( ) / c-clamp si klmp noun the process whereby jobs in the c-clamp / / noun the standard media industry are shifting from generally clamp used to attach lights to a studio’s full-time, long-term contracts to more lighting rig CCTV part-time or project-based appointments. CCTV abbreviation BROADCAST, TV This is seen as a double-edged sword, closed-circuit television opening up the field to free competition CCU abbreviation camera control unit based on talent, but raising concerns about CD /si di / noun a small disk on which training and specialisation of employees. data can be stored and read by a computer catalyst effect ktəlst fekt catalyst effect / | / noun or other device the process whereby coverage of an issue CD+G /si di pls di /, in the media can draw attention to it or CD+Graphics /si di pls $rfks/ present it in a particular way, which can noun a CD format that adds graphics data lead to knock-on effects for the issue to an audio disc and so can be used to store itself, such as increased funding for a song title information or display the lyrics charity catch of the song for use in karaoke /ktʃ/ verb CD-ROM catch to manage to capture CD-ROM /si di rɒm/ noun a disc somebody or something on film or tape catchline which has computer-readable data on it catchline /ktʃlan/ noun a word at CDV the top of a script that identifies an item on CDV abbreviation RECORDING, VIDEO CD-video a radio programme. Also called slug CD-video catchword si di vdiəυ catchword /ktʃw& d/ noun the first CD-video / / noun 1. a word on a page of printed text, that also machine that plays compact discs that appears in the bottom right-hand corner of store and play back video images 2. a the previous page, originally placed there compact disc that can store video images. to draw the binder’s attention to it Abbreviation CDV CE catharsis kəθɑ ss CE abbreviation ONLINE creative catharsis / | / noun the idea that exposure to emotive media products such editing Ceefax as violence on television, or a tragic play Ceefax /si fks/ a trade name for the in a theatre, is therapeutic for the audience teletext service of the BBC celebrity slebrəti and releases emotions in a harmless way celebrity / | / noun a person in cathode ray tube ray tube /kθəυd re the public eye, who audiences are inter- tju b/ noun a display device for televi- ested in finding out more about. Compare sion and computer screens which uses star MediaStudies.fm Page 37 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

37 channel ‘So if Mr and Mrs Joe Public forget to where all decisions are made in a pay for stuff they get the book thrown at company’s central office them. But if you’re a millionaire C-list centralised system system /sentrəlazd celebrity who might help sell their sstəm/ noun a system where advertising clothes and give them a bit of free and other marketing activities are run publicity – then, hey, take what you from one central marketing department want.’ centrality sentrlti [Carole Malone, The Sunday Mirror] centrality / | / noun the idea that a person is more influential because COMMENT: A celebrity may be famous for they communicate with a greater number a particular talent or skill that they have, but the fact that the are famous is often and wider range of people central machine room sentrəl mə for other reasons such as a relationship central machine room / | with another famous person or the ability ʃi n ru m/ noun in a broadcasting to ‘sell’ their personality and to appear studio, a separate room in which heavy interesting, attractive and entertaining. machinery is kept so that it does not celebrity journalism slebrəti celebrity journalism /| produce excessive heat d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun journalism which centrefold /sentəfəυld/ noun 1. an is concerned with the private lives of the illustration, advertisement or feature that rich and famous stretches across the two facing pages in cell cell /sel/ noun 1. the local area covered the middle of a magazine or newspaper 2. by one of the transmitters in a mobile tele- the subject of a centrefold photograph, phone network 2. same as animation cell especially a naked or nearly-naked model cell phone sel fəυn 3. PRESS same as centre spread cell phone / / noun a mobile centre spread telephone centre spread /sentə spred/ noun 1. cellular seljυlə the single piece of paper that forms the cellular / / adjective relating to a central two pages of a magazine or news- system of cells, such as in a mobile tele- paper 2. an article that appears in the phone network middle of a newspaper or magazine to cellular radio cellular radio /seljυlə rediəυ/ noun give it prominence cert. radio frequencies which operate in cells cert. abbreviation CINEMA certificate according to position, so that if a person is certificate sətfket certificate / | / noun the rating using a radio communications system in a given to films which dictates how old a car, they will be swapped to the right person must be to see it, based on its frequency as they move through cell areas cert. celluloid content. Abbreviation seljυlɔd celluloid / / noun 1. the photo- COMMENT: In the United Kingdom, the graphic film used for making films 2. the ratings designated by the British Board of cinema as a medium or art form Film Certification are: Uc and U (suitable censor sensə for children), PG (parents may not want censor / / verb to remove or extremely young children to see it), 12 (or change any part of a play, film or publica- 12A for films which children under the tion because the content is considered age of 12 can see if accompanied by an offensive or a threat to security í noun an adult), 15 and 18 (suitable for viewers official who examines plays, films or older than the specified age), and R18 (extremely explicit content). In the United publications with a view to removing or States, the ratings designated by the banning content considered to be offen- Motion Picture Association of America sive or a threat to security are: G (suitable for all), PG, PG-13 (as censorship censorship /sensəʃp/ noun 1. the PG but with some content not suitable for children under 13), R (not suitable for practice of deciding that something or part viewers under the age of 17 unless of something may not be broadcast, accompanied by an adult), NC-17 published, distributed etc., because of its (suitable for viewers over the age of 17 content. ı pre-emptive censorship, only). punitive censorship 2. the suppression CGI /si di a/ noun special visual or attempted suppression of anything effects created by a computer. Full form regarded as objectionable Computer Generated Imagery centralised organisational structure centralised organisational struc- channel /tʃn(ə)l/ noun 1. a television ture /sentrəlazd ɔ $ənazeʃ(ə)n(ə)l or radio station which broadcasts on a strktʃə/ noun a method of organising particular band of radio frequencies 2. a international advertising and promotion band of frequencies set aside for a partic- MediaStudies.fm Page 38 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Channel 4 38 ular purpose, such as broadcasting for a character generator generator /krktə television or radio station denəretə/ noun a device for gener- Channel 4 Channel 4 /tʃn(ə)l fɔ / noun a ating text on a screen commercial television channel in the UK charge artist artist /tʃɑ d ɑ tst/ noun the which was started in 1982 with a commit- member of a theatre production team who ment to quality wide-ranging program- is responsible for overseeing the painting ming of stage scenery according to the set Channel 5 tʃn ə l fav designer’s plans Channel 5 / ( ) / noun a charge-coupled device commercial television channel in the UK charge-coupled device /tʃɑ d kp ə ld dvas which started broadcasting in 1997 ( ) | / noun a high-speed channel capacity tʃn ə l kə semiconductor that processes the light channel capacity / ( ) | psti patterns of images into digital signals for / noun the amount of information a computer, especially in digital cameras that a communication system can carry and optical scanners channel-hop channel-hop /tʃn(ə)l hɒp/ verb to Charlie /tʃɑ li/ noun an internationally browse through different television chan- recognised code word for the letter C, nels, especially using a remote control used in radio communications device chart /tʃɑ t/ verb to appear in the charts ‘…if you are a pop kid, it will be your of best-selling recordings kind of station. [My daughter] watches it charts /tʃɑ ts/ plural noun a list of the occasionally. She channel hops and best-selling musical recordings of the last shows no loyalty to the channels. I think week or month, etc. she is representative of her age.’ chart-topping tʃɑ t tɒpŋ [Jo Whiley, The Independent] chart-topping / / adjective

channel mapping referring to a musical number or channel mapping /tʃn(ə)l mpŋ/ performer at the top of the charts of best- noun a function inside a television or selling musical recordings chase digital set-top box that allows the device chase /tʃes/ noun PRINTING a rectan- to find channels on the best frequency gular metal frame into which metal type without the need for retuning or blocks are placed as on a page, before it channel of communication of communication is printed tʃn ə l əv kəmju nkeʃ ə n chat group / ( ) | | ( ) / noun chat group /tʃt $ru p/ noun a group something such as a cable or a satellite of people who share a common interest system which is capable of transmitting and exchange messages about it online signals chat room room /tʃt ru m/ noun a website channel share channel share /tʃn(ə)l ʃeə/ noun where computer users can exchange the percentage of all viewers who are messages in real time watching a particular channel chat show show /tʃt ʃəυ/ noun a television channel-surf channel-surf /tʃn(ə)l s& f/ verb or radio show on which the host inter- same as channel-hop views celebrities chauvinism chaos theory ʃəυvnz ə m chaos theory /keɒs θəri/ noun the chauvinism / ( ) / noun idea that although many natural systems extreme pride in belonging to a group, are apparently based on rules and laws, such as ones gender or nationality, espe- they are prone to wild, seemingly random, cially when expressing disdain or hatred changes in response to the tiniest change for a rival group check call in conditions check call /tʃek kɔ l/ noun a call made

chapel chapel /tʃp(ə)l/ noun the National or visit paid by a journalist to a place such Union of Journalists’ newspaper division as a police station to see whether any news character is breaking krktə chequebook journalism character / / noun a person in a chequebook journalism /tʃekbυk book, play, or film d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun the practice of character actor character actor /krktə ktə/ paying somebody for an exclusive story, noun an actor who does not generally play usually a dramatic one which will sell the lead role in productions but smaller, many copies of the newspaper and be usually humorous roles such as the hero’s prestigious for the journalist reporting it. best friend Also called buy-up MediaStudies.fm Page 39 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

39 cine-club

cherry-picker /tʃeri pkə/ noun a colour of the image, represented by the hoist used to raise lights high above the symbol ‘C’. Compare luma chromakey action when making a film at night on chromakey /krəυməki / noun a location filming technique in which a particular chiaroscuro tʃrəskjυərəυ chiaroscuro / | / noun a colour in a shot is ‘keyed out’ and term originally from art appreciation that replaced by another background. An refers to a style of lighting which creates example of this on television is in weather deep shadows and contrasts reporting, where the presenter stands in flick /tʃk flk/ noun a film that front of a chromakey screen and the is aimed at or intended to appeal primarily weather map is superimposed over it. Also to women called blue-screen effect, colour sepa- ration overlay ‘This enjoyable but meandering chrome tape picture… is a chick flick about the chrome tape /krəυm tep/ noun relationship between two sisters and magnetic recording tape coated with chro- how a crisis between them precipitates mium dioxide chrominance the discovery of some family secrets.’ chrominance /krəυmnəns/ noun the [Henry Fizherbert, The Sunday Express] part of a video signal or image which chick lit lit /tʃk lt/ noun a genre of book contains colour hue and saturation infor- which is aimed at or intended to appeal mation. Compare luminance chronology krənɒlədi primarily to women, on the same basis as chronology / | / noun the chick flicks order in which events occur, or their Chief Income Earner Income Earner /tʃi f nkm arrangement according to this order chronotope & nə/ noun a term used by advertisers to chronotope /krɒnətəυp/ noun a describe the individual in a household combination form from the Greek words who earns the highest income for ‘time’ and ‘place’, describing the Chief Shopper Shopper /tʃi f ʃɒpə/ noun a historical setting of a work such as a novel churn term used by advertisers to describe the churn /tʃ& n/ noun the rate of turnover individual in a household who does the of a company’s customers shopping for that household chillout ‘The operator has managed to reduce chillout /tʃlaυt/ noun MUSIC same as churn with its tempting discount downtempo packages in the first half of this year, chimera kamərə chimera / | / noun a box that is and will be looking to keep defections put over a harsh light to soften the effect low.’ chopsocky /tʃɒpsɒki/ noun a genre of [Jessica Ramakrishnan, World Markets excessively violent films in which martial Analysis] chutney arts such as kung fu feature prominently chutney /tʃtni/ noun a popular up- chora /kɔ rə/ noun the link between tempo style of East Indian song, usually two worlds, such as between mind and written in Hindi or English and much body, or between thoughts and feelings. influenced by calypso rhythms and This link is often described in feminist subjects cicero theory as the bridge between mother and cicero /ssərəυ/ noun a size of type child. slightly larger than the pica chorus kɔ rəs cine- chorus / / noun 1. a set of lines cine- /sni/ prefix relating to film or that are sung at least twice in the course of motion pictures a song, usually being repeated after each cineaste snest verse 2. a group of people who appear, cineaste / / noun 1. a film- sing, and sometimes dance together as a maker. Also called cinephile 2. a film unit in a performance, usually providing enthusiast cine camera backing for the principal performers 3. a cine camera /sni km(ə)rə/ noun a group of actors in ancient Greek drama camera with a moving film in it for taking who sing or speak in unison, generally moving pictures cine-club commenting on the significance of the cine-club /sni klb/ noun an inde- events that take place in the play pendent rival to conventional cinemas chroma /krəυmə/ noun the parts of an showing less mainstream and often non- image or video signal which control the fictional films MediaStudies.fm Page 40 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

cine film 40 cine film film /sni flm/ noun photographic interfering as little as possible in the film used in a cine camera, for taking scenes being filmed, usually with a small moving pictures hand-held camera. Also called direct cinema /snmə/ noun 1. a building or cinema circular room designed for people to watch films circular /s& kjυlə/ noun a message in 2. the art or business of making films 3. such as an advertisement or announce- films considered collectively 4. cinemas ment, that is distributed to a large number considered collectively of people cinema advertising snmə circulation s& kjυleʃ ə n cinema advertising / circulation / | ( ) / noun the dvətazŋ/ noun advertising using number of copies sold of each issue of a short films or still messages on cinema publication. Compare readership screens citizenship stz ə nʃp cinemagoer citizenship / ( ) / noun the snmə$əυə cinemagoer / | / noun a idea of being a participating, aware person who regularly goes to the cinema member of a community such as a state CinemaScope snməskəυp city desk CinemaScope / / noun city desk /sti desk/ noun the section the brand name for the anamorphic of a newspaper devoted to financial process which resulted in widescreen reporting pictures developed by 20th Century Fox in city editor sti edtə the 1950s city editor / / noun 1. the cinematheque newspaper editor who deals with financial cinematheque /snmətek/ noun a and commercial news 2. the newspaper small cinema with an intimate atmosphere cinematic editor in charge of local news snmtk city room cinematic / | / adjective 1. sti ru m relating to films or film-making 2. refer- city room / / noun the depart- ring to or reminiscent of the style in which ment of a newspaper that deals with local films are made news cityscape stiskep ‘What Minghella has done… is to marry cityscape / / noun a picture of his genius for arresting cinematic all or part of a city or town civil inattention sv ə l nə images with the language of traditional civil inattention / ( ) | Japanese theatre to create a truly tentʃ(ə)n/ noun a typical way that stran- spectacular production.’ [Barry gers behave, for example in the street, in Millington, Evening Standard] which they may make brief eye contact, cinematise /snmətaz/ verb to make but quickly retract it to remove the need a play, novel or other work into a film for for recognition or further contact civil society sv ə l səsaəti the cinema civil society / ( ) | / noun cinematograph snmtə$rɑ f cinematograph / | / the institutions, social relationships and noun a combined cine camera, printer and organisations that function under the rule projector now rarely used of the state but are not necessarily aligned cinematographer snmətɒ$rəfə with it cinematographer / | / clapper board noun the person who is responsible for clapper board /klpə bɔ d/ noun a lighting and cameras on a film shoot pair of hinged boards filmed at the start of cinematographie snmtɒ$rfi cinematographie / | / each take in a film to identify it, and noun a brand of French camera for clapped together to help to synchronise filming the soundtrack with the film. Also called cinematography snmətɒ$rəfi slate cinematography / | / clapper/loader noun the lighting and photography in a clapper/loader /klpə ləυdə/ noun film an assistant on the camera crew whose job cinephile /snfal/ noun same as it is to reload the cameras with film and to cineaste operate the clapper board at the start of Cinerama snrɑ mə each shot Cinerama / | / a trade name Clarendon for a method of producing widescreen Clarendon /klrəndən/ noun a style pictures developed in the 1950s, in which of boldface roman type class 3 separate projectors are used class /klɑ s/ noun 1. a social classifica- ciné-verité /sne verte/ noun a tion loosely based on the comparative genre of film in which the film-maker tries level of wealth and opportunity into which to shoot documentary-style footage while a person is born 2. ‘ JICNARS scale MediaStudies.fm Page 41 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

41 clipper chip

classification klsfkeʃ ə n click classification / | ( ) / click /klk/ verb to press and release a noun the process of putting people or key or a button on a keyboard or the things into categories such as grouping mouse í noun the act of pressing a mouse people according to their economic status button or a key on a keyboard

clicker or classifying films according to the clicker /klkə/ noun a foreman or fore- minimum age that a person must be to woman in a printing press watch it clickstream classified ads clickstream /klkstri m/ noun a classified ads /klsfad dz/, clas- record of how a user navigates around a sifieds plural noun advertisements that are grouped together in a newspaper or website, sometimes used in marketing research magazine according to their subject click through matter, usually without illustrations. click through /klk θru / noun an act Compare display ads of clicking on a banner ad or other on- classified display advertising display advertising screen advertising that takes the user klsfad dsple dvətazŋ through to the advertiser’s website / | / noun click through rate advertising that, although it is classified, click through rate /klk θru ret/ may also have individual features such as noun a method of charging an advertiser its own box border or the company logo for the display of a banner advertisement Claymation klemeʃ ə n on a website. Each time a visitor clicks on Claymation / | ( ) / a trade name for the process of creating animated a displayed advertisement which links to films from sequences of images of clay the advertiser’s main site, the advertiser is figures. The figures are moved slightly charged a fee. between each shot so that they appear to ‘The interactive banners could be move when the sequence is run at the downloaded and include hilarious, correct speed. cartoonish ads… the ad campaign clean /kli n/ adjective referring to text boasted a click-through rate 12% higher that contains relatively few mistakes or than the average.’ [Advertising Age]

client list corrections client list /klaənt lst/ noun a list of clean feed clean feed /kli n fi d/ noun 1. a video clients of an advertising agency recording without any added captions 2. a cliffhanger cliffhanger /klfhŋə/ noun an unre- sound recording without added commen- solved ending in a part of a serialised tary 3. an earpiece that a television or drama or book that leaves the audience or radio presenter uses to hear all sound apart reader eager to know what will happen from their own commentary. Also called next clean FX, mix minus climax order clean FX klamks ɔ də clean FX /kli n ef eks/ noun same as climax order / / noun a clean feed method of arranging arguments or main Clean Up TV Movement points in a narrative so that the most Clean Up TV Movement /kli n p ti vi mu vmənt important point is presented at the end. / noun formerly, a Compare anti-climax order movement dedicated to clean, moral and Clio wholesome programming, formed in 1963 Clio /kli əυ/ noun an annual award for by Mary Whitehouse excellence in package design and adver- clear /klə/ verb to release a communica- tising in print, on television and on radio clip tions link when transmissions have clip /klp/ noun an extract from a finished recording. Also called cut clipart clearing house house /klərŋ haυs/ noun clipart /klpɑ t/ noun commercially an central agency that collects and distrib- produced artwork that is available freely utes information at low cost. Many computers contain free clear scan scan /klə skn/ noun a function clipart. clipper chip that reduces the flicker seen when filming clipper chip /klpə tʃp/ noun a data- a computer monitor or television screen, encryption chip proposed in the mid- by adjusting the scan rate of the recording 1990s allowing communication by device computer that it was implanted in to be cliché /kli ʃe/ noun a phrase or word recorded and >‘spied on’. It was thought that is overused and has therefore lost its invasive and potentially insecure and was original effectiveness or power never developed. MediaStudies.fm Page 42 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

clippings 42

clippings clippings /klpŋz/ plural noun PRESS usually in a circus, who often wears an same as cuttings outlandish costume and heavy makeup cluster group clipsheet clipsheet /klpʃi t/ noun text from a cluster group /klstə $ru p/ noun in newspaper or magazine reprinted on one audience analysis, a group of people with side of plain paper and used for distribu- similar traits, lifestyle, social background tion to interested parties etc clutter clone kltə clone /kləυn/ noun an exact copy of a clutter / / noun 1. a mass of adver- digital recording, taken as back-up tising units shown together, so that any closed kləυzd single advertisement or commercial tends closed / / adjective referring to a to get lost 2. visual stimuli which distract narrative that is brought to a conclusion at a viewer or reader from the main message, the end. Compare open such as flashy advertisements on a closed-captioned closed-captioned /kləυzd webpage kpʃənd CMA / adjective referring to a broad- CMA abbreviation Community Media cast that has captions, for example for the Association hard of hearing, that can be seen if the CMCCR television set is fitted with the correct CMCCR abbreviation combined mobile central control room decoder CMCR closed captioning CMCR abbreviation colour mobile closed captioning /kləυzd kpʃənŋ control room / noun a system that transfers CMYK si em wa ke text information with a video signal so CMYK / / noun the that the text data can be decoded and standard colour model for printing in displayed at the bottom of the television which all colours are described in terms of screen. Abbreviation CC cyan, magenta, yellow and black CNN closed-circuit television si en en closed-circuit television /kləυzd CNN / / noun an international s& kt telv(ə)n/ noun a television news and broadcasting company which transmission system in which cameras was founded in 1980 and which was the transmit pictures by cable to connected first to introduce 24-hour news coverage. monitors. Surveillance systems are based Full form Cable News Network coanchor kəυŋkə on this type of transmission. coanchor / | / verb to present a closed-face lamp television or radio programme jointly closed-face lamp /kləυzd fes lmp with another presenter / noun same as spot co-anchor close down kəυ ŋkə kləυz daυn co-anchor / / noun either of close down / / verb to stop two presenters who jointly present a tele- broadcasting for the day closedown vision programme, especially a news closedown /kləυzdaυn/ noun the end programme of a period of broadcasting cobranding kəυbrndŋ cobranding / | / noun the closed text closed text /kləυzd tekst/ noun a practice of displaying two or more corpo- text which leaves very little room for free rate logos on a product or website to show interpretation of meaning. Compare open that it is a joint enterprise text cobweb site site /kɒbweb sat/ noun a close-up close-up /kləυs p/ noun a shot which website that has not been updated for a shows the whole of a person’s face, but no long period of time other part of their body. Abbreviation CU co-channel /kəυ tʃnəl/ adjective closing sentence closing sentence /kləυzŋ sentəns/ relating to a radio transmission that occu- noun the last sentence in a marketing e- pies the same frequency band as another mail which pushes the customer to take cock /kɒk/ verb to set a device or mech- action anism such as a camera shutter release, so closure closure /kləυə/ noun a situation in that it will work when it is triggered which somebody receiving a piece of code /kəυd/ noun a set of rules communication ‘closes down’ and refuses governing some form of behaviour, either to accept any more of it, usually because it rigidly enforced or used for guidance only conflicts with the receiver’s already-held Code of Advertising Standardsof and PracticeAdvertising Standards beliefs or values and Practice /kəυd əv dvətazŋ clown clown /klaυn/ noun 1. a person who stndədz ənd prkts/ noun a code behaves comically 2. a comic performer, formerly administered by the Independent MediaStudies.fm Page 43 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

43 collodian process Broadcasting Authority, which stated that (cultural, social, physical, etc.) and using advertisements should not be misleading, this to make decisions immoral or underhanded, but that they cognitive processing processing /kɒ$ntv should be ‘legal, decent, honest and prəυsesŋ/ noun the way in which a truthful’ person changes external information into COMMENT: The Code is mandatory and is patterns of thought and how these are used enforced by OFCOM. Failure to meet to form judgments or choices standards may result in an advertisement cognitive psychology psychology /kɒ$ntv being dropped, whereas failure to sakɒlədi properly vet an advertisement before | / noun a psychological move- transmission can lead to financial ment which infers people’s thought proc- penalties or even the loss of the esses from their behaviour, and believes transmitter’s broadcasting licence. that these thought processes can be Code of Programme Sponsorship of Programme Sponsorship affected by behaviour and/or changed to /kəυd əv prəυ$rm spɒnsəʃp/ noun affect behaviour. Compare behav- a rule imposed by the Independent Televi- iourism col. sion Commission (now administered by col. abbreviation PRINTING column OFCOM) stating that any programme cold media media /kəυld mi diə/ plural may be sponsored apart from news and noun media which demand a greater current affairs programmes, but that degree of interaction and interpretation product placement must not occur as a from the audience, for example television. result Compare hot media cold type COMMENT: Organisations which may not cold type /kəυld tap/ noun PRINTING sponsor programmes or are restricted in typesetting that is done without casting their sponsorship include: political bodies, tobacco companies, metal collate kəlet manufacturers of drugs available only on collate / | / verb to make sure that prescription, and betting or gaming the pages in a book are sequenced companies. correctly and completely codes of narrative kəυdz əv collateral services kəlt ə rəl codes of narrative / collateral services / | ( ) nrətv/ plural noun a set of five codes s& vsz/ plural noun agencies which used in the analysis and deconstruction of provide specialised services such as texts. ı action code, semantic code, package design, production of advertising enigma code, referential code, material or marketing research collation kəleʃ ə n symbolic code collation / | ( ) / noun 1. the tech- coffin coffin /kɒfn/ noun a frame that holds nical description of a book that includes electrotype or stereotype printing plates its bibliographical details and information co-financing kəυ fannsŋ about its physical construction 2. the co-financing / / noun a process of assembling sheets of paper in situation in which two or more film the right order, particularly the sections of studios share production costs of a film in a book before it is bound return for sharing the profits, rights etc collective representation kə cognitive behaviour kɒ$ntv b collective representation /| cognitive behaviour / | lektv reprzenteʃ ə n hevjə | ( ) / noun the / noun the category of human creation of media texts by a community behaviour associated with knowing, which reveal or represent something about reasoning and understanding. Compare its culture, history, beliefs etc. affective behaviour collectivist kəlektvst | cognitive dissonance collectivist / / adjective cognitive dissonance /kɒ$nətv referring to a culture that places an dsənəns/ noun the feeling of dissatis- emphasis on the needs and achievements faction experienced by a person who of the group rather than of the individual. cannot deal with apparently contradictory Personal achievement and assertiveness is information, for example when making considered less important than conformity buying decisions or comparing purchases to society and an ‘unselfish attitude’. Such with the claims made for them in adver- communities have a strong sense of tising family and community. Compare individ- cognitive mapping cognitive mapping /kɒ$ntv ualist mpŋ collodian process kələυdiən / noun the process of creating a collodian process /| mental ‘map’ of one’s environment prəυses/ noun an early process of MediaStudies.fm Page 44 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

colonialism 44 photography development, using collo- distributed with a newspaper, usually with dian solution to fix light-sensitive iodide a weekend issue, printed in colour and to the photography plate containing a lot of advertising colonialism kələυniəlz ə m colour temperature klə colonialism / | ( ) / noun colour temperature / in Marxist theory, a situation in which one temprtʃə/ noun the ‘warmth’ of any powerful country has taken control of the colour, as measured on the Kelvin scale economic and political systems of others, colour temperature blue temperature blue /klə which has a far-reaching impact on its temprtʃə blu / noun a gel that is cultural forms placed over an artificial light source to colonisation kɒlənazeʃ ə n colonisation / | ( ) / noun make it appear more like natural light the process of using cultural signifiers (blue-toned). Abbreviation CTB from one community to appeal to another colour temperature orange temperature orange /klə in order to sell a product temprtʃə ɒrnd/ noun a gel which is colorcast colorcast /kləkɑ st/ noun a colour placed over a natural light source to make television broadcast it appear more like artificial light (orange- colour /klə/ noun the type and amount toned). Abbreviation CTO of inks used in a printing job í adjective colour TV TV /klə ti vi / noun a televi- referring to an article or section of an sion set showing pictures in colour, which article, focusing more on descriptions, was first available in the US in 1954 impressions and subjective reporting kəlmbiə Columbia Pictures /| rather than impartial reporting of the facts pktʃəz/ noun a major based colour bar colour bar /klə bɑ / noun a type of in Hollywood and formed in 1914. It has test pattern on paper or a screen, produced many popular family films consisting of vertical coloured bars including Kid (1984), Men in colour correction filter klə kə colour correction filter / | Black (1997), Stuart Little (1999), rekʃ(ə)n fltə/ noun same as gel Charlie’s Angels (2000) and the colour grading grading /klə $redŋ/ noun Spiderman films (from 2002). the process of preparing film so that column /kɒləm/ noun the arrangement colours and lighting effects are uniform of newspaper copy on a page in a vertical throughout the feature, these days most strip. Abbreviation col. often done digitally column inch inch /kɒləm ntʃ/ noun the colourise /kləraz/ verb to add colour amount of printed type that would fill an to a black-and-white film area on a page one column wide and one colourist /klərst/ noun the person inch deep who does the primary and secondary ‘Posters of several of the Ashes heroes grading to a piece of film can be found in cricket magazines, the colour mobile control room mobile control room /klə England players’ thoughts fill endless məυbal kəntrəυl ru m column inches in the newspapers, and | / noun a mobile control room used for coordina- every aspect of the forthcoming Test tion on small outside broadcasts. Abbrevi- series is being dissected.’ [Jonathon ation CMCR Dyson, The Observer] columnist colour separation overlay separation overlay /klə columnist /kɒləmnst/ noun a jour- sepəreʃ ə n əυvəle | ( ) / abbreviation nalist who writes a regular feature for a CSO. Same as chromakey newspaper or magazine, usually based on colour standard standard /klə stndəd/ personal comment column rule noun one of three international standards, column rule /kɒləm ru l/ noun the NTSC, PAL and SECAM, used to blank line between columns of text describe how colour TV and video images comb filter filter /kəυm fltə/ noun an are displayed and transmitted electronic device used to separate the colour subcarrier subcarrier /klə sbkriə/ luma (Y) and chroma (C) signals from a noun the component of an analogue tele- composite video signal vision signal that transmits colour infor- combination commercial kɒmb combination commercial / | mation to the receiver neʃ ə n kəm& ʃ ə l ( ) | ( ) / noun a television colour supplement supplement /klə advertisement which combines still splmənt/ noun a magazine that is pictures with action shots MediaStudies.fm Page 45 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

45 commercial Internet exchange

combination rate kɒmbneʃ ə n commentary kɒmənt ə ri combination rate / | ( ) commentary / ( ) / noun a ret/ noun a special rate or discount for report broadcast live from an event which advertising in two or more magazines comments on what is happening, for combined mobile central control room mobile central control example at a sports match kəmband məυbal sentrəl commentary box /kɒmənt ə ri room / | commentary box ( ) kəntrəυl ru m bɒks | / noun a mobile control / noun a room from which a televi- room used for coordination on large sion or radio commentator broadcasts outside broadcasts. Abbreviation while watching an event such as a football CMCCR match commentary position comedian kəmi diən commentary position /kɒmənt(ə)ri comedian / | / noun an enter- pəzʃ ə n tainer who specialises in comedy | ( ) / noun the vantage point from comedienne kəmi dien which a commentator can watch the comedienne / | | / noun a action female entertainer who specialises in commentate kɒməntet comedy commentate / / verb to comedy kɒmədi provide personal and professional comedy / / noun 1. comic comments and opinions, either in radio or entertainment, especially plays, consid- television broadcasting or on texts ered as a literary genre 2. a genre of film commentator commentator /kɒməntetə/ noun 1. that focuses on comic characters in a journalist who analyses the news for humorous situations come in radio, television or a newspaper 2. a radio come in /km n/ verb to enter a or television broadcaster who describes discussion or reply to a radio signal and comments on events, especially come on come on /km ɒn/ verb to appear on a sporting events, as they happen commercial kəm& ʃ ə l television programme, or to begin to commercial / | ( ) / noun a radio speak on the telephone or television advertisement í adjective comic-book movie comic-book movie /kɒmk bυk referring to enterprises that use money mu vi/ noun a genre of film that is based raised from advertising commercial art kəm& ʃ ə l ɑ t on a comic strip and tries to recreate that commercial art / | ( ) / style, with strong images and cartoonish noun graphic art that is created for characters commercial reasons such as advertising comic opera comic opera /kɒmk ɒp(ə)rə/ noun a and packaging commercial break kəm& ʃ ə l genre of opera that involves humorous commercial break /| ( ) situations and characters and often, a lot brek/ noun a slot during a radio or tele- of dialogue vision programme when advertisements comic relief kɒmk rli f are broadcast / | / noun comic relief a commercial confidentiality kə comic scene or passage in an otherwise commercial confidentiality / | m& ʃ ə l kɒnfdenʃilti serious work, that provides a contrast and ( ) | / noun therefore some relaxation for a short time grounds for not allowing information to comics be published because it may damage comics /kɒmks/ plural noun the part commercial interests of a newspaper where the comic strips appear ‘Ofwat refused to be drawn on its plans, comic strip kɒmk strp saying its ability to provide more comic strip / / noun a information on individual investment sequence of drawings that tell a story or a decisions was limited by commercial joke. Also called strip cartoon confidentiality, as MPs had recognised.’ comic-strip oriented comic-strip oriented /kɒmk strp [Andrew Taylor, The Financial Times] ɔ rientd/ adjective referring to a film commercial Internet exchange kə commercial Internet exchange / | image that is oriented at right angles to the m& ʃ ə l ntənet kstʃend ( ) | / noun a outer edge of the film multilateral agreement between Internet comix comix /kɒmks/ plural noun comics service providers to allow commercial and comic strips that are designed for traffic on the Internet adults, especially those containing nudity commercial Internet exchange laissez-faire model and obscenity kə of media communication / | commentariat kɒmənteəriət m& ʃ ə l lese feə mɒd ə l əv mi diə commentariat / | / noun ( ) ( ) kəmju nkeʃ ə n the print and broadcast journalists who | | ( ) / noun a model comment on current affairs which states that there is free trade in the MediaStudies.fm Page 46 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

commercial minutage 46 market for media texts, with each sold and exchanged under a capitalist producer having to compete against others system take on the characteristics of a for the consumer’s attention, and so the fetish, replacing some other desire or form audience are unlikely to be swayed by any of social interaction one communication. Compare mass commonality kɒmənləti commonality / | / noun all manipulative model of media commu- the things that a community have in nication common, in terms of beliefs, ideas, commercial minutage kəm& ʃ ə l commercial minutage / | ( ) cultural heritage etc. mntd common carrier / noun the number of minutes common carrier /kɒmən kriə/ over the course of a day which are used for noun a company, such as a telephone broadcasting adverts on a particular company, that provides telecommunica- channel commercial radio tions services to the general public kəm& ʃ ə l common culture commercial radio /| ( ) kɒmən kltʃə rediəυ/ noun a radio station which common culture / / broadcasts advertisements, which help to noun cultural forms that are shared pay for its programming costs between all members of a community, and commercial services kəm& ʃ ə l are one of the things which define them as commercial services / | ( ) such s& vsz/ plural noun services which common intermediate format common intermediate format support trade, for example banking and kɒmən ntəmi diət fɔ mt advertising / / noun a commercial television kəm& ʃ ə l standard for video images that displays an commercial television / | ( ) telv ə n kə image 352 pixels wide and 288 pixels high | ( ) /, commercial TV / | common sense m& ʃ ə l ti vi common sense /kɒmən sens/ noun ( ) | / noun a television station which broadcasts advertisements, which the idea that most of the sets of meanings help to pay for its programming costs attached to things can be easily under- commercial time kəm& ʃ ə l tam stood and do not need to be studied or commercial time / | ( ) / noun the amount of time that a television analysed communicate kəmju nket or radio station devotes to advertising communicate / | / verb 1. commère /kɒmeə/ noun a woman who to reveal or express a feeling, thought or introduces people as they appear on a tele- idea by words or gesture so that it is vision, radio or stage show clearly understood 2. to give or exchange commissionaire kəmʃəneə ideas or information by words or gestures | | commissionaire / / noun communication kəmju n a uniformed doorman at a cinema, hotel or communication /| | theatre keʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the exchange of infor- commission rebating kəmʃ ə n mation between people, for example by commission rebating / | ( ) ri betŋ/ noun the practice by which an means of speaking, writing, or using a advertising agency may discount invoices common system of signs or behaviour 2. a for media costs sent to clients, in effect spoken or written piece of information communication network kə taking them out of its own commission or communication network /| mju nkeʃ ə n netw& k profit margin | ( ) / noun any Committee of Advertising Practice of Advertising Prac- method of communicating multiple kəmti əv dvətazŋ prkts messages between multiple people, such tice / | / noun the body which produces the codes as the Internet communication objectives kə of advertising practice which are inde- communication objectives / | mju nkeʃ ə n əbdektvz pendently administered by OFCOM | ( ) | / plural (broadcast advertising) and ASA (non- noun objectives that a company tries to broadcast advertising). Abbreviation CAP achieve through its advertising, for commoditisation of information of information example creating awareness, knowledge, kəmɒdtazeʃ ə n əv nfəmeʃ ə n / | ( ) | ( ) / images, attitudes, preferences or purchase noun the idea that information is a intentions communications kəmju n commodity that can be bought and sold, communications /| | not something which should be freely keʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun the systems used available for sending and receiving information, for commodity fetishism kəmɒdti commodity fetishism / | example postal, computer and telephone fetʃz(ə)m/ noun a Marxist theory networks í noun the study of the way which suggests that objects produced, people communicate with each other MediaStudies.fm Page 47 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

47 competence

Communications Act 2003 kə communisuasion kəmju n Communications Act 2003 / | communisuasion /| | mju nkeʃ ə nz kt | ( ) / noun the Act swe(ə)n/ noun communication that is which created the ‘super-regulator’ intended to persuade OFCOM, which replaced 5 former regula- Community Action Programmes Action Programmes tory bodies covering radio, television and kəmju nti kʃən prəυ$rmz / | / noun telecommunications in the UK. ı OFCOM a programme which centres on some COMMENT: The former regulatory bodies social issue such as crime or health care which were replaced were: the community antenna television kə community antenna television / | Broadcasting Standards Commission, mju nti ntenə telv ə n the Office of Telecommunications, the | ( ) / noun TV Radio Authority, the same as cable television Radiocommunications Agency and the Community Media Association Media Association Independent Television Commission. kəmju nti mi diə əsəυsieʃ ə n Communications Decency Act 1996 / | | ( ) / Communications Decency Act kəmju nkeʃ ə nz di sənsi noun a not-for-profit organisation in the 1996 / | ( ) kt UK which promotes access to the media / noun the Act in the US designed to for all. Abbreviation CMA prevent the transmission of commutation test kɒmjυteʃ ə n commutation test / | ( ) on the Internet. The Act has been criti- test cised for being almost impossible to / noun 1. a test used in semiotics in enforce and also on the grounds that it which one symbol in a set is replaced to goes against the principle of freedom of see how it affects the ‘reading’ of the speech. others 2. a method of analysing meaning communications gap kəmju n in a text, by taking elements of meaning communications gap / | | keʃ ə nz $p and substituting them for alternatives to ( ) / noun a lack of under- see what effect this has on the whole standing because of some failure in compact camera compact camera /kɒmpkt communication, such as between different km ə rə kɒmpkt cultural groups without a common refer- ( ) /, compact / / noun ence point a small camera with a built-in lens comparative advertising communications management kəm kə comparative advertising / | communications management / | mju nkeʃ ə nz mndmənt prətv dvətazŋ/ noun advertising | ( ) / noun the process of managing communications, that compares a company’s product with so that advertising messages are sent effi- competing brands to its own advantage comparative analysis kəm ciently to people who need to receive comparative analysis / | prətv ənləss them | / noun the practice of communications satellite kə communications satellite /| carrying out analysis of the different mju nkeʃ ə nz stəlat | ( ) / noun a media available to an advertiser in order to satellite used to relay radio, telephone and decide which should be used during an television signals around the world advertising campaign compassion fatigue communication task kəmpʃ ə n kəmju n | communication task / | | compassion fatigue / ( ) fəti $ keʃ(ə)n tɑ sk/ noun things that can be | / noun a loss or lessening of attributed to advertising, for example sympathy for the suffering of others, awareness, comprehension, conviction experienced by an audience that has been and action, following the DAGMAR over-exposed to media images of approach to setting advertising goals and suffering objectives ‘The charity Oxfam said less than 30 per communication theory kəmju n communication theory / | | cent of the UN’s original target had been keʃ(ə)n θəri/ noun the study of the pledged. There are concerns that principles and methods of communication compassion fatigue has set in after a communicative kəmju nkətv series of natural disasters, including the communicative /| / adjective relating to the transfer of infor- tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.’ [Justin mation or ideas Huggler, The Independent] compere communicology kəmnju n kɒmpeə communicology /| | compere / / noun a person who kɒlədi/ noun the study of forms of introduces people as they appear on a tele- communication vision, radio or stage show communiqué kəmju nke competence kɒmpt ə ns communiqué / | / noun an competence / ( ) / noun 1. official announcement or statement, espe- the ability to carry out a task safely and cially to the press or public efficiently 2. a person’s ability to use a MediaStudies.fm Page 48 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

competitive analysis 48 language because they understand its and the monochrome signal are combined rules, structures etc into one single signal competitive analysis composition kɒmpəzʃ ə n kəmpettv ə | competitive analysis / | | composition / ( ) / noun nləss/ noun the practice of carrying 1. the way in which objects are arranged out analysis of an industry, and the in a space, their shape, size, colour and customers and competitors within that relation to each other 2. the different industry, in order to discover how compet- target groups which make up the reader- itive an organisation, project or product is, ship of a publication or the audience of a especially by evaluating the capabilities of broadcast compositor kəmpɒztə key competitors compositor / | / noun a competitive check kəmpettv person whose job is to assemble text for competitive check / | tʃek/ noun the analysis of rival adver- printing tising levels and patterns, often conducted compressed video video /kɒmprest on the basis of data supplied by moni- vdiəυ/ noun video signals that have toring organisations been compressed to reduce the data rate kɒmpleʃ ə n required to transmit the information. compilation film / | ( ) flm/ noun a film which is put together Whereas a normal television picture is from previously shot footage transmitted at around 5090 Mbits/second, complementary kɒmplment ə ri a compressed video signal can be trans- complementary / | ( ) / mitted at around one tenth of the data rate. noun referring to colours which are compulsory heterosexuality kəm compulsory heterosexuality / | ‘opposite’ and produce a shade of grey plsəri hetərəυsekʃulti when mixed, such as green and orange or | / noun in blue and yellow feminism, the idea that homosexuality is complicity of users kəmplsti əv repressed by the prevailing ideology that complicity of users / | ju zəz says that heterosexual behaviour is the / noun the idea that the audience norm does not want to be given the full truth in computer-assisted personal interview personal news reports about difficult situations, kəmpju tə əsstd interview / | | crises etc., which reinforces the jour- p& s(ə)nəl ntəvju / noun a face-to- nalist’s tendency to censor coverage component video face interview for research purposes in kəmpəυnənt component video / | which the interviewer reads the questions vdiəυ/ noun 1. a video signal in which from a computer and directly inputs the the colour and the light/dark portions of answers. Abbreviation capi the signal are kept separate, allowing for computer conferencing kəm computer conferencing / | easier editing without distortion. Compare pju tə kɒnf(ə)rənsŋ/ noun the prac- composite video 2. a method of trans- tice of people at distant sites, each with a mitting video information, used in profes- computer, exchanging text and graphic sional video systems, that has separate messages and participating in meetings signals for the luminance and two chromi- together nance channels to avoid interference Computer Generated Imagery composer Computer Generated Imagery kəmpəυzə composer / | / noun a creator kəmpju tə denəretd mdəri / | / or writer of music for a film score noun full form of CGI composite monitor composite monitor /kɒmpəzt computer illiterate kəmpju tə  computer illiterate / | | mɒntə/ noun a colour monitor that ltərət/ adjective unable to understand receives one video signal from a graphics computer-related expressions or opera- display adapter, which is then electroni- tions cally separated inside the monitor into the computer literacy kəmpju tə computer literacy / | red, green and blue colour signals lt(ə)rəsi/ noun the understanding of the composite photograph composite photograph /kɒmpəzt basic principles of computers, related fəυtə$rɑ f/ noun an image that is made expressions and concepts, and the ability up of two or more images, for example to use computers for programming or overlapping or superimposed on each applications other computer-literate kəmpju tə computer-literate /| composite video composite video /kɒmpəzt lt(ə)rət/ adjective able to understand vdiəυ/ noun a method of transmitting a expressions relating to computers and video signal in which the colour signals how to use a computer MediaStudies.fm Page 49 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

49 connotation

conditional access kəndʃ ə n ə l ‘As internet chat and instant messaging conditional access / | ( ) ( ) increasingly become a part of life for kses/ noun the practice of encrypting China’s computer-literate youth, the use signals such as digital television channels of internet slang has grown and adoption so that they can be decoded only by of the terms has permeated all areas of people who have paid for the privilege Chinese life.’ [Robert Hughes, The conference kɒnf ə rəns Independent] conference / ( ) / noun a meeting to discuss the previous edition of computer-telephone integration computer-telephone integration a newspaper or magazine and to plan the kəmpju tə telfəυn nt$reʃ ə n / | | ( ) / forthcoming one confidence limits noun the integration of telephone and confidence limits /kɒnfd(ə)ns computer systems so that the same lmts/ plural noun the likelihood that the networks can be shared by voice and data results of a survey are true and trust- traffic Comstockery worthy, taking into account such things as Comstockery /kɒmstɒkəri/ noun the survey methods, size of sample etc practice of censoring anything that could confirmation kɒnfəmeʃən be seen as immoral or obscene in confirmation / | / noun an expression of agreement from some- published material body which reinforces the opinion, COMMENT: The word comstockery beliefs, values etc. that you already hold. comes from Anthony Comstock, a US reformer who campaigned in the late Compare disconfirmation conforming kənfɔ mŋ 1800s for stronger obscenity laws and conforming / | / noun the was behind the Comstock Law which practice of using the off-line edit of a tele- prohibited the delivery of ‘obscene, lewd or lascivious material’. vision film to make the final piece, using

conative the actual shots rather than the low-quality kəυnətv conative / / adjective of a copies message or piece of communication, conglomerate kən$lɒmərət having the function of instilling feelings conglomerate / | / noun a in the listener covertly. ı emotive, meta- large business organisation that consists lingual, phatic, poetic of a number of companies that deal with a conceal kənsi l variety of different business, manufac- conceal / | / verb to hide informa- turing, or commercial activities tion or graphics from a user, or not to congruence theory kɒn$ru əns display them congruence theory / concentrated marketing θəri/ noun the relationship between concentrated marketing kɒnsəntretd mɑ kətŋ people who either like or dislike each / /, concen- other, based on whether they are in agree- trated segmentation /kɒnsəntretd se$mənteʃ ə n ment (‘in congruence’) on other issues | ( ) / noun the promotion of and the imbalance this creates a product aimed at one particular area of conjuncture kəndŋktʃə the market conjuncture / | / noun in conceptual art kənseptʃuəl ɑ t Marxist theory, the interrelation of all conceptual art / | / social factors which bring about a change noun art in which the ideas expressed by the work are more important to the piece or new movement. The factors can include than the means used to put them across the political climate, economic system or concrete music technological advances. kɒŋkri t mju zk connect concrete music / / kənekt noun a type of electronic music created by connect / | / verb to enable editing together recordings of live sounds, people and organisations in different usually including natural and mechanical places to contact each other, for example sources, and combining them with previ- by computer or telephone connection kənekʃən ously-composed musical tracks connection / | / noun a link concurrence-seeking tendency tendency such as between telephones connectivity kɒnektvti kənkυrəns si kŋ tendənsi | / | / noun the connectivity / / the ability tendency of people in a group to agree to communicate with another system or with each other piece of hardware or software, or with an condensation kɒndenseʃ ə n Internet site condensation / | ( ) / connotation kɒnəteʃ ə n noun one of the two main mechanisms by connotation / | ( ) / noun the which dreams express the subconscious, meanings implied or suggested by a word, by ‘condensing’ a number of fears into a image, phrase etc., as opposed to the small yet complex sign. ı displacement literal meaning. Compare denotation MediaStudies.fm Page 50 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

consciousness 50

consciousness kɒnʃəsnəs construction kənstrkʃən consciousness / / noun in construction / | / noun a Marxist theory, the attitudes, values and visual work of art that is a combination of beliefs that characterise a person’s self- a variety of abstract materials, and is awareness usually three-dimensional consensus kənsensəs constructivism | kənstrktvz ə m consensus / / noun a constructivism / | ( ) / shared acceptance of values, norms and noun the theory that a person’s perception beliefs, a similar outlook. Compare of reality is dependent on the language dissensus that is used to construct and interpret that consent form kənsent fɔ m consent form / | / noun a reality form giving the official consent of any consumer kənsju mə consumer / | / noun 1. the person appearing on film for that footage person who buys a product advertised, at to be broadcast, usually featuring their whom the advertising is aimed 2. a person name and signature who is exposed to a media product, i.e. the consistency kənsstənsi consistency / | / noun the audience practice of ensuring that media coverage consumer advertising kənsju mə consumer advertising / | is uniform and does not contradict itself. dvətazŋ/ noun advertising direct to The aim of this is to make the audience individual consumers, as opposed to busi- more likely to believe the coverage. nesses console console /kɒnsəυl/ noun a desk, table, consumer culture kənsju mə consumer culture / | display, or keyboard onto which the kltʃə/ noun a view of society as domi- controls of an electronic system or some nated by consumerism other machine are fixed consolidated viewing kən ‘…the rise of the ’new puritans’: young consolidated viewing /| sɒldetd vju ŋ people who have reacted against / noun all viewing, consumer culture by refusing to drink, including video recording and playback smoke, buy big brands, take cheap within 7 days of the original transmission conspiracy of silence flights, drive a fancy car or get fat.’ kənsprəsi conspiracy of silence / | [Jemima Lewis, The Independent] əv saləns / noun an agreement not to consumerisation kənsju məra consumerisation / | | broadcast a certain piece of sensitive zeʃ ə n information between those who have ( ) / noun the process by which a access to it society becomes dominated by consum- erism, caused by globalisation resulting in ‘The parents of Leo Blockley, the a much greater range and availability of Oxford University rower who died competing products during a training trip to Spain, have consumerism kənsju mərz ə m spoken of their fight to… expose a consumerism / | ( ) / conspiracy of silence surrounding noun a view of society which is overly allegations that the head coach was concerned with material goods consumer panel kənsju mə drunk.’ [Russell Jenkins, The Times] consumer panel / | conspiracy theory kənsprəsi pn(ə)l/ noun a group of consumers who conspiracy theory / | θəri/ noun a suspicion that there is a report on products they have used so that conspiracy among people in power to the manufacturers can improve them or cover up or suppress sensitive information use what the panel says about them in constellation kɒnstəleʃ ə n advertising / | / noun constellation ( ) Consumer Protection Act 1987 the ‘pattern’ caused by events of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 kənsju mə prətekʃən kt present combined with events of history / | | / noun an constituency kənsttjυənsi act of Parliament that bans the use of constituency / | / noun the readership of a newspaper. The misleading information to encourage suggestion from this term is that the polit- potential purchasers to buy consumer sovereignty kənsju mə ical views of a readership are shaped by consumer sovereignty / | the newspaper they read. sɒvrnti/ noun the view that the construct kənstrkt consumer of a media product should construct / | / verb to create something such as a theory, concept, dictate through their tastes and opinions image or media text by putting parts what is broadcast í consumer survey kənsju mə together systematically noun the idea consumer survey / | that media products are ’made’ artificially s& ve/ noun a questionnaire into the and not taken directly from nature lifestyle, habits and behaviour of a partic- MediaStudies.fm Page 51 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

51 contrastive ular group of established or potential stances or events that form the environ- consumers ment within which something exists or cont. cont. abbreviation BROADCAST takes place 3. additional information continued about a product that is considered to be contact /kɒntkt/ noun a person who helpful to customers and is shown on a provides information for a journalist website, for example, reviews by other kɒntkt prnt customers displayed on the site for a contact print / / noun a particular book photographic print made by exposing a continuity kɒntnju ti negative to light directly on top of photo- continuity / | / noun 1. a sensitive paper comprehensive script that details each contacts book book /kɒntkts bυk/ noun shot or scene of a film or broadcast, a small book containing contact details of including such items as cast movements, sources, carried by a journalist props and camera positions and costume contagion effect kəntedən fekt features 2. the announcements that link contagion effect / | | / television or radio programmes 3. the noun a situation in which media coverage maintenance of smoothness in the narra- of something creates a craze or fad, for tive flow in a film or broadcast 4. the job example copycat crimes based on of making sure that the costumes, coverage of an original crime lighting, make-up etc. used in consecutive contd contd abbreviation BROADCAST scenes are the same even if the scenes are continued not shot continuously 5. commentary by a content analysis kɒntent ə content analysis / | television or radio broadcaster that fills nləss/ noun research into what is the time between the end of one broadcast by the media in order to identify programme or programme segment and and assess trends the beginning of the next 6. the process of content management management /kɒntent making sure that details of time, place, mndmənt/ noun the management of costume etc. are kept consistent from one the textual and graphical material part of a film or broadcast to another continuity editing kɒntnju ti contained on a website continuity editing / | content provider kɒntent prə edtŋ content provider / | / noun the job of editing a film to vadə/ noun 1. a media company that make sure that the details of time, place, produces material for broadcast on a costume etc. are kept consistent particular network, for example cable or throughout the entire sequence satellite distribution 2. any organisation or continuity person kɒntnju ti continuity person / | individual which provides content to be p& s(ə)n/ noun the member of a film or broadcast or published elsewhere, such as television production team who is respon- contributors to a website sible for continuity of costume, lighting, content-rich content-rich /kɒntent rtʃ/ adjective make-up etc. containing a lot of useful information continuity programme kɒnt continuity programme / | ‘As the broadband juggernaut finally nju ti prəυ$rm/ noun a marketing gathers momentum, a few content-rich programme that offers a series of products sites are coming into their own. Leading that are sent to customers at regular inter- the pack is Shockwave’s interactive vals feast of games, films, sounds and contracting company kəntrktŋ pictures.’ contracting company / | [James Knight, The Sunday Times] kmp(ə)ni/ noun an independent broad- contents kɒntents casting company that sells advertising contents / / plural noun a list time at the beginning of a publication such as a contrast book, that shows how it is divided up and contrast /kɒntrɑ st/ noun 1. the effect gives the number of the first page of each created when very different things such as chapter, article or part colours, shades or textures are placed near context /kɒntekst/ noun 1. the words, or next to each other 2. the different levels phrases, or passages that come before and of brightness and darkness in a single after a particular word or passage in a image or moving image contrastive kəntrɑ stv speech or piece of writing and help to contrastive / | / adjective explain its full meaning 2. the circum- referring to the effect of a contrast, or MediaStudies.fm Page 52 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

contrasty 52 using contrasting colours, tones or mailing or advertising for different textures companies contrasty cooperative advertising kəυ contrasty /kɒntrɑ sti/ adjective refer- cooperative advertising / | ring to a sharp contrast between the ɒp(ə)rətv dvətazŋ/ noun 1. the lightest and darkest areas in a photograph practice of mailing advertising material or television or movie image from different companies in the same contributed content website kən mailing pack 2. the practice in which two contributed content website / | trbju td kɒntent websat/ noun a companies, often a producer and a distrib- website that allows visitors to add their utor, share advertising costs co-ordinating producer contributions to its content, for example, co-ordinating producer /kəυ ɔ dnetŋ prədju sə to write reviews of books that are adver- | / noun the tised on the site member of a television or film production contribution kɒntrbju ʃ ə n team who is responsible for coordinating contribution / | ( ) / noun an article or other material that is two or more producers working on related submitted for use in a publication or projects copperplate broadcast copperplate /kɒpəplet/ noun 1. a control group kəntrəυl $ru p polished copper printing plate with an control group / | / noun in research, the ‘average’ or unaffected etched or engraved design on it 2. a print made from a copperplate group against which an experimental co-producer kəυ prədjυ sə group is measured. Compare experi- co-producer / | / noun mental group in television and film production, a controlled circulation kəntrəυld producer who works in tandem with other controlled circulation / | s& kjυleʃ ə n producers on the same project | ( ) / noun the circulation of co-production kəυ prədkʃ ə n a publication only to the people on a co-production / | ( ) / particular mailing list noun a film or television production controlled circulation magazine which has more than one producers, controlled circulation magazine kəntrəυld s& kjυleʃ ə n m$əzi n financers etc / | ( ) | / copy kɒpi noun a magazine which is sent free to a copy / / noun 1. written information limited number of readers, and is paid for designed to be read out on the radio 2. text by the advertising it contains that will be laid out and printed on a page copy approval conventions kɒpi əpru v ə l kənveŋʃ ə nz copy approval / | ( ) / conventions / | ( ) / plural noun the ‘rules’ that are generally under- noun the right to check and approve copy stood and accepted when producing a before it is published media work in a particular genre. For ‘The tabloids may strike deals with example, the conventions of a soap opera publicists that hand over control to the include the setting in a small community star – a practice exposed by Piers of place of work, the fact that there is Morgan, the former editor of the Daily generally one episode broadcast per day, Mirror, when he announced that he often with an omnibus at the weekend, the would no longer give copy approval to cliff-hanger ending to encourage the audi- celebrities.’ ence to watch again tomorrow, and many [Alan Ruddock, The Guardian] more. Observing these conventions makes copyboy /kɒpibɔ/ noun a person a media product more ‘mainstream’. whose job is to run errands in a newspaper convergence kənv& dəns convergence / | / noun office the ability of a single device to receive two copy brief brief /kɒpi bri f/ noun the or more different media inputs, such as a instructions from an advertiser to a copy- television which has interactive digital writer explaining the objectives of an access and can also receive radio channels advertising campaign conversion rate kənv& ʃ ə n ret copy-cat crime conversion rate / | ( ) / copy-cat crime /kɒpi kt kram/ noun the proportion of people contacted, noun a crime which mimics another crim- by mailing, advertising or e-mail inal’s ‘style’, after this has been reported marketing, who actually end up in the media copy date purchasing a particular product or service copy date /kɒpi det/ noun the date by cooperative kəυɒp ə rətv cooperative / | ( ) / noun a which an advertisement must be delivered business that organises cooperative to the media concerned MediaStudies.fm Page 53 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

53 cosmopoliteness copy desk desk /kɒpi desk/ noun a desk at nesses ‘speak’ to an audience, primarily which copy is edited for publication, espe- through advertising cially in a newspaper office Corporation for Public Broadcasting for Public Broad- copy-edit /kɒpi edt/ verb to read casting /kɔ pəreʃ(ə)n fə pblk written text and correct it for publication brɔ dkɑ stŋ/ noun an organisation in copy editor editor /kɒpi edtə/ noun a the USA which funds local broadcasters person whose job is to read and correct to produce educationally- or culturally- written texts for publication valuable programming. Abbreviation copy fitting kɒpi ftŋ CPB copy fitting / / noun the corpse kɔ ps arrangement of advertising text so it fits corpse / / verb to mess up spoken the space allowed for it lines in a script by laughing or becoming copy protection kɒpi prətekʃən distracted copy protection / | / corr. noun a way of preventing copying from a corr. abbreviation PRESS corre- spondent copyrighted CD or DVD, such as by correlation kɒrəleʃ ə n encoding it or downgrading the quality correlation / | ( ) / noun a dramatically when copied relationship in which two or more things copyright /kɒpirat/ noun legal are mutual or complementary, or one thing is caused by another ownership of a piece of intellectual prop- correspondence kɒrspɒndəns erty, protection by law against its theft or correspondence / | / exploitation noun the process of communicating by copy tasting writing letters or messages such as e- copy tasting /kɒpi testŋ/ noun mails checking copy to select which pieces will correspondence column kɒr be published. Also called tasting correspondence column / | cor. spɒndəns kɒləm/ noun a section of a cor. abbreviation PRESS corre- newspaper or magazine where readers’ spondent core audience letters are published core audience /kɔ ɔ diəns/ noun correspondent kɒrspɒndənt correspondent / | / the percentage of viewers of a radio or noun a journalist who regularly reports television programme who watch or listen from a particular geographical area or on to the entire show from beginning to end core nations a particular topic. Abbreviation cor., core nations /kɔ neʃ(ə)nz/ plural corr. noun those nations with greater access to cosmeceutical kɒsməsju tk ə l cosmeceutical / | ( ) / information, generally those thought of as noun a product such as an antiperspirant industrial or ‘developed’ such as the USA, or anti-wrinkle cream that is marketed as the UK, Japan etc. Compare peripheral a cosmetic, but which contains biologi- nations corporate advertising cally active ingredients and should there- corporate advertising /kɔ p(ə)rət fore possibly be designated as a pharma- dvətazŋ/ noun the advertising of an ceutical organisation rather than a product corporate discount ‘…the seaweed extracts help give the corporate discount /kɔ p(ə)rət skin a toned appearance, while the dskaυnt/ noun a reduction in adver- caffeine penetrates it, enters the fat cells tising charges calculated on the basis of and helps them release their fatty the total advertising revenue from all the content – a real ‘cosmeceutical’ double brands of a company act if ever there was one.’ [Amanda corporate media media /kɔ p(ə)rət Ursell, TheSundayTimes] mi diə/ noun the mass media, with the cosmopolitanism kɒzmə cosmopolitanism /| suggestion that such forms of media are pɒltənz(ə)m/ noun 1. a situation in controlled by large corporations which a place or culture is composed of or corporate portal portal /kɔ p(ə)rət influenced by people from different coun- pɔ t(ə)l/ noun a main website that allows tries or cultures 2. in cultural theory, the access to all the information and software condition of belonging less to one state applications held by an organisation and than to many, being ‘multi-lingual’ in provides links to information from outside various cultural forms it cosmopoliteness kɒzməpə cosmopoliteness / | corporate speech speech /kɔ p(ə)rət latnəs/ noun the degree to which a spi tʃ/ noun the way in which large busi- person has contact with others outside MediaStudies.fm Page 54 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

cost efficiency 54

counterleak their own social structure and is aware of counterleak /kaυntəli k/ noun the and involved in other social situations process of anonymously revealing to a cost efficiency kɒst fʃənsi cost efficiency / | / noun reporter the fact that somebody else has the ‘value’ of an advertisement (the leaked information, which then leads to number of consumers it reaches, the the reporter suspecting a conspiracy counter-programming amount of revenue it attracts etc.) in rela- counter-programming /kaυntə tion to the cost of placing it prəυ$rmŋ/ noun the technique of cost per click-through cost per click-through /kɒst pə presenting television programmes that are klk θru / noun a method of pricing designed to appeal to the audience of online advertising, based on the principle competing programmes run during at the that the seller gets paid whenever a visitor same time counterproof clicks on an advertisement counterproof /kaυntəpru f/ noun a cost per thousand per thousand /kɒst p& second print of an engraving, taken as an θaυz(ə)nd/, cost per mille noun the impression of the first, while it was still cost of an advertisement, calculated as the wet coupon ad cost for every thousand people reached or coupon ad /ku pɒn d/ noun an the cost of a thousand impressions for a advertisement with a form attached, website which the consumer cuts out and returns cost rank cost rank /kɒst rŋk/ noun the cost to the advertiser with their name and efficiency of a particular section of the address for further information media in relation to others coups and earthquakes syndrome and earthquakes costume costume /kɒstju m/ noun clothes syndrome /ku z ənd & θkwaks worn to make a person look like some- sndrəυm/ noun the supposed Western body or something else, especially in a attitude to events in less-developed dramatic performance nations, namely that unless they involve costume designer kɒstju m d major political turmoil or a natural costume designer / | zanə/ noun the member of a television disaster they are not newsworthy court circular or film production team who is respon- court circular /kɔ t s& kjυlə/ noun a sible for designing, sourcing and main- report of the official duties of a country’s taining the actors’ costumes monarch and other members of the royal costume drama costume drama /kɒstju m drɑ mə/ family, published in a national newspaper cover noun a drama which is set in a particular cover /kvə/ verb to have the job of historical period, requiring elaborate reporting on an event or a particular class costumes and sets to create the right of events for a newspaper or a broad- effect. Also called period drama casting company í noun 1. the outer couch potato kaυtʃ pətetəυ binding of a book or magazine 2. MUSIC couch potato / | / noun a person who watches a lot of television same as cover version coverage (informal) coverage /kv(ə)rd/ noun 1. the counter counter /kaυntə/ noun PRINTING the attention that the media give to an event or hollow part of a piece of type that is not topic 2. the percentage of the public who filled with ink, for example the inside of are reached by a newspaper or radio or the letter ‘D’ television station 3. same as reach cover boy counteradvertising kaυntər cover boy /kvə bɔ/ noun a young counteradvertising / | dvətazŋ/ noun advertising which is man whose picture is on the cover of a aimed as a reply to a competitor’s adver- newspaper or magazine cover girl tisements cover girl /kvə $& l/ noun a young counter-argument counter-argument /kaυntər woman, especially a glamorous model, ɑ $jυmənt/ noun a response that is whose picture is on the cover of a news- opposed to the suggestion of an adver- paper or magazine cover lines tising message cover lines /kvə lanz/ plural noun counterculture kaυntəkltʃə short phrases on the cover of a magazine counterculture / | / noun the cultural networks such as the describing major articles inside. Also music scene, drug use, communal called teasers mentality etc. which sprang up in opposi- covermount /kvəmaυnt/ noun an tion to post-Vietnam War America item fixed to the cover of a magazine as a MediaStudies.fm Page 55 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

55 critical pluralism

creative director krietv da gift to the reader, for example a diary or a creative director / | | lipstick rektə/ noun an employee of an adver- cover story story /kvə stɔ ri/ noun the tising agency who is in overall charge of most important article in a magazine, that finding the right words and images to is featured on the front cover promote the product during an advertising cover version version /kvə v& ʃ(ə)n/ noun campaign creative editing krietv edtŋ a new recording of a song by a different creative editing / | / artist from the one that originally recorded noun the process of editing pieces it. Also called cover together to create a sequence, effect etc., cowboy /kaυbɔ/ noun a typical male rather than to tidy up or shorten an character in stories and films about the existing piece. Abbreviation CE creative shop krietv ʃɒp western United States in the late 1800s, creative shop / | /, crea- krietv bu ti k who is usually a cattle herder, but who is tive boutique / | | / noun a often shown fighting Native Americans or highly specialised business offering crea- outlaws tive customer advertising services cowgirl /kaυ$& l/ noun a typical credit /kredt/ noun text that names the female character in stories and films about photographer or illustrator when their the western United States in the late work is used 1800s, who is often involved in the same credit line line /kredt lan/ noun a adventures as cowboys published acknowledgment of who wrote CP CP abbreviation PRESS Canadian something or where it was sourced from Press credit roller roller /kredt rəυlə/ noun a CPB CPB abbreviation BROADCAST Corpora- series of credits which roll from the tion for Public Broadcasting bottom to the top of a television or cinema CPT abbreviation cost per thousand screen credits crab /krb/ noun a sideways movement credits /kredts/ plural noun text at the of a camera using a moveable mounting end of a broadcast programme or film while filming giving details of the people that worked on crane /kren/ noun 1. a large movable it arm for a camera on which the cameraman crew /kru / noun the group of people and assistants can stand when filming 2. a who do technical work for a television moving platform with a long support for a programme or film production film or television camera crisis definition definition /krass crane shot shot /kren ʃɒt/ noun a film defnʃ(ə)n/ noun the theory that a crisis shot taken from a crane, creating a high is only defined as such in its media angle coverage, forcing those in authority to crash /krʃ/ verb to carry on broad- react accordingly. ı agenda-setting casting a live event for longer than critic /krtk/ noun a person, especially intended because of overruns etc. a journalist, who expresses opinions about Crawford Committee krɔ fəd kə Crawford Committee / | the quality of literary works, drama mti/ noun the committee whose 1925 productions, art exhibitions and society as recommendations for an independent, a whole public-service broadcasting body led to ‘His first Whitney show in 1975 caused the inauguration of the BBC a furore, with the public and many crawl /krɔ l/ noun the process of critics unable to appreciate his radical scrolling text across a television or motion vision. ‘One critic raged that it was a picture screen to convey information, for disgrace: pathetic, boring rubbish.’’ example programming credits or news [Claire Henry, The Financial Times] updates critical news analysis news analysis /krtk(ə)l crawler krɔ lə nju z ənləss crawler / / noun a line of text | / noun an approach to which scrolls along the screen from right analysing news coverage, its content, to left presentation, effects and degree of creative krietv neutrality creative / | / adjective relating to the conceptual or artistic side of adver- critical pluralism pluralism /krtk(ə)l tising plυərəlz(ə)m/ noun the theory that MediaStudies.fm Page 56 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

critical theory 56

cross-media advertising while there are many different ideas and cross-media advertising /krɒs value systems within society, some of mi diə dvətazŋ/ noun advertising them are powerful and some suppressed, the same product or service in several and that there is a struggle for dominance different types of media which are offered critical theory theory /krtk(ə)l θəri/ noun by a single-company media provider cross-media ownership in Marxist theory, a form of social theo- cross-media ownership /krɒs rising aimed at discovering, and mi diə əυnəʃp/ noun the situation in suggesting answers to, social problems, which one company owns different media rather than merely understanding them outlets in press, television, radio etc. criticise krtsaz cross-over criticise / / verb to judge and cross-over /krɒs əυvə/ noun a media express an opinion on the qualities of product which was made for one genre, something, especially a creative work criticism but gains popularity in another krtsz ə m cross-promotion criticism / ( ) / noun the krɒs prə cross-promotion / | process of judging and expressing opin- məυʃ ə n ions on the qualities of something, espe- ( ) / noun a process in which two cially a creative work. Also called or more advertisers of a product or service critique associate themselves with each other to critique krti k increase their profile, reach more people critique / | / verb in Marxist etc. theory, to analyse and explain the valid cross ref krɒs ref features, weaknesses and strengths of a cross ref / / noun a note refer- piece of work í noun same as criticism ring the reader to another page to continue crop krɒp the story or find a related story crop / / noun to cut down a picture to cross-reference make it the correct size for use or to cut cross-reference /krɒs ref(ə)rəns/ out unwanted parts of it noun a note to the reader of a text, that cross-border /krɒs bɔ də/ adjective tells him or her to look in another speci- referring to programmes broadcast in fied place for information crosstalk several different countries crosstalk /krɒstɑ k/ noun the crosscut /krɒskt/ noun same as unwanted noises or sounds that may come cross-cutting í verb to alternate short through on, for example telephones or sections of two or more scenes of a film to loudspeakers, when signals are trans- give the impression that the events they ferred from one channel to another crossword show are happening at the same time crossword /krɒsw& d/ noun a word cross-cutting /krɒs ktŋ/ noun 1. game in which words that are the answers repeated alternation between brief filmed to numbered clues, are entered horizon- sequences to give the impression that the tally or vertically into a correspondingly events they show are happening at the numbered grid of squares 2. cryptography krptɒ$rəfi same time the technique of running cryptography / | / noun the several different narratives simultane- act of transferring messages into code so ously and cutting between scenes from that the information can only be accessed each by the appropriate people cross fade krɒs fed crystal set cross fade / / verb 1. a way of crystal set /krstəl set/ noun a simple mixing from one image to another in early form of radio receiver that used a which one image gradually fades in as quartz crystal as a detector and had no another fades out. Also called dissolve. amplifier or loudspeaker speaker, there- Compare wipe 2. in film or television fore requiring an ear phone editing, to gradually introduce a new CSA sound or picture while causing another CSA abbreviation Casting Society of one to disappear America CSO cross-generic krɒs dənerk CSO abbreviation colour separation cross-generic / | / adjective referring to the blending of overlay C-SPAN conventions from different C-SPAN /si spn/ noun a US cable crosshead /krɒshed/ noun a subtitle television channel that covers politics and of one or two words, used to break up current affairs such as cultural and social chunks of text in news articles issues CSS crossing the line the line /krɒsŋ ðə lan/ CSS abbreviation cascading style noun ‘ 180º rule sheet MediaStudies.fm Page 57 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

57 culture CTB abbreviation colour temperature culture to impose values, definitions, blue opinions etc. on the general public cultural capital CTO abbreviation colour temperature cultural capital /kltʃər(ə)l orange kpt(ə)l/ noun the accumulated knowl- CU abbreviation close-up edge, accomplishments and qualifications cub reporter kb rpɔ tə that a person has, which would allow them cub reporter / | / noun a to enter a given social circle trainee reporter cultural identity kltʃ ə rəl a cue kju cultural identity / ( ) | cue / / noun 1. a written introduction dentti/ noun the way in which an indi- to a piece of audio 2. a signal given for the vidual defines themselves in terms of their next item to begin 3. a signal given cultural background and heritage through headphones to someone to begin cultural imperialism kltʃər ə l m cultural imperialism / ( ) | broadcasting í verb to get a piece of pre- pəriəlz(ə)m/ noun the belief that the recorded audio or video ready to play at globalisation of communication has been the correct time during a live broadcast cue card driven entirely by Western technological kju kɑ d cue card / / noun a card near advances, and as such constitutes a form a television camera that a presenter reads, of rule by the West over other countries. while appearing to look straight at the Also called media imperialism audience cultural intermediaries kltʃər ə l cue light cultural intermediaries / ( ) cue light /kju lat/ noun 1. a light that ntəmi dəriz | / plural noun people comes on to tell a television or radio working in advertising, design and other presenter that they should begin to speak industries, who try to tailor products to the 2. the red light on top of a television consumer according to cultural values camera that tells the cameraman or culturalism /kltʃərəlz(ə)m/ noun presenter that the camera is recording. the idea that a society can be understood Also called tally light through analysis of their cultural prod- cue sound cue sound /kju saυnd/ noun a sound ucts, such as literature, throughout history feed of what is being broadcast, that cultural materialism materialism /kltʃər(ə)l outside broadcast staff can hear, so that mətəriəlz ə m | ( ) / noun the view of they are aware of what is going on culture as being embedded in and inextri- cue vision cue vision /kju v(ə)n/ noun a cable from its material products monitor showing pictures that are being cultural memory memory /kltʃər(ə)l broadcast, so that outside broadcast staff mem(ə)ri/ noun the knowledge and are aware of what is going on experience which is accumulated from cult /klt/ adjective relating to a media being immersed in a culture and which product that is not mainstream, but defines an individual or group gathers a devoted group of enthusiastic cultural metaphor metaphor /kltʃər(ə)l followers by word of mouth metəfə/ noun an object or image which cultivation kltveʃ ə n cultivation / | ( ) / noun the is seen as representative of a culture, for slow process by which an audience is example a bonsai tree or geisha costume ‘persuaded’ to hold values, ideas, beliefs for Japan etc. that are presented to them by media cultural mode mode /kltʃər(ə)l məυd/ coverage over a period of time noun the way in which cultural works are cultivation differential klt cultivation differential / | transmitted, either orally or through liter- veʃ(ə)n dfərenʃəl/ the degree to ature which a person has been exposed to culti- cultural politics politics /kltʃər(ə)l vation and the effect that it has had on pɒltks/ noun the view of culture their views and beliefs through the filter of politics, for example, cultivation theory kltveʃ ə n cultivation theory / | ( ) the effect of governmental funding on the θəri/ noun the theory that the mass Arts media ‘cultivates’ ideas, attitudes, values cultural theory theory /kltʃ(ə)rəl θəri/ etc which are already present but have not noun analysis of the mass media and its been reinforced or widely disseminated relationship with and effect on people’s cultural apparatus kltʃər ə l pə cultural apparatus / ( ) | identities, sexuality and behaviour retəs/ noun the means by which a domi- culture /kltʃə/ noun the beliefs, nant institution such as a government uses customs, practices, characteristics and MediaStudies.fm Page 58 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

culture industries 58 social behaviour of a particular nation or cutline /ktlan/ noun a caption to a people photograph or illustration COMMENT: The notion of culture has been cut-off /kt ɒf/ noun a stance or gesture variously defined as: a common view on which avoids interpersonal communica- the world; the shared products of civilisation within a community; the codes tion, for example avoiding a person’s gaze cutout of behaviour by which people within the cutout /ktaυt/ noun the subject of an community abide; the artefacts, texts, illustration or photograph which has been symbols or activities produced by a removed from its the original background society; and a mechanism by which a community is unified and stabilised. so that it appears against a plain white culture industries background culture industries /kltʃə cut-out cut-out /kt aυt/ noun a recording sold ndəstriz/ plural noun organisations in media and the arts, which produce and at a discount because it is out-of-date and supply exceeds demand distribute cultural goods and services cut spot culture of deference cut spot /kt spɒt/ noun an edited culture of deference /kltʃə əv def ə rəns television report ( ) / noun the idea that news cut throat reporters may unconsciously censor cut throat /kt θrəυt/ noun a signal themselves, because they know that their given by a floor manager to a television coverage may not be acceptable to the presenter, telling them to finish immedi- larger organisation for which they work ately, indicated by drawing a flat hand cumulative audience across the throat in a ‘cutting’ motion cumulative audience cutting ktŋ /kju mjυlətv ɔ diəns/ noun 1. the cutting / / noun 1. the technique proportion of a target audience for a of moving from one shot to another when broadcast who have had the opportunity to editing a film 2. the process of editing a see it after a given number of advertise- text, film or recording 3. an article, photo- ments have been shown 2. same as net graph or other piece that has been cut out audience of a newspaper or other publication cutting copy cumulative readership readership cutting copy /ktŋ kɒpi/ noun a /kju mjυlətv ri dəʃp/ noun the copy of a film which is physically cut and proportion of a target audience for a publi- joined with leader tape by an editor, then cation who have had opportunity to see it copied and printed as a whole when after a given number of advertisements complete have been published cutting room room /ktŋ ru m/ noun the curly bracket bracket /k& li brkt/ noun room in which film editing is done PRINTING same as brace ‘Sadly, most of Paul’s scenes ended up cursive /k& sv/ noun a typeface which on the cutting-room floor – though he resembles handwriting in that the letters does appear on the two-disc DVD.’ are joined together [Nick Webster, The Mirror] cuttings curtain raiser raiser /k& tn rezə/ noun a cuttings /ktŋz/ plural noun story that goes before, and provides the published stories taken from newspapers, background to, another event usually filed. Also called clippings custom audience research audience research cyan /saən/ noun a deep greenish-blue kstəm ɔ diəns rs& tʃ / | / noun audi- colour that, with yellow and magenta, is ence research undertaken by a company one of the three primary subtractive with particular focus on their own prod- colours cybercafé sabəkfe ucts or services, which is often seen as cybercafé / | / noun a café less objective where people can pay to browse the cut /kt/ noun same as clip í verb to Internet í cyberfeminism sabəfemnz ə m remove unwanted text interjection an cyberfeminism / | ( ) / instruction from a director to stop filming noun the study of new technology and its cutaway ktəwe cutaway / | / noun a short scene effect on women’s issues inserted in between two scenes to avoid a cyber mall mall /sabə mɑ l/ noun a shop- clumsy edit. ı jump cut ping centre on the Internet that links a cut-in /kt n/ noun in a filmed homepage with a large number of online sequence, a scene that is inserted into businesses, allowing customers to collect another shot or scene purchases in a shopping cart and pay for MediaStudies.fm Page 59 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

59 cynic them all at once, for example by credit takes place, by analogy to a real, physical card space cybermarketing sabəmɑ ktŋ cybersurfer | sabəs& fə cybermarketing / / cybersurfer / | / noun a noun the use of any kind of Internet-based person who spends a lot of time browsing marketing promotion, for example on the Internet

cyberwar targeted e-mails, bulletin boards, websites cyberwar /sabəwɔ / noun the use of or sites from which the customer can electronic communications and the download files cybernetics Internet to damage an adversary’s sabənetks cybernetics / | / noun the computer-based information systems organisational and control systems in cyborg sabɔ $ networks using computers cyborg / / noun a living cyberporn sabəpɔ n organism which has been ‘enhanced’ by cyberporn / / noun material the use of robotic technology, such as with that is sexually explicit and available on a prosthetic limb the Internet or using virtual reality cyc sak sabəpŋk cyc / / abbreviation cyclorama cyberpunk / / noun a move- cyclorama sakləυrɑ mə ment associated with the technological cyclorama / | / noun a breakthroughs of the early 80s and their curved wall or stretched cloth backdrop in effect on the underground pop culture of a television studio, used for projecting the time lighting cyclostyle cybersales sakləυstal cybersales /sabəselz/ plural noun cyclostyle / | / noun a the activity of trading over the Internet or duplication method, now obsolete, in the total amount sold which ink is forced through the tiny holes cybersex /sabəseks/ noun sexual of a waxed paper stencil to produce activity involving virtual reality or the multiple copies of the original design or Internet text cyc track ‘The remainder of the resource pack cyc track /sak trk/ noun the curtain comprises worksheets and games, such rail on which a cyc cloth is hung cylinder as the Face Exploitation Game, a board cylinder /slndə/ noun a rotating metal game with questions and scenario cards drum of a printing press cylinder press that prompt specific discussions, such as cylinder press /slndə pres/ noun a What is cybersex and is it legal?’ printing press in which the type is carried [Su Clark, The Times Educational on a flat bed that moves under a revolving Supplement] cylinder carrying the paper cybershopping sabəʃɒpŋ cynic cybershopping / | / noun cynic /snk/ noun in advertising audi- the activity of buying goods and services ence classifications, a person who does over the Internet not welcome advertising and regards it as cyberspace /sabəspes/ noun the intrusive and insidious. ı acquiescent, notional space where Internet activity ambivalent, enthusiast MediaStudies.fm Page 60 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

D

D3 /di θri / noun a digital tape format light-sensitive photographic materials, that records composite video signals from which natural light is excluded DAT DA abbreviation distribution amplifier DAT abbreviation digital audio tape data DAB abbreviation Digital Audio Broad- data /detə/ noun information available casting on computer, for example letters or dabber dbə figures dabber / / noun a pad used by data acquisition printers to apply ink or colour to a surface data acquisition /detə by hand kwzʃ(ə)n/ noun the act of gathering dagger d$ə information about a subject dagger / / noun a sign (†) that is data analysis detə ənləss used in printed texts to indicate a refer- data analysis / | / noun ence, especially to a footnote. Also called the process of extracting information and obelisk, obelus í verb to mark text with results from data database a dagger sign database /detəbes/ noun an archive DAGMAR /d$mɑ / noun a model of data stored electronically, that can be showing stages in the effect of advertising accessed and manipulated database management system on a consumer, for example awareness, database management system comprehension, conviction and action. /detəbes mndmənt sstəm/ Full form defining advertising goals noun a computer program that is specially for measured advertising results designed to organise and process the də$& riəυtap information contained in a database daguerreotype /| | / database modelling noun an early forerunner of the photo- database modelling /detəbes graph, which fixed images onto a silver- mɒd(ə)lŋ/ noun the technique of using coated plate treated with mercury iodide the information from a database to create dailies /deliz/ plural noun US same as a website or to forecast trends in a market dailies database publishing rushes database publishing /detəbes daily pblʃŋ daily /deli/ noun a newspaper that is / noun the practice of publishing published every day except Sunday of information selected from a database, Dalek dɑ lek either on-line where the user pays for it on Dalek / / noun a fictional robot- a per-page inspection basis or as a CD- like alien in a metal casing and with a ROM harsh monotonous voice, from the British data capture data capture /detə kptʃə/, data science-fiction television series Dr Who detə entri dance hall dɑ ns hɔ l entry / / noun the act of dance hall / / noun a type of putting information onto a computer by electronically produced dance music with keyboarding or by scanning a disc jockey talking or rapping over data mining data mining /detə manŋ/ noun the reggae-style music dance music act of searching through large quantities dance music /dɑ ns mju zk/ noun of data to find hidden patterns, for electronic music that people dance to in example analysing the shopping habits of nightclubs a product’s customers to determine its DAR abbreviation day-after-recall advertising strategy dataport darkroom /dɑ kru m/ noun a room for dataport /detəpɔ t/ noun COMPUTING developing photographs and handling a socket, such as an infrared, parallel or MediaStudies.fm Page 61 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

61 decisive moment

serial port, that is used for data communi- dead air air /ded eə/ noun a period when cations the feed of audio and video signals unex- data protection detə prətekʃən data protection / | / pectedly stops during a broadcast, causing noun technology, legislation etc. used to silence and a blank or frozen television prevent data being used by unauthorised screen people and thereby protecting people’s deadline /dedlan/ noun the time by privacy which copy must be submitted Data Protection Act 1984 Data Protection Act 1984 /detə dead spot spot /ded spɒt/ noun a place prətekʃ ə n kt | ( ) / noun an act of Parlia- where radio reception is poor, even ment which regulates the way in which though it is within the normal range of the personal data can be used, stored and transmitter passed on by companies, and allows indi- Dead White European MaleWhite European Male /ded viduals access to their own data records wat jυərəpi ən mel/ noun a man such datasheet datasheet /detəʃi t/ noun a docu- as a writer or philosopher, who is conven- ment available online that gives a detailed tionally regarded as important, but whose description of a product significance may have been exaggerated data word data word /detə w& d/ noun a unit of simply because he came from Europe or data storage in an electronic processing North America device, measured in bits dead zone zone /ded zəυn/ noun an area dateline dateline /detlan/ noun the day on where mobile phone networks do not which a story coming in from abroad was operate filed ‘Rural England hasn’t quite caught up DATV DATV abbreviation TV digitally with the technological revolution. Vast assisted television tracts have no access to broadband Da Vinci d vntʃi Internet, are in mobile phone dead zones Da Vinci / / a trade name for and receive few, if any, digital radio a grading system for use in post-produc- stations.’ tion [Rory Clements, The Mail on Sunday] day-after-recall /de ɑ ftə ri kɔ l/ dealer aids day-after-recall dealer aids /di lər edz/ plural noun noun the ability of a television viewer to types of advertising material used by remember what programmes, channels shops to stimulate sales etc. they were watching the day before. dealer tie-in di lə ta n Abbreviation DAR dealer tie-in / / noun day after recall test advertising that advertises the names of day after recall test /de ɑ ftə ri kɔ l test local dealers that stock the product / noun an advertising death knock deθ nɒk research test to see how much someone death knock / / noun the prac- can remember of an advertisement the day tice of breaking the news of somebody’s after it appeared or was broadcast death to the public through news coverage death metal ‘day in the life’ feature deθ met ə l ‘day in the life’ feature /de n ðə death metal / ( ) / noun a laif fi tʃə/ noun a feature that describes type of heavy metal music characterised the events of one day in the life of a by brutality and speed, growling vocals subject. Compare ‘life in the day’ and iconography decentralised system di feature decentralised system /| daypart sentrəlazd sstəm daypart /depɑ t/ noun a division of / noun a system the day for programming and advertising where responsibility for marketing, adver- purposes tising and promotion lies with a product day player de pleə manager rather than a centralised depart- day player / / noun an extra ment who is only involved in the production of decipher dsafə a film for one day decipher / | / verb to succeed in DBS establishing what a word or piece of DBS abbreviation direct broadcasting writing says when it is difficult or almost by satellite impossible to read DCC DCC abbreviation RECORDING digital decisive moment dsasv decisive moment /| compact cassette məυmənt/ noun the exact moment when DCD DCD abbreviation RECORDING digital a photographer presses the shutter release compact disc button and captures a shot MediaStudies.fm Page 62 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

deck 62 deck /dek/ noun a part of a newspaper personally and that it will not be headline that summarises the story published ‘until another foreign decks /deks/ noun same as turntables secretary occupies that chair’. ‘Deep decode di kəυd throats inside the Foreign Office tell me decode / | / verb to receive an so,’ he adds.’ [Julian Glover and Ewen encoded signal and understand (or appear MacAskill, The Guardian]

to understand) the message it is carrying defamation decoder defəmeʃ ə n di kəυdə defamation / | ( ) / noun a decoder / | / noun 1. a device for unscrambling satellite signals using a statement made about a person which is untrue and is harmful to their reputation in decoder card, obtained by paying a ı subscription 2. same as receiver some way. libel, slander defamiliarisation decoding di fəmləra dikəυdŋ defamiliarisation / | decoding / | / noun the process zeʃ ə n of interpreting the meanings in a text or ( ) / noun same as estrangement defensive communication d other media product defensive communication /| deconstruction fensv kəmju nkeʃ ə n di kənstrkʃ ə n | | ( ) / noun deconstruction / | ( ) / noun the act of analysing a media text to communication in which the recipient find its component signifiers and how they deliberately misreads or rejects the affect the meaning of one other intended message because of its disso- décor dekɔ nance with their own values, beliefs etc. décor / / noun the scenery of a definition defnʃ ə n stage definition / | ( ) / noun the dedicate degree of clarity an image in a photograph dedicate /dedket/ verb to play a or on a screen has piece of music on the radio as a greeting defocus difəυkəs or tribute to someone defocus / | / verb to soften or dedication dedkeʃ ə n blur an image by deliberately allowing it dedication / | ( ) / noun a í piece of music that is played or requested to go out of focus noun the condition of as a greeting or tribute, especially on the being defocused, for example the blurring of a photographic image radio defog dedolights di fɒ$ dedəυlats defog / | / verb to clear a lens of dedolights / | / plural noun small, highly-directional set lights for condensation, especially by allowing it to filming, designed by German Dedo warm up, or to lose condensation in this way Weigert del deductive reasoning ddktv del abbreviation COMPUTING, PRINTING deductive reasoning / | ri z(ə)nŋ/ noun the use of an already- delete DEL established principle to make a decision DEL /del/ noun a telephone line. Full about what to do in an individual relevant form direct exchange line delay line dle lan situation. Compare inductive reasoning delay line / | / noun a device deejay /di de/ noun a disc jockey that delays the transmission of an elec- deep-focus /di p fəυkəs/ noun a situ- tronic signal by a given interval delay system dle sstəm ation in which the in a delay system / | / noun a camera shot is very large, meaning that device that delays transmission of some- everything in the scene is in focus thing being broadcast live by a few deep structure structure /di p strktʃə/ noun seconds so that, for example, any profani- in linguistics, the idea that there is an ties can be bleeped out dele underlying organisational structure to dele /deli/ verb to mark part of a printed language, which is expressed through text for deletion í noun a mark in the grammar and word order, forming surface margin of a printed page indicating that structure something that has been highlighted Deep Throat Throat /di p θrəυt/ noun 1. the should be deleted delegitimation di lədtmeʃ ə n anonymous informant to the press during delegitimation / | ( ) / the Watergate scandal, eventually noun the process by which certain values, revealed as W. Mark Felt, the second most ideas and beliefs etc. are rejected and important official with the FBI at the time. deemed to be almost or totally unaccept- 2. any anonymous informant on a major able by the society in which they are scandal found. Compare legitimation delete dli t ‘Sir Christopher says that Jack Straw, delete / | / verb to remove some- the foreign secretary, blocked the book thing printed or written from the MediaStudies.fm Page 63 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

63 desensitisation surrounding text, or to mark it for people buy products to impress or stay on removal. Abbreviation del the same level as their neighbours deliberative listening dəlbərətv demy demi deliberative listening / | demy / / adjective referring to ls(ə)nŋ/ noun the act of listening with printing paper that is 444.5 mm/17.5 in by the sole intention of deciphering the 571.5 mm/22.5 in or writing paper that is message being sent. Compare active 393.7 mm/15.5 in by 508 mm/20 in denotation di nəteʃ ə n listening denotation / | ( ) / noun the delineate dlniet delineate / | / verb to sketch or literal meaning of a word, image or phrase draw the outline of something etc., as opposed to the meanings which are delivery system dlv ə ri sstəm merely suggested or implied. Compare delivery system / | ( ) / noun the combination of hardware and connotation departmental system di pɑ t software required to play a particular departmental system / | multimedia title ment(ə)l sstəm/ noun a way of organ- Delta /deltə/ noun an internationally ising an advertising agency into depart- recognised code word for the letter D, ments such as creative, media, administra- used in radio communications tion etc. dependency theory dematerialisation dpendənsi di mətəriəla dependency theory / | dematerialisation / | θəri ze(ə)n/ noun a process in conceptual art / noun the idea that audiences are in which the thing represented (the object) dependent upon the mass media to feed them ideas, interpretations and values becomes less important and more depth interview depθ ntəvju detached from the way it is represented depth interview / / demo noun an interview with no preset ques- demo /deməυ/ noun a demonstration tions and following no fixed pattern, but recording of music produced for audition which can last a long time and allows the or promotional purposes democracy respondent time to express personal views dmɒkrəsi democracy / | / noun a and tastes system of government based on the prin- depth of field of field /depθ əv fi ld/ noun ciple of majority decision-making, repre- the distance in front of a camera within senting the rights of each and every citizen which subjects are shown in focus, which in a society. Compare autocracy demodulate can be adjusted by changing the lens aper- di mɒdjυlet demodulate / | / verb to ture decode an analogue signal into digital of focus /depθ əv fəυkəs/ data noun the distance that a can demographic analysis demographic analysis be moved closer to or further from the demə$rfk ənləss / | / noun the film, without the image being focused on research and interpretation of data becoming unclear according to demographic principles deregulation di re$jυleʃ ə n deregulation /| | ( ) / demographics demə$rfks demographics / | / noun the relaxation of government restric- plural noun the practice of grouping tions on what the media can and cannot people according to their social character- report istics, for example gender, age, social desaturated colour di stʃəretd desaturated colour / | class, wealth, occupation etc. klə/ noun colour that is watery and less demonisation di mənazeʃ ə n demonisation / | ( ) / vivid than is usual. Compare saturated noun the act by the media of undermining colour a public figure such as a politician who is descender dsendə descender / | / noun the lower speaking out on issues which are consid- part of a lowercase letter that extends ered dangerous or unacceptable, usually below its upper half, for example on a y or by attacking them on a personal level g desensitisation di sensta ‘He is the Republican paymaster, one of desensitisation /| | the authors of the K Street Project and zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the theory that repeated the driving force behind a vicious, exposure to something shocking such as organised demonisation and attempted violence will lead an audience to be less marginalisation of Democrats…’ [Will affected by it. ı compassion fatigue Hutton, The Observer] ‘Yet, no matter how well-intentioned, demonstration effect demən demonstration effect / | the frequent broadcasting of the brutal streʃ ə n fekt ( ) | / noun the theory that images of war may bring about a MediaStudies.fm Page 64 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

desexualise 64

despatch rider dsptʃ radə progressive desensitisation and despatch rider / | / brutalisation of those viewing them.’ noun a reporter who is sent off on a [John Peacock, The Independent] motorbike to the scene when a piece of desexualise di seksjuəlaz desexualise / | / verb US news breaks, to capture the first pictures. to remove sexist features from something Abbreviation DR design audit detection dtekʃən dzan ɔ dt | design audit / | / noun the detection / / noun the act or process of checking and evaluating process of extracting information, espe- design, especially in advertising materials cially audio or video signals, from an elec- or on a website tromagnetic wave design department dzan d detector dtektə design department / | | detector / | / noun a piece of pɑ tmənt/ noun the department in a equipment which extracts information large company that designs the company’s such as audio or video signals from an products or its advertising electromagnetic wave design factor dzan fktə determination | dt& mneʃ ə n design factor / / noun determination /| | ( ) / the margin of possible error in a survey, noun a Marxist theory that the economy caused by not having used a 100% random determines or shapes the society’s ‘super- sample of the population structure’ design grid dzan $rd determiner deletion / | / noun the dt& mnə d design grid determiner deletion / | | basic form used for designing the page li ʃ(ə)n/ noun the journalistic practice of layout of a magazine omitting a determiner (‘a’ or ‘the’) when desire dzaə desire / | / noun in psychoanalysis, mentioning a person, instead using their a conscious or unconscious longing for defining, news-worthy characteristic to something or somebody ‘label’ them ć ‘LOVE cheat Jude Law has desk /desk/ noun a control panel in a desperately been pulling out all the stops radio broadcasting studio where different to salvage his rocky romance with blonde audio feeds can be mixed for transmission beauty Sienna Miller.’ (Suzanne Kerins, desk editor editor /desk edtə/ noun a Sunday Mirror, 14 August 2005) develop dveləp person whose job is to prepare text for develop / | / verb to use chemical publishing treatments to produce visible images from deskman /deskmən/ noun a man who that has previously works at a desk and edits news copy been exposed to light developer deskperson dveləpə deskperson /deskp& sən/ noun a developer / | / noun 1. a person worker at a desk, especially one who edits who works in an industry such as software copy for a newspaper production, creating new and innovative desk research desk rs& tʃ products and making more advanced tech- desk research / | / noun the process of looking for information nology available to users 2. a chemical which is in printed sources such as direc- solution used to treat photographic film tories and produce visible images. Also called desks desks developing agent desks / / noun departments within developing agent dveləpŋ developing agent /| a newspaper, for example the sports desk, edənt the City desk / noun PHOTOGRAPHY same as desktop desktɒp developer desktop / / noun the way that a development media dveləpmənt computer screen has been designed to development media / | simulate the traditional desk layout, with mi diə/ noun media companies that are tools for writing, drawing, making calcu- concerned with aid programmes lations etc. ‘National development is a matter for desktop media media /desktɒp mi diə/ the media in its entirety. Development plural noun a combination of presentation media ought to include economic graphics, desktop publishing and multi- programmes, interviews, and cultural media and social information directed by the desktop publishing publishing /desktɒp official authorities to the society.’ [BBC Monitoring International Reports pblʃŋ/ noun the use of a personal ] deviance computer and specialist software to lay deviance /di viəns/ noun social out and produce typeset-quality docu- behaviour which is considered to be unac- ments for printing ceptable within a particular society MediaStudies.fm Page 65 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

65 diazo

deviancy amplification spiral dialogics daəlɒdks deviancy amplification spiral dialogics / | / plural noun di viənsi mplfkeʃ ə n sparəl / | ( ) / in theories of structuralism and discourse, noun a situation in which coverage of a a model in which verbal utterances in a deviant event in the media makes it appear dialogue is seen as being both opinionated more common and more of a social and ideological, caught and implicated in problem than is actually the case, causing a power struggle more attention to be paid to it and more dialogist /daəlɒ$st/ noun a person people to engage in the behaviour who writes dialogue for films, television device control dvas kəntrəυl device control / | | / or radio noun a tool that allows another device to dialogue /daəlɒ$/ noun conversation be controlled remotely, such as a video that takes place between characters in editing package from which it is possible fiction, such as in a film or play to control the recording camera dialogue coach coach /daəlɒ$ kəυtʃ/ devil devil /dev(ə)l/ noun a printer’s appren- noun the member of a film or television tice production team who is responsible for DG DG abbreviation BROADCAST director- helping the actors to master accents and general dialects for a role dial-up access diachronic daəkrɒnk dial-up access /daəl p kses/ diachronic / | / adjective referring to the study of something as it noun a connection to the Internet that is has changed through history. Compare not permanent but requires a modem or synchronic ISDN adapter to dial a telephone access diachronic linguistics number to connect to the Internet, as in diachronic linguistics /daəkrɒnk lŋ$wstks making a normal telephone call. Compare | / the study of language broadband access focusing on the changes that have taken diaphragm daəfrm place over its history. Compare diaphragm / / noun 1. a synchronic linguistics curved muscular membrane separates the diagonal da$ən ə l abdomen from the area around the lungs diagonal / | ( ) / noun PRINTING and is used in singing to control the same as slash breathing 2. a disc with an opening to diagram diagram /daə$rm/ verb to show or control the amount of light that is allowed demonstrate something by making a to enter a camera or other optical instru- diagram of it í noun a chart, graph or ment simplified drawing that illustrates or diary column column /daəri kɒləm/ noun a explains a point or argument column written by a journalist about their dial dial /daəl/ noun 1. a round control disc life and including pieces of gossip that that is turned with the fingers to adjust a people have told them piece of electrical or mechanical equip- diary method method /daəri meθəd/ noun a ment such as a radio 2. a panel on a radio market research method in which with a movable pointer that shows the respondents keep a regular written frequency and waveband of the station it account of the advertising they have is tuned to í verb to tune to a radio or tele- noticed, purchases they have made and vision station or programme using a dial products they have used dialect dialect /daəlekt/ noun a regional form diary piece piece /daəri pi s/ noun an of a language, usually involving small article which has been scheduled to be variations in vocabulary, grammar and covered, for example an event which has pronunciation to those of other regions happened and needs to be written up, or a dialectical montage dialectical montage /daəlektk(ə)l follow-up to a previous article. Compare mɒntɑ / noun a sequence which juxta- off-diary piece diaspora di spərə poses different scenes to highlight the diaspora / | / noun the struggle described in the theory of dialec- dispersal of communities that once lived tics together in a single location, for example dialectics daəlektks dialectics / | / noun in because of war, persecution or natural Marxist theory, the idea that change disaster diazo dazəυ comes about through the constant struggle diazo / | / noun a photograph or of opposing ideas, producing eventual photocopy made using the diazotype synthesis process. Also called dyeline MediaStudies.fm Page 66 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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diazotype dazəυtap diazotype / | / noun a over a light to make it less bright and reproductive printing or photographic harsh process that makes use of the way diazo diffusion dfju  ə n diffusion / | ( ) / noun the chan- compounds, formed from nitrogen, nels through which the idea of an innova- decompose when exposed to ultraviolet tion reaches all members of a social light community dicroic filter dakrəυik fltə dig dicroic filter / | / noun a dig /d$/ verb to do deep research for a glass filter placed over a light that only journalistic piece allows light of a certain colour to pass digerati ddərɑ ti through digerati / | / plural noun Dictaphone people with expertise or professional Dictaphone /dktəfəυn/ a trade name involvement in computers, the Internet or for a small tape recorder used for dictating the World Wide Web letters or documents which can then be typed by someone playing the recording ‘…plonk the into its back ’dock’, and then plug in the A/V cables diegetic sound sound /daədetk saυnd/ that came with the camera. Stick those noun sound from a recognisable source in into the back of the TV, and voila, a piece of film, for example dialogue from instant photo slideshow. The real digerati will go one better, and load their a character. Compare non-diegetic photos onto an iPod Photo or other sound diesis dai ss digital media player.’ [Charles Arthur, diesis / / noun PRINTING same as The Independent]

double dagger digest différance dadest différance /di ferɑ ns/ noun the view digest / / noun a compilation of the concept of difference with the of articles or stories, originally from consideration that terms and meanings are different sources, edited and brought constantly shifting, and therefore together in a magazine, book or broadcast digibeta affecting and reconstructing each other digibeta /ddibi tə/ noun a type of difference /df(ə)rəns/ noun the idea videotape format digicam that meaning can be defined by what it digicam /ddikm/ noun PHOTOG- does not represent. So the verb ‘to drink’ RAPHY, COMPUTING same as digital can be defined using the differences camera

digilink between it and the verb ‘to eat’, or digilink /ddilŋk/ noun a camera that between it and any other verb or noun. transmits a digital signal to a nearby differend differend /dfərend/ noun the idea that receiver conflicts between cultural forms can not digital digital /ddt(ə)l/ adjective referring always be resolved, because of insur- to a form of transmission in which a signal mountable differences between the two differential pricing dfərenʃəl is sent in small, separate packages. differential pricing / Compare analogue prasŋ/ noun the practice of adjusting Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Audio Broadcasting the pricing of products according to how ddt ə l ɔ diəυ brɔ dkɑ stŋ much each market can afford to pay for it / ( ) / noun the process of broadcasting using digital ‘Companies like Priceline and E-Bay recordings which give clearer sound than and major hotels and airlines are analogue recordings. Abbreviation DAB already… offering the same product at digital audio tape different prices to different customers. digital audio tape /ddt(ə)l ɔ diəυ While differential pricing had been tep/ noun a magnetic tape used in the prevalent in the traditional economy digital recording of music. Abbreviation also, the degree of differentiation was DAT digital camera not so acute and also not so digital camera /ddt(ə)l personalized.’ [Dipayan Biswas, km(ə)rə/ noun a camera that takes Journal of Business Research] pictures that are stored in digital form and diffuse dfju z diffuse / | / verb to make some- so can be viewed, manipulated and thing, especially light, less bright or printed using a computer. Also called intense, or become less bright or intense digicam diffuser dfju zə digital colour proof ddt ə l klə diffuser / | / noun tracing paper digital colour proof / ( ) or some other transparent material, fixed pru f/ noun a colour proof taken from MediaStudies.fm Page 67 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

67 digitisation digital files prior to film output at high or sion receiver. Abbreviation DTV 2. a tele- low resolution vision set specially constructed or adapted digital compact cassette compact cassette for receiving digital signals ddt ə l kɒmpkt kəset digital terrestrial broadcasting / ( ) | / noun digital terrestrial broadcasting ddt ə l tərestriəl brɔ dkɑ stŋ magnetic tape in a compact cassette box / ( ) | / that is used to store computer data or noun the policy of making all of a audio signals in a digital format. Abbrevi- country’s terrestrial television and radio ation DCC broadcasting digital, which offers greater digital compact disc compact disc /ddt(ə)l choice and quality of sound and picture, kɒmpkt dsk/ noun a form of but requires special receiving equipment digital transmission area compact disc which offers a greater digital transmission area /dt(ə)l trnzmʃ ə n eəriə storage capacity | ( ) / noun the control digital divide ddt ə l dvad digital divide / ( ) | / suite used to transmit the BBC digital noun the state of inequality that exists channels. Abbreviation DTA between people who have access to digital TV ddt ə l ti vi digital TV / ( ) | / noun a modern information technology and those television that can receive and decode who do not, since the former have many television images and audio sent as digital more opportunities open to them than the data, then displayed on a standard screen latter digital video ddt ə l vdiəυ digital imaging digital video / ( ) / ddt ə l mdŋ digital imaging / ( ) / noun the format used by small, hand-held noun photography using digital equip- video recorders which record digitally. ment, instead of the traditional exposure Abbreviation DV of an image onto light-sensitive film digital video camera ddt ə l digitally assisted television digital video camera / ( ) digitally assisted television vdiəυ km ə rə ddt ə li əsstd telv ə n ( ) / noun a video camera / ( ) | ( ) / noun a which records digital files. Abbreviation system for reducing the bandwidth needed DVC for sending a television signal by sending digital video edit digital video edit /ddt(ə)l vdiəυ part of it through digital means. Abbrevi- edt ation DATV / noun the editing of a piece of video digitally originated graphic using digital technology digitally originated graphic digital video effects ddt ə li ərdnetd $rfk digital video effects /ddt(ə)l / ( ) | / noun vdiəυ fekts a small stationary logo, usually used to | / noun any program which identify a channel, shown in one corner of can be used to create complex video a screen. Abbreviation DOG effects. Abbreviation DVE digital video recorder digital radio radio /ddt(ə)l rediəυ/ digital video recorder /ddt(ə)l vdiəυ rkɔ də noun radio broadcasting that is trans- | / noun a video recorder mitted in digital form, is received on a which records on an internal data storage digital receiver, provides a greater choice system, without the need for removable of stations and does not suffer from inter- videotapes. Abbreviation DVR digital zoom ference digital zoom /ddt(ə)l zu m/ noun digital recording ddt ə l r digital recording / ( ) | a zoom facility on a camera which crops kɔ dŋ/ noun sound recorded using a and enlarges an already-captured image, computerised system (as opposed to losing some quality. Compare optical analogue), which can therefore be copied zoom digitisable without loss of quality digitisable /ddtazəb(ə)l/ adjective digital retouching ddt ə l ri digital retouching / ( ) | referring to conversion into digital form ttʃŋ/ noun the process of using digital for distribution via the Internet or other technology to alter a photograph, either to networks remove imperfections or to subtly change digitisation ddtazeʃ ə n digitisation / | ( ) / noun what appears to be happening in the 1. the process of converting analogue picture, while still giving the impression signals to digital 2. the process by which that the photograph has not been altered most media forms are becoming digitised digital television television /ddt(ə)l so that they can be more readily accessed, telv(ə)n/ noun 1. television broad- reproduced with no loss of quality and casting in which the picture is transmitted stored in a permanent, non-perishable in digital form and decoded at the televi- form MediaStudies.fm Page 68 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

digitise 68 ‘…digitisation of content – which has earth station via a satellite, that are made it very easy for internet pirates to received with a dish aerial steal, copy and share movies via direct broadcasting by satellitebroadcasting by satellite cyberspace – has put pressure on movie darekt brɔ dkɑ stŋ ba stəlat / | / studios to make changes to the way they noun broadcasting in which the television distribute movies.’ [Scott Morrison, The signal is sent directly from the satellite to Financial Times] individual receiver dishes. Abbreviation digitise /ddtaz/ verb 1. to convert DBS analogue signals to digital, for example so direct cinema darekt snmə direct cinema / | / that they can be edited using digital equip- noun same as ciné-verité ment 2. to put data into a digital form so direct democracy darekt d direct democracy / | | that it can be stored, accessed and repro- mɒkrəsi/ noun a proposed form of duced more effectively digitising democratic government in which all citi- digitising /ddtazŋ/ noun the zens have direct input into the legislative process of burning the rushes of a film process onto the hard disk of a computer, ready for direct entry darekt entri / | / noun the editing direct entry digizine process of entering journalism through a ddi n digizine / / noun a magazine that training course run by the publication can be accessed by computer, either on the offering the job Internet or on a CD-ROM direct exchange line darekt ks dimmer dmə direct exchange line / | | dimmer / / noun a device that tʃend lan/ noun full form of DEL allows you to make a light brighter or direct input darekt npυt dimmer direct input / | / noun the DIN di a en process by which copy can be transferred DIN / / noun a system of directly from the reporter’s computer to numbers used to indicate the speed of a the computer on which typesetting is photographic film done, rather than the layout being assem- dingbat dingbat /dŋbt/ noun PRINTING a bled by hand using printouts of the text typographical symbol or character other directional darekʃən ə l directional / | ( ) / adjective than a letter or numeral, for example a star able to transmit or receive sound waves, or pointing hand nuclear particles, light or radio waves DIN number DIN number /di a en nmbə/ noun more efficiently if they travel in a partic- a number that indicates the speed of a ular direction photographic film directional antenna darekʃən ə l directional antenna / | ( ) diorama

daə |rɑ mə ntenə diorama / / noun a scene | / noun an antenna which sends that appears to be three-dimensional, for and receives signals more effectively in example one that is painted on layers of one particular direction. Compare omni- translucent material which the viewer directional antenna looks at through a small hole directional medium darekʃən ə l directional medium / | ( ) dip into dip into /dp ntə/ verb to browse mi diəm/ noun an advertising medium through a text such as a book or magazine that gives potential customers information rather than read it all on where to find products or services, for Diploma in Journalism dpləυmə Diploma in Journalism / | example a directory n d& nəlz ə m directional microphone | / da ( ) needs def directional microphone /| dipstick survey survey /dpstk s& ve/ rekʃən(ə)l makrəfəυn/ noun a micro- noun a survey which only reveals one phone which picks up audio signals only aspect of the true picture, such as the from a particular direction or within a number of viewing hours but not the narrow range, cutting out extra back- programme watched ground noise direct-action advertising darekt direct-mail advertising darekt direct-action advertising / | direct-mail advertising / | kʃən dvətazŋ/ noun advertising mel dvətazŋ/ noun the practice of that aims to get a quick response advertising by sending leaflets to people direct broadcast by satellite da through the post direct broadcast by satellite / | rekt brɔ dkɑ st ba stəlat direct marketing darekt / noun direct marketing /| the process of broadcasting radio and tele- mɑ ktŋ/ noun methods of marketing vision signals over a wide area from an that bypass retailers, such as mail order, MediaStudies.fm Page 69 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

69 discursive gap disclosure of information ds direct-mail advertising, telephone sales, disclosure of information / | kləυər əv nfəmeʃ ə n Internet shopping etc. | ( ) / noun the act direct-marketing media darekt direct-marketing media / | of or process of passing on information mɑ ktŋ mi diə/ plural noun media that was intended to be kept secret or that are used for direct marketing, for private to someone else disco example direct mail, telemarketing, and disco /dskəυ/ noun 1. a place such as television a club, or an event such as a party, where director darektə director / | / noun 1. the people dance to recorded pop music, often member of a film production team who is introduced by a DJ. Full form disco- responsible for directing the actors, the theque 2. a style of up-tempo pop music camera crew and other staff 2. the member originating in the early 1970s for dancing. of a television production team who is It developed from soul music, in response responsible for deciding which shots will to the growing popularity of discos. 3. the be used equipment used to play recordings for director-general darektə people to dance to at a disco, usually director-general /| den(ə)rəl/ noun the chief of a govern- comprising amplifiers, speakers, and a mental agency or other organisation record, tape or CD deck, often with which is headed by several directors. lighting equipment discography dskɒ$rəfi Abbreviation DG discography / | / noun the directorial darektɔ riəl full list of the recordings of a particular directorial / | / adjective relating to, belonging to, or suitable for a type, for example by one performer or director group, or of a particular category of music disconfirmation director’s chair darektəz tʃeə dskɒnf& | director’s chair / | / disconfirmation / noun the chair used by the director on a meʃ(ə)n/ noun an expression of disa- film set greement from somebody which chal- director’s cut darektəz kt lenges already-held opinions, values, director’s cut / | / noun a version of a film that its director has beliefs etc. Compare confirmation discotheque complete artistic control over, often not discotheque /dskətek/ noun MUSIC, the version that is released commercially DANCE full form of disco direct response advertising da discourse dskɔ s direct response advertising / | discourse / / noun the form of rekt rspɒns dvətazŋ | / noun the language used in a given situation, practice of advertising in such a way as to including such things as choice of appro- get customers to send in inquiries or priate vocabulary, tone, grammar, level of orders directly by mail formality etc. direct response television da discourse analysis | dskɔ s ə direct response television / discourse analysis / | rekt rspɒns telv ə n | ( ) / noun adver- nləss/ noun the analysis of a media tising which seeks an immediate response text such as a news bulletin, focusing on from the audience, such as calling an on- the discourse used in its presentation screen number. Abbreviation DRTV discretionary income d discretionary income /| disaster movie dzɑ stə mu vi disaster movie / | / skreʃ(ə)n(ə)ri nkm/ noun the income noun a genre of film in which the plot left after fixed payments have been made centres on a natural disaster such as an and the spending of which is therefore earthquake, or a human-made crisis such subject to advertising influence as a train crash or the collapse of a discursive contestation dsk& sv discursive contestation / | building etc. kɒntesteʃ ə n | / noun disavowal ( ) the potential for dsəvaυəl disavowal / | / noun the the audience of a news broadcast to chal- ability of a person to both admit to and lenge or disagree with its presentation deny their own desires, a concept of discursive gap dsk& sv $p discursive gap / | / particular interest in feminist study of noun the distinction between formal, sexuality disc camera written language used in a text such as a disc camera /dsk km(ə)rə/ noun a news article, and the less formal, more camera that uses film on a disc rather than personal internal language of the reader. on a roll or a cartridge The popular press try to mimic this disc jockey disc jockey /dsk dɒki/ noun MUSIC, language in a way which engages the RADIO full form of DJ reader more. MediaStudies.fm Page 70 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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discussion group dskʃ ə n display ads dsple dz discussion group /| ( ) display ads / | / plural noun $ru p/ noun a feature of a website that large advertisements, usually containing lets any visitor write and post a message illustrations, appearing in a newspaper. on a particular subject, which is displayed Compare classified ads display advertising dsple to any other visitors, who can then add display advertising /| their comments in reply to the message dvətazŋ/ noun advertising that has discussion list dskʃ ə n lst discussion list / | ( ) / individual features such as photographs, noun a subscription e-mail service its own box border, or the company logo disempowerment dsem disempowerment /| in addition to text paυəmənt display colour dsple klə / noun the reduction of the display colour / | / noun power which individuals have to make the colour of characters in a videotext their own choices and shape their own display system display memory dsple mem ə ri lives display memory / | ( ) / dish /dʃ/ noun 1. same as dish aerial 2. noun memory on a graphics card or held a satellite dish, or a vehicle transporting separate from the main processing one on an outside broadcast memory in a computer, which is used to dish aerial dish aerial /dʃ eəriəl/ noun ELEC- store image display information dispositif dspɒzti f TRONICS a transmitting and receiving dispositif / | | / noun in aerial in the form of a dish-shaped French philosophy, an agent of power and , as used in satellite broadcasting control over the general population disinformation dsnfəmeʃ ə n dispositional attribution disinformation / | ( ) / dispositional attribution dspəzʃən ə l trbju ʃ ə n noun forged information presented as real / ( ) | ( ) / noun as a form of propaganda, to discredit a the tendency to analyse a person’s actions person in power such as a politician in light of their personality traits, rather disk /dsk/ noun a storage facility for than the situation that they are in. data on a computer, either built-in and Compare situational attribution permanent (hard disk) or removable and disqualifying communication communication dskwɒlfaŋ kəmju nkeʃ ə n rewritable (floppy disk) / | | ( ) / Disneyesque dzniesk Disneyesque / | / adjective noun a type of defensive communication resembling or reminiscent of the style of in which the recipient steers the subject to the films and cartoons created by Walt a less challenging one or avoids facing the Disney or the Disney studios issue head-on in some other way disseminate disparaging copy dsprdŋ d | semnet disparaging copy / | disseminate / / verb to kɒpi/ noun advertising copy which is distribute or spread something, especially critical of another company’s products information, widely, or become wide- dispatch dsptʃ spread dispatch / | / noun 1. a news dissemination dsemneʃ ə n item or report sent by a news corre- dissemination /| | ( ) / spondent or agency 2. an official message noun the distribution of something or report, especially from a diplomat or an throughout an area or medium dissensus dsensəs officer in the armed forces dissensus / | / noun a situation displacement dsplesmənt displacement / | / noun in which two or more people fail to agree one of the two main mechanisms by which on values, norms, ideas, beliefs, etc. dreams express the subconscious, by Compare consensus dissolve dzɒlv using other signs to represent a fear which dissolve / | / verb same as cross we feel unable to face head-on. ı conden- fade sation dissonance /dsənəns/ noun conflict displacement effect dsplesmənt displacement effect / | between the ideas, values, beliefs, etc. that fekt | / noun the way in which new media, a person already holds and those directed such as the World Wide Web, have pushed at them in some form of communication, other older media such as television and the effect being that of some discomfort books into a different, smaller role dissonance/attribution model model display dsple dsənəns trbju ʃ ə n mɒd ə l display / | / adjective referring to / | ( ) ( ) / typefaces that are designed for prominent noun a response model which follows the use in advertising í noun printed adver- opposite sequence from normal: tising that uses attractive pictures, typog- consumers first act in a specific way, then raphy or other features develop feelings as a result of their behav- MediaStudies.fm Page 71 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

71 dodge diversity dav& sti iour, and then look for information that diversity / | / noun the range supports their attitude and behaviour of different programmes broadcast on a Distagon Distagon /dstə$ɒn/ a trade name for a single network division of labour dv ə n əv type of division of labour / | ( ) distantiation dstnsieʃ ə n lebə/ noun the process of dividing work distantiation / | ( ) / noun the idea that a media product or piece of into specific sections to be completed by art has an ‘internal distance’ from the experts in that field, traditional in the ideology in which it was created media DJ distinction dstŋkʃən DJ /di de/ noun 1. a person who plays distinction / | / noun the power conferred upon somebody with recordings of music, for example at a cultural capital, as distinguished from the dance or on the radio 2. a person who uses masses various electronic techniques to manipu- distort dstɔ t late samples of recorded music, often to distort / | / verb to process some- the point where a new composition has thing such as a radio or television signal been created. Full form disc jockey inaccurately to the extent that it becomes D-notice di nəυts unclear or unrecognisable, for example in D-notice / / noun an official amplification communication from the UK government, distortion dstɔ ʃ ə n advising newspapers that they should not distortion / | ( ) / noun the way publish specific information for security in which images are stretched, squashed reasons or twisted by a lens which bends the light doco dɒkəυ ineffectively. For example, a doco / / noun TV same as docu- produces extreme distortion around the mentary Doctrine of Misappropriation edges of the image. Doctrine of Misappropriation distribution dɒktrn əv msəprəυprieʃ ə n dstrbju ʃ ə n / | | ( ) / distribution / | ( ) / noun 1. the act of sending information out, noun a principle introduced by a 1918 especially via a network 2. the selling and Supreme Court judgment that news gath- delivery of goods to retailers, such as ered by a press agency be considered intellectual property and protected from films to cinemas or magazines to shops ı distribution amplifier exploitation by rivals. International dstr distribution amplifier / | News Service bju ʃ ə n mplfaə ( ) / noun a piece of dɒkju drɑ mə equipment which takes one feed, either docudrama / | / noun a video or audio, and splits it to multiple film or television drama that is based on true events destinations on different lines without loss document of quality. Abbreviation DA document /dɒkjυmənt/ noun a paper, distribution rights dstrbju ʃ ə n especially an official paper, with written distribution rights / | ( ) rats information on it / noun the right to copy and documentary dɒkjυment ə ri distribute a piece of work such as a film documentary / | ( ) / within a certain market area noun a television programme or film that distributor dstrbjυtə depicts facts and real-world events. Also distributor / | / noun a called doco company that advertises films and document reader supplies them to cinemas document reader /dɒkjυmənt district office ri də dstrkt ɒfs / noun a device that converts written district office / / noun or typed information to a form that a any newspaper office which is not the computer can understand and process main base of the operation docusoap diversification dɒkju səυp dav& sfkeʃ ə n docusoap / / noun a serial diversification / | | ( ) / that follows the lives of real people, for noun a major media company’s spread example in a place of work or a family into ownership of other related and unre- home, creating a ‘real-life’ soap opera lated products. For example, Virgin docutainment dɒkju tenmənt started as a music distributor, expanded docutainment / | / into a record label, radio empire, mobile noun TV same as infotainment dodge phone provider, book publishing and then dodge /dɒd/ verb to manipulate a into cosmetics, soft drinks, personal photographic print during exposure to finance, an airline and many more prod- allow more or less light to reach particular ucts and services. parts of it MediaStudies.fm Page 72 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

dodger 72

dodger dot-com dodger /dɒdə/ noun a small leaflet or dot-com /dɒt kɒm/ noun a company handout that conducts its business on the Internet DOG DOG abbreviation digitally originated or that provides Internet services dot-com bubble graphic dot-com bubble /dɒt kɒm bb(ə)l/

dog-eat-dog dog-eat-dog /dɒ$ i t dɒ$/ noun noun the unsustainable situation that was marketing activity where everyone fights the result of multiple dot-com businesses for their own product and attacks compet- becoming successful in the late 1990s, itors mercilessly leading to many more being started up and DoIby dɒlbi also enjoying success, but later failing DoIby / / a research laboratory that dot-com crash dɒt kɒm krʃ provides ways to improve the quality of dot-com crash / / recorded sound noun a phrase to describe how the dot- dolly dɒli com bubble eventually burst, as starting dolly / / noun a mobile apparatus for businesses invested far more capital than mounting a camera, allowing it to be they could make back and were forced to easily moved retreat dolly shot dɒli ʃɒt dolly shot / / noun a tracking ‘Lastminute, which survived the dot- shot using a dolly rather than a guiding com crash that claimed expensive UK rail start ups such as Boo.com and dolphin arm dolphin arm /dɒlfn ɑ m/ noun a short Letsbuyit.com, saw its shares surge…’ arm on which a camera is mounted [Nic Hopkins, The Times] domain name dəυmen nem dot-comer domain name / | / noun dot-comer /dɒt kmə/ noun a person the Internet address of a computer or who owns or works for a dot-com network dots per inch per inch /dɒts p& r ntʃ/ noun dominant dominant /dɒmnənt/ adjective more an expression of the resolution of a printer powerful than the others in its field or image based on the number of dots of dominant discourse dominant discourse /dɒmnənt ink or toner it can print in a linear inch. dskɔ s/ noun that form of discourse The higher the number, the better quality which is most socially accepted and has of the printing. Abbreviation dpi precedence over others double /db(ə)l/ verb to substitute for dominant response dɒmnənt r dominant response / | an actor in a film in scenes such as those spɒns/ noun one of three supposed that include danger, special skill or nudity responses to receiving a message, a domi- í noun 1. a substitute who resembles a nant response involves whole-hearted film actor and takes their place, for acceptance of whatever messages, values, example in scenes that involve danger, ideas etc. are being received. ı subordi- special skill or nudity 2. PRINTING same as nate response, radical response doublet double bill donut donut /dəυnt/ noun a piece in which a double bill /db(ə)l bl/ noun a reporter on an outside broadcast intro- cinema or television programme that duces a guest or piece of pre-recorded shows two feature films consecutively double dagger video double dagger /db(ə)l d$ə/ noun doorstep doorstep /dɔ step/ verb to try to a sign (‡) that is used in printed texts to obtain a photograph of, or interview with indicate a reference, especially to a foot- someone by waiting for them outside their note. Also called diesis, double obelisk double-decker home or workplace í noun an interview double-decker /db(ə)l dekə/ noun achieved by waiting outside a celebrity’s two advertising panels, one on top of the house or place of work until they come out other doorstepping dɔ stepŋ double exposure db ə l k doorstepping / | / noun the double exposure / ( ) | practice of putting pressure on an spəυə/ noun the exposure of two unwilling source for a story by standing images onto a single piece of film, so that outside their house or place of work to ask they appear as though they have been them questions as they walk by photographed at a single time doo-wop double feature doo-wop /du wɒp/ noun a type of double feature /db(ə)l fi tʃə/ noun harmonised singing in a rhythm-and- a cinema programme of two full-length blues style, which became popular in the films shown consecutively. Also called US in the late 1950s twin bill MediaStudies.fm Page 73 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

73 dramatic

double-header downtable double-header /db(ə)l hedə/ noun downtable /daυnteb(ə)l/ noun all the a radio programme with two presenters subeditors of a newspaper other than the

double obelisk double obelisk /db(ə)l ɒbəlsk/ chief and deputy chief downtempo daυntempəυ noun PRINTING same as double dagger downtempo / | / noun double opt-in electronic music in a variety of styles that double opt-in /db(ə)l ɒpt n/ noun is usually for listening to instead of a method by which users who want to dancing to. Also called chillout receive information or services from a down-the-line website can register themselves as down-the-line /daυn ðə lan/ adjec- subscribers tive referring to an interview carried out double-page spread db ə l ped over the phone. Abbreviation DTL double-page spread / ( ) downtime daυntam spred/ noun a feature or article that runs downtime / / noun a period across the middle folding page of a news- of time that a communications network is paper or magazine. Also called double not functioning, because of breakdown or spread maintenance dpi double quote di pi a double quote /db(ə)l kwəυt/ noun dpi / / noun a measure of the a quotation mark that consists of two density of the image on a computer screen DR marks ("), not one DR abbreviation despatch rider

double-space drabble double-space /db(ə)l spes/ verb to drabble /drb(ə)l/ noun a short piece arrange printed text with one blank line of fiction, often fan fiction, usually 100 between each typed or printed line words in length. Also called ficlet drag double-spotting double-spotting /db(ə)l spɒtŋ/ drag /dr$/ noun the clothing of the noun the practice of running an adver- opposite sex used as a costume for tising spot twice performances, most usually used to refer double spread db ə l spred to glamorous and ostentatious female double spread / ( ) / noun clothing worn by males PUBLISHING same as double-page drag king spread drag king /dr$ kŋ/ noun a woman doublet dblət who dresses in men’s clothes and attempts doublet / / noun a letter, word or to appear ‘male’ with facial hair, a male line that is printed a second time in error. body shape etc, especially as a performer Also called double drag queen dr$ kwi n doughnut drag queen / / noun a man dəυnt doughnut / / verb 1. to make who dresses in women’s clothes, espe- sure that a speaker in frame on a television cially a performer affecting exaggerated broadcast is closely surrounded by people, feminine mannerisms for comic effect to give viewers the impression that there is drama drɑ mə a large crowd present when there is not 2. drama / / noun 1. the genre of to surround a Member of Parliament who literary works written for performance on is speaking and being filmed for television the stage, radio or television 2. a play in order to give the impression that the written to be performed on the stage, tele- chamber is fuller than it really is vision or radio 3. exciting, tense, and grip- downbeat ping events and actions, or an exciting, downbeat /daυnbi t/ noun electronic tense, and gripping quality, either in a music that is for listening to instead of work of art or in a real-life situation dancing to drama documentary drɑ mə downlink drama documentary / downlink /daυnlŋk/ noun the trans- dɒkjυment(ə)ri/ noun a television or mission of data from a satellite down- radio programme based on real events wards to receivers within its footprint. which are dramatised, or in which real Compare uplink events and characters are mingled with download daυnləυd fictional ones download / | / verb to transfer drama series data from the Internet to a computer, or drama series /drɑ mə səri z/ noun from one computer to another í noun a a television or radio drama shown in file which has been transferred from the several episodes, as a series Internet to a personal computer dramatic drəmtk dramatic / | / adjective 1. downpage downpage /daυnped/ noun the involving exciting, tense or gripping lower half of a newspaper page. Stories events and actions 2. referring to a are said to ‘appear downpage’. medium that involves movement and MediaStudies.fm Page 74 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

dramatic irony 74 performance such as dance. Compare effects, before it is given its first public static performance 2. a full-scale practice before dramatic irony drəmtk arəni any important event dramatic irony / | / drip campaign noun an effect created in a dramatic drip campaign /drp/, drip method drp kmpen drp meθəd performance by the difference between / | /, drip / / what a character is seen to understand noun a steady low-level stream of adver- about their situation and what the audi- tising for a product, to maintain awareness ence knows to actually be the case, having of the brand in general. Compare burst been party to extra information campaign dramatisation drmətazeʃ ə n dramatisation / | ( ) / ‘The Meat and Livestock Commission is noun 1. an adaptation of a work of fiction taking a £10m gamble with its new or a presentation of a real event that is umbrella campaign… The idea is to intended for performance on the stage, encourage all consumers to eat meat television or radio 2. the act, art, or more often, with a drip campaign process of turning a literary work or a real running for 35 weeks of the year.’ event into a drama for performance on the [Alex Benady, Marketing]

drive stage, television, or radio drive /drav/ verb ‘to drive the desk’ – to dramatise dramatise /drmətaz/ verb to operate an editing or mixing desk

drive-time present a real event as a dramatic presen- drive-time /drav tam/ noun a peak tation for the stage, television or radio period in the late afternoon when there are dramatist dramatist /drmətst/ noun some- lots of radio listeners in their cars on the body who writes drama for the stage, tele- way home vision or radio drop drɒp drawing drop / / noun a short branch line drawing /drɔ ŋ/ noun 1. the art, from a cable television trunk line, that activity, or practice of making pictures feeds signals to an individual house or flat using lines of pencil, crayon or pen, rather drop cap drop cap /drɒp kp/ noun a larger- than colours 2. a picture of something size capital letter appearing at the start of made with lines, often with shading, but an article or paragraph, which drops generally without colour dream-work below the line on which it appears dri m w& k drop out dream-work / / noun the drɒp aυt mechanisms by which unconscious drop out / / noun a broad- thoughts are transformed into dreams, casting situation in which a video feed is including condensation and displacement lost or distorted because of poor recep- DreamWorks SKG tion, faulty tape or a faulty playback DreamWorks SKG /dri mw& ks es machine ke di dropped call / noun a major film studio drɒpt kɔ l formed by Steven Spielberg and David dropped call / / noun a call Geffen along with Jeffery Katzenberg on a mobile phone which is terminated (former head of the Walt Disney because of loss of signal Company) in 1997. It is best-known for its ‘For the moment, a number of problems co-production and co-distribution deals at 3 have meant that competitors have with other studios such as Universal. been able to dismiss its pricing dress challenge. Dropped calls, patchy /dres/ noun the clothes that a dress customer service and bulky, unattractive person wears and the way in which they handsets with low battery life are still visually present themselves, an important putting off many customers.’ factor in non-verbal communication [Maija Pesola, The Financial Times] dresser dresser /dresə/ noun 1. a person from DRTV the wardrobe department who fits actors DRTV abbreviation direct response for their clothes 2. the member of a televi- television drum and bass sion, film or theatre production team who drum and bass /drm ən bes/ noun is responsible for helping the actors into electronic music originating in the UK in and out of their costumes the 1990s that is very fast, has reggae bass dress rehearsal dres rh& s ə l lines and complex percussion dress rehearsal / | ( ) / dry hire noun 1. the final rehearsal of something dry hire /dra haə/ noun the hire of such as a play, opera, or ballet in full equipment, facilities etc. without opera- costume and with lights, music, and tors, so it must be self-staffed MediaStudies.fm Page 75 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

75 dystopia dry run dra rn duration djυreʃ ə n dry run / / noun a rehearsal duration / | ( ) / noun 1. the which does not use any recording equip- length of time of a broadcast item, to the ment nearest second 2. the amount of time that DSL DSL /di es el/ noun a high-speed tele- an advertising poster is visible to the phone line that can be used for telephony, average passer-by DV television and Internet access and has a DV abbreviation digital video much greater digital capacity than an ordi- DVC DVC abbreviation digital video camera

nary telephone line DVC-Pro D-SUB connector di vi si prəυ di sb kənektə DVC-Pro / / a trade D-SUB connector / | / noun a video connector commonly used name for a type of videotape format DVD on PC monitors to carry all the video DVD /di vi di / noun a CD on which signals in one cable can be stored large amounts of data, most

DTA DTA abbreviation digital transmission usually a compressed .mpeg file of a area . They have largely replaced DTL video cassettes as the most popular format DTL abbreviation down-the-line for watching (although not recording) DTV DTV abbreviation BROADCAST digital films at home, as they are less prone to television distortion and damage. Full form Digital dual path dual path /dju əl pɑ θ/ noun the Versatile Disc DVD-video ability to broadcast two separate feeds DVD-video /di vi di vdiəυ/ noun a from a single source, as for different chan- standard that defines how full-length films nels can be compressed and stored on a DVD dub dub /db/ verb to make a copy of some- and played back on a dedicated player thing recorded, usually from one source to attached to a television set or viewed on a another, for example from cassette to disc computer fitted with a DVD drive dubbing DVE dubbing /dbŋ/ noun the work of DVE abbreviation 1. digital video edit adding extra sound to film, such as music 2. digital video effects and sound effects DVR dumbing-down DVR abbreviation TV digital video dumbing-down /dmŋ daυn/ noun recorder the process of making popular media texts dyad dad such as newspapers less intellectually dyad / / noun a unit of two people dyeline challenging dyeline /dalan/ noun PRINTING same

dummy dummy /dm/ noun a rough version of as diazo dynamic microphone danmk the layout of a newspaper page, showing dynamic microphone / | placement of advertisements makrəfəυn/ noun a microphone that

dump bin dump bin /dmp bn/ noun a basket or uses electromagnetic principles to convert tub situated in a shop in which products audio signals to an electrical current can be prominently placed and brought to without using external power dysequilibrium dsekwlbriəm consumers’ attention dysequilibrium / | / duodecimo djuəυdekməυ duodecimo / | / noun a noun the appearance of tensions within a book size traditionally created by folding narrative. The end is usually reached by one sheet of standard-sized printing paper resolving these tensions and achieving to make 12 leaves or 24 pages. Also called equilibrium once more. Compare equilib- twelvemo rium duopoly dju ɒpəli dystopia dstəυpiə duopoly / | / noun a situation in dystopia / | / noun a represen- which two organisations have control of tation of a society in which everything is their field, as opposed to a monopoly, in flawed and much has gone wrong, espe- which only one has total control cially when intended as a condemnation duplicator duplicator /dju plketə/ noun a of modern society’s values. Examples of machine or device that makes copies, dystopian works are 1984 (George especially a machine for copying printed Orwell, 1949) and Brave New World matter (Aldous Huxley, 1932). Compare utopia MediaStudies.fm Page 76 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

E

Ealing comedy Ealing comedy /i lŋ kɒmədi/ noun resolution screen. E-books can be updated one of the characteristically British either from a book shop or a website that comedy films that were made at Ealing sells digital texts. e-business Studios between 1945 and 1955 e-business /i bzns/ noun 1. a Ealing Studios Ealing Studios /i lŋ stju diəυz/ company that operates through the noun the film studios in Ealing, West Internet 2. the practice of conducting busi- London, where the ‘Ealing comedies’ ness using Internet technology ECCA were made ECCA abbreviation European Cable ear ear /ə/ noun a box in the top corner of Communications Association echelon the front page of a newspaper, used for echelon /eʃəlɒn/ noun a global advertising or a weather forecast computer surveillance system used by UK earned rate earned rate /& nd ret/ noun 1. the and US security services, which intercepts actual rate for a printed advertising space and analyses communications echo plate after taking discounts into account 2. a echo plate /ekəυ plet/ noun an elec- discounted rate for advertising space tromechanical device used in broad- earned by repeated or loyal custom by an casting or recording to create reverbera- advertiser tion or echo effects earpiece earpiece /əpi s/ noun the part of a ecology kɒlədi ecology / | / noun in sociology, listening device such as headphones that the study of the relationships between is placed on the ear and converts signals living organisms and their environments, into sound especially in political arguments against earth earth /& θ/ verb to equip an electrical capitalism and industrialisation e-commerce circuit or appliance with a connection to e-commerce /i kɒm& s/ noun trans- the ground so that current is carried safely actions that are carried out over the away in the event of a fault Internet, either between consumers and earth hum earth hum /& θ hm/ noun audio or businesses or between businesses them- visual interference caused by the equip- selves ment being inefficiently earthed economic determinism determinism easy listening i zi ls ə nŋ i kənɒmk dt& mnz ə m easy listening / ( ) / noun a / | ( ) / noun the style of popular music that usually incor- theory that economic inequalities can porates simple melodies, sometimes with explain most social and cultural lyrics, simple harmonies nearly always phenomena orchestrated, and gentle rhythms, often economies of scale kɒnəmiz əv economies of scale / | suitable for dancing to skel/ plural noun the savings that can be e-blocker e-blocker /i blɒkə/ noun an employer made per unit by producing larger quanti- who uses special software to prevent ties of a product, for example by reducing employees from visiting particular wastage websites while at work e-consulting i kənsltŋ e-consulting / | / noun the e-book e-book /i bυk/ noun a hand-held business of providing services such as reading device for displaying electronic webpage design and marketing advice to text such as a complete book, on a high- companies doing business on the Internet MediaStudies.fm Page 77 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

77 effective reach écriture /ektrtjυə/ noun in the theo- advertising content 2. a column in a news- ries of structuralism and discourse, paper giving opinion on news items ‘writing’ as a critical concept covered elsewhere in that issue. Also écriture feminine ektrtjυə fem called leader écriture feminine / | editorialise edtɔ riəlaz nn/ noun writing seen as a feminist editorialise / | / verb 1. to concept, in which the author uses female express an opinion or view in an editorial constructions of identity to analyse and in a newspaper or magazine 2. to intro- challenge symbolic representation duce personal comments or opinions, ECS ECS abbreviation TELECOMS European especially in inappropriate contexts Communications Satellite ‘Cooper’s interview with Patrick e-democracy i dmɒkrəsi Bennett, a victim of the paedophile e-democracy / | /, eDemocracy noun the use of Internet cleric Sean Fortune, was not just a technology to freely distribute informa- powerfully moving piece of radio. It was tion on politics and hold discussions, exemplary in its approach to the subject: think tanks, polls, mock elections etc Cooper drew out Bennett’s testimony edge numbers ed nmbəz with subtlety and gentleness, without edge numbers / / plural trying to editorialise.’ [Gerry McCarthy, noun the numbers that appear beside each The Sunday Times]

frame on a piece of film, helping to iden- editor in chief tify shots editor in chief /edtə n tʃi f/ noun edit /edt/ verb 1. to alter text to make it the controlling editor of a publication or publishing house clearer or more concise, or simply to make edit out it shorter 2. to be in overall charge of the edit out /edt aυt/ verb to delete publication of a newspaper, magazine or unwanted parts from a text, film or broadcast 3. to trim an audio recording recording e-division i dv ə n down to make it ready for transmission, e-division / | ( ) / noun a part for example to make it more concise or of an organisation that deals with its flow better Internet business EDL edit caravelle caravelle /edt krəvel/ noun a EDL abbreviation editing decision list van on an outside broadcast containing an EDTV /i di ti vi / noun an enhance- entire editing suite for on-the-spot editing ment to the NTSC standard for television editing decision list edtŋ d editing decision list / | transmission that offers higher definition s(ə)n lst/ noun 1. a list of all the and a wider aspect ratio. EDTV normally shots, audio pieces etc. available to edit has an aspect ratio of 4:3, if the broad- together for a filmed sequence 2. a list of caster provides a greater aspect ratio than instructions to a computer, telling it which this, the standard is EDTV-wide. Full frames (by edge number) should begin form extended-definition television educational advertising edjυ and end a particular shot, so that it can educational advertising / | automatically create an edited sequence ̈ keʃ(ə)nəl dvətazŋ/ noun adver- abbreviation EDL tising that informs consumers about a edition dʃ ə n edition / | ( ) / noun 1. all the copies product, particularly important when the of a publication such as a newspaper or product has only recently been introduced edutainment edjυtenmənt book that were printed at the same time 2. edutainment / | / noun one version of a publication that may be any media which both educates and enter- reissued at other times or in other formats tains, such as an interactive CD-ROM 3. a particular version or instalment of a effective frequency fektv effective frequency /| regular broadcast fri kwənsi/ noun the exposure to an editio princeps dtiəυ prnseps editio princeps / | / advertisement thought to be ‘optimum’, noun the first printed edition of a book i.e. enough to make the consumer aware editor /edtə/ noun 1. the person in of your product without being tiresome or charge of the style, direction and editorial wasting money effective reach fektv ri tʃ content of a newspaper, magazine or book effective reach / | / noun 2. somebody who edits written text, the percentage of an audience which has scripts, radio programmes, etc to make it had effective exposure to an advertise- clearer or more concise ment editorial edtɔ riəl editorial / | / noun 1. all copy ‘John Sintras, chief executive of in a newspaper or magazine with no Starcom and head of the Media MediaStudies.fm Page 78 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

effective sample size 78

electrician lektrʃ ə n Federation of Australia, said the electrician /| | ( ) / noun the campaign and “the staggering” number member of a film or television production of ads had been a significant talking team who is responsible for operating and point in the industry. “There is a fine maintaining electrical equipment line between effective reach and overkill electro lektrəυ electro / | / noun 1. MUSIC same and they have crossed it”.’ [Simon as electronic music 2. a style of elec- Canning, The Australian] tronic dance music that became popular in effective sample size fektv effective sample size /| the 1980s, making use of drumming sɑ mpəl saz/ noun the size of a survey machines, synthesisers and many other sample after weighting artificial sounds effects fekts ‘ electro-funk lektrəυ fŋk effects / | / plural noun visual electro-funk /| / noun effects, special effects same as electronic music effects co-ordinator electrograph lektrə$rɑ f fekts kəυ | effects co-ordinator /| | electrograph / / noun 1. a ɔ dnetə/ noun the member of a film or picture transmitted by an electrograph 2. television production team who is respon- an machine that transmits pictures by sible for planning and directing special electrical means, for example by fax electron beam lektrɒn bi m effects electron beam / | / noun effects model fekts mɒd ə l effects model / | ( ) / noun part of a television’s internal display a model of communications that attempts mechanism, which fires charged particles to explain the effect that a media product over a light-responsive screen to create a has on its audience picture electronic EFJ elektrɒnk EFJ abbreviation European Federa- electronic / | / adjective tion of Journalists relating to, using, or accessed through a e-fraud i frɔ d computer or computer network, for e-fraud / / noun criminal decep- example the Internet tion for financial gain, that takes place electronica lektrɒnkə over the Internet electronica /| | / noun 18 eti n popular dance music that includes a range 18 / | / noun in the United Kingdom, of styles, all characterised by electronic a rating given by the British Board of Film production Classification to films and videos that are electronic bookmark electronic bookmark /elektrɒnk considered unsuitable for people under bυkmɑ k the age of 18 / noun a function on an Internet eighteenmo eti nməυ browser that allows you to return to a eighteenmo / | / noun particular webpage easily PRINTING same as octodecimo electronic church elektrɒnk eightvo electronic church / etvəυ eightvo / / noun PRINTING same tʃ& tʃ/ noun US the use of electronic as octavo media such as radio, television and the EJC EJC abbreviation European Jour- Internet, to broadcast religious subject nalism Centre matter and involve people in religious elaborated code lbəretd kəυd activities elaborated code / | / electronic flash noun speech patterns that are thought to electronic flash /elektrɒnk flʃ/ be more common among middle-class, noun a device used in still photography to educated people, using a large vocabulary, produce a very bright flash of light, full grammatical structures, without the caused by passing an electric charge assumption of mutual understanding through a gas-filled tube based on shared information or back- electronic journalism journalism /elektrɒnk ground. Compare restricted code d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun the practice of elasticity lststi elasticity / | / noun the sensi- transmitting news coverage electronically, tivity of an economic variable, for for example by television or over the example demand, in response to changes Internet in other variables, for example price or electronic magazine magazine /elektrɒnk income m$əzi n/ noun a magazine that readers e-learning e-learning /i l& nŋ/ noun education access online using a computer network that is based on electronic technologies electronic media media /elektrɒnk such as computer networks and Internet- mi diə/ plural noun electronic-based based courseware media, for example television and radio MediaStudies.fm Page 79 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

79 Ellul’s theory of technique

electronic music electronic music /elektrɒnk mobile phones, considered by some mju zk/ noun music that is created by people to pose a general health risk electronic town hall being processed through electronic electronic town hall /elektrɒnk machines, either directly or including taυn hɔ l/ noun the use of electronic previously-recorded material, especially communication such as television and the with the aid of a computer. Also called Internet, between members of the public electro and public institutions for the purposes of electronic news gathering news gathering feedback, comments, suggestions and /elektrɒnk nju z $ðərŋ/ noun the discussion electrophotography lektrəυfə practice of using small video cameras and electrophotography /| | minimal crew to record footage for the tɒ$rəfi/ noun any form of photography news. Abbreviation ENG such as laser printing and photocopying, ‘“The speed of electronic news- that uses electricity rather than chemicals gathering has turned newspapers into to transfer an image onto paper electrostatic printing  magazines”, says Peter Ibbotson, former electrostatic printing /| editor of Panorama and now a media lektrəυsttk prntŋ/ noun the consultant. “Being unable to compete on process of photocopying or printing news, they put their resources into images on a surface using electrostatic features”.’ charges [Bob Woffinden, The Guardian] electrotactile illusion  electrotactile illusion /| Electronic News Production System lektrəυtktal lυ  ə n Electronic News Production | ( ) / noun the use elektrɒnk nju z prə System / | of virtual reality technology to recreate dkʃ(ə)n sstəm/ noun a desktop ‘touch’ sensations such as texture, computer program that allows newsroom temperature etc. production on a personal computer. electrotype lektrəυtap electrotype / | / noun 1. a Abbreviation ENPS copy of a block of type or engraving made Electronic News Provision Service News Provision by depositing copper on a wax, lead or elektrɒnk nju z prəv ə n Service / | ( ) plastic mould of the original by electrol- s& vs/ noun the electronic system used ysis 2. an item printed from an electrotype by the BBC to organise their audio and í verb to print something using an elec- text items. Abbreviation ENPS trotype elephant folio electronic payment system payment system elephant folio /elfənt fəυliəυ/ noun /elektrɒnk pemənt sstəm/ noun a a book size from 61 to 63.5 cm/24 to 25 in means of making payments over an elec- in height elephant trunking tronic network such as the Internet elephant trunking /elfənt trŋkŋ/ Electronic Programme Guide Programme Guide noun a raised platform, with sloped edges /elektrɒnk prəυ$rm $ad/ noun an and grooves in it to carry cables so that on-screen guide with cable and satellite vehicles can drive safely over eligibility criteria eldblti kra systems that identifies and gives informa- eligibility criteria / | | tion about programmes and channels. təriə/ noun requirements for a person to Abbreviation EPG be able to take part in a survey, such as electronic publishing electronic publishing /elektrɒnk being in the right age range pblʃŋ elite eli t / noun the production of mate- elite / | / adjective the small subsec- rial in forms such as CD-ROMs that can tion of people within a society who be accessed by readers using computers conform to its most serious and important electronic shopping electronic shopping /elektrɒnk values – for example intellectual, moral, ʃɒpŋ/ noun the practice of buying goods financial, artistic, etc. ellipsis lps and services over a computer network, ellipsis / | /, ellipse noun a printed especially the Internet mark, either three dots (…) or asterisks electronic smog electronic smog /elektrɒnk smɒ$/ (***), indicating that something has been noun the electromagnetic fields produced omitted from a text Ellul’s theory of technique in the atmosphere by the overflow of non- Ellul’s theory of technique /eləl/ ionising radiation from radar, radio and noun the idea that technological advances television broadcasting and electrical contribute to a world which is increas- appliances such as microwave ovens and ingly ruled by efficiency and conformity, MediaStudies.fm Page 80 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

em 80

emo and are beyond the control of govern- emo /məυ/ noun a type of punk rock ments which must conform to them music that began in the mid-1980s in em /em/ noun 1. a unit for measuring Washington, D.C., is noted for its print size, equal to the height of the type- thoughtful lyrics and the tendency of its face being used 2. PRINTING same as pica performers to become emotionally e-mail /i mel/, email /i mel/ noun 1. affected by them on stage emotional appeal məυʃ ə n ə l ə a system that allows the electronic trans- emotional appeal / | ( ) ( ) | mission of text-based messages, for pi l/ noun an attempt by advertising to example between computers or mobile persuade through an emotional rather than phones 2. a message sent by e-mail í verb a rational message to send somebody an e-mail emotive məυtv e-mail address i mel ədres emotive / | / adjective 1. causing e-mail address / | / noun or intended to cause emotion 2. of a a string of characters that identifies where message or piece of communication, an e-mail should be delivered or where it having the function of revealing the has originated speaker’s feelings covertly. ı conative, e-mail campaign i mel kmpen e-mail campaign / | / metalingual, phatic, poetic noun a series of e-mails which deliver emotive language məυtv emotive language /| marketing messages to individuals lŋ$wd embargo mbɑ $əυ / noun words that carry certain embargo / | / noun a request connotations, designed to make the reader not to release material until a particular reach a particular conclusion or feel a time or date particular emotion

empathy ‘International critics were fuming last empathy /empəθi/ noun the ability to week over their treatment at the hands of identify with and understand another The War of the Worlds people. person’s feelings or difficulties Germany’s official critics’ body urged its members to boycott the film entirely ‘…Sigal’s unhistrionic prose makes the after it was asked to sign embargos chaos and sadness in his novel seem promising not to publish any reviews manageable, and he renders the before its global release date of 29 June.’ schizophrenic characters that people it [Jason Solomons, The Observer] with a rare empathy and dignity.’ embed mbed [Laurance Phelan, The Independent on embed / | / noun a war reporter Sunday] who officially accompanies an active empirical mprk ə l military unit and is able to report any empirical / | ( ) / adjective information that does not endanger referring to research that is based on direct national security í verb to officially observation and experience, rather than on assign a reporter to accompany a military theory unit during a war empirical data mprk ə l detə empirical data / | ( ) / embedded audio mbedd ɔ diəυ embedded audio / | / noun data or information that comes from noun audio which is included as part of actual observation or that can be proved the digital video signal empowerment mpaυəmənt / | / noun embedded journalist empowerment mbedd embedded journalist / | the process or policy of giving people the d& n(ə)lst/ noun same as embed ability to make their own choices and em dash em dash /em dʃ/ noun PRINTING a control their own lives printed dash that measures one em long. emulsion mlʃən emulsion / | / noun the chemical Abbreviation m, M coating on film that is light-sensitive and emergent culture m& dənt emergent culture /| records the image, available in different kltʃə/ noun the idea that radical cultural speeds and altitudes forms will always emerge from the en en general population to challenge the estab- en / / noun a unit for measuring print lished ‘order of things’ width, being half that of an em. Also Emmy emi called nut Emmy / / a trade name for an award encode nkəυd in the form of a small statue, that is given encode / | / verb to transmit a annually by the American Academy of message in such a form that the recipient Television Arts and Sciences for can decode it easily and fully encoder nkəυdə outstanding television programming, encoder / | / noun same as production or performance sender MediaStudies.fm Page 81 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

81 epic

encompassing situation n encompassing situation /| deconstruction of texts, describing secrets kmpəsŋ stjueʃ ə n | ( ) / noun the and how they are alluded to and disclosed social context in which an action or piece in a narrative. ı action code, referential of communication takes place code, semantic code, symbolic code encrypt enlarge nlɑ d nkrpt | encrypt / | / verb to encode or enlarge / / verb to make a copy scramble a signal such as for pay-per- of a photographic print or image that is view television, so that only those with the larger than the original enlargement nlɑ dmənt correct decoder can receive them enlargement / | / noun a encrypted service nkrptd encrypted service /| copy of a photographic print or image that s& vs/ noun same as pay-per-view is larger than the original from which it encryption technology nkrpʃən was made encryption technology / | enlightenment nlat ə nmənt teknɒlədi | | / noun software etc. that enlightenment / ( ) / encrypts information so that it cannot be noun an 18th-century movement in accessed easily philosophy which stressed the power and enculturation nkltʃəreʃ ə n beauty of reason enculturation /| | ( ) / ennage noun the process by which a person is ennage /end/ noun a calculation of exposed to and acquires cultural values, the number of ens contained in a piece of ideas, beliefs etc. text for typesetting énoncé en dash enɒnse en dash /em dʃ/ noun PRINTING a énoncé / | / noun in cultural printed dash that is one en in length. theory, the content of that which is said, a Abbreviation n, N statement or proposition. Compare énon- end board board /end bɔ d/ noun a clapper ciation énonciation enɒnsieʃ ə n board that is used at the end of a film énonciation / | | ( ) / noun shoot, rather than at the beginning, and is in cultural theory, the form of that which always shown upside down is said, an utterance. Compare énoncé enprint endnote enprnt endnote /endnəut/ noun a comment or enprint / | / noun a photographic reference that appears at the very end of a print in standard size, usually 15 cm x 10 chapter, book or essay, rather than at the cm/6 in x 4 in, enlarged from a negative bottom of a page ENPS abbreviation 1. Electronic News endorse ndɔ s endorse / | / verb to publicly Production System 2. Electronic approve of a product for advertising News Provision Service purposes enterprise fiction fiction /entəpraz endorsement ndɔ smənt fkʃən endorsement / | / noun the / noun fiction written by women, act of giving or instance of having given on the theme of triumphing in a male- public support for a product for adver- dominated society through hard work and tising purposes determination enthusiast ENG nθju zist ENG abbreviation electronic news enthusiast / | / noun in gathering advertising audience classifications, a engr. engr. abbreviation PRINTING 1. person who is interested in advertisements ı engraving 2. engrave and watches them keenly. acquiescent, engrave n$rev ambivalent, cynic engrave / | / verb 1. to cut a entropy entrəpi design into a hard surface for decoration entropy / / noun the proportion or printing 2. to carve or etch a design or of words in a piece of communication lettering into a hard surface for decoration which are meaningful. Compare redun- or printing 3. to print a design or image dancy envelope stuffer from an engraved printing plate envelope stuffer /envələυp stfə/ engraving n$revŋ noun advertising material that is mailed in engraving / | / noun 1. the art or process of carving images or lettering an envelope environment nvarənmənt into a hard surface 2. a design engraved environment / | / noun a for decoration or printing 3. an image that framework within which a computer, was printed from an engraved block 4. a program, or user operates plate or block on which an image has been EPG abbreviation Electronic engraved for printing Programme Guide enigma code n$mə kəυd epic epk enigma code /| / noun epic / / noun 1. a work of literature, one of five codes used in the analysis and cinema, television, or theatre that is large- MediaStudies.fm Page 82 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

epilogue 82 scale and expensively produced and often mood, establish location, characters deals with a historical theme 2. a lengthy present etc. narrative poem in elevated language cele- establishment survey  establishment survey /| brating the adventures and achievements stblʃmənt s& ve/ noun a quarterly of a legendary or traditional hero, for survey to try to determine the television- example Homer’s Odyssey í adjective owning population of the UK impressive by virtue of greatness of size, estrangement strendmənt scope or heroism estrangement / | / noun epilogue eplɒ$ in aesthetic theory, the process of epilogue / / noun 1. a short becoming detached or alienated, either chapter or section at the end of a literary from one’s sense of self or from the world work, sometimes detailing the fate of its and situation in which you exist characters 2. a short programme broadcast e-system i sstəm at the end of the day, often having reli- e-system / / noun multiple gious content electronic communications or information episode epsəυd systems or networks, viewed as one for episode / / noun one of the operational purposes separate instalments of a serialised story etch etʃ or programme etch / / verb 1. to create a design or épistème epstem drawing on the surface of something, épistème / | / noun in the theo- ries of structuralism and discourse, the especially a printing plate, by the action of ways of thinking, knowing and analysing an acid 2. to cut a design or mark into the surface of something using a sharp point that are characteristic of an intellectual era .eps or laser beam .eps noun a computer image format that etching etʃŋ allows the image to be placed in a text etching / / noun 1. a print made document. Full form Encapsulated from an etched plate 2. the art or process PostScript of creating etched designs or making equal time i kwəl tam prints from etched surfaces 3. a printing equal time / / noun a plate with an etched design broadcasting policy in the US that allows ethics eθks exactly the same amount of radio and tele- ethics / / noun 1. the study of the vision air time to opposing political candi- notion of right and wrong, morally dates speaking, in thought, feelings, beliefs etc. equilibrium i kwlbriəm 2. the internal set of rules and guidelines equilibrium / | / noun 1. a state or situation in which opposing forces which a person has regarding these notions of right and wrong or factors balance each other out and ethnicity eθnsti stability is attained 2. within a narrative, ethnicity / | / noun 1. the social the absence of tensions in need of resolu- and cultural characteristics of a person tion. Compare dysequilibrium which form part of their definition of self, errata erɑ təm alongside considerations such as race, errata / | / plural noun a list of errors that were noticed after a book was gender, political standpoint etc. 2. ethnic printed and inserted in the book as a sepa- affiliation or distinctiveness rate sheet ‘“A highly effective team is a rare escapism skepz ə m thing”, [chief Executive Andy] Green escapism / | ( ) / noun the act of ‘escaping’ from reality, daily routine, says. “It has to be diverse in all sorts of drudgery etc. by using fantasy, daydreams ways, in terms of gender, ethnicity, or other absorbing entertainment nationality even”.’ [Claire Dight, The escapist skepst Times] /| / adjective escapist refer- ethnic media ring to a novel or film that is purely enter- ethnic media /eθnk mi diə/ plural taining, allowing the viewer a ‘break from noun magazines or TV stations that reality’ appeal to ethnic audiences ethnocentric essentialism eθnəυsentrk senʃ ə lz ə m | essentialism / | ( ) ( ) / noun ethnocentric / / adjec- in feminist theory, the idea that every tive 1. referring to study that is based on object or text possesses an underlying ethnic considerations and differences 2. ‘essence’ which defines it and all others of having a tendency to view things through its genre the filter of one’s own ethnicity establishing shot stblʃŋ ʃɒt ethnocentric stage eθnəυsentrk establishing shot / | / ethnocentric stage / noun an extended shot at the sted/ noun an early stage in a beginning of a filmed scene to set the company’s marketing when goods are MediaStudies.fm Page 83 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

83 experiential advertising sent overseas with no concessions to local met its original aims, often requested by needs or tastes those that have funded the product ethnography event vent eθnɒ$rəfi | ethnography / | / noun the event / / noun in news coverage, anthropological study of a particular something that takes place which has society or section of society, using a long news value event television vent telv ə n period of personal research of and expo- event television / | ( ) / sure to the group noun programming which reports live or euphemism euphemism /ju fəmz(ə)m/ noun a as-live on a particular event, such as a word or phrase used in place of a term that sports match, concert, state funeral etc might be considered too direct, harsh, everyday life life /evride laf/ noun the unpleasant or offensive routine practices of daily existence, as eurocentric jυərəυsentrk eurocentric / | / adjec- followed by reality television shows excess kses tive focussed or based primarily on excess / | / noun in feminist theory, Europe, sometimes to the detriment of the unrestricted, enjoyable expenditure of other nations and cultural groups resources such as energy, money, time etc. Euronet jυərəυnet exclusive ksklu sv Euronet / / noun a collection exclusive / | / noun a story of computer companies aiming to create a which has only been covered in one news- Europe-wide database, keeping control of paper in advance of its rivals information in European hands excorporation ekskɔ pəreʃ ə n excorporation / | | ( ) / European Cable Communications Association Cable Communica- noun the act of using objects from a tions Association /jυərəpiən society’s dominant culture to express a keb ə l kəmju nkeʃ ə nz ə ( ) | | ( ) | person’s affiliation with a subculture, for səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun a trade association example safety pins as worn by punks executive producer $zekjυtv prə representing cable companies. Abbrevia- executive producer / | | tion ECCA dju sə/ noun 1. the member of a televi- European Communications Satellite Communications sion production team who is responsible jυərəpiən kəmju n Satellite / | | for finding money to finance a project, as keʃ(ə)nz stəlat/ noun a telecommu- well as being involved in creative and nications satellite that primarily serves business matters 2. the member of a film Europe. Abbreviation ECS production team who is responsible for European Federation of Journalists Federation of Journal- supervising other producers and some- /jυərəpi ən fedəreʃ ə n əv times for financing ists ( ) existential e$zstenʃ ə l d& nəlsts/ noun the European arm of existential / | ( ) / adjective the International Federation of Journal- concerned with or relating to existence, ists. Abbreviation EFJ especially human existence exnomination European Journalism Centre eksnɒmneʃ ə n European Journalism Centre exnomination / | | ( ) / /jυərəpi ən d& nəlz(ə)m sentə/ noun the assumption that certain values noun a not-for-profit training centre for are so widely held that they cannot be established journalists, based in the Neth- challenged and need not be expressed exotica $zɒtkə erlands. Abbreviation EJC exotica / | / noun items, trends, Eurovision song contest song contest ideas etc. from a different ethnic group expanded kspndd /jυərəv(ə)n sɒŋ kɒntest/ noun an expanded /| / adjective competition held annually and broadcast referring to type or printed characters that on television, in which singers from many are wider than usual in relation to their European countries perform a specially height. Also called extended expansion card kspnʃ ə n kɑ d composed song and judges from each expansion card / | ( ) / participating nation vote for their noun a small device that can be inserted favourite. The contest has been criticised into a computer to improve its memory or for the blandness of the winning entries other capabilities, such as a sound card and the political nature of the voting. expectations ekspekteʃ ə nz expectations / | ( ) / Eutelsat Eutelsat /ju telst/ noun a major plural noun ideas that a person has about international satellite services provider for what other people expect them to do, how broadcasters to behave etc. evaluation vljueʃ ə n experiential advertising ek evaluation / | | ( ) / noun an experiential advertising /| analysis of how well a media product has spərienʃəl dvətazŋ/ noun adver- MediaStudies.fm Page 84 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

experimental group 84 tising which gives the customer the real four or six hours of material on a two-hour sensation of using the product tape experimental group ksper extender | | kstendə experimental group / extender / | / noun the part of a ment(ə)l $ru p/ noun in research, the lower-case letter such as p or h that group which is being experimented upon, extends above or below the rounded body measured against the control group. of the letter extension lead kstenʃən led Compare control group extension lead / | / noun experimental method ksper experimental method /| | a long cable has a plug at one end and a ment(ə)l meθəd/ noun the use of socket at the other so that it can be used to controlled experiments to discover the plug in a piece of electrical equipment a influence of variables in marketing such long way away from the socket exterior kstəriə as types of promotion and sales training exterior / | / adjective referring expose kspəυz expose / | / verb to allow light to to an outdoor setting for a photograph or contact photographic film, usually by film scene external analysis kst& n ə l ə opening a camera shutter external analysis / | ( ) | exposé ekspəυze nləss/ noun the analysis of an organi- exposé / | / noun a report, usually in a newspaper, that reveals details sation’s customers, market segments, of a scandal or crime í verb to publish or competitors and marketing environment external search kst& n ə l s& tʃ broadcast new information about a external search / | ( ) / scandal or crime noun a method of finding information exposure kspəυə exposure / | / noun the amount from external sources such as advertising, of light that a film is exposed to, or from the World Wide Web using a controlled by the size of the lens aperture search engine external search engine exposure meter kspəυə mi tə k|st& n ə l exposure meter / | / external search engine / ( ) noun an instrument that measures the s& tʃ endn/ noun a search engine that strength of light for photography, so that allows the user to search millions of the correct combination of shutter speed Internet pages rapidly and lens aperture can be set. Also called extra /ekstrə/ noun 1. a special issue of light meter a newspaper or magazine, often reporting expressionism kspreʃənz ə m expressionism /| ( ) / more recent developments in the news or noun 1. the technique of exaggerating concentrating on a particular subject 2. a elements such as lighting, sound etc. in person who is temporarily employed in a order to show ideas and feelings 2. an minor, usually non-speaking part in a film, artistic movement that flourished in for example in a crowd scene. Also called Germany between 1905 and 1925 whose supporting artist adherents sought to represent feelings and extremely high frequency k extremely high frequency / | moods rather than objective reality, often stri mli ha fri kwənsi/ noun a radio distorting colour and form 3. a literary frequency in the range between 30,000 movement of the early 20th century, espe- and 300,000 megahertz cially in the theatre, that represented extremely low frequency k extremely low frequency /| external reality in a highly stylised and stri mli ləυ fri kwənsi/ noun a radio subjective manner, attempting to convey a frequency below 30 hertz psychological or spiritual reality rather eyeballs eyeballs /abɔ lz/ plural noun users of than a record of actual events extended the Internet who visit a particular website kstendd extended /| / adjective or use a particular product PRINTING same as expanded eye candy a kndi extended-definition television k eye candy / / noun ONLINE, extended-definition television / | stendd defnʃ ə n telv ə n COMPUTING decorative, but non-essential ( ) ( ) / noun features on a webpage full form of EDTV extended-play ‘We want access to your corporate kstendd ple extended-play /| / information, to your plans and adjective 1. referring to the format of a strategies, your best thinking, your vinyl record of the same size as a single genuine knowledge. We won’t settle for but with two tracks on each side 2. refer- the four- brochure, for websites ring to a videotape format that can store stuffed with eye candy but lacking any MediaStudies.fm Page 85 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

85 e-zine substance.’ ment to see which parts are of special [Stephen Pizzo, Mortgage Technology] interest eye contact eye-witness account a wtnəs ə eye contact /a kɒntkt/ noun a eye-witness account / | feature of interpersonal communication kaυnt/ noun a story given about some- which is non-verbal, which helps to thing that has happened by somebody who express meaning and attitude was there to observe it eye-witness reporting eyeline /alan/ noun the direction in eye-witness reporting /a wtnəs rpɔ tŋ which a performer is looking | / noun a story filed by a reporter eye-movement test test /a mu vmənt who was actually present at an event, test/, eye tracking /a trkŋ/ noun rather than gathering details from a desk an advertising research test which e-zine /i zi n/ noun a magazine involves recording the movement of a composed of webpages, available on the person’s eyes as they look at an advertise- World Wide Web MediaStudies.fm Page 86 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

F

fable fadeaway fedəwe fable /feb(ə)l/ noun 1. a short story fadeaway / | / noun the with a moral, especially one in which the process of gradually decreasing light or characters are animals 2. a story about sound until it disappears completely supernatural, mythological, or legendary fade down down /fad daυn/ verb same as characters and events fade out

fabliau fade-down fabliau /fbliəυ/ noun a comic story in fade-down /fad daυn/ noun same as verse, usually bawdy and popular in 12th- fade-out and 13th-century France fade in in /fed n/ verb to increase the

fabula fabula /fbjυlə/ noun a Russian term volume of a sound from nothing or allow meaning ‘story’ – the narrative an image to become visible, or gradually

face to become audible or visible. Also called face /fes/ noun 1. somebody who is fade up well-known or important and who repre- fade-in /fed n/ noun the process of sents a company, brand or product in its gradually introducing light or sound until advertising 2. a typeface, or the printing it is visible or audible. Also called fade- surface of a type character up facial expression feʃ ə l k fade out facial expression / ( ) | fade out /fed aυt/ verb to gradually spreʃ(ə)n/ noun the way in which the disappear face can reveal emotions, attitudes etc., in fade-out /fed aυt/ noun 1. a gradual addition to those expressed by what the loss of reception of a television or radio person is saying broadcast signal 2. a gradual decrease in fact book fact book /fkt bυk/ noun data put brightness or sound until an image or together about a product on the market sound completely disappears that can be used for reference by the fader /fedə/ noun a mechanism in a producers or by an advertising agency radio studio that controls the volume of an fact file fkt fal audio channel fact file / / noun a list of short, fade up fed p snappy facts relating to a story, often fade up / / verb BROADCAST, boxed CINEMA, TV same as fade in fade-up fact-finding mission fade-up /fed p/ noun BROADCAST, fact-finding mission /fkt fandŋ mʃ ə n CINEMA, TV same as fade-in ( ) / noun a visit by a person or fairness doctrine feənəs dɒktrn group of people, usually to another fairness doctrine / / country, to obtain information about a noun the principle in the US that broad- specific issue casters should allow equal air time to fact sheet opposing points of view on controversial fact sheet /fkt ʃi t/ noun an informa- issues tion sheet or booklet giving further details false claim claim /fɔ ls klem/ noun an about a subject, especially one covered in untrue or exaggerated claim made in the a broadcast programme advertising of a product fad fad /fd/ noun something that is very ‘…have been barred from marketing popular but only for a short time, for “HGH Revolution” and “Natural example an image, joke or game on the Rejuvenator HGH-R” – which don’t Internet actually contain human growth MediaStudies.fm Page 87 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

87 fear appeal

fast-forward hormone, or HGH. Among the other fast-forward noun 1. a function on a false claims, the FTC said, were that the tape machine causes the tape to wind products could… increase strength and forwards quickly 2. a button or switch that energy, restore the size of “bodily controls the fast-forward function on an organs that shrink with age” and electronic recording device í verb to improve memory.’ [Rebecca Carroll, wind a tape forwards quickly on an tape Associated Press] machine fan fast motion fan /fn/ noun a person who is passion- fast motion /fɑ st məυʃ(ə)n/ noun ately interested in and attached to a action on film that appears faster than is performer naturally possible because it was shot at a fandom fandom /fndəm/ noun the state of slower rate than it is projected at. It is being a fan of something or somebody often used for comic effect. fast stock fan fiction fan fiction /fn fk(ə)n/, fanfic fast stock /fɑ st stɒk/ noun film that /fnfk/ noun a piece of fiction written has high-speed emulsion on it which by the fan of a famous person, which uses responds quickly to the light it is exposed the celebrity as a character in the story, to fatalistic fetəlstk often posted and shared on websites fatalistic / | / adjective fantasy fantasy /fntəsi/ noun, adjective a showing resignation in the face of events genre of film that creates an alternative, regarded as controlled by fate fat face imaginative ‘reality’ that is escapist fat face /ft fes/ noun PRINTING a fanzine fanzine /fnzi n/ noun a magazine, typeface with wide main strokes and usually produced by amateurs for other prominent serifs that produces a relatively fans of a pastime or celebrity heavy dark image when set as text father of the chapel FAQ FAQ /fk, ef e kju / noun a section on father of the chapel /fɑ ðə əv ðə many websites which answers basic ques- tʃp(ə)l/ noun a shop steward repre- tions which visitors may have about the senting members of a publishing or site, or the product or service offered on printing trade union. Abbreviation FoC fat suit the site. Full form frequently asked fat suit /ft su t/ noun a costume questions designed to make an actor appear natu- farce farce /fɑ s/ noun 1. a comic drama in rally overweight fatwa which ordinary people are caught up in fatwa /ftwə/ noun a pronouncement extraordinary, usually ludicrous events 2. according to Muslim religious law. The farce as a genre most famous fatwa was that issued in farceur fɑ s& 1989 declaring that author Salman farceur / | / noun a comedian or writer of comedy Rushdie should be killed for the blasphe- fare mous views expressed in his book The /feə/ noun the type of material fare Satanic Verses. usually found in a magazine, television fax show or other form of entertainment fax /fks/ noun a method of sending and fascicle receiving images in digital form over a /fskk(ə)l/ noun one part of a fascicle telephone or radio link book that is published in instalments FCC fʃ ə n fə FCC abbreviation Federal Communi- fashion photography / ( ) | tɒ$rəfi cations Commission / noun the art or practice of fear appeal fə əpi l photographing models wearing new fash- fear appeal / | / noun an adver- ions or clothing accessories, especially for tising message that makes the reader newspapers or fashion magazines anxious about something, especially fashion plate about not doing something fashion plate /fʃ(ə)n plet/ noun an picture showing a style of clothing, espe- ‘…a long-term health fear appeal may cially a new fashion have little or no effect on the attitudes fashion shoot fʃ ə n ʃu t and behaviour of adolescents towards fashion shoot / ( ) / noun a smoking. Short-term cosmetic fear session for photographing models appeals, on the other hand, discuss wearing new fashions negative social consequences of fast fast /fɑ st/ adjective referring to photo- smoking, such as bad breath, smelly hair graphic equipment that requires or or yellow teeth. These risks are both permits a short exposure time immediate and important to MediaStudies.fm Page 88 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

feathering 88 adolescents.’ feed point point /fi d pɔnt/ noun perma- [Journal of Consumer Behaviour] nent feed equipment in outside broadcast feathering /feðərŋ/ noun 1. the way locations that are often used, such as the that printing ink spreads in lines on paper High Court feint that is too absorbent 2. the process of feint /fent/ adjective referring to paper putting extra leading between the lines of printed with faint horizontal lines across it typeset text, in order to make the type area as a guide for writing Felliniesque fəli nesk of the page longer Felliniesque / | | / adjective feature /fi tʃə/ noun 1. an newspaper referring to or reminiscent of the blend of article that is longer and more descriptive reality and fantasy that Federico Fellini than a news story, containing more back- creates in his films ground and colour 2. an item for a radio or female /fi mel/ adjective 1. relating or television programme, usually consisting belonging to women or girls 2. describes of interviews, actuality and links edited a component or part of a component such together as an electric socket that has a recess feature creature creature /fi tʃə kri tʃə/ designed to receive a corresponding noun a designer who adds excessive projecting part unnecessary features to a design, espe- female suffrage suffrage /fi mel sfrd/ cially a software program or website, noun GENDER ISSUES same as women’s often at the expense of coherence or utility suffrage feature film feature film /fi tʃə flm/ noun a full- feminise /femnaz/ verb 1. to cause length film made for the cinema somebody to behave in ways convention- feature-length /fi tʃə leŋθ/ adjective ally associated with women 2. to give referring to a film that is full-length somebody or something characteristics feature programme programme /fi tʃə conventionally considered suitable for prəυ$rm/ noun a television or radio women programme devoted to a special issue or ‘Sarah Sands, the editor of The Sunday topic Telegraph launches her new magazine Federal Communications Commission Communications today. She is keen to emphasise the fed ə rəl kəmju n “incredibly pretty design” of the section, Commission / ( ) | | keʃ ə nz kəmʃən which is unarguably a central plank in ( ) | / noun a regulatory body in the US whose job is to monitor all her plan to feminise the newspaper.’ non-government communications and [Jane Thynne, The Independent on broadcasts. Abbreviation FCC Sunday] feminism Fédération Internationale des Editeurs de JournauxInternationale et Publications des feminism /femnz(ə)m/ noun a Editeurs de Journaux et Publica- movement which advocates the same tions abbreviation FIEJ. ı World Asso- rights and opportunities for women as are ciation of Newspapers enjoyed by men feminist theory feed /fi d/ noun 1. the signal a network feminist theory /femnst θəri/ sends to local radio or television stations noun the study of concepts and symbols for broadcast 2. audio or video material in such fields as literature which create which is sent from one place to another, and perpetuate an image of women such as instructions into a presenter’s fetish /fetʃ/ noun an object, idea, or earpiece activity that somebody ‘worships’, is irra- feedback /fi dbk/ noun 1. response tionally obsessed with or attached to and to a publication from readers or which may have sexual associations colleagues 2. a high-pitched howling fetishism /fetʃz(ə)m/ noun in sound caused by the signal from a micro- psychoanalysis, the desire to invest new, phone being transmitted through usually sexual meanings in objects not speakers, which is then picked up by the usually associated or so deeply associated microphone, for example when a radio with them listener phones in and has the radio feuilleton /f& ətɒn/ noun 1. a section playing in the background. Also called of a European newspaper containing howl, howlround fiction, reviews and articles of general feeder /fi də/ noun a line connecting an interest 2. an article published in a feuil- aerial to a receiver or transmitter leton MediaStudies.fm Page 89 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

89 filter

fibre fill light fibre /fabə/ noun a fibreoptic cable fill light /fl lat/ noun a light source

fibreoptic cable fibreoptic cable /fabərɒptk used when filming, which eliminates keb(ə)l/ noun a glass or plastic tube the shadows caused by the key light film width of a hair, through which signals can film /flm/ noun 1. a series images be sent in the form of light pulses recorded by a camera and projected onto a

fibreoptics fibreoptics /fabər ɒptks/ noun the screen as a sequence of moving pictures, transmission of data using light pulses usually with an accompanying soundtrack that are sent through hair-thin glass fibres. 2. films collectively, considered as an art It is possible to send more data this way form 3. a thin strip of cellulose coated with less risk of corruption or interfer- with a light-sensitive emulsion, fed through a camera to take still or moving ence. í ficlet pictures verb 1. to record images on ficlet /fklət/ noun same as drabble film 2. to record a story or event on film 3. fiction fiction /fkʃən/ noun novels and stories to make or be involved in making a film 4. that describe imaginary people and events to be a suitable subject for being filmed filmgoer fiction values fiction values /fkʃən vlju z/ filmgoer /flm$əυə/ noun a person plural noun the criteria that an issue must who goes to the cinema to see films, espe- supposedly fulfil to be ‘fiction-worthy’, cially regularly such as being relevant to the reader and filmi /flmi/ noun a famous actor in the having aspirational value Indian film industry í adjective relating FIEJ FIEJ abbreviation Fédération Interna- to the Indian film industry filming stage tionale des Editeurs de Journaux et filming stage /flmŋ sted/ noun Publications the period during a film’s production

field field /fi ld/ noun in sociology, an area in during which all material is filmed filmless camera which a person has multiple interpersonal filmless camera /flmləs km(ə)rə/ relationships and experiences conflict and noun same as digital camera filmmaker flmmekə struggle filmmaker / | / noun a field of view field of view /fi ld əv vju / noun the producer or director of films for the amount of a scene which can be captured cinema. Also called moviemaker by a lens, measured as an angle. For noir /flm nwɑ / noun dark crime example, a fisheye lens may capture as thrillers as a genre, highly stylised and much as 180º (but with distortion), characterised by fatalistic, existential whereas a may have a field themes of view of as little as 5º. ‘Double Indemnity… The textbook film field research fi ld rs& tʃ field research / | / noun the noir, with a classic ‘let’s kill my process of looking for information that is husband and get the insurance’ plot. It’s not yet published and must be obtained in beautifully designed and delectably surveys moody, and despite the rapid-fire 15 ffti n dialogue, the leads manage to play it 15 / | / noun in the United Kingdom, totally cool.’ [The Guardian] a rating given by the British Board of Film filmography flmɒ$rəfi Classification to films and videos that are filmography / | / noun 1. considered unsuitable for people under writing about films and the cinema 2. a the age of 15 complete list of the films made by a

figure figure /f$ə/ noun an illustration or particular actor or director or on a partic- diagram in a book or article ular subject filmsetting file flmsetŋ filmsetting / | / noun a type- file /fal/ verb to send in a story to a news- setting process in which the text to be paper’s offices from abroad file header printed is projected onto photographic file header /fal hedə/ noun the part film and then printing plates are made of a file description that describes what from the it is in film star star /flm stɑ / noun a famous film filler filler /flə/ noun same as brief actor or actress fillet fillet /flt/ noun a thin line impressed filter /fltə/ noun a cover which is put around the edge of the cover of a book, or over a light or camera lens to give a partic- the wheel-like tool used to make it ular effect, for example a colour cast MediaStudies.fm Page 90 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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filter wipe filter wipe /fltə wap/ noun a soft forget, even when they are contradicted cleaning cloth that can be used on camera later lenses and lens filters ‘From first impressions, Davydenko final cut final cut /fan(ə)l kt/ noun the final appears to be gawky and slightly edited version of a film, which is released lightweight. But he is an awkward for viewing by the public opponent who hits the ball much harder financial advertising fannʃ ə l than should be possible from his skinny financial advertising / | ( ) dvətazŋ frame, and he has electric speed around / noun advertising by the court.’ [Mark Hodgekinson, The companies in the field of financial invest- Daily Telegraph]

ment fisher boom financial audit fʃə bu m fannʃ ə l ɔ dt fisher boom / / noun a type financial audit / | ( ) / of boom microphone used in television noun an examination of the books and studios accounts of an advertising agency fisheye lens fʃa lenz Financial Times fannʃ ə l fisheye lens / / noun a wide- Financial Times /| ( ) tamz angle lens with a field of view of up to / noun a global business news 180º, but producing extreme distortion at organisation that publishes a daily news- the edges of the image paper in 23 cities internationally and also fishpole boom /fʃpəυl bu m/ noun a has a news website. Abbreviation FT fishpole boom fine cut boom which is small and light enough to fine cut /fan kt/ noun the final be moved and adjusted by one person (the version of a programme, with no edits left boom swinger) to be made fist fist /fst/ noun PRINTING same as index finial fanəl fit finial / / noun a curve that ends a fit /ft/ noun the situation when an article main stroke in some italic typefaces or headline is the right size for the space fireman fireman /faəmən/ noun a journalist allotted to it. Compare bust sent out from the office to cover a major fix /fks/ verb to make an image such as a story photograph, permanent, by treating it with fireside chat fireside chat /faəsad tʃt/ noun a chemicals broadcast in which the president of the fixed break break /fkst brek/ noun the United States talks in an informal manner practice of placing a television or radio to the people of the nation. During the advertisement in a specific commercial Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt break on a specific day, at the advertiser’s gave fireside chats over the radio as a way insistence of raising national morale and explaining fixed point point /fkst pɔnt/ noun a non- his policies. movable camera first first /f& st/ abbreviation first assistant fixed spot spot /fkst spɒt/ noun an item director that is regularly broadcast in a programme first assistant director f& st ə first assistant director / | at a particular time, for example news on sst ə nt darektə ( ) | / noun the person in a the hour television production team who is respon- fixer /fksə/ noun a chemical that is sible for making sure that each person is in used to treat a photographic image on film the right place at the right time, and that or paper in order to make it permanent shooting stays on schedule. Also called flack /flk/ noun a publicity agent í first verb to act as a publicity agent for some- first edition f& st dʃ ə n first edition / | ( ) / noun 1. body the first printed copy or batch of a daily flag /fl$/ noun 1. a piece of flat wood, newspaper 2. the first batch of copies of a cardboard or other material used to shield book issued by the original publisher the camera lens from unwanted light firsthand information firsthand information /f& sthnd sources 2. PRESS same as masthead nfəmeʃ ə n flak | ( ) / noun information from flak /flk/ noun criticism of something an original source broadcast, received as a ‘storm’ of first impressions f& st m complaints, letters, phone calls etc. first impressions / | preʃ ə nz flâneur fln& ( ) / noun the initial information flâneur / | / noun in sociology, an received about and impressions formed of aimless wanderer, a man-about-town, an individual, which can be difficult to used as an allegory for the writer or poet MediaStudies.fm Page 91 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

91 flong

flash photography flʃ fətɒ$rəfi who can ‘stroll along’ in a society flash photography / | / observing it while pursuing their own noun photography that makes use of a agenda brief flash of artificial light on its subject flare /fleə/ noun the undesirable effect of flash prank prank /flʃ prŋk/ noun a light reflecting off a camera lens, or being website designed to shock the viewer by reflected off a shiny surface into the presenting a normal picture, game or camera lens video that then pops up with a sudden flash /flʃ/ noun 1. a device used in scary image and often a loud noise. Also photography to produce a short bright called screamer flash of light 2. the brief moment when a /flʃtju b/ noun a glass or subject is brightly lit for photographic to quartz tube filled with gas that emits a be taken 3. an important news story that is short burst of light when electric current is broadcast immediately. Also called news passed through it for flash photography í flash unit flash verb to broadcast a newsflash, flash unit /flʃ ju nt/ noun 1. a often interrupting a scheduled programme flashtube and its power supply 2. a flash back flash back /flʃ bk/ verb to go back flashgun, or a flashgun and a reflector in to an earlier time in a narrative, to fill in one unit information or explain something that is flat /flt/ noun a wooden screen used as happening in the present part of a stage set, painted to look like a flashback flashback /flʃbk/ noun a narrative door or a wall etc. device showing an event that happened flatbed fltbed flatbed / | / adjective refers to earlier that has a bearing on the plot any piece of equipment such as a scanner flashbulb flashbulb /flʃblb/ noun a small or editing table which has a large flat glass bulb that can produce a very bright surface to hold paper, film etc flash of light for taking photographs. Also flatbed press press /fltbed pres/ noun a called photoflash printing press in which the type lies on a flash forward flash forward /flʃ fɔ wəd/ verb to flat surface and moves under a rotating jump forward to a later point of time in a cylinder to which the paper is fixed narrative, usually for dramatic effect or flat-screen technology technology /flt skri n irony í noun a scene or event from the teknɒlədi ‘ | / noun Malvern screen future that appears in a narrative out of fleapit fli pt chronological order fleapit / / noun a shabby run-down flashgun flʃ$n cinema or theatre flashgun / / noun a camera Fleet Street fli t stri t attachment with a flashtube or flashbulb Fleet Street / / noun a street in it that produces a bright flash of light as in London where many major newspaper the camera’s shutter opens offices used to be situated, near to St flʃlat Paul’s Cathedral flashlight / / noun a brief flick flk intense flash of light produced by a flash- flick / / noun CINEMA same as film flicker tube or flashbulb flicker /flkə/ noun the effect of flash-mobbing /flʃ mɒbŋ/ noun wavering or unsteady light on a television the practice of people being alerted by e- screen, caused by differences in update mail to appear together in a predetermined rates as the image is being created on the public place and perform harmless atten- screen and perceived by the eye flicks tion-seeking activities before quickly flicks /flks/ plural noun the cinema dispersing flick through through /flk θru / verb to glance ‘Details of the venues are kept secret at the opened pages of a book or magazine until the last minute and are revealed in quick succession only to those who register at the Flash flier /flaə/ noun a leaflet, usually adver- Fusion Concerts website. It turns out tising a product or event that the concerts are being staged by flip /flp/ verb to glance at the pages of a Ford Motor with Digital magazine or book quickly to promote the launch of the new Ford flog flɒ$ Fusion car… Trust big business to turn flog / / verb to publicise something flash mobbing to its advantage.’ very aggressively [Richard Tomkins, The Financial flong /flɒŋ/ noun a sheet of papier- Times] mâché or cardboard used to make a mould MediaStudies.fm Page 92 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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flyposting for a metal plate for printing a page of flyposting /flapəυstŋ/ noun the newspaper practice of displaying posters wherever flood flood /fld/, floodlight /fldlat/ noun possible, often illegally flysheet a lamp with a wide angle that spreads the flysheet /flaʃi t/ noun a leaflet or beam of light broadly. Also called open- pamphlet, usually containing advertising face lamp. Compare spot FM abbreviation 1. RADIO frequency floor manager FM floor manager /flɔ mndə/ noun modulation 2. floor manager the person who is responsible for safety FoC FoC abbreviation PRINTING, UK father of and general organisation during a the chapel rehearsal or shoot in a television studio. fəυk ə l leŋθ Abbreviation FM focal length / ( ) / noun the floor plan flɔ pln distance away from the camera at which floor plan / / noun a map of objects are in focus. Different lenses and the studio floor showing positions of the lens produce different focal audience, cameras etc. floppy disk lengths. flɒpi dsk ‘ focus floppy disk / / noun disk /fəυkəs/ noun flow focus a device on a flow /fləυ/ noun 1. the movement of camera for adjusting the lens so that the something such as information from one image is clear focus group place to another 2. an evening’s scheduled focus group /fəυkəs $ru p/ noun a programming fluorescent light small group who discuss a topic such as fluorescent light /flυəres(ə)nt lat/ their viewing preferences. Their discus- noun light from a tube with an internal sions are taped and later analysed by audi- coating which glows when electricity is ence researchers. passed through it focus puller fəυkəs pυlə flush focus puller / / noun 1. a flush /flʃ/ adjective referring to a member of a camera crew whose job it is printed page with an even margin, without to keep moving objects in focus any indentations throughout a shot by constantly adjusting flutter flutter /fltə/ noun a slow variation in the lens 2. an assistant to the camera oper- pitch of recorded sound, occurring at ator, who control the focus during higher frequencies than wow complex camera movements flyaway flaəwe fog fɒ$ flyaway / | / noun satellite fog / / verb to produce a cloudy image equipment which can be disassembled on a negative, print or transparency by and packed away enough to be flown as allowing too much light to reach it in the cargo to an outside broadcast location, developing process í noun a cloudy area then reassembled on a photographic image, caused by too flying erase head flaŋ rez hed much light flying erase head / | / foldback noun a head on a video recorder which foldback /fəυldbk/ noun sound erases old material on the tape as new played from the control room down into a material is being recorded studio, for example music to which a fly-on-the-wall fly-on-the-wall /fla ɒn ðə wɔ l/ performer can mime foldout noun a genre of documentary-making foldout /fəυldυt/ noun PRINTING similar to ciné-verité, in which the same as gatefold foley artist cameras used are small, unobtrusive and foley artist /fəυli ɑ tst/ noun a often numerous and the subjects are person whose job is to produce sound filmed continuously as they go about their effects for a film, that can be dubbed onto everyday lives. ı reality TV a soundtrack in postproduction folio ‘James McCaskill clearly cares very folio /fəυliəυ/ noun a single sheet of much about his parish… More hard copy controversial is the use of a slick folk fəυk fəυk mju zk marketing campaign and the latest folk / /, folk music / / concept in reality TV. For the past year noun 1. traditional songs and music, cameras have been recording James’s passed from one generation to the next 2. every move for a Channel 4 fly-on-the- modern music composed in imitation of wall documentary comically called traditional music folk devil Priest Idol.’ [Yvonne Illsey, The folk devil /fəυk dev(ə)l/ noun an indi- Express] vidual or group that is the subject of a MediaStudies.fm Page 93 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

93 fortnightly moral panic, caused by media demonisa- reports or features for broadcast or publi- tion cation in his or her own country

folk-rock form folk-rock /fəυk rɒk/ noun a type of form /fɔ m/ noun the general structure of popular music combining folk melodies a piece of text or a film with the rhythms of rock music formal /fɔ m(ə)l/ adjective 1. done or follow shot follow shot /fɒləυ ʃɒt/ noun a camera carried out in accordance with established shot in which a moving subject is filmed or prescribed rules 2. used in serious, offi- as the camera moves alongside or behind cial or public communication but not follow-up fɒləυ p appropriate in everyday contexts 3. refer- follow-up / / noun a news story ring to the form and appearance of a that has been spotted in another news- media product, for example its layout, paper or in other media and investigated rather than the content further formalist fɔ məlst font fɒnt formalist / / adjective relating font / / noun a typeface. Newspapers to the principle that form is more impor- generally use a house font which forms tant than content part of their characteristic style and format format /fɔ mt/ noun 1. the presenta- appearance. Also called fount footage tion of a television show which makes it footage /fυtd/ noun recorded mate- different from others of the same genre, rial on film or tape for example on a game show, the set, the footer footer /fυtə/ noun a section at the number of contestants, the way in which bottom of a webpage, which usually they are eliminated, the prize offered etc. contains any essential links and informa- 2. the type and quality of recording equip- tion on how to contact the organisation ment used 3. the structure of a radio that owns the page and on its copyright programme according to an agreed style, and privacy policy for example timings, fixed spots etc. 4. the

footnote footnote /fυtnəυt/ noun further infor- different size, shape and appearance of mation, usually printed at the bottom of a competing media products, for example the page size of a tabloid vs. broadsheet. page, about something mentioned in the formation fɔ meʃ ə n text above. A reference number or symbol formation / | ( ) / noun the is usually printed after the relevant word association between artists in a particular in the text and before the corresponding movement or cultural group footnote. format radio radio /fɔ mt rediəυ/ noun

footprint footprint /fυtprnt/ noun 1. the area a station which only plays one type of affected or covered by something such as music, for example country music Format Recognition and Protection Association a device, phenomenon, service provider Format Recognition and Protec- etc 2. the area supplied by a signal from a tion Association /fɔ mt rekə$nʃ ə n ən prətekʃ ə n ə particular broadcasting satellite ( ) | ( ) | Fordism səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun an organisation in the Fordism /fɔ dz(ə)m/ noun the idea in mass production that the product should UK which seeks to protect the formats of television shows as intellectual property. be accessible and affordable to the Abbreviation FRAPA workers producing it and that they should forme fɔ m be paid a fair wage based on the value of forme / / noun blocks of type, what they are producing assembled in a metal frame in preparation forecast for printing fɔ kɑ st form letter forecast / / noun a prediction fɔ m letə of what the weather will be like in the near form letter / / noun a future, usually broadcast on television or standard printed letter that is sent to many radio or printed in a newspaper people for the same reason, for example fore-edge one dealing with a common customer fore-edge /fɔ ed/ noun the outer complaint edge of a page of a book fort-da game game /fɔ t d $em/ noun a foreground foreground /fɔ $raυnd/ noun the area concept from Freud, in which an infant of a picture or scene that appears to be learns to differentiate itself as a person nearest to the viewer from other objects and experiences loss foreign correspondent fɒrn kɒr fortnightly fɔ tnatli foreign correspondent / | fortnightly / / noun a publica- spɒndənt/ noun a journalist who lives in tion that is published once every two or visits another country and writes news weeks MediaStudies.fm Page 94 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

forum 94 forum fɔ rəm fragmentation fr$mənteʃ ə n forum / / noun 1. a medium in fragmentation / | ( ) / which debate, discussion and argument noun the use of a variety of media for a can take place, for example a magazine or publicity campaign newspaper 2. a website on which people fragmentation of audience of audience can post opinions and read what others /fr$mənteʃ(ə)n əv ɔ diəns/ noun have to say about the subjects they are all the idea that with so much choice over interested in which television channels to watch, there forward slash forward slash /fɔ wəd slʃ/ noun is no such thing as a ‘shared public expe- COMPUTING, PRINTING same as slash rience’ of a broadcast as there was in the foundationalism faυn early days of television (with everybody foundationalism /| deʃ(ə)nəlz(ə)m/ noun the study of watching the same thing) fragrance strip arguments as being reducible to a set of fragrance strip /fre$rəns strp/ commonly-held ‘basic beliefs’, which are noun a fold of paper on an advertisement, so ingrained as to be considered not in that is impregnated with a fragrance that is need of justification released when the fold is opened fount fount /fɒnt/ noun PRINTING another Fraktur frkt& Fraktur / | / noun a thick ornate spelling of font style of printed letter, the standard type- four-by-three four-by-three /fɔ ba θri / adjective face for all printing in German until the referring to the normal aspect ratio of non- mid-20th century frame widescreen broadcasts (often written 4:3). frame /frem/ noun 1. a single exposure ı sixteen nine on a film 2. the borders of a film shot or four-colour four-colour /fɔ klə/ adjective scene frame rate PRINTING referring to the process of full- frame rate /frem ret/ noun the speed colour printing by combining the primary at which frames in a video sequence are colours cyan, magenta, yellow and black displayed, measured in frames per second four O’s fɔ r əυz frames per second four O’s / / plural noun a frames per second /fremz pə simple way of summarising the essentials sekənd/ noun the numbers of frames of a marketing operation, which are shown in a second, usually 24 during Objects, Objectives, Organisation and normal playback. Abbreviation fps Operations four P’s fremŋ fɔ pi z framing / / noun 1. the adjust- four P’s / / plural noun a simple ment of the positioning of a film in a way of summarising the essentials of the projector so that the image on the screen is marketing mix, which are Product, Price, shown in the correct position 2. the way a Promotion and Place scene in a film is composed within the Fourteen Day Rule Fourteen Day Rule /fɔ ti n de visual field of the camera ru l/ noun in the period following the franchise /frntʃaz/ noun 1. a World War II, a restriction placed on the franchise successful media product such as a film BBC by the government forbidding them to broadcast on any issue debated in which can be developed into sequels, spin-offs and merchandising 2. a licence Parliament until 14 days after the debate to use a successful brand name 3. a had taken place Fourth Estate licence granted by the ITC, allowing a fɔ θ stet Fourth Estate / | / noun the television company to broadcast within a press, supposedly the fourth most impor- specific area and/or for a particular length tant institution in the UK (after Lords of time only (spiritual), Lords (temporal) and the Franchises for Independent Television Franchises for Independent Tele- Commons) frntʃazəz fɔ ndpendənt Foxtrot vision / Foxtrot /fɒkstrɒt/ noun an internation- telv(ə)n/ noun licences granted by the ally recognised code word for the letter F, ITA in 1955 allowing independent compa- used in radio communications nies to produce regional programming for fps fps abbreviation PHOTOGRAPHY frames broadcast on non-BBC Channel 3 Frankfurt School per second Frankfurt School /frŋkf& t sku l/ fractal compression fractal compression /frkt(ə)l noun a group of critical theorists of social kəmpreʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a technique used to and mass culture, active in Germany from compress images 1923 MediaStudies.fm Page 95 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

95 frequency

FRAPA /frpə/ abbreviation Format company pays for the postage on receipt Recognition and Protection Associa- of the envelope. tion freesheet /fri ʃi t/ noun a free news- free /fri /, freesheet /fri ʃi t/ noun paper or news leaflet that is funded by same as freesheet advertising and often delivered to all the freebie freebie /fri bi/ noun a free service or households in a particular area. Also called free, giveaway product offered to journalists, for example free space meals, flights, tickets for events etc. free space /fri spes/ noun space that freedom of information can be used as an absolute standard freedom of information /fri dəm əv nfəmeʃ ə n because it contains no matter and no grav- | ( ) / noun the idea that citizens itational or electromagnetic fields of a country should have free access to any free-standing insert fri stndŋ information that is in the public interest free-standing insert / Freedom of Information Act 2000 ns& t | / noun advertising material on one Freedom of Information Act 2000 fri dəm əv nfəmeʃ ə n kt or more pages that is inserted into a news- / | ( ) / noun paper an act of Parliament which states that any free-to-air fri tə eə person has the right to apply for informa- free-to-air / / adjective refer- tion held by public bodies that is of public ring to television programmes that are available to all customers without charge interest. It must usually be disclosed Freeview within 20 days of the request. Freeview /fri vju / noun a box which freedom of the press of the press /fri dəm əv connects to a television and, for a one-off ðə pres/ noun liberty to print or dissem- charge, allows free access to up to 30 inate information in the press or in the digital channels without subscription to a media generally, without censorship cable or satellite service. Also called set- top box before or after the event and without freeware fri weə incurring penalties freeware / / noun software Freefone fri fəυn which can be downloaded free of charge Freefone / / a trade name for a from the Internet with no usage restric- phone system in which the holder of the tions phone number pays the cost of the call, not the caller ‘Corona makes his music on a PC he freelance fri lɑ ns built himself. “I have favourite freelance / / adjective working programs, but I’m always trying new or earning a living as a freelancer in any stuff to look for new ways of working. I profession use brand software but also a lot of freelancer freelancer /fri lɑ nsə/ noun 1. a freeware and dodgy plug-ins”.’ [John L reporter who contributes copy on an ad- Walters, The Guardian] hoc basis to several different news outlets freeze /fri z/ verb 1. to take a still photo- but is not on the permanent staff of any. graph of somebody or something in Also called stringer 2. any person who motion 2. to show a single frame of a works on an ad-hoc basis for several moving film so that it appears to be a still different companies for a limited time image each freeze frame fri z frem freenet fri net freeze frame / / noun 1. the freenet / / noun an online infor- act of stopping a moving piece of video or mation network, often run by volunteers film on a single, still frame 2. a device on and charging no access fees a video recorder that enables a single free paper free paper /fri pepə/ noun a news- static image to be viewed 3. a single frame paper which is given away free, and which of a film or video recording viewed as a relies for its income on its advertising static image í verb to present something freephone /fri fəυn/, freefone noun a contained in a single frame from a film or system where a person can telephone to video recording as a static image reply to an advertisement, to place an freq. abbreviation frequency order or to ask for information and the frequency /fri kwənsi/ noun 1. a seller pays for the call measurement of radio waves, describing freepost /fri pəυst/ noun a system how quickly the waves are being trans- where someone can write to an advertiser mitted. It determines where a station is to place an order or to ask for information found on a radio dial. Abbreviation freq. to be sent, without paying for a stamp. The ı amplitude, wavelength 2. the amount MediaStudies.fm Page 96 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

frequency discount 96 of exposure a topic is given in the media. full-motion video adapter video adapter /fυl məυʃ ə n vdiəυ ədptə A high frequency means that it appears ( ) | / noun a often and prominently. computer fitted with a digitising card that frequency discount discount /fri kwənsi is fast enough to capture and display dskaυnt/ noun reduced rates offered for moving video images, at a rate of 25 or 30 frequent use of an advertising medium frames per second full nester frequency modulation modulation /fri kwənsi full nester /fυl nestə/ noun in mɒdjuleʃ(ə)n/ noun a method of trans- marketing, an older customer who has mitting audio or visual information using their own home and who is interested in a radio waves, where the amplitude remains good quality of life, eats in restaurants, constant but the frequency varies buys new gadgets and is not influenced by according to the input signal. Abbrevia- advertising tion FM. Compare amplitude modula- full-page /fυl ped/ adjective refer- tion ring to a printed item such as an advertise- frequency response fri kwənsi r frequency response / | ment, that takes up a complete page spɒns/ noun the sensitivity of a micro- full scene anti-aliasing scene anti-aliasing /fυl si n phone to a particular range of sound nti eliəsŋ/ noun a method of anti- frequencies aliasing a complete frame of a video or frequently asked questions asked questions animation rather than just one object, /fri kwənt(ə)li ɑ skd kwestʃənz/ which requires powerful graphics hard- noun full form of FAQ ware full-service advertising agency lens /frenel lenz/ noun an full-service advertising agency adjustable lens for a light source that /fυl s& vs dvətazŋ edənsi/, allows the beam to be changed easily from full-service agency /fυl s& vs spot to flood edənsi/ noun an advertising agency fringe area area /frnd eəriə/ noun an offering a full range of services such as area near the edge of a radio or television sales promotion, design of house style, transmitter’s range, where reception may advice on public relations and market sometimes be weak or disrupted research and creating stands for exhibi- fringe time frnd tam tions fringe time / / noun televi- full-wave rectifier full-wave rectifier /fυl wev sion air time around prime time where rektfaə there is usually more availability / noun an electronic circuit in frisket frskt which both polarities of the input alter- frisket / / noun a thin frame that nating current are converted to the direct holds the paper on a hand-operated current output printing press, and masks any parts, such fully connected world fυli kə as the margins, that are not to be printed fully connected world / | front nektd w& ld/ noun a world where most front /frnt/ verb to present a television í people and organisations are linked by the or radio programme noun the first Internet or similar networks pages of a book or magazine functionalist mode front of house fŋkʃ ə nəlst frnt əv haυs functionalist mode / ( ) front of house / / noun məυd/ noun a mode of media analysis the areas of a theatre, cinema or concert that treats all behaviours as either contrib- hall used by members of the audience front-page uting to or detracting from the general front-page /frnt ped/ adjective equilibrium of society. Compare Marxist referring to news that is important or inter- mode esting enough to appear on the front page fundamentalism fndə í fundamentalism /| of a newspaper verb to publish some- ment(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a return to the thing on the front page of a newspaper f-stop founding or guiding principles of some- f-stop /ef stɒp/ noun an increment used thing, for example a religion, without in measuring the size of a lens aperture consideration for modern thought or FT FT abbreviation PRESS, UK Financial advances Times funk /fŋk/ noun a style of popular full duplex duplex /fυl dju pleks/ noun a music that derives from jazz, blues and communications network connection that soul and is characterised by a heavy allows signals to be sent in opposite direc- rhythmic bass, syncopated rhythms, tions at the same time African tones and danceability MediaStudies.fm Page 97 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

97 FX

funky funky /fŋki/ adjective 1. with the metal type that has been set up to be backbeat and rhythmic bass typical of printed fuse funk music 2. referring to or resembling fuse /fju z/ noun part of a plug or other of blues music electrical circuit that breaks and cuts off funnies fni the flow of electricity if there is a fault funnies / / plural noun US the part with the current of a newspaper where comic strips are fuzzbox /fzbɒks/ noun an electronic published device that distorts the sound that passes furniture furniture /f& ntʃə/ noun strips of hard through it, especially one wired to an elec- material such as wood, metal or plastic tric guitar and operated by foot that fill the spaces between and around FX abbreviation effects MediaStudies.fm Page 98 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

G

G /di / noun in the United States, to each other, first passing through the Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, a media gatekeeping filter (essentially film rating that means that a film or video personal opinion based on experience), is suitable for anyone to watch then the analysis of their news value gambling gaffer /$fə/ noun the senior lighting gambling /$mblŋ/ noun betting electrician on a film shoot money or other valuables on the outcome gaffer tape tape /$fə tep/ noun strong of a game, either involving chance or skill, adhesive tape used to secure equipment, for entertainment game console wires etc. on a film shoot game console /$em kɒnsəυl/ noun gag /$$/ noun a joke or comic story a dedicated computer that is used prima- told by a comedian rily to play games, designed to connect to gagging order order /$$ŋ ɔ də/ noun an a television set rather than a monitor and order preventing a piece of information usually used with a game controller rather from being published if it is against the than a keyboard and mouse game controller $em kəntrəυlə law, particularly human rights laws game controller / | / ‘…a spokeswoman said: “I would be noun any hand-held device used to control grateful if you did not report Mrs Blair’s a video game, such as a joystick or trip in your newspaper tomorrow”… gamepad gamepad The request follows a similar gagging gamepad /$empd/ noun a game order from No 10 in the summer when controller used to interact with a video the British media were told not to reveal game, which can be held with both hands that the Blairs were holidaying in Cliff and typically consisting of buttons for Richard’s villa in Barbados.’ [Jonathon directions and actions. Also called Oliver, The Mail on Sunday] joypad

gallery game show gallery /$ləri/ noun the main produc- game show /$em ʃəυ/ noun a televi- tion control room in a television studio, sion programme in which a game is where the production assistant, director played by members of the public and a and vision mixer sit. Also called produc- prize is awarded to the winner tion gallery gaming $emŋ galley gaming / / noun the playing of galley /$li/ noun a long metal tray, video games for entertainment open at one end, used for holding type that /$mə/ noun a measure of the is ready for printing gamma galley proof $li pru f contrast in a developed photograph or a galley proof / /, galley television image $li gangsta / / noun a proof which contains just $ŋstə columns of text (rather than the layout of gangsta / / noun a performer of the entire page) to be read and corrected gangsta rap gangsta rap by hand gangsta rap /$ŋstə rp/ noun a Galtung and Ruge’s model of selective and gatekeeping 1965 Ruge’s model of style of hip-hop music in which the lyrics selective gatekeeping 1965 tend to deal with gangs and gangsters gantry /$ltυŋ ən ru / noun a model of the gantry /$ntri/ noun a high platform way in which events are selected as being around the wall of a television studio newsworthy and their importance relative giving access to the lighting rig MediaStudies.fm Page 99 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

99 gender gap garage $rd, $rɑ  gazette $əzet garage / / noun a style gazette / | / verb to report or of electronic dance music inspired by announce something in a gazette í noun disco and house music and associated 1. an official publication in the UK in with the urban styles of hip-hop, rap and which government appointments, public R&B notices etc. appear. Abbreviation gaz. 2. a Garamond /$rəmɒnd/ noun newspaper, especially a local one or the PRINTING a Roman typeface often used in official journal of an organisation or insti- books tution GBLT garble garble /$ɑ b(ə)l/ noun 1. the act of GBLT abbreviation GENDER ISSUES gay, distorting a message, piece of information bisexual, lesbian, transgender gel or signal so that it is misleading or unintel- gel /del/ noun a sheet of coloured ligible 2. a jumbled or distorted message, acetate placed over a light in the theatre or piece of information or signal that is on a film set to create different lighting confusing to listen to effects. Also called colour correction gate gate /$et/ noun the part of a camera filter

gelatin through which film passes to be exposed gelatin /delətn/ noun thin translucent gatefold gatefold /$etfəυld/ noun a page in a gel used to bind the light-sensitive chemi- book or magazine that is larger than the cals to photographic paper others, but folded in to be the same size. gelatinise dəltnaz gelatinise / | / verb to coat a Also called foldout gatekeeper photographic medium with gelatin $etki pə gels gatekeeper / | / noun the delz person on a newspaper who undertakes gels / / plural noun coloured trans- the gatekeeping role parencies used to alter the colour and gatekeeping $etki pŋ quality of light from a light source, or of gatekeeping / | / noun the natural light through a window job of deciding which news stories will gender dendə and will not be covered, usually under- gender / / noun the notion of taken by the editor sexual identity ‘The BBC’s Nik Gowing [said] “The COMMENT: Gender is based on social, cultural and historical considerations and challenge is how to gate-keep, to more describes the ‘feeling’ of sexuality discriminate and to know how good that that a person has than the pure biological information is. It’s not just the press, differences between men and women. radio, TV, but every form of According to Money (1955), “…the term transmission by whoever has the ‘gender role’ is used to signify all those means… You watch us because you things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the expect us to do the gatekeeping”.’ status of boy or man, girl or woman, [Richard Doughty, The Guardian] respectively. It includes, but is not gateway page page /$etwe ped/ noun restricted to, sexuality in the sense of eroticism”. the opening page of a website, that gender awareness dendə ə contains key words and phrases that gender awareness / | enable a search engine to find it weənəs/ noun sensitivity to how gather /$ðə/ verb to put the printed communities differentiate between male sections of a book together ready for and female roles, especially in particular binding environments, such as the workplace gender bias gay, bisexual, lesbian,bisexual, transgender lesbian, trans- gender bias /dendə baəs/ noun a $e baseksjuəl lezbiən situation in which men or women are gender / | trnzdendə treated differently because of their sex | / adjective referring to gendered genre minority gender and sexuality issues, gendered genre /dendəd ɒnrə/ particularly their representation in the noun a genre of television programme or mass media. Abbreviation GBLT film which appeals to and is pitched at one gaz. gaz. abbreviation PRESS gazette gender in particular, for example soap gaze /$ez/ noun in feminist theory, a operas which are more watched by term to describe the act of seeing some- women gender gap thing, and how this defines the power gender gap /dendə $p/ noun a structure between the ‘watcher’ and the difference in the way males and females ‘watched’ behave or think about things MediaStudies.fm Page 100 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

gender identity disorder 100

generator ‘The rise of “female late adopters” has generator /denəretə/ noun a mobile profound implications on a purchase source of electricity for use when filming decision traditionally reserved for men. on location Women favour mainstream retail outlets genre ɒnrə over specialist camera stores, and are genre / / noun the category or type more pragmatic… according to a recent into which a film or text falls IDC report on the technology “gender COMMENT: Examples of are: gap”.’ comedy, horror, documentary, musical, Western, science fiction, action, [Geoff Nairn, The Financial Times] adventure, crime, historical, war, and gender identity disorder gender identity disorder /dendə many more. The notion of genre also adentti dsɔ də applies to books (for example non-fiction, | | / noun a condition in mystery, chick lit, comic book) and to which a person is unable to accept his or television programmes (for example her birth gender soap opera, documentary, drama, news genderlect dendəlekt programme) as well as many other genderlect / / noun the products.

idea that each gender makes different geocentric stage di əυsentrk language choices, the female being more geocentric stage / sted focused on bonding, intimacy and encour- / noun an advanced stage in a agement while the male concentrates on company’s international marketing when asserting independence and power there is great co-ordination of overseas gender-neutral marketing activities dendə nju trəl geotargeting gender-neutral / / di əυtɑ $tŋ adjective without reference to masculinity geotargeting / | / noun or femininity a method of analysing what a visitor to a gender-specific website is viewing or doing and deducing dendə spəsfk gender-specific / | / his or her location, then displaying custom adjective referring to or affecting only content or advertisements accordingly males or only females Gerbner’s model of communication 1956

genealogy Gerbner’s model of communica- di nilədi genealogy / | / noun the tion 1956 /d& bnə/ noun a model of study of genre constructions and their the different stages in the communicative cultural basis, history, formation etc. process, emphasising the perception of General MIDI General MIDI /den(ə)rəl mdi/ noun both sender and receiver, the context in a set of standards for a synthesiser that set which the communication takes place and out the first 128 different instrument the form in which the message is trans- sounds in a synthesiser and the number mitted gestural dance that refers to it. For example, 40 is always gestural dance /destʃərəl dɑ ns/ a violin. noun the way in which two people General National Vocational Qualification National Vocational speaking will coordinate their body Qualification /den(ə)rəl nʃ(ə)nəl language, gestures, eye contact etc. with vəυkeʃ ə nəl kwɒlfkeʃ ə n each other | ( ) | ( ) / noun gesture a vocational qualification which measures gesture /destʃə/ noun a movement of standards of competence in a general area the body, either made deliberately to of work such as performing arts. Abbrevi- signify something or unconsciously, but ation GNVQ which reveals something about what the general packet radio system packet radio system person making the gesture is thinking get /den(ə)rəl pkt rediəυ sstəm/ get /$et/ verb to be able to receive a noun full form of GPRS broadcast signal such as a radio or televi- general preplanning input sion broadcast general preplanning input get out den ə rəl pri plnŋ npυt get out /$et aυt/ verb to publish some- / ( ) | / noun market research which can be used to thing, especially a newspaper or magazine ghetto blaster prepare the initial stages of an advertising ghetto blaster /$etəυ blɑ stə/ noun campaign a large portable machine that combines a general view general view /den(ə)rəl vju / noun radio receiver and a cassette or CD player, film footage or a shot that provides back- having a built-in speaker at each end and a ground or that is used when more detailed carrying handle on top ghost pictures are not available, for example, the ghost /$əυst/ noun a fuzzy or weak tele- outside of a building. Abbreviation GV vision picture MediaStudies.fm Page 101 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

101 glossy

ghost site ghost site /$əυst sat/ noun a website to technology, cultural and media prod- that is no longer being updated, but is still ucts etc.) available on a global scale available for viewing COMMENT: Some believe that ghost-writer $əυst ratə globalisation allows developing countries ghost-writer / / noun a access to advances and information writer whose work is credited to another which are valuable to them, which they person, usually a celebrity would otherwise be unable to use for .gif .gif noun a computer image format, the their own development and quality of life. Others believe that it amounts to cultural one most commonly used for non-photo- imperialism and poses a distinct threat to graphic images on webpages. Full form the beliefs and values of the receiving Graphic Interchange Format countries.

giveaway giveaway /$vəwe/ noun 1. a radio or globalisation of culture of culture television programme involving games or /$ləυbəlazeʃ(ə)n əv kltʃə/ noun the competitions and the chance for contest- spread of a dominant society’s culture into ants to win prizes, especially cash prizes a different society using communication 2. PRESS same as freesheet networks, either damaging or improving giveaway paper giveaway paper /$vəwe pepə/ (depending on your attitude) the culture noun a newspaper which is given away that it already has free, and which relies for its income on its globalisation of news of news advertising /$ləυbəlazeʃ(ə)n əv nju z/ noun the

glam rock glam rock /$lm rɒk/ noun a style of spread of information technology across popular music of the 1970s, characterised the world, so that ‘local’ news can be more by the extravagant clothes, makeup accessed wherever you are global marketing and hairstyles of its performers, than the global marketing /$ləυb(ə)l music itself. Its most famous exponents mɑ ktŋ/ noun the use of a common were the singers Gary Glitter and Marc marketing plan to sell a product or service Bolan and the band Sweet. everywhere in the world global media system Glasgow University Media Group University Media Group global media system /$ləυb(ə)l /$lɑ z$əυ ju nv& sti mi diə $ru p/ mi diə sstəm/ noun a large multina- noun a research group that has published tional media corporation, such as AOL, three scathing reports on the objectivity Disney, Sony etc. and reliability of television news reporting global positioning system positioning system glasnost $ləυb ə l pəzʃ ə nŋ sstəm glasnost /$lznɒst/ noun a Russian / ( ) | ( ) / noun term meaning ‘openness, publicity, full form of GPS freedom of speech’, one of Mikhail global scrutiny scrutiny /$ləυb(ə)l skru tni/ Gorbachev’s policies for reforming the noun the fact of being more ‘visible’ to Soviet Union in 1985 by lifting restric- others on a global scale due to increased tions on what could be published in the communication networks press global village village /$ləυb(ə)l vld/ ‘Ali Reza Sami-Azar, who recently noun the idea that the whole world can be resigned as the head of the Teheran considered as a compact community Museum of Contemporary Art [in Iran], because of electronic communications said the cultural glasnost of the past five and information technology years had come to an end. “We are in glorify /$lɔ rfa/ verb to make some- very grave danger of reverting back to thing seem exciting and interesting, the post-revolutionary days, when only particularly something which is generally those artists who were deemed as thought to be morally dubious such as expressing so-called Islamic values violence were displayed”,’ he said.’ [Lilian gloss $lɒs Swift, The Daily Telegraph] gloss / / noun a short definition of a word or phrase on a page that may be global advertising global advertising /$ləυb(ə)l unfamiliar to the reader í adjective of a dvətazŋ/ noun the use of a common photographic print, made on shiny paper. advertising message to advertise the same Compare matte product internationally glossy /$lɒsi/ noun 1. a photograph globalisation $ləυbəlazeʃ ə n globalisation / | ( ) / printed on shiny paper 2. PUBLISHING noun the process of making things (access same as glossy magazine MediaStudies.fm Page 102 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

glossy magazine 102

glossy magazine $lɒsi m$əzi n gonzo journalism glossy magazine / | / gonzo journalism /$ɒnzəυ noun a magazine containing many high- d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a type of quality colour photographs. Also called reporting which is more concerned with glossy recreating a mood, the pursuit of the story, GMT GMT abbreviation Greenwich Mean the journalist’s own involvement in the Time situation etc. than with straight factual GNVQ reporting GNVQ abbreviation General National Vocational Qualification COMMENT: The term gonzo journalism go is usually used to describe the work of go /$əυ/ verb to take part in a television US author Hunter S Thompson, who or radio programme would become heavily involved in the $əυbəυ events that he was documenting and gobo / / noun a metal cut-out record his own actions and the reactions that is used to project a shape or lighting of others. It is also sometimes used to effect against a wall using a bright studio describe the rambling, stream-of- light consciousness writing style that God slot Thompson was notorious for. God slot /$ɒd slɒt/ noun a time in a Google radio or television schedule when reli- Google /$u $(ə)l/ noun the largest gious programmes are broadcast Internet search engine, which can search go-go go-go /$əυ $əυ/ noun a style of popular from an index of more than 8 billion music originating in Washington D.C. in webpages í verb to search for something the 1970s, having a strong funk beat and on the Internet using Google go out often involving crowd call-and-response go out /$əυ aυt/ verb to be broadcast breaks on television or the radio

gold disc gopher gold disc /$əυld dsk/ noun an award gopher /$əυfə/ noun a computer in the form of a golden replica of a program that searches for file names and recording that has sold in exceptionally resources on the Internet, organising them high numbers, given to an artist by the into menus containing links to text files, recording company graphic images, databases and further ‘Golden Age of Cinema’ ‘Golden Age of Cinema’ /$əυldən menus ed əvsnmə gospel | / noun the period in the gospel /$ɒspəl/ noun highly emotional late 1920s and throughout the 1930s when evangelical vocal music that originated Hollywood studios were enjoying an among African American Christians in unprecedented boom in the quality and the southern United States and was a quantity of output strong influence in the development of golden oldie golden oldie /$əυld(ə)n əυldi/ noun soul music gossip a popular music recording that was gossip /$ɒsp/ noun a form of (gener- popular in the past ally female) talk that is more focused on Golden Pen of Freedom Golden Pen of Freedom /$əυld(ə)n intimacy and bonding than on exchange of pen əv fri dəm/ noun a journalistic information award, formerly presented annually by the ‘…there’s no doubt that the trickiest International Federation of Newspaper people I’ve ever worked with have also Publishers been female. But they haven’t been bad, goldfishing goldfishing /$əυldfʃŋ/ noun a so much as barking mad… such broadcast that shows a person talking, but diversions helped fuel the gossip that is without the relevant sound such an essential part of a female- Gold Lion Gold Lion /$əυld laən/ noun an dominated office.’ [The Mail on award given at the Cannes International Sunday] gossip column Advertising Festival gossip column /$ɒsp kɒləm/ noun gold record gold record /$əυld rekɔ d/ noun a a regular column in a magazine or news- golden replica of a recording that has paper where rumours and personal details achieved a particular exceptionally high about well-known personalities are number of sales printed Golf gossip network Golf /$ɒlf/ noun an internationally gossip network /$ɒsp netw& k/ recognised code word for the letter G, noun a seemingly-trivial, but emotionally used in radio communications important bonding group, usually of MediaStudies.fm Page 103 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

103 graphics display adapter

women, based on non-confrontational Grammy /$rmi/ a trade name for an intimate conversation award given annually for outstanding goth goth /$ɒθ/ noun a style of popular music work in the recorded music industry that became popular during the early gramophone /$rməfəυn/ noun a 1980s, combining features of heavy metal machine formerly used for playing and punk recorded sound using records and gothic gothic /$ɒθk/ adjective part of a speakers grapevine subculture in art, architecture, film and grapevine /$repvan/ noun an dress, which is characterised by a dark informal and unofficial communications aesthetic which challenges accepted network within an organisation that norms í noun a simple sans serif typeface passes on information by word of mouth with strokes of uniform width. Also called graphic /$rfk/ adjective including a black letter number of vivid descriptive details, espe- Gouraud shading Gouraud shading /$u rəυ ʃedŋ/ cially unpleasant and disturbing ones í noun shading within a three-dimensional noun 1. a part of a film that consists of text scene created by a mathematical equation and illustrations, for example the title and that is applied to each side of each object credits 2. a printed picture, drawing or and produces a gradual change in colour diagram to give the impression of light and shade ‘James Caviezel plays Christ in the governmentality $vəməntlti powerful movie, which features graphic governmentality / | / noun the theory behind government, its violence in the torture and beatings construction and its approach to the insti- scenes.’ [Sandro Monetti, The Sun] tutions it presides over Graphical, Paper and Media Union Paper and Media GPMU GPMU abbreviation RADIO, TV Graph- Union /$rfk(ə)l pepə ənd mi diə ical, Paper and Media Union ju niən/ noun a trade union that once GPRS represented workers in the paper and GPRS /di pi ɑ es/ noun the tech- printing industries. It merged in 2004 with nology that allows a mobile phone to general manufacturing trade union make calls while maintaining a connec- Amicus. Abbreviation GPMU tion to the Internet. Full form general graphic design $rfk dzan packet radio system graphic design / | / GPS di pi es noun the art or skill of combining text and GPS / / noun the use of satel- illustrations in the production of adver- lite technology to identify the location of tising, books and magazines something such as a mobile phone graphic display $rfk dsple anywhere within the world, often to graphic display / | / within a few metres. Full form global noun a computer screen able to present positioning system graphical information graphic equaliser grab $rb graphic equaliser /$rfk grab / / noun 1. same as sound bite i kwəlazə 2. a still picture taken from a video / noun a facility on an elec- grading tronic machine for playing back recorded grading /$redŋ/ noun the process or music, that allows separate adjustments to act of matching different shots intended be made to the strength of sounds on for an edited sequence for quality and different frequency bands colour in a laboratory graphic novel $rfk nɒv ə l graffiti graphic novel / ( ) / noun $rəfi ti graffiti / | / noun drawings or a work of fiction for adults, published as a words that are scratched, painted or comic strip sprayed on walls or other surfaces in graphics /$rfks/ plural noun 1. public places illustrations and drawings (not photo- grain grain /$ren/ noun 1. the rough effect on graphs) used in the layout of a printed a television image caused by electrical page 2. images created by computer or by noise 2. a particle in a photographic emul- hand, rather than by filming something sion, on whose size the extent of possible ‘real’ enlargement depends graphics display adapter display adapter /$rfks grainy $reni dsple ədptə grainy / / adjective referring to a | | / noun a cable that photograph that is unclear because it has allows a computer to be connected to a been enlarged too much television or video screen to give a larger MediaStudies.fm Page 104 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

gravure 104

gross rating point display while still retaining gross rating point /$rəυs retŋ quality pɔnt/ noun a way of calculating the gravure $rəvjυə gravure / | / noun PRINTING same effectiveness of outdoor advertising, as intaglio where each point represents one per cent graze graze /$rez/ verb to switch between of the population in a specific market group television channels without watching group /$ru p/ noun the social networks much of any programme that a person is involved in, either primary

green room green room /$ri n ru m/ noun a room such as the family, or secondary such as where actors or guests on a television friendship groups, work colleagues, etc. group system show can rest backstage group system /$ru p sstəm/ noun a greenwash greenwash /$ri nwɒʃ/ noun a show of system of organising an advertising concern on behalf of an organisation or agency into groups, each group having business for the environmental impact of specialists in creative, media, marketing its activities services and other areas, and each group Greenwich Mean Time dealing with particular accounts $rentʃ Grub Street Greenwich Mean Time / $rb stri t mi n tam/ noun the exact solar time on Grub Street / / noun any the prime meridian (at 0º latitude, found in sort of journalistic work which is dull and Greenwich, UK) from which the local usually given to lower-ranking newspaper time in all time zones is calculated. staff Abbreviation GMT COMMENT: The term comes from the Greenwich Time Signal former Grub Street near Moorfields in Greenwich Time Signal /$rentʃ London, which was famous for its tam s$n(ə)l/ noun six pips broadcast population of low-paid writers and literary from Greenwich to mark the hour, often reviewers. grunge broadcast on radio shows grunge /$rnd/ noun a type of rock grey card grey card /$re kɑ d/ noun a predict- music that grew in the US in the 1980s and ably-reflective, grey-coloured card which is influenced by punk and heavy metal GSM is used to calibrate equipment GSM /di es em/ a trade name for an grey scale grey scale /$re skel/ noun 1. the international wireless communications shades that are produced from displaying network for mobile phones GTS what should be colour information on a GTS abbreviation Greenwich Time monochrome monitor 2. a series of shades Signal from white to black used in displaying or guaranteed circulation guaranteed circulation /$rənti d printing text and graphics s& kjυleʃ ə n grip | ( ) / noun the audited circu- $rp grip / / noun a member of a filming lation of a magazine that is used as a basis crew responsible for moving and setting for calculating advertising rates up heavy equipment such as camera guaranteed homes impressions dollies guaranteed homes impressions, groove guaranteed homes ratings plural noun groove /$ru v/ verb to play jazz or an advertising package offered by televi- dance music well, with the full support of sion companies that guarantees the adver- the audience (informal) tisers that their advertising will reach a gross gross /$rəυs/ verb to multiply a survey specified number of people, but leaves it group by a particular factor in order to to the broadcaster to choose the number estimate results for a larger population and timing of the spots

gross audience guard band gross audience /$rəυs ɔ diəns/ guard band /$ɑ d bnd/ noun a noun same as advertising impression narrow band between adjacent frequency gross cover gross cover /$rəυs kvə/ noun the bands (channels), which protects them number of times a television or radio spot from overlapping or interference guard book has been seen, based on television ratings guard book /$ɑ d bυk/ noun a hard- gross opportunity to see gross opportunity to see /$rəυs cover album which allows pages to be ɒpətju nti tə si / noun the number of inserted into it, for example for showing opportunities that an average member of samples or advertising material guard dog metaphor the target audience will have to see the guard dog metaphor /$ɑ d dɒ$ advertisements in an advertising metəfə/ noun the idea of the media as a campaign sentry that sounds a warning whenever the MediaStudies.fm Page 105 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

105 gynocriticism ‘family’ (the structure and stability of guide sign sign /$ad san/ noun any society) is threatened gesture which indicates direction, usually guerrilla marketing $ərlə some form of pointing guerrilla marketing /| guide track mɑ ktŋ/ noun a form of unconven- guide track /$ad trk/ noun a tional flexible marketing, adapted to the commentary recorded by a member of the products or services sold, or to the type of production team to be used in editing the customer targeted accompanying video (it is re-recorded later by a professional voiceover artist) ‘Jack’s official description is an gum print gum print /$m prnt/ noun formerly, “ambient marketing agency”. The a mode of printing photographs producing company uses projectors, works online an ‘oil painting’ effect and offers street stunts – such as an gun mike $n mak open-air acrobatic performance for Ikea gun mike / / noun a direc- where the tumblers landed on tional microphone designed to pick up sound within a narrow area without mattresses; events; and a broad set of picking up sound from other areas. Also viral, in-store and guerrilla marketing called rifle mike, super-cardioid micro- techniques.’ phone. Compare omnidirectional [Stephen Armstrong, The Guardian] microphone guest guest /$est/ noun a person who is gutter /$tə/ noun the fold between the invited to appear on a radio or television two pages in the centre spread of a maga- programme í verb to appear on a radio or zine or newspaper television programme as a guest gutter press press /$tə pres/ noun a disap-

guest star guest star /$est stɑ / noun a well- proving term for tabloid newspapers in general known performer who agrees to appear in GV a television or radio programme GV abbreviation general view gynesis guest viewer $ani ss gynesis / | / noun the feminist /$est vju ə/ noun a guest viewer theory that female connotations and read- guest in a television access panel who is ings can invade and disrupt the male asked to register their presence and give narrative of texts basic demographic information for the gynocriticism $anəυkrtsz ə m gynocriticism / | ( ) / survey noun in feminist theory, the study of guide guide /$ad/ noun a publication that female writing, its history and creativity gives basic information or instructions on and how it describes the common ‘female a subject experience’ MediaStudies.fm Page 106 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

H

H/A abbreviation high-angle half title title /hɑ f tat(ə)l/ noun 1. a title habitus /hbtəs/ noun the set of printed on the right-hand page before the values, beliefs and ideas that a person beginning of a section of a book 2. the title acquires through their exposure to home of a book printed separately on the right- life, schooling, social groups and so on hand page before the main title page ̈ hack /hk/ noun a disapproving term for also called bastard title halftone a journalist halftone /hɑ ftəυn/ noun a process by hacker /hkə/ noun a person with which shading is produced on an image by knowledge of information systems, photographing it through a screen, then encryption codes etc. who breaks into etching a plate so that the shading appears systems and networks to which they as dots halo effect heləυ fekt should not have access halo effect / | / noun the hacktivist /hktvst/ noun a hacker way in which a person’s appearance or with a political or social agenda demeanour can lead an observer to make hair in gate in gate /heə n $et/ noun a hair other assumptions about them – for or other piece of debris that is trapped in example, that an unshaven, scruffily- the gate of the camera and causes prob- dressed person would not be a conscien- lems with the picture being filmed tious worker and so would not be suitable hairline heəlan for a job hairline / / noun a very thin line on a typeface, or a typeface consisting of halogen lamp /hlədən lmp/ very thin lines noun a type of light source popular in hair space space /heə spes/ noun the thin- lighting rigs, which uses quartz. It is more nest possible space between printed words long-lasting than tungsten but can give off or letters intense heat. Compare tungsten lamp ham hair stroke hm hair stroke /heə strəυk/ noun a very ham / / noun 1. someone, especially thin line in writing or printing an actor, who performs in an exaggerated halation həleʃ ə n showy style 2. an amateur radio operator halation / | ( ) / noun a patch of í blurring around a light source on a photo- verb ham it up to behave, overact, or graphic image, caused by light being perform a role in an exaggerated showy style reflected from the back of the film hammocking half binding hməkŋ half binding /hɑ f bandŋ/ noun a hammocking / / noun the type of bookbinding in which the spine technique of scheduling a programme and sometimes the corners of a book are between two other highly-rated bound in a different material from the programmes to boost its viewing figures hamper sides hamper /hmpə/ noun PRESS a story half-bound /hɑ f baυnd/ adjective which is laid out in a strip across the referring to a book that is bound on the whole width of the page, usually at the top hand back and sometimes the corners, in a hand /hnd/ noun PRINTING same as different material from the sides index half-length /hɑ f leŋθ/ adjective refer- hand-held /hnd held/ adjective 1. ring to a portrait showing a person from referring to a camera that is steadied on the waist up the shoulder of the operator rather than on MediaStudies.fm Page 107 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

107 Hays code a dolly or other apparatus. Abbreviation music such as punk, techno and hip-hop 2. H-H 2. filmed with a camera that is carried films, photographs or publications which by the operator rather than mounted on a depict sexual acts in an explicit way support hard-core /hɑ d kɔ / adjective 1. handouts /hndaυts/ plural noun referring to rock music with repetitive stories given out by public relations rhythmic synthesised sounds and a fast departments to the media tempo 2. depicting sexual acts in an hand over over /hnd əυvə/ verb to allow explicit way hardcover another person to take over a commentary hardcover /hɑ dkvə/ noun same as during a broadcast hardback hard disk handover /hndəυvə/ noun the act or hard disk /hɑ d dsk/ noun a perma- process of transferring control of the nent storage disk in a computer, which is commentary during a broadcast to another not removable person hard news news /hɑ d nju z/ noun news hand press press /hnd pres/ noun a hand- reported using merely facts and quotes operated printing press with little description or opinion. hands-free hndz fri Compare soft news hands-free / / adjective hard rock hɑ d rɒk referring to a device that allows a person hard rock / / noun a form of to use portable communications equip- rock music, usually written in a major key, ment such as mobile phones without that has simple lyrics, bright, distorted having to hold them guitar effects and a strong insistent beat hard sell hanging indent hɑ d sel hanging indent /hŋŋ ndent/ hard sell / / noun an aggres- noun a style of paragraph where all but sive insistent way of trying to sell or advertise something the first line is indented on the left-hand hardware side hardware /hɑ dweə/ noun in computer hang time science, the physical objects such as the hang time /hŋ tam/ noun the amount of time a person spends visiting a monitor, disc drives, keyboard etc. needed website. Longer viewing times are consid- to construct a computer. Compare soft- ware ered to be commercially more valuable, Harlequin hɑ ləkwn on the assumption that the message is Harlequin / / noun a tradi- holding the viewer’s interest. tional pantomime character who usually Hankey Committee Report on Television Committee Report on wears multicoloured diamond-patterned hŋki tights and a black mask Television / / noun a report harmonious interaction hɑ harmonious interaction / | commissioned after World War II to məυniəs ntərkʃən explore the usefulness of bringing back | / noun the way in television broadcasting, which stated that which advertising and editorial styles it would provide ‘a great service’ reflect each other in a publication to happy hard core produce a coherent message hpi hɑ d kɔ hate speech happy hard core / / het spi tʃ noun a type of popular dance music that hate speech / / noun any evolved from rave music in the early speech or written work which is intended 1990s, often achieving its emotional to offend or degrade a person on the effect by the use of piano samples and grounds of their ethnicity, sexuality, disa- simplistic female vocals over straightfor- bility etc ward rhythms ‘A Protestant evangelical pressure happy talk group has warned that it will try to use /hpi tɔ k/ noun informal happy talk the government’s racial and religious conversation between broadcasters during hatred law to prosecute bookshops a television news programme hardback selling the Qur’an for inciting religious hardback /hɑ dbk/ noun a book with hatred. “If the Qur’an is not hate speech, a solid inflexible cover, usually more I don’t know what is. We will report expensive and in a larger format than a staff who sell it. Nowhere in the Bible paperback. Also called hard cover does it say that unbelievers must be hard copy copy /hɑ d kɒpi/ noun printed killed”.’ [Stephen Bates and Julian copy on A4 sheets Glover, The Guardian] hard core core /hɑ d kɔ / noun 1. an Hays code code /hez kəυd/ noun a set of extreme version of a type of popular censorship guidelines for US films, issued MediaStudies.fm Page 108 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Hays office 108

headroom by the Hays office in 1934. Also called headroom /hedru m/ noun the Production Code amount of space in a photographic image Hays office office /hez ɒfs/ noun the between the top of the subject’s head and board of censors in the USA from 1922 to the top of the frame heads 1966 heads /hedz/ plural noun 1. news head- H-certificate etʃ sətfkət H-certificate / | / noun lines 2. the parts of a tape recorder that formerly, a film classification certificate read the magnetic tape

headset that meant that the film dealt with horror headset /hedset/ noun headphones, themes and was unsuitable for children often with a small microphone to enable (now included in the X certification) two-way communication HDTV headshot HDTV abbreviation high-definition headshot /hedʃɒt/ noun a photo- television graphic image of a head, especially a head head /hed/ noun a heading at the top of person’s head a text, for example a newspaper headline head wheel hed wi l í head wheel / / noun a wheel or a title verb to be or supply a heading that keeps video tape in contact with the on a printed page headcam playing head headcam /hedkm/ noun a video Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act camera that a person fixed to a person’s helθ ən sefti ət w& k kt head or headgear 1974 / / header label hedə leb ə l noun an act of Parliament that lays out header label / ( ) / noun a which steps employers have to take to section of data at the beginning of a make sure that people are not injured at magnetic tape, that contains identifica- work tion, format and control information heavy heading hevi hedŋ heavy / / noun same as broadsheet heading / / noun a title for a para- heavy metal hevi met ə l graph, section, chapter or page heavy metal / ( ) / noun an headline aggressive style of loud rock music that headline /hedlan/ noun 1. a title printed across a page or before a news- was most popular in the 1980s. Also called metal paper article, usually in larger heavier heavy user letters and indicating what follows it 2. heavy user /hevi ju zə/ noun a the printed line at the top of a page of a person who buys or uses a larger than book showing the page number and some- average amount of a product or service heavy viewer times other information such as the title or heavy viewer /hevi vju ə/ noun a the author’s name í verb to provide a person who watches a lot of television, page or story with a title and is part of the target audience for headlines /hedlanz/ plural noun a commercials hedge brief summary of one of the most impor- hedge /hed/ noun a mostly redundant tant items of news covered by a newspaper phrase used in speech, such as ‘I think’ or or a news broadcast ‘you know’, whose purpose is to make a head nods nods /hed nɒdz/ plural noun a statement less blunt form of body language which indicates hegemony h$eməni hegemony / | / noun the agreement with the speaker and a desire to prominence given to the dominant class’s take a turn at speaking ideas, values, belief systems etc., which headnote /hednəυt/ noun a summary labels those of other classes as ‘minority’, at the top of a chapter or a page that and so further controls production of summarises what follows future ideas, values etc.

head of programming helical scan head of programming /hed əv helical scan /helk(ə)l skn/ noun a prəυ$rmŋ/ noun the person whose method of storing data on magnetic tape job is to be responsible for what television in which the write head stores data in or radio programmes are broadcast diagonal strips rather than parallel with headphones /hedfəυnz/ plural noun the tape edge so using the tape area more a pair of earphones joined across the top efficiently and allowing more data to be of the listener’s head recorded. It is used most often in video- headpiece /hedpi s/ noun a decorative tape recorders. Heliochrome design printed at the beginning of a Heliochrome /hi liəυkrəυm/ a trade chapter in a book name for a photograph that reproduces the MediaStudies.fm Page 109 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

109 high-definition television colours of the original subject very accu- whom they are interacting. Compare rately homophily help screen heterotopia hetərəυtəυpiə help screen /help skri n/ noun the heterotopia / | / noun in part of computer program that contains the theories of structuralism and help and advice about using the applica- discourse, a single location in which tion several ‘social spaces’ co-exist without he/man language language /hi mn interrelating H-H lŋ$wd/ noun language that suppos- H-H abbreviation hand-held hiatus haetəs edly helps to reinforce the perspective of hiatus / | / noun a space or break male as the superior gender, for example where something is missing, especially in the use of ‘man’ to mean ‘human being’ a manuscript heritage heritage /hertd/ noun the status, hickey /hki/ noun an imperfection in conditions, or character acquired by being print, especially one caused by dirt on the born into a particular family or social printing plate class HICT project project /atʃ a si ti Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda modeland Chomsky’s propa- prɒdekt/ noun a research project into ganda model /h& mən ənd tʃɒmski/ families to determine their domestic use noun a model of news selection in which of televisions, radios, computers etc. Full the overriding consideration is not threat- form Household Uses of Information ening the values, norms etc. of the power and Communication Technology elite, in essence producing a form of prop- project hidden agenda hd ə n ədendə aganda hidden agenda / ( ) | / hermeneutics h& mənju tks hermeneutics / | / noun a plan, motive, or aim underlying a noun in aesthetic theory, the theory, prac- person’s actions that is kept secret from tice and methodology of interpretation others hidden needs hero /hərəυ/ noun in a narrative, the hidden needs /hd(ə)n ni dz/ plural main character who represents ‘good’, noun secret but powerful desires which an who has to defeat the forces of ‘evil’ advertiser can appeal to, such as the desire represented by the villain to be thought attractive or worthwhile heroine heroine /herəυn/ noun in a narrative, a COMMENT: Other hidden needs include: the need for ego gratification or power; female hero the need to feel competent and herstory herstory /h& stəri/ noun GENDER worthwhile, the need for good health; the ISSUES 1. the biography or study of a need for love and familial security, and particular woman or group of women 2. many others. hierarchy of effects haərɑ ki əv  history as it affects women or looked at hierarchy of effects / | from a female perspective, especially in fekts/ noun a model showing the stages contrast to conventional approaches to in the effect of advertising on a consumer history, which feminists see as having such as awareness, knowledge, liking, favoured men preference, conviction and purchase Hertzian wave hi-fi Hertzian wave /h& tsiən wev/ noun hi-fi /ha fa/ abbreviation MUSIC, a radio wave RECORDING high fidelity heterodyne high-angle heterodyne /heterədan/ verb to high-angle /ha ŋ$əl/ adjective combine two signals of different frequen- referring to a camera shot that is taken cies to produce two new frequencies, one from above the action being filmed. equal to the sum of and one equal to the Abbreviation H/A difference between the original two high concept concept /ha kɒnsept/ noun an signals important and persuasive idea expressed heteroglossia heterə$lɒsiə heteroglossia / | / noun clearly and in few words in the theories of structuralism and high-concept /ha kɒnsept/ adjec- discourse, another ‘language’ that is unfa- tive referring to a film that has popular miliar to a person, for example a new appeal, for example big stars, fast action perspective, voice, situation, meaning etc. and glamour heterophily hetərɒfli high-definition television ha heterophily / | / noun the high-definition television / state in which a person has differing defnʃ(ə)n telv(ə)n/ noun a televi- values, beliefs etc. to the person with sion system with a higher resolution than MediaStudies.fm Page 110 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

high fidelity 110 normal television systems, allowing for a HMI /atʃ em a/ noun an artificial light clearer picture and less flickering. Abbre- that reproduces the effect of daylight. Full viation HDTV form hydragyrum medium iodide high fidelity ha fdeləti hoarding hɔ dŋ high fidelity / | / noun the hoarding / / noun same as bill- near-perfect reproduction of sound, with board little or no distortion, that can be achieved hoist /hɔst/ noun a crane used to raise a with electronic equipment. Abbreviation camera for a high-angle shot hi-fi hoke /həυk/ verb to perform in an exces- high frequency high frequency /ha fri kwənsi/ sively theatrical, possibly ludicrous way noun a radio frequency in the range 3–30 in order to captivate an audience MHz or of wavelength 10–100 metres hold /həυld/ noun copy which is high-key high-key /ha ki / adjective referring prepared and set aside for later publication to a style of lighting in which there are few (for example, an obituary of a person in deep shadows or contrasts, giving a bright the public eye). Also called set and hold Hollywood effect. Compare low-key Hollywood /hɒliwυd/ noun the centre

highlight highlight /halat/ noun 1. an area in a of the film industry in the US, based in California light tone in a picture that provides HOLMES 2 contrast or the appearance of illumination HOLMES 2 /həυlmz tu / noun a 2. the reflection of a light source in a computer database system used by police photograph, for example the reflection of to hold large quantities of searchable a studio light in somebody’s eye í verb to personal data for use in emergencies, such pick out parts of a picture with highlights as data about missing persons after a to provide the appearance of illumination disaster. Full form Home Office Large or prominence Major Enquiry System high-speed hɒlɒ$rəfi high-speed /ha spi d/ adjective 1. holography / | / noun the art of producing three-dimensional images PHOTOGRAPHY referring to a very fast exposure rate, between 50 and several which are viewable from different angles, million frames per second 2. referring to a used as a security device on items such as film that needs a very short exposure time credit cards because they are very difficult

high-speed photography to fake high-speed photography /ha homepage həυmped spi d fətɒ$rəfi homepage / / noun the first | / noun a technique in page that is loaded when a person opens which multiple shots are taken at up their browser to use the Internet extremely short intervals to capture a Home Service həυm s& vs process or action too fast to see with the Home Service / / noun naked eye the first BBC talk radio station founded in hip-hop 1939, now called Radio 4 hp hɒp home shopping hip-hop / / noun a form of home shopping /həυm ʃɒpŋ/ noun popular culture that started in African shopping done from home by mail order, American areas of New York City in the over the Internet or a television shopping 1970s, characterised by rap music, graffiti channel art and breakdancing homes passed həmz pɑ st historical allusion homes passed / / noun hstɒrk ə l ə historical allusion / | ( ) | the number of homes that do not, but lu (ə)n/ noun the act of comparing could have a cable connection easily as some current news event with a well- there is a cable to a home nearby known one from the past in order to home video video /həυm vdiəυ/ noun a increase its news value – for example, to video recording made at home, often a compare a politician involved in a cover- recording of family events up scandal with Richard Nixon homology həmɒlədi historicism homology / | / noun in hstɒrsz ə m historicism / | ( ) / noun in Marxist theory, the way in which the Marxist theory, an approach that places a structure of a media text and the structure text in its historical setting of the social context in which it is viewed hit hit /ht/ noun something such as a play. correspond homophily həmɒfli musical or single which is a success with homophily / | / noun the state critics and audiences. í verb to open a in which a person shares the same values, particular webpage ideas, beliefs etc. as the person with MediaStudies.fm Page 111 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

111 house organ whom they are interacting. Compare hosting centre centre /həυstŋ sentə/ heterophily noun a business that makes the pages of homophobia həυməυfəυbiə other businesses available in the Internet homophobia / | / noun fear of homosexuality, expressed in a and guarantees maintenance of Internet range of ways from discrimination in the links to clients housing their own proces- workplace to using demeaning language sors and hostile behaviour host service service /həυst s& vs/, hosting honeywagon həυstŋ s& vs prə hniw$ən service provider / | honeywagon / | / noun a vadə portable toilet used at location film shoots / noun a company that provides and outside broadcasts connections to the Internet and storage hood hυd space on its computers, which can store hood / / noun a cover for an appli- the files for a user’s website ance, or part of one, such as a camera lens Hotel həυtel hook hυk Hotel / | / noun an internationally hook / / noun 1. a device to attract the recognised code word for the letter H, attention of a viewer and keep them inter- used in radio communications 2. angle 3. hot media ested same as a pleasing and hot media /hɒt mi diə/ plural noun easily remembered refrain in a pop song media which require little interaction and 4. in writing or printing, a short curve of a interpretation by the audience, for letter that extends above or below the line horizontal cooperative advertising example film, radio. Compare cold horizontal cooperative adver- media hɒrzɒnt ə l kəυɒp ə rətv hot metal tising / ( ) | ( ) hɒt met ə l dvətazŋ hot metal / ( ) / noun 1. / noun cooperative adver- printing type that is cast from molten tising where the advertising is sponsored metal 2. a typesetting technique using hot by a group of retailers metal type horizontal integration horizontal integration shoe /hɒt ʃu / noun a socket on a hɒrzɒnt ə l nt$reʃ ə n / ( ) | ( ) / noun the camera to which an electronic flash can be acquisition of a company at the same level fitted of production in the same market sector as hot spot spot /hɒt spɒt/ noun a building or another company already owned. An area where wireless Internet users can example of horizontal integration is a access a high-speed Internet connection newspaper magnate taking over a rival house haυz newspaper. Compare vertical integra- house / / noun 1. a style of dance tion music first developed by adding electronic horror beats to disco records, and later character- hɒrə horror / / adjective referring to a ized by the addition of repetitive vocals, genre of motion picture or literature extracts from other recordings, or synthe- intended to provoke feelings of fear, sized sounds 2. a media organisation revulsion or shock house agency haυs edənsi horse-race story house agency / / noun horse-race story /hɔ s res stɔ ri/ an advertising agency owned and used by noun a report of a story such as a political a large company, and which other compa- race with analogy to a horse race, with nies may also use statements such as ‘neck-and-neck’ and households using television using television ‘falling behind’ haυshəυldz ju zŋ telv ə n / | ( ) / noun host host /həυst/ noun 1. a person who the percentage of homes watching televi- welcomes and speaks to invited guests on sion during a specific time period and a radio or television programme such as a within a specific area. Abbreviation HUT chat or game show 2. the main computer Household Uses of Information and Communication Uses Technology project of Information that controls specific functions or files in and Communication Technology a network í verb to be the host of a tele- project /haυshəυld ju sz əv vision or radio programme nf əmeʃ ə n ənd kəmju nkeʃ ə n ( ) | | ( ) hostess teknɒldədi hostess /həυsts/ noun a woman who | / noun full form of HICT welcomes and speaks to invited guests on project a radio or television programme such as a house music music /haυs mju zk/ noun chat or game show MUSIC same as house hosting hosting /həυstŋ/ noun the business of house organ organ /haυs ɔ $ən/ noun a putting websites onto the Internet so that magazine published by a company for its people can visit them employees and clients, containing details MediaStudies.fm Page 112 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

house style 112 about the company, its products and its humorist /hju mərst/ noun a workers performer or writer of comic material house style hunch marketing house style /haυs stal/ noun in the hunch marketing /hntʃ mɑ ktŋ/ style that is characteristic of a particular noun the process of making marketing organisation, for example a newspaper decisions following a hunch, rather than article written in the house style will use relying on market research the particular language, structure, layout Hunt Committee Report Committee on Cable Expansion and Broadcasting Policy Report on Cable etc usually used by that publication Expansion and Broadcasting House Un-American Activities CommitteeUn-American Activities Policy /hnt/ noun a 1982 report on the haυs nəmerkən k available market for and proposed regula- Committee / | | tvtiz kəmti tions on cable and satellite broadcasting in | / noun a witch-hunt committee in the US that ran from 1938– the UK HUT 69, which was formed to hunt for subver- HUT abbreviation households using sives and Communists and ‘root them television out’. Abbreviation HUAC hybrid /habrd/ noun a combination of howl howl /haυl/, howlround noun same as cultural forms (styles of music, genres of feedback film etc.) resulting in a new form, or one HTML etʃ ti em el that is popular with the audiences of both HTML / / noun a set of the original forms. ı masala, cross-over codes used for writing and displaying hybridity habrdti webpages. Full form hypertext mark-up hybridity / | / noun in cultural language theory, a term which describes the cross- HUAC breeding and intertwining of different HUAC abbreviation House Un-Amer- identities ican Activities Committee hype /hap/ noun 1. greatly exaggerated hub hub /hb/ noun a control room in a tele- publicity intended to excite public interest vision studio that is dealing with a very in something such as a film or theatrical large number of outside feeds, for production 2. a widely publicised person example for a special event or thing í verb 1. to promote someone or huckster huckster /hkstə/ noun a publicity something with intense publicity 2. to agent or writer of advertising copy, espe- artificially boost sales of a pop music cially for broadcasting recording by paying people to buy it in hue hju large quantities hue / / noun 1. a colour or shade of a hyperbole hap& bəli colour 2. a property of a colour that hyperbole / | / noun exagger- enables it to be perceived, determined by ation or over-statement for literary effect, its dominant wavelength not intended to be taken literally human interest story ‘Meyer’s book, DC Confidential, the human interest story /hju mən ntrəst stɔ ri first insider’s account of the decision / noun an emotive piece of making that led to war, is described with reporting that touches on issues that are questionable hyperbole by his publisher important to all people, usually telling the as “one of the most important political story of one or a few people’s experiences memoirs of the decade”.’ [The Sunday humanism humanism /hju mənz(ə)m/ noun the Times] philosophical view that the ‘person’ or distance /hapəfəυk(ə)l individual is of more importance than any dstəns/ noun the distance between a religious or spiritual power camera lens and the point beyond which Human Rights Act 2000 Human Rights Act 2000 /hju mən everything appears in focus when the lens rats kt/ noun the act of Parliament is focused at infinity which incorporated the European hyperlink /hapəlŋk/ noun a word, Convention on Human Rights into British image or button on a webpage or multi- law, protecting the right to freedom of media title that moves the user to another thought and expression without persecu- page when it is clicked tion hypermedia /hapəmi diə/ noun Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch /hju mən computer software and hardware that rats wɒtʃ/ noun an independent organ- supports the linking of graphics, audio isation that monitors human rights and video elements, and text and allows infringements across the globe interaction between any of them MediaStudies.fm Page 113 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

113 hypothesis hyperreality hapərilti hypertext mark-up language hyperreality / | / noun in hypertext mark-up language postmodernist theory, the suggestion that /hapətekst mɑ kp ln$wd/ noun the way in which a copy (of an event, full form of HTML hypodermic model hapəd& mk object, media text etc.) selects and hypodermic model / | imitates reality makes it ‘more real than mɒd(ə)l/ noun a model of communica- real’, a preferred form of reality to the tions that holds that an intended message original in a media product will be accepted hypersensitise hapəsenstaz wholly and without question or interpreta- hypersensitise / | / tion by the receiver. Also called magic verb to treat a photographic emulsion to bullet increase its speed hypoing /hapəυŋ/ noun using special hypertext hypertext /hapətekst/ noun 1. a piece promotions to increase the audience of a of highlighted text on a webpage that can television station during the sweep be clicked on to link to another page 2. the periods and so affect the ratings hypothesis hapɒθəss way in which technology makes it more hypothesis / | / noun a tenta- possible to produce, access and interact tive explanation for a phenomenon, used with texts than before as a basis for further investigation MediaStudies.fm Page 114 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

I

IBA IBA abbreviation Independent Broad- contains production details and a clock casting Authority that counts down to the start identification iceberg principle adentfkeʃ ə n iceberg principle /asb& $ identification /| | ( ) / prnsp(ə)l/ noun the principle that noun the ability of people to identify and strong needs and desires lie deep in the sympathise with a fictional character identity adentti human personality and that advertising identity / | / noun the individual must work at this level if it is to be effec- characteristics of a person that most tive define them

icon icon /akɒn/ noun 1. a film or music ‘I never use the word racist easily. But I superstar, seen as a good role model 2. in do think he is part of a new wave that has semiology, a sign or symbol that repre- been building up since The Satanic sents a real object. Compare arbitrary Verses … a feeling that too much signifier diversity unravels the core identity and iconography akənɒ$rəfi the values of this country.’ [James iconography / | / noun the Silver, The Guardian] study of iconic symbols idents iconoscope akɒnəskəυp idents /adents/ plural noun a jingle or iconoscope / | / noun an early form of television camera tube in announcement that identifies a radio which a beam of high-velocity electrons station ideological criticism converts an image into electrical impulses ideological criticism to produce a picture signal /adiəlɒdk(ə)l krtsz(ə)m/ noun IDD critical reading of a text which makes a IDD /a di di / noun a telephone line which allows international calls to be deliberate effort to go ‘against the grain’, reject norms and preferred readings etc made directly. Full form international ideological presumption direct dial ideological presumption idealism adiəlɒdk ə l przmpʃən adəlz ə m / ( ) | / noun the idealism / | ( ) / noun the phil- idea that the media are ideologically osophical view that reality is only a crea- implicated in the messages that they shape tion of the mind based on perceptions of and transmit and ideas about it ideological state apparatus ideational function of language ideological state apparatus ideational function of language adiəlɒdk ə l stet pəretəs / ( ) | / /adieʃən(ə)l fnkʃ(ə)n əv ln$wd noun in Marxist theory, the ways in which / noun the use of language to a society imposes its ideology on its citi- express ideas and feelings, or to interpret zens, either by coercion through such and construct viewpoints etc. Compare mechanisms as the law, or by persuasion interpersonal function of language by religious beliefs or the family ident ident /adent/ noun a visual image that ideology adiɒlədi ideology / | / noun the system appears briefly between television of values and beliefs which an individual, programmes to identify a television group or society holds to be true or impor- channel tant. The media is one agent that perpetu- ident clock ident clock /adent klɒk/ noun a black ates these within a society, as are the and white graphic screen on a video just government, the church, the education before the start of a programme, which system and others. MediaStudies.fm Page 115 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

115 imagined community

ideology critique adiɒlədi kr image advertising md ideology critique / | | image advertising / ti k/ noun in Marxist theory, the study dvətazŋ/ noun advertising with the and analysis of ideology, its mechanisms aim of making a brand or company name and structures easily remembered ideology of romance of romance /adiɒlədi əv ‘Of all major drug marketers, rəυmns/ noun the way in which the GlaxoSmithKline has done the most to mass media impose romantic, subordi- restore consumers’ faith… running a nate, patriarchal ideals onto women campaign reminding people that the idiolect idiolect /diəlekt/ noun a person’s indi- business is mostly about researching vidual dialect, the exact way that they cures for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. choose to use language to express them- GSK is not alone. Through August, selves corporate image advertising by all drug idiot board diət bɔ d companies was up 33%, to $270 million, idiot board / / noun a hand- according to Nielsen Monitor-Plus.’ held board with a presenter’s or actor’s [Jim Edwards, Brandweek]

lines written on it, in case they forget what image area to say. Also called idiot card image area /md eəriə/ noun a idiot box box /diət bɒks/ noun television, region of microfilm or display screen on or a television set (informal) which characters or designs can be idiot card displayed diət kɑ d image compression idiot card / / noun TV same as md kəm image compression / | idiot board preʃ ə n idiot tape diət tep ( ) / noun the process of idiot tape / / noun a contin- compressing the data that forms an image uous tape for a typesetting machine, image degradation image degradation /md containing text but no formatting except de$rədeʃ ə n markers for new paragraphs ( ) / noun the loss of picture IFB contrast and quality due to signal distor- IFB abbreviation interruptible fold tion or bad copying of a video signal back imagemap mdmp IFG imagemap / / noun a IFG abbreviation International Federa- graphic image on a website that has areas tion of Journalists of the image defined as hyperlink hotspots illuminate lu mnet illuminate / | / verb to deco- that link to another webpage image processing rate a letter or a page with colour, gold or image processing /md silver ornamentation prəυsesŋ/ noun the analysis of informa- illumination lu mneʃ ə n illumination / | | ( ) / noun a tion contained in an image, usually by decorated letter, design or illustration on a electronic means or using a computer manuscript or page, or the art or act of which provides the analysis or recognition decorating written texts of objects in the image illusionism lu  ə nz ə m image processor illusionism /| ( ) ( ) / noun image processor /md prəυsesə/ the techniques used to make artistic repre- noun an electronic or computer system sentations resemble reality used for image processing, and to extract illustration ləstreʃ ə n illustration / | ( ) / noun the information from the image art or process of producing or providing image resolution resolution /md pictorial matter to accompany a text rezəlu ʃ(ə)n/ noun the number of pixels image image /md/ noun 1. a picture, photo- in an image. The higher the number, the graph or diagram 2. how something is clearer the image will be. image retention md rtenʃən represented to the outside world, the repu- image retention / | / tation or general understanding of some- noun the time taken for a television image thing or somebody to disappear after it has been displayed, COMMENT: The public image of a figure caused by long persistence phosphor such as a celebrity or politician is imaginary mdn ə ri something in which the media are heavily imaginary /| ( ) / noun implicated. By judiciously reporting and existing only in the mind, not in reality emphasising certain events over others, imagined community mdnd imagined community /| a person can be made to appear kɒntnju ti | / noun the idea that people untrustworthy, reliable, wild, family- oriented, good at their job, crazy, do not bond and form a community dynamic, or attributed any other according to territorial boundaries, but characteristics. according to shared ideas MediaStudies.fm Page 116 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

imaging system 116

imaging system imaging system /mdŋ sstəm/ mm/22 x 30 in. The US imperial measures noun equipment and software used to 584 x 838 mm/23 x 33 in. imperialism mpəriəlz ə m capture, digitise and compress video or imperialism / | ( ) / noun still images the policy or practice of one country IMAX IMAX /amks/ a trade name for a ruling over one or more others by means large-format film projection system that of physical occupation and the assump- uses a cinema screen that is ten times tion of governmental powers implication mplkeʃ ə n larger than a conventional screen and implication / | ( ) / noun compatible with 3-D technology something which is not said but is immediacy mi diəsi assumed to already be known immediacy /| / noun how impose mpəυz recently a news story being reported actu- impose / | / verb to order the ally happened, a key news value pages of a book or magazine correctly for immersion m& ʃ ə n printing and folding immersion / | ( ) / noun the state imposition mpəzʃ ə n of being totally surrounded by something imposition / | ( ) / noun the such as a culture or language by being in skill or act of setting up and ordering the country from which it originates pages for printing impact mpkt impression mpreʃ ə n impact / / noun 1. the powerful impression / | ( ) / noun 1. a or dramatic effect that something or particular version of a printed book 2. the someone has 2. one person viewing one total number of copies of a book printed at 30-second advertisement, once only. Used one time, or the printing of these in measurements of advertising exposure impression cover mpreʃ ə n impression cover / | ( ) and reach. kvə/ noun the amount of advertising impactaplan mpktəpln impactaplan / | / noun an necessary to ensure the required number extensive poster advertising campaign of advertising impressions impact printer impressionist mpreʃənst mpkt prntə | impact printer / | / impressionist / / noun 1. noun any printing device such as a tradi- a performer who impersonates well- tional typewriter, in which ink is pressed known people in a humorous exaggerated onto the paper by the printing element way 2. an painter, writer or composer impact scheduling impact scheduling /mpkt whose work is in the style of Impres- ʃedju lŋ/ noun the practice of running sionism, especially one active in France at advertisements for the same product close the end of the 19th century impressionistic mpreʃ ə nstk together so as to make a strong impression impressionistic / | ( )| / on the target audience adjective relating to or reminiscent of the impartiality mpɑ ʃilti style of the impressionists in painting or impartiality / | | / noun the idea of being completely objective and music impression management m uninvolved in reporting news impression management /| preʃ ə n mndmənt ‘Sir Christopher Meyer was resisting ( ) / noun the art of fresh demands to step down as head of presenting yourself to others, highlighting the Press Complaints Commission your most attractive features and hiding yesterday… In his letter, leaked to The others imprimatur mprmetə Observer, Mr Prescott [wrote]: “How imprimatur / | / noun can I or others criticised in your book permission for a book or other work to be come to the PCC in future and expect published, now usually confined to reli- impartiality when you have made it gious works sanctioned by the Roman clear you are anything but?”’ Catholic Church [George Jones, The Daily Telegraph] imprint /mprnt/ noun the name and imperfect competition mp& fkt address of the printer and publisher of a imperfect competition / | kɒmpətʃ ə n newspaper, printed on every newspaper as | ( ) / noun a situation in which market forces are dependent on a legal requirement those buying and selling, and can be easily impro, improv noun same as improvi- influenced by them. Compare perfect sation competition improvisation mprəvazeʃ ə n improvisation / | ( ) / imperial mpəriəl imperial / | / noun the largest of noun 1. something performed or done the traditional UK and US paper sizes. without any preparation or set text to The UK imperial measures 559 x 762 follow 2. the skill or creative process of MediaStudies.fm Page 117 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

117 India creating and performing something Television Commission and the Radio without any preparation or set text to Authority. Abbreviation IBA follow Independent Television Television improvise /mprəvaz/ verb to /ndpendənt telv(ə)n/ noun a perform or compose something, espe- British commercial television station. cially a sketch, play, song, or piece of Abbreviation ITV music, without any preparation or set text Independent Television Association Television Associa- to follow ndpendənt telv ə n ə tion / ( ) | Impulse Pay-Per-View Pay-Per-View /mpls pe səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun a council made up of pə vju / noun a form of pay-per-view representatives from each of the inde- television that does not have to be ordered pendent companies which form the ITN. in advance, but can be purchased on the Abbreviation ITVA spot. Abbreviation IPPV Independent Television Authority Television Authority incentive-based system nsentv ndpendənt telv ə n ɔ θɒrəti incentive-based system / | / ( ) | / best sstəm/ noun a payment system by noun the body which regulated the inde- which an advertising agency’s commis- pendent television companies prior to sion depends on how well it performs 1974. Abbreviation ITA. ı Independent incentive marketing nsentv Broadcasting Authority incentive marketing /| mɑ ktŋ/ noun any additional incen- Independent Television Commission Television Commis- ndpendənt telv ə n kə tives to buy apart from advertising, for sion / ( ) | example free gifts mʃ(ə)n/ noun the regulatory authority inch rate rate /nʃ ret/ noun an advertising for television in the UK before it was rate for periodicals, calculated on a replaced by OFCOM under the 2003 normal column width, one inch deep Communications Act. Abbreviation ITC. incidental music nsdent ə l ı OFCOM incidental music / | ( ) independent television company mju zk/ noun music specifically independent television company ndpendənt telv ə n kmp ə ni written to be played at the same time as / | ( ) ( ) / the action of a film, play or television noun a company with a franchise to programme broadcast as part of the ITV network Independent Television Network incorporation nkɔ pəreʃ ə n incorporation /| | ( ) / Independent Television Network noun the way in which underground /ndpendənt telv(ə)n netw& k/ cultural forms are absorbed and ‘softened’ noun the group of independent television by popular culture, as happened with punk companies who share the single ITV incunabulum , incunable noun a book channel incunabulum in-depth reporting n depθ r printed before 1501 in-depth reporting / | pɔ tŋ COMMENT: The word derives from the / noun coverage that goes into a lot Latin incunabula, meaning ‘swaddling of detail and has been well researched clothes worn in the cradle’, to refer to the index /ndeks/ noun 1. a front-page list fact that the books represent the infancy of the contents of a newspaper 2. a symbol (the first 50 years) of printing that calls attention to a particular section indent indent /ndent/ noun the amount of or paragraph in a piece of text. Also called white space at the beginning and end of fist, hand 3. a list of books which must lines of text not be read, especially on religious indentation ndenteʃ ə n indentation / | ( ) / noun the grounds 4. a measurement used in statis- practice or act of leaving space between tics in relation to a norm of 100 – so that the margin and the beginning of a line of an index of 140 would mean that the text, or the blank space left measurement was 40% higher than the independent ndpendənt norm independent / | / noun indexical ndeksk ə l any media company that is not a major indexical / | ( ) / adjective in Independent Broadcasting Authority Broadcasting semiotics, relating to something which Authority /ndpendent shows the value of something else, such as brɔ dkɑ stŋ ɔ θɒrti a thermometer displaying heat on an | / noun the regula- tory body that controlled television and rising scale of numbers radio broadcasting from 1974 until 1990, India /ndjə/ noun an internationally when it was replaced by the Broadcasting recognised code word for the letter I, used Standards Commission, the Independent in radio communications MediaStudies.fm Page 118 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

indicators 118 indicators /ndketəz/ plural noun rest of the line, for example the ‘2’ in í non-verbal cues used in interpersonal ‘CO2’ noun a character written below communication, such as nodding, folding the line infinity nfnti the arms, frowning etc. infinity / | / noun a point suffi- indie /ndi/ adjective referring to music ciently far from a lens or mirror that the produced by small independent record light emitted from it falls in parallel rays companies, or artists who play the type of on the surface inflight advertising music recorded by such companies í inflight advertising /nflat noun a small independent record or film dvətazŋ/ noun advertising on televi- company sion screens inside a plane indirect channel indirect channel /ndarekt inflight magazine nflat m$ə tʃn ə l inflight magazine / | ( ) / noun a sales method where zi n/ noun a magazine which is provided wholesalers and retailers are used to sell a free for each passenger on a flight product, as opposed to using a direct sales infoholic nfəυhɒlk force infoholic / | / noun a person individualist ndvdjuəlst who is obsessed with obtaining informa- individualist / | / adjec- tion, especially on the Internet tive referring to a culture in which an infomediary nfəυmi diəri emphasis is placed on the rights and infomediary / | / noun a desires of an individual rather than of the website where specialist information is larger community. In these cultures, gathered for a target audience infomercial nfəυm& ʃ ə l personal achievement and assertiveness is infomercial / | ( ) / noun an prized and there is a strong sense of extended advertisement that is presented competition. Independence is also seen as in the form of a television show more important than conformity. infonesia nfəυni ziə infonesia / | / noun the Compare collectivist inability to remember a piece of informa- indoctrination ndɒktrneʃ ə n indoctrination /| | ( ) / tion or its location on the Internet noun a negative and controversial term informant nfɔ mənt informant / | / noun same as meaning to be forcibly educated and ‘fed’ respondent with values and ideas without being given information and communications technologies information and communications a chance to properly analyse them or nfəmeʃ ə n ən kə technologies / ( ) | make free choices mju nkeʃ ə nz teknɒlədiz | ( ) | / plural ‘If the business community is the “old noun computer and telecommunications boys’ network” in the west, the technologies considered together. Abbre- Communist party is the “old boys’ viation ICT network” in China. Bright young information architecture nfə officials are selected for ideological information architecture / | indoctrination and management meʃ(ə)n ɑ ktektʃə/ noun the methods training, and moved through used in designing the navigation, search increasingly responsible positions.’ and content layout for a website information blizzards nfə [James McGregor, The Observer] information blizzards / | inductive reasoning ndktv meʃ(ə)n blzədz/ noun the overload of inductive reasoning /| ri z(ə)nŋ/ noun the use of observations information that the media exposes people of a single event to draw more general to, which is difficult to take in and make conclusions. Compare deductive sense of information gap nfəmeʃ ə n reasoning information gap / | ( ) industrial advertising ndstriəl $p industrial advertising / | / noun the divide between those with dvətazŋ/ noun advertising to busi- access to information and those with none information line nfəmeʃ ə n nesses, not to private individuals information line / | ( ) industrialisation ndstriəla lan industrialisation /| | / noun a line running across a zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the adoption of industrial computer screen that gives the user infor- methods of production and manufacturing mation about the program being executed by a country or group, with all the associ- or the file being edited ated changes in lifestyle, transport, and information management nfə information management / | other aspects of society meʃ(ə)n mndmənt/ noun the task inferior nfəriə inferior / | / adjective referring to of controlling information and the flow of characters written slightly lower than the information within an organisation, which MediaStudies.fm Page 119 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

119 inject box involves acquiring, recording, organising, high-speed transfer of many different storing, distributing and retrieving it forms of data, including voice, video and information overload nfə text information overload / | information technology meʃ(ə)n əυvələυd/ noun having too information technology nfəmeʃ ə n teknɒlədi much information to process / ( ) | / noun the ‘DAVID AYLWIN, founder and whole range of communications technolo- managing director [of the Training gies, including those used in television, Association], said: “With the huge radio, print media and the Internet infotainment nfəυtenmənt explosion in emails and web pages, the infotainment / | / noun average number of hours people spend information presented in an entertaining having to read in a day is between four and engaging way. This term is often used and seven. People are suffering from pejoratively. Also called docutainment information overload. They need to nfrəred fə infrared photography / | update the reading skills they were tɒ$rəfi taught when they were five”.’ [Mary / noun photography with film that Morgan, The Daily Mail] is sensitive to infrared light and can be used for taking pictures at night, in misty information processing model information processing model conditions or to detect camouflaged /nfəmeʃ(ə)n prəυsesŋ mɒd(ə)l/ objects

ingénue noun a way of evaluating the effect of ingénue /nənju / noun a naive inex- advertising in which the receiver of the perienced young woman message is regarded as somebody who ingredient sponsored cooperative advertising processes information and deals with ingredient sponsored coopera- n$ri diənt problems tive advertising /| information rate spɒnsəd kəυɒp ə rətv dvətazŋ nfəmeʃ ə n | ( ) / information rate / | ( ) noun advertising sponsored by the ret/ noun the amount of information producers of raw materials, that aims to content per character multiplied by the encourage the production of products that number of characters transmitted per use these raw materials second inherent drama information retrieval nhərənt drɑ mə nfə inherent drama / | / information retrieval / | meʃ ə n rtri v ə l noun advertising that emphasises the ( ) | ( ) / noun the process of locating quantities of data stored in a benefits of purchasing a product or database and producing useful informa- service, such as the speed of a car, the nutritional value of cereals, etc. tion from the data inheritance factor information retrieval centre nhert ə ns nfə inheritance factor / | ( ) information retrieval centre / | meʃ ə n rtri v ə l sentə fktə/ noun a situation in which the ( ) | ( ) / noun a research system providing specific infor- programme’s ratings rise if it is aired after mation from a database for a user a popular programme, resulting from information science button apathy nfəmeʃ ə n in-home viewing information science / | ( ) n həυm vju ŋ saəns/ noun the study of the processes in-home viewing / / involved in the collection, categorisation noun television viewers who are watching and distribution of information in private homes only. Compare out-of- information society home viewing nfəmeʃ ə n in-house information society / | ( ) səsaəti in-house /n haυs/ adjective within | / noun a society in which every- body has full and free access to informa- the same company in-house agency tion for the sake of personal and commu- in-house agency /n haυs edənsi/ nity development noun an advertising agency which is information storage and retrieval storage and retrieval owned and operated by a company and is nfəmeʃ ə n stɔ rd ən rtri v ə l responsible for the company’s advertising / ( ) | ( ) / noun the techniques involved in storing programme initial nʃ ə l information and retrieving data from a initial / | ( ) / noun the large and often store decorative first letter of a verse, para- information superhighway superhighway graph, page, chapter or work nfəmeʃ ə n su pəhawe inject box ndekt bɒks / ( ) | / noun the inject box / | /, inject ndekt pɔnt worldwide computer network that point / | / noun BROADCAST includes the Internet, which permits the same as feed point MediaStudies.fm Page 120 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

ink 120 ink /ŋk/ noun publicity, especially in the real time which appear on another user’s print media í verb to cover with ink, screen instant replay nstənt ri ple usually in preparation for printing instant replay / | / noun ink in in /ŋk n/ verb to apply ink to a an immediate playback of a videotape, surface before printing from it usually in and to show a in-line /n lan/ noun a graphic image particular moment in a sporting event on that is part of a webpage television institution inoculation effect nsttju ʃ ə n nɒkjυleʃ ə n  institution / | ( ) / noun the inoculation effect / | | ( ) | fekt/ noun the ability of an audience to cultural and political conventions within resist being persuaded of something if which media products are constructed and disseminated they are warned beforehand that an institutional advertising nstt attempt to persuade them is about to take institutional advertising / | place ju ʃ(ə)n(ə)l dvətazŋ/ noun adver- in-point /n pɔnt/ noun the point at tising an organisation rather than a product which a piece in an edited sequence institutional documentary should start institutional documentary input nsttju ʃ ə n ə l dɒkjυment ə ri / ( ) ( ) | ( ) / input /npυt/ verb to type something noun a documentary based in and around into a computer í noun a contribution to a place of work such as a hospital something, especially comments or instrument patch nstrəmənt suggestions made to a group instrument patch / inquiry test ptʃ ŋkwaər test / noun on a synthesizer, a ‘voice’ inquiry test / | / noun a that recreates the sound of an instrument method of measuring the effectiveness of playing, for example a piano, a flute etc advertising based on responses following insulating tape nsjυletŋ tep the advertisement such as requests for insulating tape / / information, phone calls or the number of noun special tape that is used to make coupons redeemed electrical wiring safe to touch intaglio INS ntɑ liəυ INS abbreviation PRESS International intaglio / | / noun 1. any News Service printing technique in which the design is insert ns& t cut into the plate, such as engraving or insert / / noun 1. a piece of extra etching. Also called gravure 2. a printing text added into text that has already been block into which a design is cut written 2. same as loose insert integrated information response model insert shot ns& t ʃɒt integrated information response insert shot / | / noun a close- nt$retd nfəmeʃ ə n r model / ( ) | up shot of an item, headline, etc., inserted spɒns mɒd(ə)l/ noun a model showing into a filmed scene to show the audience the response process to an advertising what the character in the scene can see message which suggests that advertising inside back cover inside back cover /nsad bk leads to a low acceptance rate of informa- kvə/ noun the page on the inside of the tion, but that after trials of the product the back cover used for advertising acceptance rate increases and this in turn inside story story /nsad stɔ ri/ noun a leads to brand loyalty piece of reporting based on the first-hand integrated marketing marketing /nt$retd experiences of those inside a company or mɑ ktŋ/ noun co-ordination of all of a organisation in the news – either the company’s marketing activities in estab- reporter or his or her sources lishing marketing strategies such as pack- ‘Vatican sources said that, as the aging, media promotion or after-sales Foreign Minister from 1990 until service November 2003, the cardinal knew “the Integrated Services Digital Network Services Digital inside story” of the Vatican’s troubled Network /nt$retd s& vsz ddt ə l netw& k relations with China. In his current post ( ) | / noun an adaptor as the head of the Secret Archives, he that uses digital technology to increase the remained “one of the Pope’s bandwidth of a telephone line. Abbrevia- confidants”.’ tion ISDN [Richard Owen, The Times] integration nt$reʃ ə n integration / | ( ) / noun the instant messaging messaging /nstənt way in which new ideas and values mesdŋ/ noun software which allows become part of the established social computer users to send short messages in system MediaStudies.fm Page 121 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

121 international direct dial

Intel Indeo Intel Indeo /ntel ndiəυ/ a trade mation etc. through their remote control. name for software technology developed Abbreviation iTV interconnect ntəkənekt by Intel that allows a computer to store interconnect / | / noun two and play back compressed video or more cable systems joined together for sequences advertising purposes so as to give a wider intellectual ntlektʃuəl geographical spread intellectual / | / noun a person who has expertise and education in intercultural communication communication ntəkltʃ ə rəl kəmju nkeʃ ə n some field and so can speak with authority / ( ) | | ( ) / intellectual property intellectual property /ntəlektjυəl noun communication between people prɒpəti/ noun ideas, designs and creative who are from different cultural or social material that are deemed to ‘belong’ to a backgrounds intercut ntəkt person and should be protected from theft intercut / | / verb to cut back and or use by others forth between filmed scenes or shots of COMMENT: Among the things which can different events or time periods to give the be considered intellectual property are: impression that they are taking place at inventions, trade names, pieces of the same time literature, plays, musical works, pictures, interference ntəfərəns photographs, designs, performances and interference / | / noun broadcasts. unwanted signals from other sources that Intelsat ntelst disrupt radio, telephone or television Intelsat / / noun an interna- reception tional organisation that owns and operates interframe coding interframe coding /ntəfrem the communications satellites that orbit kəυdŋ Earth / noun a system for compressing intensity ntensti video images, in which only the differ- intensity / | / noun the amount ences between each frame are recorded of coverage and attention given to a interior ntəriə particular news story, often at the expense interior / | / noun 1. the inside of of other stories a building, a film set designed to look like interabang the inside of a building or a scene filmed nterəbŋ interabang /| / noun inside a building 2. a painting or photo- PRINTING another spelling of interrobang graph of the inside of a building interactive ntərktv interlace interactive / | / adjective ntəles interlace / | / verb to build up an referring to a system or piece of software image on a television screen using two that allows communication between the passes to create two picture fields. One user and the computer in conversational displays all the odd-numbered lines, the mode other all the even-numbered lines. The interactive advertising ntər interactive advertising / | aim is to reduce the flicker effects on the ktv dvətazŋ/ noun advertising television picture. interlaced scanning that requires some input from its audi- interlaced scanning /ntəlesd ence, usually found on the Internet or sknŋ/ noun a technique for producing through other new technology forms an image on a television or computer interactive media interactive media /ntərktv screen that is clear and correctly aligned mi diə/ plural noun media that provide in the vertical plane. It involves scanning two-way communications between users first all the odd numbered and then all the and their machines or systems and enable even numbered lines in the screen image. users to control their systems and obtain intermedia comparison comparison ntəmi diə kəmprs ə n responses from them in real time / | ( ) / noun a interactive multimedia interactive multimedia /ntərktv comparison of different media to decide mltimi diə how suitable they are for advertising | / noun a multimedia system in which users can issue commands to international direct dial direct dial ntənʃ ə nəl darekt daəl which the program responds, or control / ( ) | / noun actions and control the way the program full form of IDD works Internationalinternational direct dial Federation of Jour- interactive television interactive television /ntərktv nalists /ntənʃ(ə)nəl fedəʃeʃ(ə)n telv(ə)n/ noun television which əv d& nəlsts/ noun an organisation allows the user to take part in quizzes, formed to campaign for freedom of the vote in competitions, access more infor- press across the globe. Abbreviation IFJ MediaStudies.fm Page 122 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

international media 122 Internationalinternational media Federation of News- Internet. Abbreviation ISP. Also called paper Publishers /ntənʃ(ə)nəl access provider fedəreʃ ə n əv nju zpepə ‘ Internet telephony | ntənet tə ( ) / noun Internet telephony / | World Association of Newspapers lefəni/ noun a system that allows users to international media international media /ntənʃ(ə)nəl make telephone calls using the Internet to mi diə/ plural noun advertising media carry the voice signals. To make a call, that cover several countries and can be users need a computer with a sound card used to reach audiences in them fitted and a microphone and loudspeaker International News Service News Service plugged in, and special software that manages the connection and transfers the /ntənʃ(ə)nəl nju z s& vs/ noun a voice data over the Internet. news agency that was the subject of internship nt& nʃp controversy in 1918 when it was accused internship / | / noun same as of ‘lifting’ stories from a rival agency, work experience interpellation ntəpəleʃ ə n Associated Press. Abbreviation INS. ı interpellation / | ( ) / noun Doctrine of Misappropriation in Marxist theory, the way in which international roaming roaming people are addressed and how this relates /ntənʃ(ə)nəl rəυmŋ/ noun the to their position in society interpersonal communication facility to use a mobile phone outside the interpersonal communication ntəp& s ə n ə l kəmju nkeʃ ə n country in which the user have a contract / ( ) ( ) | | ( ) / International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication noun any communication between two ntənʃ ə nəl telikəmju n people, whether verbal or non-verbal Union / ( ) | | interpersonal framing keʃ(ə)n ju niən/ noun an organisation interpersonal framing ntəp& s ə n ə l fremŋ that promotes international cooperation in / ( ) ( ) / noun in telecommunications and allots radio interpersonal communication, the signals frequencies for various purposes. It was by which two people talking let each other founded in 1865 and affiliated with the know whether the conversation is serious United Nations in 1947. Abbreviation ITU or not, what purpose it has, whether it has internaut ntənɔ t to end soon etc. internaut / / noun an Internet interpersonal function of language user, especially a habitual one interpersonal function of language /ntəp& s(ə)n(ə)l fŋkʃən ‘To some analysts, Netbridge’s greatest əv lŋ$wd/ noun the use of language weakness is the lack of a coherent portal to bond with other people, as opposed to that would draw sufficiently large its use for exchanging information. volumes of traffic – and notably Compare ideational function of internauts willing to spend money or language draw advertisers.’ [Andrew Jack, The interpretant nt& prətənt Financial Times] interpretant / | / noun the

Internet phenomenon set of associations that are raised in the ntənet fə Internet phenomenon / | mind of a person on seeing a particular nɒmnən/, Internet meme noun some- sign thing such as a person, site or image that interpretive community n interpretive community /| captures the attention of multiple Internet t& rprtv kəmju nti | / noun in users and becomes a fad that quickly aesthetic theory, the idea that a text’s spreads. Viral advertising tries to take meaning is not an essential part of it, but advantage of this. comes from the shared ideology of the Internet protocol Internet protocol /ntənet ‘community’ reading it prəυtəkɒl/ noun the standard that interrobang nterəbŋ interrobang / | / noun a controls the addressing and format of data punctuation mark in the form of a transmitted over the Internet combined question mark and exclamation Internet Relay Chat Internet Relay Chat /ntənet ri le mark. It is used at the end of, or some- tʃt/ noun software that allows users to times in place of, an utterance that is both join chat rooms and post instant messages question and exclamation, especially to that other users can read and reply to in indicate disbelief. real time. Abbreviation IRC interrogate nterə$et interrogate / | / verb 1. to Internet service provider Internet service provider /ntənet question someone thoroughly, often in an s& vs prəvadə | / noun a company that aggressive or threatening manner and sells connections providing access to the especially as part of a formal enquiry, for MediaStudies.fm Page 123 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

123 IP terminal

example in a police station or courtroom intro /ntrəυ/ noun the opening para- 2. to send a request for information to a graph or paragraphs of a story that intro- computer device or program duce it and its main angle interruptible fold back interruptible fold back inventory /nvənt(ə)ri/ noun adver- /ntərptb(ə)l fəυld bk/ noun same tising time or space that is not used and is as clean feed available interstitial ntəstʃ ə l inverse video nv& s vdiəυ interstitial / | ( ) / noun an inverse video / / noun a advertisement on the World Wide Web television effect created by swapping the that is shown briefly before a selected background and foreground text display page colours

intertextuality inverted pyramid ntətekstjulti n|v& td intertextuality / | / inverted pyramid / noun the theory that all media texts are prəmd/ noun the way in which news interrelated, and can only be defined by stories are generally structured, starting their relations with others with the most important news at the begin- intervalometer intəvəlɒmtə ning, continuing with less important intervalometer / | / noun pieces of information and finishing with a a device that is designed to activate a short background piece mechanism automatically at regular inter- investigative reporting n vals, especially one that operates a camera investigative reporting /| vest$ətv rpɔ tŋ shutter | /, investigative interval signal nvest$ətv ntəv ə l s$n ə l journalism /| interval signal / ( ) ( ) / d& nəlz(ə)m/ noun the type of noun a phrase of music, a jingle or other reporting that involves the journalist sound that a radio station uses to identify having to do a lot of research to discover itself, broadcasting it between and some- more detail, often an exposé of something times during programmes that somebody is trying to cover up intervening variables intervening variables /ntəvi nŋ investment advertising n veəriəb ə lz investment advertising /| ( ) / plural noun any factors vestmənt dvətazŋ/ noun large that influence how a message is finally expenditure on advertising to achieve interpreted, on the part of the sender, the long-term objectives receiver and the form of transmission investment spending nvestmənt intervention investment spending / | ntəvenʃən intervention / | / noun the spendŋ/ noun the policy of spending ability of governments and those in power more than normal on advertising with the to intervene in the transmission of infor- expectation of increased sales and profits mation through the media invisibility nvzblti / | | / noun the interview invisibility interview /ntəvju / noun a meeting idea that particular minority groups are during which a person is asked questions, under-represented in the mainstream for example by a journalist or a researcher media and are as such ‘invisible’ to the intimisation ntmazeʃ ə n majority of viewers intimisation / | ( ) / noun the practice of making a news story more in-vision /n v(ə)n/ adjective refer- interesting or a message more convincing ring to subjects that are on camera, within by appealing to the viewer’s own values the shot and beliefs iPod /apɒd/ a trade name for a portable intramedia comparison comparison electronic device onto which users can ntrəmi diə kəmprs ə n / | ( ) / noun a download music, radio programmes etc comparison of different advertising from their home computer options within the same medium IPPV abbreviation Impulse Pay-Per- intransient advertisement n intransient advertisement /| View trnziənt dvətazŋ/ noun an adver- ips /a pi es/ noun inches per second – tisement that the target audience can keep a measurement of the speed of magnetic and look at again, for example in a news- tape running over a head paper or magazine. Compare transient IP terminal terminal /a pi t& mn(ə)l/ noun a advertisement special visual display unit that allows intrapersonal communication intrapersonal communication users to create and edit videotext pages intrəp& sən ə l kəmju nkeʃ ə n / ( ) | | ( ) / before sending them to the main videotext noun internal conversation, thoughts page database MediaStudies.fm Page 124 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

IR 124

IR ISO rating IR /a ɑ / noun Independent Radio – in ISO rating /a es əυ retŋ/ noun a the UK, all non-BBC stations measure of , where a doubling

IRC IRC abbreviation Internet Relay Chat of the number represents twice as much iris diaphragm sensitivity to light iris diaphragm /ars daəfrm/, ISP ars ISP abbreviation Internet service iris / / noun a diaphragm consisting provider of thin overlapping plates that control the issue ʃu size of a hole, especially one controlling issue / / noun a copy of a regularly the amount of light allowed to enter a published magazine or newspaper that camera lens was put out on a particular date í verb to iris in produce and distribute a product such as a ars n iris in / / verb to open up the iris book, magazine or newspaper diaphragm of a camera gradually in order issues issues /ʃu z/ noun those ideas that are to take in more of a subject or scene

iris out the source of controversy and debate in a iris out /ars aυt/ verb to close the iris society at any given time diaphragm of a camera gradually in order ‘He described his new National to shrink the picture area until it disap- Responsibility Party, which he hopes to pears completely. Irising out was formerly steer to victory in next spring’s election, a common way to end a film or sequence. as a “national liberal movement”… irony irony /arəni/ noun 1. humour based on After decades of violence and two using words to suggest the opposite of intifadas when security issues their literal meaning 2. something said or dominated most elections, the issue of written that uses humour based on words poverty is likely to play a leading role suggesting the opposite of their literal this time round.’ [Tim Butcher, The meaning 3. incongruity between what Daily Telegraph] actually happens and what might be ITA abbreviation Independent Televi- expected to happen, especially when this sion Authority disparity seems absurd or laughable ital. ital. abbreviation PUBLISHING italics ISDN ISDN abbreviation Integrated Services italic tlk italic / | / noun a style of printed Digital Network letter that slopes to the right í adjective island position alənd pəzʃ ə n island position / | ( ) / referring to printed text using letters that noun advertising space separated from slope to the right. Italic letters are often other advertising space in a newspaper or used to show emphasis in text. Abbrevia- magazine tion ital. italicise iso llsaz iso /asəυ/ noun an ‘isolated’ television italicise / | / verb to print text in camera, the output from which is recorded italics separately to those of other cameras on the Itar Tass Tass /tɑ ts/ noun a Russian shoot news agency that replaced Tass, the news iSociety asəsaəti agency of the former Soviet Union, in iSociety / | / noun the lifestyle choices characteristic of the late 1990s, 1992 ITC with greater gender equality and less of a ITC abbreviation Independent Televi- competitive focus sion Commission ITC Programme Code ‘“I became disenchanted with the ITC Programme Code /a ti si corporate culture”, says the 44-year-old. prəυ$rm kəυd/ noun the code of “It did not offer me the personal rewards broadcasting practice in the UK which or camaraderie I wanted”. A rules that material not suitable for chil- quintessential member of the iSociety, dren must be shown after the watershed, he eschewed financial reward, tore up that offensive (for example racist) jokes traditional family roles and risked his are subject to regulation, and other career setting up his own firm.’ [The considerations about suitability of content Observer] item /atəm/ noun a piece of reported isolation booth asəleʃ ə n bu ð news, for example in a newspaper or on isolation booth / | ( ) / noun television in a recording studio, a small sound- ITU proof booth in which individual instru- ITU abbreviation TELECOMS Interna- ments, vocals etc can be recorded for tional Telecommunication Union mixing later iTV abbreviation interactive television MediaStudies.fm Page 125 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

125 IV

ITV IV ITV abbreviation Independent Televi- IV /a vi / noun a system that uses a sion computer linked to a video disk player to ITVA ITVA abbreviation Independent Televi- provide processing power and real images sion Association or moving pictures MediaStudies.fm Page 126 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

J

jack jack /dk/ noun a female socket that heard about it from non-media designed to receive a jack plug in order to sources complete a circuit jib /db/ noun a swinging arm on a

jack plug jack plug /dk pl$/ noun a plug camera mounting, allowing the camera to with a single pin, often used to connect move freely JICNARS items of audio equipment JICNARS /dknɑ z/ abbreviation jam dm Joint Industrial Committee for jam / / noun 1. a device for National Readerships Surveys preventing a pre-recorded videotape from JICNARS scale dknɑ z skel being copied 2. a situation where radio or JICNARS scale / / television signals are blocked í verb 1. to noun one of six social groups into which prevent the reception of a radio or televi- consumers are divided for advertising sion signal by broadcasting other signals purposes on the same frequency 2. to adjust or COMMENT: The group categories are A – high managerial leaders, B – middle adapt something such as a pre-recorded management, C1 – lower management videotape, to prevent it from being copied and administrative workers, C2 – skilled JANET JANET /dnt/ noun a computer manual workers, D – unskilled manual network that is government-funded and workers, and E – low waged or unwaged. JICREG used by academics and researchers, JICREG /dkre$/ abbreviation Joint linking all British institutions of higher Industry Committee of Regional and further education to each other and to Newspapers jihad dhd the Internet jihad / | / noun the idea of a jargon jargon /dɑ $ən/ noun terms that are culture which is homogenous, dominated only used in one specialist area such as a by big corporations Pictures profession, and are not widely understood Jim Henson Pictures /dm outside that hens(ə)n pktʃəz/ noun a film produc- ‘…business communication really does tion studio best-known for its Muppets feature films have too much jargon and obfuscation. jimmy-jib Such vocabulary betrays a lack of clarity jimmy-jib /dmi db/ noun a type of and lazy thinking. What do the hoist which allows for smooth movement following actually mean: “granular”; of a remote-controlled camera “traction”; “thoughtware”; “matrix”; jingle /dŋ$(ə)l/ noun a short musical “paradigm”; “disintermediate”?’ [Luke piece identifying a station or presenter Johnson, The Daily Telegraph] jingoism /dŋ$əυz(ə)m/ noun

jazz jazz /dz/ noun popular music that extreme national pride jive originated among black people in New jive /dav/ noun jazz or swing dance Orleans in the late 19th century and is music, especially that of the 1940s characterized by syncopated rhythms and JNRS abbreviation Joint National improvisation Readership Survey

J-curve jock J-curve /de k& v/ noun the correla- jock /dɒk/ noun RADIO same as DJ tion between the number of people who jog/shuttle /dɒ$ ʃt(ə)l/, dɒ$ ʃt ə l kən have heard about an event and the number jog/shuttle control / ( ) | MediaStudies.fm Page 127 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

127 justify trəυl/ noun a manual control on a video declined”, she says. She is not trying to player or camera that allows a user to edit “bash journalism”, but adds: “I think a sequence that the economics of it, principally the Joint Industrial Committee Industrial for National Readerships Surveys Committee for rush to publish before facts can be National Readerships Surveys checked or context can be gained, has dɔnt ndstriəl kəmti fə impacted on accuracy”.’ [Vincent Graff, / | | nʃ(ə)nəl ri dəʃps s& vez/ noun The Guardian] journo previously, the body that carried out read- journo /d& nəυ/ noun same as jour- ership surveys in the UK, replaced in 1992 nalist (informal)

joypad by the National Readership Survey. joypad /dɔpd/ noun same as Abbreviation JICNARS Joint Industry Committee of Regional Newspapers gamepad Joint Industry Committee of joystick dɔstk Regional Newspapers /dɔnt joystick / / noun a hand-held ndəstri kəmti əv ri d ə nəl game controller usually consisting of an | ( ) nju zpepəz/ noun a non-commercial upright stick which pivots on its base to organisation that provides readership control directions and additional buttons statistics for regional newspapers in the to control other actions .jpeg UK. Abbreviation JICREG .jpeg noun a computer format for Joint National Readership National Survey Readership Survey images, that compresses data with some /dɔnt nʃ(ə)nəl ri dəʃp s& ve/ loss of quality in the image Juliet du liet noun a commercial organisation that Juliet / | / noun an internation- provides readership statistics for several ally recognised code word for the letter J, major publications in the Republic of used in radio communications

jump cut Ireland, using random probability testing. jump cut /dmp kt/ noun a cut from Abbreviation JNRS one shot in a film to another very similar jouissance jouissance /u sɒns/ noun in femi- frame within the same piece of footage, nist theory, an extreme instance of intense without the camera having changed posi- joy, bliss or jubilation tion. It gives the impression that the journal /d& n(ə)l/ noun a magazine or subject has ‘jumped’ within the shot. periodical that deals with an area of jumpstation dmpsteʃ ə n jumpstation / | ( ) / noun special interest or is produced by a profes- a website that simply provides links to sional body for its members, containing other websites articles and papers relevant to their area of junction dŋkʃən activity junction / / noun the point at journalese d& nəli z which a radio or television programme or journalese / | / noun the item has to end in order for the next to particular type of language used by jour- start on time nalists jungle journalism dŋ$əl d& n ə lz ə m jungle / / noun a rhythmically journalism / ( ) ( ) / noun complex form of electronic dance music the act of reporting, writing or editing for also known as ‘drum and bass’ that is a newspaper or magazine or for television largely instrumental with heavy beats and or radio journalist d& n ə lst bass lines and shows the influence of jazz journalist / ( ) / noun a person and techno whose job is to write for a newspaper or junk mail dŋk mel magazine or prepare news for television or junk mail / / noun unsolic- radio broadcasting ited advertising and promotional material journalistic d& nəlstk that arrives through the post journalistic / | / adjective justification dstfkeʃ ə n relating to journalism or resembling the justification / | ( ) / noun style of journalism the adjustment of the spaces between journalistic standards standards words in text in order to make each line /d& nəlstk stndədz/ plural noun the same width justified the code of ethics which a journalist justified /dstfad/ adjective refer- should observe, such as objectivity, ring to printed text that has both left and honesty, accuracy and fairness right margins aligned justify ‘…“there’s no question that PR justify /dstfa/ verb to set text so standards have risen, while arguably a that it begins and ends at a given point on lot of journalistic standards have the page MediaStudies.fm Page 128 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

K

karaoke kriəυki karaoke / | / noun a form of address which will indicate where they entertainment in which amateur singers saw it, thus helping the advertisers to eval- sing popular songs accompanied by pre- uate the effectiveness of advertising in recorded music from a machine that may that particular newspaper or magazine also display the words on a video screen key frame frame /ki frem/ noun a frame Kelvin scale scale /kelvn skel/ noun the that is recorded in full rather than being scale used in measuring colour tempera- compressed or otherwise reduced in size ture to save storage space key grip Kepplinger and Habermeier’s model of media events and1995 Habermeier’s key grip /ki $rp/ noun the member of model of media events 1995 a television or film production team who /keplŋ$ə ənd hɑ bəmeə/ noun a is responsible for moving set equipment, model predicting that coverage of a partic- especially cameras ular news event will increase interest in key light light /ki lat/ noun 1. the main similar events light source on a film set, used in conjunc- kern /k& n/, kerne noun the part of a tion with the fill light and the backlight to printed character that extends beyond its form a complete lighting set-up 2. the body í verb 1. to join or overlap printed main light source for a particular filmed characters 2. to close or reduce the white scene or shot space between printed letters key out out /ki aυt/ verb to select a partic- kerning /k& nŋ/ noun the adjustment ular colour or colour range in an image or of the space between individual printed piece of footage and digitally overlay it characters to improve the appearance of with some other colour or image. ı chro- the text or alter its fit makey keyword kestrel /kestrəl/ noun a large camera keyword /ki w& d/ noun a term which mounting with a jib arm on which the is placed in the metadata of a webpage to camera operator can sit attract search engines kidult key /ki / noun the strength of tone of an kidult /kdlt/ noun an adult who image, especially with regard to its colour enjoys entertainment such as films or intensity í verb to mark symbols on the computer games intended mainly for chil- layout of artwork, or anything to be repro- dren duced, to show the correct locations of its kidvid /kdvd/ noun a video aimed at different parts children key account ki əkaυnt kill key account / | / noun an kill /kl/ verb to decide not to use a story important account or client, for example or feature that is already being written or of an advertising agency has been written keyboarder ki bɔ də killer application klə pl keyboarder / / noun a person killer application / | whose job is to input data using a keʃ(ə)n/, killer app noun a piece of computer keyboard or typesetting software that is so useful that a person will machine invest in the relevant hardware, operating keyed advertisement ki d əd keyed advertisement / | system etc., just to use it v& tsmənt/ noun an advertisement that ‘More worryingly, [Microsoft] has asks people to write to a specially coded missed the boat in search technology, MediaStudies.fm Page 129 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

129 kwela the killer application on the internet that press, of a person’s past sexual experi- has catapulted Google into a position ence, especially with a celebrity

kiss-and-tell where senior Microsoft staff are left kiss-and-tell /ks ən tel/ adjective spluttering pathetically about their referring to revelations about an earlier upstart competitor.’ [The Daily sexual experience with somebody else Telegraph kitchen sink drama ] ktʃn sŋk kill fee kl fi kitchen sink drama / kill fee / / noun money that is paid drɑ mə/ noun a genre of film that to a writer, photographer, artist or illus- became popular in the late 1950s and trator when a publisher decides not to throughout the 1960s, focusing on the publish the contracted work gritty reality of working-class life kill off kl ɒf kitsch kill off / / verb to end the fictional kitsch /ktʃ/ adjective of poor taste, but life of a serial or soap opera character by used or displayed intentionally to imply a writing their death into the script light-hearted lack of regard for considera- Kilo Kilo /ki ləυ/ noun an internationally tions of high art, good taste etc.

klieg light recognised code word for the letter K, klieg light /kli $ lat/ noun an intense used in radio communications kilowatt carbon-arc light formerly used in film- kilowatt /kləwɒt/ noun one thousand making watts. Abbreviation kW knock down nɒk daυn kinescope knock down / / verb to write kinescope /knskəυp/ noun 1. a film a story challenging another story, usually of a television broadcast 2. a television one featured in a rival newspaper, and tube í verb TV to make a film of a televi- disproving its claims sion broadcast knocking copy nɒkŋ kɒpi kinesics kni sks knocking copy / / noun kinesics / | / noun the study of advertising material aimed at showing the the way people communicate though inferiority of a competing product movements of the body and gestures knowns and unknowns nəυnz ənd kinetheodolite knθiɒdəlat knowns and unknowns / kinetheodolite / | / noun nnəunz/ noun the theory that people an optical instrument use for tracking and things that are already famous are missiles or satellites, that contains a cine more likely to be given attention and camera that follows the moving target coverage than those which are not while recording its altitude and trajectory Kuleshov effect kinetoscope ku ləʃɒv fekt kanetəskəυp Kuleshov effect / | / / | / noun kinetoscope an noun the theory that a single shot or piece early method of film projection, involving of film can be given a different signifi- a wooden cabinet with a passing roll of cance when shown next to another film that could be viewed through a slit kuuki Kinoflo kuuki /ku ki/ noun an environment in Kinoflo /kanəυfləυ/ a trade name for a type of fluorescent light used on film which agreement with social norms of shoots opinion is more important than nurturing kiosk independence of thought kiosk /ki ɒsk/ noun 1. a small perma- COMMENT: The word kuuki comes from nent or temporary structure in the street the Japanese meaning ‘mood’ or that sells items such as newspapers, travel ‘atmosphere’, referring to the idea of and entertainment tickets and sweets 2. values, perceptions etc existing ‘in the air the site of a phone or Internet access point around us’, rather than in individual that is used by the public minds. kW Kirlian photography krliən fə Kirlian photography / | kW abbreviation kilowatt kwaito tɒ$rəfi/ noun a photographic process kwaito /kwatəυ/ noun a South African that records the radiation emitted by, or style of house music combining African the aura surrounding, an object to which samples and male vocals, usually shouted an electric charge has been applied or chanted in African languages, English KISS /ks/ noun the need to make sure or a mixture, although more recently, your advertising is clear and concise so as artists are rapping rather than shouting to improve its chances of getting a their lyrics kwela response. Full form keep it short and kwela /kwelə/ noun a style of South simple African street music with influences from kiss and tell and tell /ks ən tel/ noun a jazz and originally played on the penny record, often published in the tabloid whistle MediaStudies.fm Page 130 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

L

L/A landing page L/A abbreviation low-angle landing page /lndŋ ped/ noun label label /leb(ə)l/ noun 1. a simple head- the page on a website where the user line giving straight details of what a story arrives, in particular the page arrived at contains, for example ‘interview with…’ when directed by a hyperlink landline ln d lan 2. a stereotype that is applied to a person, landline / ( ) | / noun a cable for often offensively carrying high-quality signals, especially label libel label libel /leb(ə)l lab(ə)l/ noun the before IDSN landscape idea that creating stereotypes with which landscape /lndskep/ adjective to ‘label’ people can attach unwanted referring to the orientation of a piece of values, ideas etc. to them, which could be paper whose long sides are at the top and viewed as a form of libel bottom of the page language acquisition device laboratories ləbɒrət ə riz laboratories / | ( ) / plural language acquisition device lŋ$wd kwzʃ ə n dvas noun the place in which film is developed / | ( ) | / and printed noun the linguistic theory that parts of our laboratory test ləbɒrət ə ri test brain are specifically hard-wired to laboratory test / | ( ) / noun a test carried out under controlled receive and construct languages, a skill conditions, for example of the reactions of which is particularly sharp before the age of 5. Abbreviation LAD consumers to advertising language laboratory LAD lŋ$wd lə language laboratory / | LAD abbreviation language acquisi- bɒrət(ə)ri/ noun a room equipped with tion device laddette audio recording and playback equipment ldet laddette / | / noun a young woman for use by students learning languages with a lifestyle that is more characteristic language pollution lŋ$wd pə language pollution / | of that of some young men, usually lu ʃ(ə)n/ noun the use of language to involving heavy drinking and boisterous confuse or mislead, such as to tell a lie behaviour slide lad mag lntən slad ld m$ lantern slide / / noun a lad mag / / noun a magazine piece of transparent glass or plastic with aimed at young men who are chiefly inter- an image on it that can be projected onto a ested in sport, alcohol and sex screen by a or magic ‘What a difference a decade makes. The lantern rise of lad mags and the post-irony, large-print /lɑ d prnt/ adjective have-your-cake-and-eat-it anti-PC referring to type that is bigger than normal backlash haves restored the swimsuit, so that partially-sighted readers can see it evening gown, and perma-smile [Miss easily World] parade to something like centre Lasswell’s model of communication 1948 stage.’ [Stuart Husband, The Lasswell’s model of communica- lswel Independent on Sunday] tion 1948 / / noun a model of

LAN lines of enquiry which can be followed LAN /ln/ abbreviation local area when analysing a piece of communica- network tion, namely to look at who is speaking land-based land-based /lnd best/ adjective and to whom, through which channels referring to a business that exists in a they are speaking, what is said and what physical location rather than as a website effect it has MediaStudies.fm Page 131 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

131 leakage

latency lc latency /let(ə)nsi/ noun 1. the state or lc, l.c. abbreviation PRINTING lowercase LCD condition of being latent 2. the amount of LCD abbreviation liquid crystal time it takes data to move across an display Internet connection ld latent let ə nt ld abbreviation PRINTING lead latent / ( ) / noun of thoughts, feel- lead led ings or desires, present or existing but in lead / / noun 1. the main story on the an underdeveloped or unexpressed form í front page of a newspaper. Abbreviation adjective of thoughts, feelings or desires, ld 2. the first and most important piece of dormant or undeveloped but able to news in a bulletin 3. an electrical cable develop normally under suitable condi- connecting pieces of equipment leader tions leader /li də/ noun 1. same as editorial latent image image /let(ə)nt md/ noun 2. coloured, non-recordable tape used on the image that is recorded on light-sensi- reel-to-reel tape to indicate the beginning tive materials such as photographic film or (green) and end (red) of a piece of audio leadership paper but that cannot be seen until it is leadership /li dəʃp/ noun the fact of developed being a leader, or the guidance provided latitude /lttju d/ noun 1. the degree by a leader to a group lead-in of flexibility regarding how much light lead-in /li d n/ noun 1. an introduction photographic paper can be exposed to before an item on television or a topic for while still providing an acceptable image discussion 2. a cable connecting an aerial 2. the idea of three strata into which a new with a transmitter or receiver leading idea suggested to a person falls – that of leading /li dŋ/ noun the blank spaces acceptance (where it is close to the ideas separating lines of text, originally created that they already hold), non-commitment using strips of lead to separate the lines (where they are concerned either way) and leading article li dŋ ɑ tk ə l rejection (where the new idea is too far leading article / ( ) / removed from what is already thought) noun PRESS same as editorial lead out laugh track li d aυt laugh track /lɑ f trk/ noun a lead out / / verb to increase the recording of laughter that is added to a amount of white space between lines of comedy programme in appropriate places type in order to make the article fit the launch /lɔ ntʃ/ verb space allocated to it launch to put a new leaflet product on the market, usually spending leaflet /li flət/ noun a sheet of printed money on advertising it í noun an occa- paper that is given out as part of an adver- sion such as a party at which a product is tising or information campaign í verb to launched distribute leaflets in a particular place or lavaliere microphone ləvlieə to a particular group of people lavaliere microphone / | | leaf through makrəfəυn/ noun a small microphone leaf through /li f θru / verb to turn that is worn on a cord around a speaker’s the pages of a book or magazine without neck reading much leak law of primacy of primacy /lɔ əv praməsi/ leak /li k/ noun an occasion when confi- noun the theory that the argument that is dential information is given to the media, presented first to an audience will stand a or the information itself í verb to give better chance of persuading them than confidential information to the media subsequent ones unofficially, or become known unoffi- layback /lebk/ noun the process of cially laying together a finished audio track with ‘Matters deteriorated further when she the filmed sequence it accompanies found Caithness’s heir, Alexander, Lord layer /leə/ noun an audio track that can Berridale, had a CD of their wedding be played ‘on top of’ another, such as a photos. A friend said: “She was spoken piece played over background concerned he would leak them to the music, to create a complete soundtrack í Press, which of course he would never verb to put together different audio tracks do”.’ to create a complete soundtrack [Louisa Pritchard, The Mail on Sunday] leakage layout /leaυt/ noun the way in which leakage /li kd/ noun the way in the page is designed showing the position which confidential information reaches of text, graphics and photographs the media through unofficial channels MediaStudies.fm Page 132 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

leakproof 132

leakproof lettering leakproof /li kpru f/ adjective refer- lettering /letərŋ/ noun writing that is ring to a system of confidentiality that is printed, inscribed or painted on something

letterpress guaranteed to work letterpress /letəpres/ noun 1. mate- leaky leaky /li ki/ adjective prone to allowing rial that is printed using the letterpress breaches in secrecy or confidentiality technique 2. a printing technique that LED LED abbreviation light emitting diode works by covering raised type with ink legal and pressing it onto a surface such as legal /li $(ə)l/ verb to send a story to a lawyer to check that it is safe to publish it paper level legend lev ə l legend /ledənd/ noun 1. a story that level / ( ) / noun the volume of a has been passed down for generations, speaker’s voice or audio piece, recorded especially one that is presented as history by a meter lexis but is unlikely to be true 2. a popular myth lexis /lekss/ noun the words that make that has arisen in modern times 3. some- up a language or the language of a partic- body famous admired for a particular skill ular person

lf or talent 4. an inscription, such as a title or lf abbreviation PRINTING lightface motto, on an object libel legitimation lab ə l ldtmeʃ ə n libel / ( ) / noun writing or recording legitimation / | | ( ) / noun in some permanent form, things that are the process by which certain values, ideas, not true about another person. Compare beliefs etc. are introduced, preferred and slander considered to be ‘mainstream’ by the library music society in which they are found. Compare library music /labrəri mju zk/ delegitimation noun music used in films or television legman le$mən shows, not recorded for the specific show legman / / noun a reporter who but available from a specialist library for a researches a story, especially from fee firsthand sources licence fee legs las ə ns fi legs /le$z/ plural noun the ability of an licence fee / ( ) / noun the advertising campaign, a film, a book or annual fee that must be paid by each other usually short-lived product to household with a television set in return interest people for a much longer time for BBC programming. A colour licence than normal í noun an informal term for costs over £120 per year (the price being tripod set by the government), a black-and-white lemma set around £45. There is no fee for radio lemma /lemə/ noun a heading that indi- services. cates the topic of a work or passage life laf lens lenz life / / noun an account of somebody’s lens / / noun a curved piece of glass life, usually in writing or plastic that bends (refracts) light when ‘life in the day’ feature laf n ðə filming or taking a photograph. Different ‘life in the day’ feature / de fi tʃə types of curve produce different focal / noun a feature that describes lengths, fields of view and distortion a typical day in the life of a subject. effects. ı fisheye lens, telephoto lens, Compare ‘day in the life’ feature lifestyle prime lens, lifestyle /lafstal/ noun a way of clas- letter letter /letə/ noun a style of typeface sifying and grouping an audience letterbox letəbɒks according to the way in which they live, letterbox / / noun 1. a film their possessions, living arrangements, format for television that shows a wider beliefs etc. and shorter picture than usual to allow the lift complete frame of cinema films to be lift /lft/ verb to re-use material from your shown on television 2. the appearance of a own or another publication, changing very 4:3 screen on which a 16:9 picture is being little ligature shown, with black bars at the top and ligature /l$ətʃə/ noun a character that bottom consists of two or more letters joined letterform letterform /letəfɔ m/ noun the shape together, for example ‘æ’ of a letter of the alphabet light emitting diode lat mtŋ light emitting diode / | letterhead letterhead /letəhed/ noun a printed daəυd/ noun a series of blinking lights heading for paper that a company uses for that indicates for example volume. Abbre- official letters and documents viation LED MediaStudies.fm Page 133 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

133 lip-sync

lightface /latfes/ adjective referring cations line that causes errors in a data to printed characters with relatively transmission narrow lines. Abbreviation lf line of sight of sight /lan əv sat/ noun a lighting /latŋ/ noun 1. the equipment straight path, not passing over the horizon, used for lighting a theatre stage or a tele- between a transmitting and receiving vision or film set 2. the overall effect aerial. Abbreviation LOS line producer lan prədju sə produced by the lights used on a theatre line producer / | / noun stage or a television or film set the member of a film production team lighting cameraman cameraman /latŋ who is responsible for the day-to-day km(ə)rəmn/ noun a member of a practical considerations such as budg- film production team who is responsible eting, technology hire and maintenance for lighting and camerawork and scheduling liner lighting plot plot /latŋ plɒt/ noun a plan liner /lanə/ noun RECORDING same as of where the lighting will be on a film set sleeve line rate light meter lan ret light meter /lat mi tə/ noun line rate / / noun the rate PHOTOGRAPHY same as exposure meter charged for advertising space, based on light-struck lat strk the line space used in a newspaper or light-struck / / adjective magazine referring to photographic material that has lines lanz a foggy appearance because it has been lines / / noun the dialogue which an accidentally exposed to light actor has to deliver lineup light viewer lanp light viewer /lat vju ə/ noun a lineup / / noun the preparation person who watches very little television and checking of electrical equipment at a Lightworks shoot to make sure that it is ready to use latw& ks line-up Lightworks / / a trade name lan p for a non-linear editing system line-up / / noun TV a program- Lima ming schedule of a television network li mə linguistic determinism Lima / / noun an internationally lŋ$wstk linguistic determinism / | recognised code word for the letter L, dt& mnz ə m used in radio communications | ( ) / noun the theory that a liminality lmnlti person’s language affects how they shape liminality / | / noun in soci- and understand the world ology, a state of moving between social linguistics lŋ$wstks linguistics / | / noun the roles, such as between an adult and a child linage scientific study of language lnid link linage / /, lineage noun the link /lŋk/ noun a piece of speech that number of lines of copy produced by a introduces the next item in television or freelancer (used to calculate how much radio broadcasting í verb to make a they are paid) line linking piece of speech to the next broad- line /lan/ noun 1. a sentence or short cast item í noun a satellite dish piece of dialogue which an actor has to linkman /lŋkmn/ noun somebody deliver 2. one of the horizontal scans that who introduces the next item on radio or forms the picture on a television screen 3. television a horizontal row of words or numbers linocut lanəυkt linear perspective lniə pə linocut / / noun a print made linear perspective / | spektv from a design that has been cut into a / noun a form of perspective in piece of linoleum or the design itself which depth and distance is shown in lip microphone lp makrəfəυn drawings or paintings by showing parallel lip microphone / / lines as coming together on the horizon noun a microphone designed to be held line cut lan kt close to the user’s mouth so that back- line cut / / noun a printing plate ground noise does not interfere with the made from a line drawing recorded sound line drawing lan drɔ ŋ lipstick camera line drawing / / noun a lipstick camera /lpstk km(ə)rə/ simple drawing or noun a small cylindrical digital camera diagram that can be mounted on a military helmet, line in in /lan n/ noun an input connec- motor vehicle or fighter aircraft and used tion to audio equipment such as an ampli- to make visual records of operations or fier that accepts a low voltage audio signal targets etc. line noise noise /lan nɔz/ noun unwanted lip-sync /lp sŋk/ verb 1. to make sure interference on a telephone or communi- that the speech heard fits the mouth move- MediaStudies.fm Page 134 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

liquid crystal display 134 ments of the actor on film perfectly 2. to zinc, treated to attract or repel oily ink in mouth along to a recorded track as though the appropriate places performing it live little magazine lt ə l m$əzi n little magazine / ( ) | / liquid crystal display liquid crystal display /lkwd noun a magazine of literary work by krst ə l dsple ( ) | / noun a thin display writers who are not yet well known, screen for a computer or television which usually having a limited circulation and a uses little power and gives superior small format

live picture resolution. Abbreviation LCD live /lav/ adjective referring to the listener listener /ls(ə)nə/ noun somebody who broadcasting of an event while it is listens, especially to a radio broadcast happening í adverb so as to be broadcast listenership /ls(ə)nəʃp/ noun the at exactly the same time as a performance number or type of people who listen to a or event happens live room radio broadcast, programme or station live room /lav ru m/ noun in a ‘MacKenzie’s great achievement has recording studio, a large room in which a been in taking a failing talk radio station, band can play their instruments together deliberately getting rid of its ageing, and be recorded live shot largely female listenership (“the old live shot /lav ʃɒt/ noun a filmed inci- bags”) and, amid considerable dent that is broadcast live without a scepticism, turning it into a sports presenter at the scene station aimed squarely at young men.’ live voiceover lav vɔsəυvə [Raymond Snoddy, The Independent] live voiceover / | / noun

listen in a voiceover for a pre-recorded piece of listen in /ls(ə)n n/ verb 1. to listen to video often used in news reporting. a radio broadcast 2. to listen to other Abbreviation LVO. Also called underlay people’s radio or telephone communica- Lloyd’s List lɔdz lst tions Lloyd’s List / / noun one of listening area ls ə nŋ eəriə the world’s oldest international newspa- listening area / ( ) / noun pers, first published in the City of London the area covered by a radio station’s signal in 1734 listening share ls ə nŋ ʃeə load listening share / ( ) / noun load /ləυd/ verb to put a film, plate or the share of the total audience enjoyed by tape in a camera, or take one in a radio station lobby listings lɒbi lstŋz lobby / / noun 1. the small group of listings / / plural noun the details journalists that report from the House of of future events such as concerts, plays, Commons 2. a group of supporters and special events etc., usually including their representatives of particular interests who venues, times, prices and contact details. try to influence political policy on a Also can refer to cinema and television particular issue í verb to campaign for or schedules. lit. against a particular piece of legislation by lit. abbreviation PRINTING literal attempting to influence politicians literal lt ə rəl lobby practice literal / ( ) / noun a printing error lobby practice /lɒbi prkts/ noun that is either a misspelling or the acci- rules that lobby journalists must observe dental swapping of two letters. Abbrevia- when reporting tion lit. lobster shift lɒbstə ʃft literature lt ə rətʃə lobster shift / / noun the literature / ( ) / noun 1. written night shift in a newspaper or other work- works, for example fiction, poetry, drama place and criticism, that are recognised as local advertising local advertising /ləυk(ə)l having important or permanent artistic dvətazŋ value 2. the body of written works of a / noun advertising in the area culture, language, people, or period of where a company is based local area network time, or on a particular subject 3. the body local area network /ləυk(ə)l eəriə of musical compositions for a particular netw& k/ noun a group of computers instrument or group of instruments 4. using the same communications link-up printed material that gives information 5. and server. Abbreviation LAN the creation of literary work, especially as localisation $ləυkəlazeʃ ə n localisation / | ( ) / noun an art or occupation the process of making national or interna- lithography lθɒ$rəfi lithography / | / noun a method tional media products more suitable for a of printing using a plate of aluminium or smaller local market MediaStudies.fm Page 135 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

135 lookism ‘According to a spokesman, the best- individual PC, or they can look at log selling items in UK stores this season – files stored on a main server.’ skinny jeans, capelets and cashmere [Stephen Overell, The Financial Times] jumpers – have all been sourced out of logging /lɒ$ŋ/ noun the process of London, rather than out of the US making a official record of each shot taken “That’s given us confidence that the when filming localisation strategy is working”.’ Logie ləυ$i [Harry Wallop, The Daily Telegraph] Logie / / noun in Australia, a stat- localised advertising strategy uette awarded annually for outstanding localised advertising strategy ləυkəlazd dvətazŋ strtədi work or performance in the television / / industry noun an advertising campaign aimed at a logo ləυ$əυ particular country or area of a market logo / / noun a design used by an rather than a global campaign organisation as an emblem by which it can local media ləυk ə l mi diə easily be recognised local media / ( ) / plural logocentricism lɒ$əυ logocentricism /| noun newspapers and radio and television sentrsz ə m stations in a small area of the country ( ) / noun in cultural theory, local radio station belief in a central meaning, law, cause, local radio station /ləυk(ə)l rediəυ steʃ ə n reason etc. ( ) / noun a radio station that logotype lɒ$əυtap broadcasts over a small area of the country logotype / / noun a single location ləυkeʃ ə n piece of type that has different uncon- location / | ( ) / noun a place nected characters on it away from a studio where filming takes longitudinal timecode place longitudinal timecode location coordinating ləυkeʃ ə n /lɒŋ$tju dn(ə)l tamkəυd/ noun a location coordinating / | ( ) kəυɔ dnetŋ method of recording a timecode signal on | / noun the organisation of things such as transport for crew and a linear audio track along a videotape. The equipment, accommodation, catering etc., disadvantage of this method is that the that are necessary for filming on location code is not readable at slow speeds or location filming ləυkeʃ ə n when the tape has stopped. Abbreviation location filming /| ( ) flmŋ LTC / noun filming that takes place long persistence phosphor long persistence phosphor /lɒŋ away from a studio and without a pəsstəns fɒsfə specially-built set, in a real-life place | / noun a television location scout ləυkeʃ ə n skaυt screen coating that retains the displayed location scout / | ( ) / image for a period of time longer than the noun a member of a film and television refresh rate, so reducing flicker effects production team who is responsible for long shot lɒŋ ʃɒt finding suitable shooting locations long shot / / noun a camera shot lock that is taken from some distance away lock /lɒk/ verb to fix metal type in a printing press from the subject, showing for example the locked-off camera lɒkt ɒf whole of a person’s body. Abbreviation locked-off camera / LS km ə rə long take ( ) / noun a camera that cannot be lɒŋ tek moved, whose shot has been fixed for long take / / noun a filmed take that lasts for more than 20 seconds filming long wave log lɒŋ wev log /lɒ$/ noun 1. a recording of all a long wave / / noun the broad- radio station’s output, in case of legal casting or receiving of radio waves of disputes. Also called programme as 1,000m or more in length look and feel broadcast 2. a note of all pieces of music look and feel /lυk ən fi l/ noun the broadcast so that royalties can be paid appeal of the design, layout and ease of log file file /lɒ$ fal/ noun a record of how use of a website to potential customers many people have visited a website and and the way the site fits the image the how they have navigated through it, what company is trying to put across lookism links were followed etc. lookism /lυkz(ə)m/ noun the idea that ‘Gavin Hyde-Blake, a computer security good-looking people are unconsciously expert with Carratu International, a preferred by most observers and have corporate investigations firm, says there greater success in life are two principal ways companies detect ‘…it’s not only recruitment and inappropriate web use. They can either promotion that is affected by lookism. A examine the temporary files on an report last year by the University of MediaStudies.fm Page 136 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

loony leftism 136 Helsinki showed that overweight printed in small rather than capital form í women earned up to 30% less than their noun the small rather than capital form of more slender colleagues.’ [Kate letters. Abbreviation l.c., lc í verb to put Hilpern, The Guardian] typescript or written material in lowercase loony leftism leftism /lu ni leftz(ə)m/ noun form low frequency a largely journalistic term meaning ‘polit- low frequency /ləυ fri kwənsi/ noun ical correctness gone mad’, i.e. taking a radio frequency ranging from 30 to 300 socialist principles to ridiculous extremes kilohertz loop loop /lu p/ noun a piece of film, video or low-involvement hierarchy ləυ n low-involvement hierarchy / | music that repeats itself over and over, vɒlvmənt harɑ ki/ noun a model of starting again as soon as it has finished response to advertising where the loose insert insert /lu s ns& t/ noun a sheet customer is relatively indifferent to the of advertising material slipped between product or service and only responds to the pages of a publication repeated marketing Lord Chamberlain low-key Lord Chamberlain /lɔ d low-key /ləυ ki / adjective referring to tʃembəln/ noun the official censor of a style of lighting in which deep shadows all plays shown in the UK until 1967 and contrast are accentuated, creating a LOS LOS abbreviation BROADCAST line of dark, dramatic effect. Compare high-key

LS sight abbreviation long shot lot LS lɒt LTC lot / / noun a film studio and the land el ti si that belongs to it LTC / / abbreviation longitu- loudspeaker laυdspi kə dinal timecode loudspeaker / | / noun a luma lu mə device used to convert electrical energy luma / / noun the black and white into sound energy, producing the sound in parts of an image or video signal, repre- equipment such as televisions, radios, CD sented by the symbol Y and controlling players and public-address systems. Also the brightness of an image. Compare called speaker chroma luminance low-angle /ləυ ŋ$əl/ adjective refer- luminance /lu mn(ə)ns/ noun the ring to a camera shot taken from below the part of a video signal or image that defines action being filmed. Abbreviation L/A the brightness at each point. Compare lowercase ləυəkes chrominance lowercase / | / adjective refer- LVO ring to characters that are written or LVO abbreviation live voiceover MediaStudies.fm Page 137 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

M

m m, M symbol PRINTING em dash film, with a minimum of 1:1 object-to- M.A. image ratio M.A. noun a rating indicating that a film macrophotography mkrəυfə is not to be seen by anyone under fifteen macrophotography / | unless they are accompanied by an adult tɒ$rəfi/ noun close-up photography that Mac mk produces images on the film that are life- Mac / / noun same as Apple Macin- size or larger than life tosh macule mkju l MAC em e si macule / / noun PRINTING same MAC / / noun a system for as mackle transmitting pictures to colour televisions mag. using satellites mag. abbreviation PUBLISHING maga- macaronic zine mkərɒnk magalogue macaronic / | / adjective magalogue /m$əlɒ$/ noun a cata- referring to verse containing words and logue presented to look like a magazine phrases from everyday language mixed and used for marketing with Latin, other foreign words and magazine m$əzi n phrases, or everyday words with Latinate magazine / | / noun 1. a endings, usually for comic effect publication issued at regular intervals, MacBride Commission məkbrad usually weekly or monthly, containing MacBride Commission / | kəmʃ ə n articles, stories, photographs, advertise- | ( ) / noun a commission set up by ments and other features, with a page size UNESCO in 1978 to investigate the that is usually smaller than that of a news- effects of Western technology on devel- paper but larger than that of a book 2. a oping countries, especially with regard to space or compartment in a camera from media and communications which film is loaded without exposing it machinery of representation mə machinery of representation / | to light. Abbreviation mag 3. a container ʃi nəri əv reprzenteʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a designed to hold a number of photo- view that the mass media is a machine graphic slides and feed them automati- which processes reality and produces a cally through a projector representation of it magazine programme m$əzi n magazine programme / | mackle mk ə l prəυ$rm m$əzi n mackle / ( ) / noun a blurred or /, magazine / | / double impression caused by the move- noun a television programme that has lots ment of paper or type during the printing of entertaining features, reports, music process í verb to cause a printed impres- spots etc. linked by a presenter sion to blur, or appear blurred ̈ also magic bullet bullet /mdk bυlt/ noun 1. called (all senses) macule a quick and easy solution for a difficult Mac OS Z Mac OS Z /mk əυ es zed/ a trade problem, or a means of accomplishing the name for a user-friendly operating system impossible 2. same as hypodermic developed by Apple, used in personal model computers as a rival to the more wide- realism /mdk rəlz(ə)m/ spread Microsoft Windows system. ı noun a style of art or literature that depicts Microsoft Windows, Unix fantastic or mythological subjects in a macro lens macro lens /mkrəυ lenz/ noun a realistic manner lens used for close-up photography that magnate /m$net/ noun same as produces a life-size or larger image on baron MediaStudies.fm Page 138 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

magnetic tape 138

magnetic tape m$netk tep mainstream media menstri m magnetic tape / | / mainstream media / noun a thin strip of material, usually mi diə/ noun same as mass media plastic, coated with iron oxide and used to maintain menten maintain / | / verb to make sure record sounds, images or data that something such as a website or a magnification m$nfkeʃ ə n magnification / | ( ) / piece of software is kept up to date and in noun a copy of a map, photograph or other good order for the benefit of users image that has been made larger than the major /medə/ noun a media company original that is powerful, important or very Magnum /m$nəm/ noun a coopera- productive tive of photojournalists with offices in major selling idea medə selŋ a major selling idea / | London, New York, Paris and Tokyo, diə/ noun the central theme in an adver- promoting independence and professional tising campaign quality majuscule mdəskju l maildrop majuscule / / noun a maildrop /meldrɑp/ noun the practice large letter used in writing or printing, for of sending unsolicited promotional mate- example a capital letter or any of the large rial to potential customers as a way of rounded letters (uncial) used in ancient advertising, or the material that is mailed manuscripts mailer mailer /melə/ noun an advertising make up up /mek p/ verb to arrange leaflet sent with a letter columns of text and illustrations on a page mail form mel fɔ m makeup mail form / / noun a webpage makeup /mekp/ noun the arrange- designed to be used as an online order ment of printed elements on a page form makeup artist mekp ɑ tst mailing makeup artist / / noun mailing /melŋ/ noun something sent the member of a television and film through the post, especially as part of a production team who is responsible for mass advertising campaign the actors’ make-up and hair mailing list melŋ lst male mailing list / / noun a list, male /mel/ adjective 1. relating or usually computerised, of names and belonging to men or boys 2. describes a addresses to which advertising material or projecting part such as a bolt or plug that information can be posted is designed to fit into a hollow part or ‘The trick, of course, is to add your socket that is the female counterpart name now to the online mailing list of male-as-norm /mel əz nɔ m/ noun every happening venue from the in feminist theory, the idea that female Almeida to the Young Vic, and to suffixes in language such as ‘ess’ and become a “friend” at the Tates and the ‘ette’, as well as common uses such as National, buying yourself that one-hour ‘man’ to mean ‘human’, strengthen the slot on a Tuesday morning.’ [Paul idea that the male version is the normal Vallely, The Independent] one and that the female version is a special mail shot shot /mel ʃɒt/ noun a single category within that, and therefore less mailing of direct-mail advertising important mainstream /menstri m/ adjective male gaze gaze /mel $ez/ noun in femi- referring to something that most people nist theory, the idea that a man gains approve of. The term is often used in a power through being able to view a derogatory way to suggest that a product woman without her looking back at him is not new or imaginative. Maletzke’s model of the mass communication processmodel 1963 of the mass mainstreamer menstri mə m mainstreamer / / noun in communication process 1963 / | advertising audience classifications, a letskə/ noun a complicated model of the person who wants products that are reli- factors influencing communication, such able and from a trusted brand. ı aspirer, as the self-image of the sender and succeeder, reformer receiver, the organisations and social envi- mainstreaming /menstri mŋ/ noun ronments that they are in and other pres- the process by which the opinions of a sures and limitations caused by the group of television viewers from different medium and content of the message backgrounds move together after they Malvern screen screen /mɔ lvən scri n/ have watched the same broadcasts for a noun a thin, flexible television screen long time using LCD display, which can be rolled up MediaStudies.fm Page 139 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

139 marketing mix for storage. Also called flat-screen tech- ignored or considered unimportant by nology mainstream society

managing editor margin of understanding managing editor /mndŋ edtə/ margin of understanding mɑ dn əv ndəstndŋ noun an editor of books, newspapers or / | / noun the other publications who is responsible for degree to which a message has ‘lost some- the editorial process, budget and sched- thing’ in being encoded by the transmitter ules and decoded slightly differently by the M and E receiver M and E abbreviation music and market mɑ kt effects market / / noun the number of manga potential buyers for a particular product mŋ$ə market area manga / / noun a Japanese style mɑ kt eəriə of comic-book fantasy drawing, charac- market area / / noun a terised by over-large eyes and a layout in geographical area that represents a partic- which the panels run right to left. ı anime ular market, for example a television manifold viewing area or a sales representative’s mnfəυld manifold / | / verb to make territory several copies of a book or page marketer /mɑ ktə/ noun a person or manipulate mənpjυlet manipulate / | / verb 1. to company that carries out marketing activ- control, influence or present somebody or ities something in a clever or devious way market forces forces /mɑ kt fɔ sz/ noun which distorts the truth 2. to digitally alter the relationship between supply of and a photograph by moving, adding, demand for a product which dictates its removing, shading, colouring etc any part market price of it marketing /mɑ ktŋ/ noun the manual data processing manual data processing /mnjuəl process of transferring goods from buyer detə prəυsesŋ/ noun the process of to seller, including advertising, distribu- sorting information without the help of a tion and product placement computer marketing budget budget /mɑ ktŋ manual handling manual handling /mnjuəl bdt/ noun money set aside by an hndlŋ/ noun carrying or moving organisation for its marketing activities things by hand marketing communications communications manufacture of consent mɑ ktŋ kəmju nkeʃ ə nz manufacture of consent / | | ( ) / plural mnjυfktʃər əv kənsent noun / | / noun the all methods of communicating used practice of controlling or manipulating the in marketing, for example television, norms, values etc. held by an audience by radio and sales literature controlling what they are exposed to in the marketing department department /mɑ ktŋ dpɑ tmənt media. This could be done by a govern- | / noun the section of a ment or other institution in authority. company dealing with marketing and

manuscript manuscript /mnjυskrpt/ noun an sales marketing intelligence author’s text for a book, article or other marketing intelligence /mɑ ktŋ nteldəns piece of written work as it is given to a | / noun information about a publisher market that can help a marketing Marantz mərnts campaign Marantz / | / noun a portable marketing manager mɑ ktŋ tape recorder marketing manager / March of Time mndə mɑ tʃ əv tam / noun a person in charge of a March of Time / / noun marketing department a US newsreel programme of the 1930s, marketing mix mɑ ktŋ mks which became a radio series and then a marketing mix / / noun film a mixture of marketing techniques such as margin pricing, packaging and advertising used to margin /mɑ dn/ noun 1. a blank promote the sale of a product space on the left or right edge, or at the top ‘…draws on a database containing more or bottom, of a written or printed page 2. than 75,000 new product marketing a straight line drawn down the left- or plans across 60 countries and more than right-hand side of a page to separate a 200 product categories. It provides data- narrow section from the main part based perspective for eight key marginality mɑ dnlti marginality / | / noun the marketing plan metrics covering the full feeling of minority groups that they are marketing mix, including media, MediaStudies.fm Page 140 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

marketing model 140 promotion, and distribution.’ socket is safe before any equipment is [Business Wire] plugged in marketing model Marxism mɑ ksz ə m marketing model /mɑ ktŋ Marxism / | ( ) / noun a mɒd(ə)l/ noun an overview of the whole philosophy that social inequality is caused marketing process which can be shown by those people who are in power (the graphically, often using a computer, and higher classes) being more represented in used to solve problems terms of their norms, values etc. than the marketing research mɑ ktŋ r working classes marketing research / | s& tʃ/ noun all research carried out in COMMENT: The theory of Marxism was order to improve marketing, including created by highly-influential philosopher Karl Marx (1818–83), who was market research, media research and concerned with social conflict and class product research struggle throughout history and the effect marketing services services /mɑ ktŋ it has had on social development. He was s& vsz/ plural noun marketing func- particularly concerned with labour and the means of production of goods within tions other than selling, for example a society, thinking it to be one of the market research and advertising major causes of social conflict. marketing strategy marketing strategy /mɑ ktŋ Marxist mɑ ksst strtədi Marxist / / adjective based on / noun a plan for marketing the values of Marxism activities Marxist mode mɑ ksst məυd market intelligence mɑ kt n Marxist mode / / noun market intelligence / | teldəns a mode of media analysis which empha- / noun information about a sises the role of the media in reinforcing market that can help a marketing the norms, values etc. of the powerful campaign members of society and presenting these market liberalism market liberalism /mɑ kt as representative of the general popula- lb(ə)rəlz(ə)m/ noun an ideology tion. Compare functionalist mode Mary Whitehouse similar to capitalism, in which market Mary Whitehouse /meəri forces are allowed to develop without wathaυs/ an important campaigner outside interference against falling moral standards in broad- market penetration mɑ kt pen market penetration / | casting. She formed the Clean Up TV treʃ(ə)n/ noun the extent to which a Movement (later the National Viewers’ product reaches the potential buyers in its and Listeners’ Association) in 1963 and market contributed to the banning of the film A market potential mɑ kt pətenʃəl market potential / | / Clockwork Orange on British TV as well noun the sales of a product that should be as many other acts of censorship. masala məsɑ lə achieved with the right kind of marketing masala / | / adjective referring to campaign typical form of Hindi filmmaking which market research mɑ kt rs& tʃ market research / | / combines many different genres (action, noun investigating the potential romance, comedy etc.) in a single film. consumers for a product and gathering The term is Hindi for ‘spices’ or data about their needs, lifestyle, habits etc ‘flavours’. which can be used for development and ‘Gurinder Chadha’s follow-up to Bend marketing purposes It Like Beckham gives Jane Austen the market specialist specialist /mɑ kt masala treatment, with Bollywood song- speʃəlst/ noun a person who concen- and-dance routines pepping up the trates on a few markets, and is an expert action.’ [Sukhdev Sandhu, The Daily on the media industry in these markets Telegraph] marquee mɑ ki mash-up mʃ p marquee / | / noun 1. a very large mash-up / / noun a song in tent with straight sides that can be rolled digital format created by combining parts up or removed, used for large gatherings of different songs, for example the music such as parties, product launches, sales, track of one song and the vocal track of and exhibitions 2. a piece of text that another mask scrolls across a screen horizontally or mask /mɑ sk/ noun a shield, often a vertically in a highlighted band sheet of paper, placed over areas of unex- Martindale /mɑ tndel/ noun a device posed photographic film to stop light the checks the electrical supply from a hitting it í verb to prevent unwanted light MediaStudies.fm Page 141 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

141 matinée from reaching areas of unexposed photo- many victims as possible.’ [James graphic film, either using hands or a Daley, The Independent]

mass media special shield /ms mi diə/ noun Maslow’s hierarchy of needs mass media all Maslow’s hierarchy of needs of the communications media that reach a /mzləυz heərɑ ki əv ni dz/ noun large audience, especially television, the idea that when a person has pressing radio and newspapers needs for essentials such as for food, rest, mass observation ms ɒbzə mass observation / | water etc., no other needs matter, and that veʃ(ə)n/ noun a technique of taking other needs only begin to matter when surveys by asking questions of very large these first are satisfied masquerade groups of people mskəred mast masquerade / | / noun in mɑ st feminist theory, the idea of a mask of mast / / noun a tall broadcasting aerial ‘womanliness’ which women wear to master ms prədju s satisfy the typical image of a woman in a master / | / noun an orig- male dominated society inal copy of something, for example a mass /ms/ adjective large-scale, recording tape from which other copies can be made í verb to produce a master involving large numbers (of people, prod- í ucts etc.) recording of something adjective orig- mass communication ms kə inal, not a copy mass communication / | master antenna television mju nkeʃ ə n master antenna television /mɑ stə | ( ) / noun communication ntenə telv ə n by means of broadcasting and newspa- | ( ) / noun television pers, which reaches all or most people in signals that are received through an aerial society or cable that serves several televisions, massification msfkeʃ ə n such as in a block of flats. Abbreviation massification / | ( ) / MATV noun the act of taking all people in a master control room mɑ stə kən group together as a whole, without refer- master control room / | trəυl ru m ence to their individual characteristics or / noun the part of a studio that needs controls output to the transmitter. Abbre- mass manipulative model of media communication viation MCR mass manipulative model of mastering ms mə mastering /mɑ stərŋ/ noun the act of media communication / | npjυlətv mɒd ə l əv mi diə kə recording data onto a master disk which ( ) | mju nkeʃ ə n can be copied from many times without | ( ) / noun a model that states that consumers passively receive loss of quality master of ceremonies communication that is fed to them by an master of ceremonies /mɑ stə əv all-powerful media, and that they can be serməni z/ noun full form of MC

Master of Fine Arts influenced by it. Compare commercial Master of Fine Arts /mɑ stə əv fan laissez-faire model of media commu- ɑ ts/ noun a qualification in theatre and nication drama for people with a first degree, often mass-market mass-market /ms mɑ kt/ adjec- held by set designers. Abbreviation MFA

master shot tive having wide, popular appeal to large master shot /mɑ stə ʃɒt/ noun a wide numbers of people, often used in a derog- camera shot in which all the action in a atory way to indicate a preference for í film scene is visible sales over artistic integrity verb to sell masthead something to as many people as possible masthead /mɑ sthed/ noun the main by advertising and promoting it widely headline on a newspaper’s front page. mass marketing ms mɑ ktŋ Also called flag mass marketing / / materialism mətəriəlz ə m noun marketing that aims at reaching materialism / | ( ) / noun large numbers of people in cultural theory, the idea that culture ‘The Office of Fair Trading is to exists purely through its products such as assemble a new “scambusting” team, texts, art, media products etc., and is not dedicated to stamping out the growing an independent concept matinée number of mass-marketing scams matinée /mtne/ noun a perform- targeting UK consumers. The OFT ance of a play, concert or film that is given estimates that Britons lose £1bn a year during the day, especially in the afternoon, on various scams, which exploit low- often with cheaper seats than the evening cost marketing techniques to ensnare as performance MediaStudies.fm Page 142 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

matrix 142

matrix məku m ənd ʃɔ matrix /metrks/ noun 1. a metal 1976 / | / noun a model mould from which type is made in the hot- to show the way in which the media metal process 2. a mould made by present events as important or not, and pressing a raised surface in a substance how this affects the impression that the such as plastic, used in stereotyping or general public has of how important they electrotyping 3. a mould used in the are production of gramophone records McDonaldisation məkdɒnəlda McDonaldisation / | | matt /mt/ noun a dull finish, for zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the process by which example on paintwork or photographic large corporations are coming to take over prints í adjective referring to a matt more and more sections of society finish ‘In Italy, 42 towns now belong to the matte matte /mt/ noun 1. a mask used for Slow Cities Association. To belong, covering part of an image so that another they must limit pollution especially image can be put on top of the original 2. from noise… encourage a cover for a camera lens with a cut-out environmentally-friendly local produce shape such as a key-hole, to give a partic- and preserve local cuisine, culture and ular effect when filming 3. a post-produc- traditions. In short, they must do tion technique in which objects can be everything in their power to combat separated from their background, and McDonaldisation and promote the good moved around í adjective of a photo- life.’ [Sebastian Cresswell-Turner, The graphic print, not made on shiny paper. Daily Mail] Compare gloss McGregor Commission Report on the Press 1977 matte artist McGregor Commission Report matte artist /mt ɑ tst/ noun the mə$re$ə on the Press 1977 / | / noun a member of a film and television produc- report that was largely ignored, recom- tion team who has responsibility for mending that newspapers should be creating background sets and paintings to excused from paying interest on loans so create a ‘real’ background image, such as that they could modernise their equipment the fantasy scenes in ‘The Wizard of Oz’ and methods (1939) McGuffin mə$fn matte shot mt ʃɒt McGuffin / | / noun in a film, matte shot / / noun in film- play or book, something that starts or making, a visual effect that is achieved by drives the action of the plot but later turns masking part of an image using a matte out to be unimportant and replacing it with another image so that MCI em si a it combines with the rest of the original MCI / / noun an computer inter- MATV face that allows any program to control a abbreviation TV master antenna MATV multimedia device such as a sound card or television maximal awareness video clip mksməl ə McLurg’s Law maximal awareness / | məkl& $z lɔ weənəs/ noun the point at which a McLurg’s Law / | / noun consumer is convinced enough by a the journalistic idea that events have less product’s advertising to buy the product news value, the further away they are from mbaqanga υmbɑ kn$ə the place where they are being reported. mbaqanga / | / noun a For example, the theory suggests that a rhythmic form of South African popular single casualty in one’s home country is as music newsworthy as 1,000 casualties on the MC MC /em si / noun 1. someone who other side of the world. makes the opening speech and introduces McNelly’s model of news flow 1959 model of news flow speakers or performers at a formal event. məkneli / | / noun a model in which Full form master of ceremonies 2. a 1959 performer who acts as the host of a variety a report of a news event passes through show performed in front of an audience. several intermediary stages between the original reporter and publication, and the Full form master of ceremonies 3. a effect that this has

rapper whose role is to excite a crowd at a MCPS party or in a club and involve them in the MCPS abbreviation Mechanical Copy- music í verb to speak rhythmically and right Protection Society often in rhyme over music McQuail’s accountability of media model 1997 accountability of McComb and Shaw’s agenda-setting model of media effects 1976 məkwel McComb and Shaw’s agenda- media model 1997 / | / noun a setting model of media effects model of the responsibilities that the MediaStudies.fm Page 143 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

143 media data form

media broker media have and the ways in which they are media broker /mi diə brəυkə/ noun accountable a business that offers organisations a McQuail’s four stages of audience fragmentation four stages of audi- media-buying service and possibly other ence fragmentation noun a model of services such as media planning media buyer the way in which the audience for televi- media buyer /mi diə baə/ noun a sion broadcasts has changed from 100%, person in an advertising agency who totally mainstream to a large number of places advertisements in the media for smaller, specialised groups, due to the their clients media buying greater choice available media buying /mi diə baŋ/ noun MCR MCR abbreviation master control the process of buying space in a media room product, for example a slot in a magazine, MCU MCU abbreviation medium close-up radio time etc., in which to place an adver- McWorld məkw& ld tisement McWorld / | / noun the idea of media centre mi diə sentə a culture which is a single unit dominated media centre / / noun 1. by big corporations the part of an organisation which releases MDK em di ke information to journalists and the public, MDK / / noun a product looks after promotions and public image developed by Microsoft that allows devel- etc 2. a personal computer which, in addi- opers to produce multimedia applications tion to its usual functions, also provides more easily using ready-made routines to access to digital television and radio, control video playback, process images displays photographs, plays music etc and display text media circus mi diə s& kəs mean world syndrome media circus / / noun a mean world syndrome /mi n w& ld sndrəυm situation in which there is so much / noun the idea that the activity by the news media around an media give their audience the impression event that the coverage distorts the event’s that crimes such as violent attacks or rape significance etc. occur more frequently than they really media class mi diə klɑ s do and that viewers therefore think it is a media class / / noun a ‘mean world’ basic type of medium, for example televi- measure sion, radio or the press meə media control measure / / noun the width of the mi diə kəntrəυl type area on a page or in a column media control / | / mechanical noun the amount of control that is placed mknk ə l mechanical / | ( ) / noun copy on the media of a country by its govern- consisting of type proofs and artwork that ment is laid out and ready to be photographed or ‘“Effective measures must be taken to electronically scanned for the purpose of prevent any invasion by harmful preparing printing plates programming”, the rules said. The Mechanical Copyright Protection Society Mechanical Copyright Protection tightening of media controls [in China] mknk ə l kɒpirat prə Society / | ( ) | goes beyond foreign companies. Over tekʃ ə n səsaəti ( ) | / noun the body that the last year, the space granted to arranges rights to use or sample recorded domestic newspapers, magazines and performances. Abbreviation MCPS internet websites to report on politically mechanical data mknk ə l sensitive topics has been noticeably mechanical data / | ( ) detə/ noun information relating to the reduced.’ printing of newspapers or magazines, for [Mure Dickie, The Financial Times] media coverage example format or column width media coverage /mi diə media media /mi diə/ noun the various means kv(ə)rd/ noun reports about some- of mass communication considered as a thing in the media mediacy whole, including television, radio, maga- mediacy /mi diəsi/ noun the ability to zines and newspapers, together with the use and understand media texts, both new people involved in their production and traditional. The word has developed media analysis mi diə ənləss by analogy with ‘literacy’ and media analysis / | / noun the act of studying the media, in ‘numeracy’. media data form particular its role in society, how it has media data form /mi diə detə evolved, its effect on its audience, trends, fɔ m/ noun a document giving basic data its reliability when reporting news etc or information about a publication such as MediaStudies.fm Page 144 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

media event 144

Media Research Group mi diə r circulation, readership and geographical Media Research Group / | distribution s& tʃ $ru p/ noun a group at the London media event mi diə vent media event / | / noun an School of Economics who carried out an event that attracts a great deal of attention investigation into children, culture and the from the news media, often arranged media during 1997–8 specifically for that purpose media schedule schedule /mi diə ʃedu l/ media images images /mi diə mdz/ noun same as media plan media selection mi diə slekʃən plural noun the stereotypes, reference media selection / | / points and conventions created by the noun the process of choosing the right media type of media for an advertising campaign media imperialism mi diə m media service media imperialism / | media service /mi diə s& vs/ noun pəriəlz(ə)m/ noun same as cultural an organisation that provides the full imperialism range of media functions to its clients media independent mi diə nd MediaSpan Selector media independent / | MediaSpan Selector /mi diəspn pendənt mi diə ʃɒp slektə /, media shop / / | / noun a questionnaire by TNS noun a business that offers organisations a done every six months to examine the life- media-buying service, but without the style and shopping habits of panel creative services usually offered by adver- members tising agencies media species species /mi diə spi ʃi z/ media messaging media messaging /mi diə noun a classification of audiences mesdŋ/ noun the sending of images, according to their attitude to advertising. ı sound, and text from one mobile phone to acquiescent, ambivalent, cynic, another enthusiast Media Monitoring Unit Media Monitoring Unit /mi diə mediasphere /mi diəsfə/ noun the mɒnt(ə)rŋ ju nt/ noun a subscription range of available media, its influence and service for government ministers to keep structure, in relation to the public sphere them up to date with all the latest news media strategy strategy /mi diə strtədi/ developments, 24 hours a day. Abbrevia- noun action plans for achieving media tion MMU media objectives objectives mi diə əb mediate media objectives / | mi diet dektvz mediate / / verb to act as a / plural noun aims that an medium that processes and transfers advertiser has in advertising through the something such as information from one media media option place to another mi diə ɒpʃən media text media option / / noun a media text /mi diə tekst/ noun any single unit of advertising space or time media organisations product related to media, for example a media organisations /mi diə film, a television programme, a book, a ɔ $ənazeʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun organisa- magazine, a newspaper, an advertisement, tions whose aim is to provide information a CD etc or entertainment to their customers while mediation mi deʃ ə n mediation / | ( ) / noun 1. in at the same offering marketers a way of cultural theory, the process by which texts reaching audiences with advertising and media products are analysed through messages media owner an intermediary ‘structure’, for example media owner /mi diə əυnə/ noun a conventions of genre, form of production person or company that owns a magazine 2. in cultural theory, the idea that texts or newspaper or a radio or TV station interpret and hide meaning, and present it media plan plan /mi diə pln/ noun a plan in a ‘mediated’ state, ie. one that is not to of an advertising campaign that shows be trusted. which advertisements are to appear where mediatisation mi diətazeʃ ə n mediatisation / | ( ) / and on which dates noun the process by which political media planner planner /mi diə plnə/ noun activity and awareness raising has become a person who deals with media planning more focused on media presentation, for media planning planning /mi diə plnŋ/ example through the use of sound bites noun a strategy concerned with what type media vehicle vehicle /mi diə vi k(ə)l/ of media should be used and how much noun the specific programme or publica- advertising should be done and when tion used to carry an advertising message MediaStudies.fm Page 145 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

145 metamessage

Mediawatch-uk mi diəwɒtʃ ju merchandise Mediawatch-uk / | merchandise /m& tʃəndaz/ noun ke/ noun a pressure group (formerly the goods bought and sold for profit í verb to National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Associ- sell goods in a variety of ways, such as ation) that campaigns for high moral display, advertising or sending samples standards in programming and was merchandising m& tʃ ə ndazŋ merchandising / ( ) | / formed in 1965 by Mary Whitehouse. In noun the creation of branded non-media recent years it has also monitored Internet products such as toys, food, posters etc., content. which take advantage of the success of medium medium /mi diəm/ noun 1. a means of something such as a popular film. ı tie-in Mersey beat mass communication, for example televi- Mersey beat, Mersey sound noun pop sion, radio or newspapers 2. the physical music of the 1960s that originated in the means of transmitting a message through Merseyside area, especially Liverpool, a channel of communication and was performed by groups such as the medium close-up medium close-up /mi diəm kləυs Beatles p message / noun a camera shot that shows the message /mesd/ noun 1. the infor- head, shoulders and upper chest of a mational content of a piece of communi- person. Abbreviation MCU medium frequency cation 2. a lesson, moral, or important medium frequency /mi diəm idea communicated, for example in a fri kwənsi/ noun a radio frequency lying work of art between 300 and 3,000 kilohertz messageboard mesdbɔ d medium long shot messageboard / / noun a medium long shot /mi diəm lɒŋ ʃɒt page or group of pages on the Internet / noun a camera shot that shows a which allows visitors to read and respond person from their head to just below the to messages posted by other users, usually knee. Abbreviation MLS on a specific topic medium shot mi diəm ʃɒt messaging medium shot / / noun 1. a messaging /mesdŋ/ noun sending camera shot that shows the upper half of a short instant messages by mobile phone or person to about the waist. Abbreviation computer MS 2. a filmed view, midway between metadata metədetə long shot and close-up, that shows a metadata / / noun essential standing person from the waist up or the information contained in a document or full body of a sitting person webpage, for example its publication date, medium wave mi diəm wev author, keywords, title, and summary, medium wave / / noun which is used by search engines to find a radio wave with a wavelength that lies relevant websites when a user requests a between 100 and 1,000m megaplex search me$əpleks metafiction megaplex / / noun a large metəfkʃ ə n cinema complex with at least fifteen metafiction / ( ) / noun in screens, often with the same film playing aesthetic theory, a fictional text that talks at the same time in three or four of the about the structures and conventions of theatres fiction writing – essentially talking about meləυdrɑ mə itself melodrama / / noun metal met ə l drama with exaggerated acting, extreme metal / ( ) / noun 1. printer’s type emotions and often comic overreaction made of metal 2. MUSIC same as heavy metal ‘The two hour-plus epic stars a Mexico metalanguage metəlŋ$wd City security guard in crisis, includes metalanguage / | / long, 360-degree pans of the noun language that describes language, megalopolis and unprecedented such as the language of linguistics metalingual metəlŋ$wəl eroticism. Some critics herald the work metalingual / | / adjective as refreshingly original, breaking from of a message or piece of communication, the melodrama that has been a referring to the language code in which is traditional staple of Latin American is transmitted. ı conative, emotive, work.’ [Monica Campbell, The Times] phatic, poetic Memory Stick mem ə ri stk metamessage metəmesd Memory Stick / ( ) / a trade metamessage / | / noun name for a small flash drive that can store the ‘real’ message sent by a piece of data for use in portable electronic devices communication, for example through tone such as hand-held computers, digital of voice, which may be different or even cameras and mobile phones contradictory to the content MediaStudies.fm Page 146 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

metanarrative 146

metanarrative metənrətv metanarrative / | / noun ‘…the big newspaper and magazine in the theories of structuralism and publishers will quickly realise that the discourse, a narrative that describes or bulk of their readers are switching from includes other narratives paper to e-paper (which they eventually metaphor /metəfə/ noun the applica- will)… it’s a doddle to charge users for tion of a word or phrase to somebody or downloading a virtual copy – either as a something that is not meant literally but to one-off micropayment or as part of a make a helpful comparison longer term subscription.’ [Paul Carr, metasignals metəs$n ə lz The Guardian] metasignals / | ( ) / plural microphone makrəfəυn noun signals such as body language that microphone / / noun a show the metamessage in an encounter or device that converts sounds to electrical piece of communication signals which can then be amplified, meter mi tə transmitted for broadcasting or recorded meter / / noun a device for meas- microphotograph makrəυ uring something such as audio levels microphotograph / | metonymy fəυtə$rɑ f metɒnmi / noun 1. a photographic / | / noun a figure metonymy image, for example on microfilm, so small of speech in which an attribute of some- that it has to be magnified in order to be thing is used to stand for the thing itself, viewed 2. a photograph of an object for example ‘the press’ to stand for ‘jour- viewed through a microscope nalists, newpapers etc’. microprint Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer makrəυprnt microprint / | / noun Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer /metrəυ $ɒldwn maə printed text, for example on microfilm, so / noun a major Holly- small that it has to be magnified in order wood film studio formed in 1924, most to be viewed notable for its ‘golden age’ in the 1930s microprism makrəυprz ə m when it produced stars such as Clark microprism / | ( ) / Gable and Jean Harlow. Abbreviation noun a small prism that is part of the MGM viewfinder of many single-lens reflex metropolitan bias metrəpɒlt ə n cameras metropolitan bias / ( ) microreader makrəυri də baəs/ noun the argument that most microreader / | / noun a media industries focus on London in their device that projects enlarged images and products because they are based there text from microfilm and microfiche onto a MFA screen for easy reading MFA abbreviation Master of Fine Arts Microsoft MHP Microsoft /makrəsɒft/ noun the MHP abbreviation multimedia home world’s largest software corporation, platform mic based in Washington, USA mic /mak/ noun same as microphone Microsoft Office makrəsɒft ɒfs micro- Microsoft Office / / a micro- /makrəυ/ prefix involving trade name for a software package devel- microfilm or microphotography oped by Microsoft, which allows the user microcassette makrəυkəset microcassette / | / to carry out desktop publishing and noun a small audiotape cassette designed produce spreadsheets, presentations and to fit into a pocket-size tape recorder or databases dictation machine Microsoft Windows Windows /makrəsɒft microdot microdot /makrəυdɒt/ noun a tiny wndəυz/ a trade name for the most photographic reproduction of something, popular operating system used in personal about the size of a dot or a pinhead computers, developed by Microsoft. ı microfiche makrəυfi ʃ microfiche / | / noun a Mac OS Z, Unix sheet of microfilm containing information microwave link link /makrəwev lŋk/ laid out in a grid pattern noun a type of terrestrial link, different microfilm /makrəυflm/ noun a strip from a satellite link, in which there must of photographic film on which tiny repro- be a clear line of sight between the trans- ductions have been recorded í verb to mitter and the receiver photograph something on microfilm middle-market /md(ə)l mɑ kt/, micropayment makrəυpemənt mid-market adjective micropayment / | / in format and noun a small charge made to users in style, somewhere between a broadsheet return for Internet content, usually per and a tabloid, for example the Daily Mail page downloaded, on sites which are not MIDI /mdi/ abbreviation the interface sponsored by advertisers between an electronic musical instrument MediaStudies.fm Page 147 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

147 mirror site and a computer, used in composing and a different compression system for audio editing music to allow the computer to files MiniDisk recorder mnidsk r control an instrument or one instrument to MiniDisk recorder / | control others. Full form of Musical kɔ də/ noun a digital recording machine Instrument Digital Interface which uses MiniDiscs MIDI control-change message MIDI control-change message Mini-DV /mni di vi / a trade name for mdi kəntrəυl tʃend mesd / | / noun a videotape format a message sent to a synthesiser to control miniseries mnsəri z miniseries / | / noun a short the volume or pitch of a sound or to series of television programmes, often a change the instrument patch used to serialised fictional story, usually broad- generate a sound cast on consecutive nights mike mike /mak/ noun same as microphone Minority Report of Mr Selwyn Lloyd Report of Mr Selwyn í manɒrəti rpɔ t əv mstə verb to supply somebody with, or Lloyd / | | transmit something through, a micro- selwn lɔd/ noun an appendix to the phone Beveridge Committee Report 1950, Mike Mike /mak/ noun an internationally which stated that the introduction of recognised code word for the letter M, greater competition for the BBC would used in radio communications not lead to poorer quality broadcasting minuscule mike cable mnskju l mike cable /mak keb(ə)l/ noun the minuscule / / noun 1. a cable connecting a microphone to a small flowing style of writing used in speaker or piece of recording equipment medieval manuscripts 2. a letter of the mike rattle mak rt ə l alphabet written in minuscule style 3. a mike rattle / ( ) / noun inter- lower case letter í adjective in lower case ference caused by moving the mike cable letters during recording MIPCOM mpkɒm milline MIPCOM / / noun a ‘market- milline /mlan/ noun a unit of adver- place’ which organises conferences and tising copy equal to one column line in functions for media content providers, so agate type in one million copies of a news- that they can network and reach new paper or magazine markets milline rate mlan MipTV mpti vi milline rate / /, milline noun the MipTV / | / noun the branch of cost per unit of advertising copy MIPCOM dealing specifically with the Milton’s paradox Milton’s paradox /mltənz television industry Miramax prədɒks/ noun the idea that theory and Miramax /mrəmks/ noun a major practice may not correspond, as illustrated Hollywood studio formed by brothers by Milton’s work as a censor during Bob and Harvey Weinstein in 1979, Cromwell’s reign despite the fact that he responsible for hits such as Pulp Fiction claimed to support freedom of the press. ı (1994), The Talented Mr Ripley (1999) Areopagitica and Sin City (2005) mirror mimetic plane mmetk plen mirror /mrə/ verb to maintain an exact mimetic plane / | / noun in semiology, the parts of signs which copy of a program, data, or website, represent something (their signifiers), as usually on another file server í noun contrasted with the objects or meanings same as mirror site which they represent (their referents). mirror-phase /mrə fez/ noun in Compare semiosic plane psychology, the stage at which a child

mimic mimic /mmk/ noun somebody who begins to recognise that it is independent imitates others, especially for comic effect from its parents and is a separate being, mimicry observed by others mmkri mirror site mimicry / / noun the practice mrə sat of imitating other people’s voices, mirror site / / noun a copy of a website maintained on a different file gestures or appearance, often for comic server so as to spread the distribution load effect Minicam or to back up data mnikm Minicam / / a trade name for a ‘The most that authorities can do is to try portable, shoulder-mounted television to shut down the website. That happened camera used in outside broadcasts after the video footage of the beheading MiniDisc MiniDisc /mnidsk/ a trade name for a of Nick Berg, the US hostage, in May. data storage facility like a small CD, with But even with one website shut down, MediaStudies.fm Page 148 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

mise en abyme 148 several "mirror" sites are likely to mixed light light /mkst lat/ noun appear, making it almost impossible to different colour temperature light sources close down the terrorists’ method of on the same film set communicating.’ mixed media media /mkst mi diə/ noun 1. [Nicholas Rufford and Uzi Mahnaimi, the use of different artistic media, for TheSundayTimes] example painting, photography and mise en abyme mi z ɒn bi m mise en abyme / | / collage, in a single composition or work noun in the theories of structuralism and 2. the use of different advertising media discourse, the technique of ‘bottomless’ together, for example billboards, televi- reduplication, as when an image contains sion and radio a smaller version of itself, which contains mixer /mksə/ noun 1. an electronic an even smaller version, and so on device used to adjust and combine various endlessly. Literally ‘to put into the abyss’. inputs, for example performed or broad-

mise en scène mise en scène /mi z ɒn sen/ noun 1. cast sounds, to create a single output 2. a style of film directing characterised by somebody who combines various sound long scenes, little camera movement and recordings to create the final soundtrack few changes of camera position 2. the of a film mixing overall ‘look’ of a filmed scene, including mixing /mksŋ/ noun the practice of such things as lighting, costume design, putting together different pieces of audio, period detail etc, and the positioning of for example interview, music, effects etc., actors, scenery and props to make a complete piece for broadcasting mixing desk misinformed society mksŋ desk misinformed society /msnfɔ md mixing desk / / noun a səsaəti piece of equipment for receiving, | / noun a view that increased communications systems do not neces- checking, adjusting the levels of etc sarily lead to better spread of information, incoming audio feeds and creating a blended audio output because the information is often false or mix minus mistaken mix minus /mks manəs/ noun same misprint msprnt as clean feed misprint / / noun an error in MLS the printed copy of a text í verb to print MLS abbreviation medium long shot MMS something wrongly MMS /em em es/ noun a system that misrecognition msrekə$nʃ ə n allows sounds, images or animations to be misrecognition / | ( ) / included in text messages sent, usually, noun in psychoanalysis, the tendency of a from mobile phones. Full form multi- person to look for a rational explanation media messaging service for something that they cannot otherwise MMU explain MMU abbreviation Media Monitoring mix Unit mix /mks/ verb to put together various mobile control room məυbal kən mobile control room / | different audio feeds, for example music trəυl ru m/ noun a truck with produc- and the input from a microphone, or from tion equipment inside, used for coordi- several microphones nating outside broadcasts mix down mix down /mks daυn/ verb to put mobile phone phone /məυbal fəυn/ noun together parts that have been recorded a portable telephone that works using a separately to create a final finished sound series of locally based cellular radio recording networks mixdown mksdaυn mobilisation məυblaze ə n mixdown / / noun 1. the mobilisation / | ( ) / process of converting a multitrack noun the ability of the media to stir up recording, usually a master tape recorded public feeling and encourage its audience in a studio, into a stereo recording, usually or those in authority to take some action for public release 2. a new recording moblogging /mɒblɒ$ŋ/ noun the use produced by a mixdown of a mobile phone or other hand-held mixed mixed /mkst/ adjective referring to a digital device to post text and images to a feed on which the different audio and weblog modality məυdlti video components have been digitally modality / | / noun in literary combined to be transmitted as one. theory, the function of some words or Compare split track phrases, such as ‘might’ or ‘I suppose’ MediaStudies.fm Page 149 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

149 Monroe motivated sequence etc. in a statement, that define levels of circuit television pictures 2. somebody certainty or agreement who listens to and checks broadcasts for a model /mɒd(ə)l/ noun a way of client or employer, for example to learn explaining how something works foreign news or discover secret plans 3. a COMMENT: In media studies, a model is receiver in a television studio that allows an illustration of the way in which the audience to watch the recorded something such as communication sections of a show or performers to view works, showing the inputs, outputs and parts of the programme í verb to use an processes and naming the factors which electronic receiver to check the quality of affect the process. It presents an idea or working theory in a clear, visual way. transmitted audio or visual signals monochromatic modem mɒnəυkrəmtk modem /məυdem/ noun a device monochromatic / | / linking a computer to a telephone line so adjective painted or printed in a single that the Internet can be accessed colour monochrome mode of address məυd əv ədres monochrome /mɒnəkrəυm/ noun 1. mode of address / | / noun the way that a media product a painting, drawing or print in shades of a ‘speaks’ to its audience single colour 2. the art of painting, modern drawing or printing in shades of a single modern /mɒd(ə)n/ noun a typeface with heavy vertical strokes and straight colour 3. the condition of being only in serifs black and white 4. the condition of being modernisation mɒdənazeʃ ə n painted, drawn or printed in shades of a modernisation / | ( ) / single colour 5. a black-and-white photo- noun the scientific and technological graph or transparency í adjective 1. advances during the period of modernity painted or drawn in shades of a single which led to social, economic and polit- colour 2. using or displaying only shades ical development, for example improved of one colour or black and white healthcare, more efficient transport and monochronic time mɒnəυkrɒnk communications links monochronic time / modernism tam mɒd ə nz ə m / noun an image of the perception of modernism / ( ) ( ) / noun 1. time in some cultures in which it is strictly various artistic movements involving a linear and deadlines etc. are taken very high level of innovation that developed seriously. Abbreviation M-time. Compare during the 20th century 2. in aesthetic polychronic time theory, the development in literature and monofunctional mɒnəυ the arts specifically between 1880 and monofunctional /| 1940 fŋkʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective fulfilling only modernity mɒd& nəti one function; in the case of the media this modernity / | / noun in post- modernist theory, the social, economic is often entertainment monologue and political development that took place monologue /mɒnəlɒ$/ noun 1. a play in the period between the 18th century or film in which only one actor appears ‘enlightenment’ and the post-war period and speaks 2. a long passage in a play or of the 20th century film spoken by one actor modify /mɒdfa/ verb to make a minor monopod /mɒnəυpɒd/ noun a camera change or alteration to something, or stand like a tripod, but with a single leg. It change slightly, especially in order to is less stable but easier to set up. improve monopoly mənɒpəli monopoly / | / noun a situation modulate mɒdjυlet modulate / | / verb to change in which one seller holds a large share of the tone, pitch, or volume of sound, for the market and effectively controls prices example of a musical instrument or the and product supply human voice Monroe motivated sequence mən mogul Monroe motivated sequence / | məυ$ ə l mogul / ( ) / noun same as baron rəυ/ noun five steps for creating a persua- mole /məυl/ noun a journalist’s source sive speech which achieves its aim of who is secretly reporting on the activities making the audience take action of an organisation COMMENT: The five steps are 1) to MOMI /məυmi/ abbreviation Museum capture the attention of the audience, 2) of the Moving Image to outline a problem which is relevant to monitor them, 3) to discuss various solutions to monitor /mɒntə/ noun 1. a receiving this problem, 4) to lead them to your device used to show video or closed- ‘preferred’ conclusion, and, finally, 5) to MediaStudies.fm Page 150 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

montage 150 encourage them to take some sort of numbers by using combinations of long or action to achieve your aims. short beats, taps or beeps montage montage /mɒntɑ / noun a sequence mortise /mɔ ts/ noun a hole cut in a of images and/or sounds edited together to printing plate to receive type or another stimulate a particular emotional or intel- plate í verb to cut a hole in a printing lectual response plate to receive type or another plate MOO mu mosaic məυzek MOO / / noun the next generation of mosaic / | / noun a light-sensi- MUD, which allows users to create a tive surface on a television camera tube, virtual reality in which they can interact consisting of a thin sheet covered by parti- with each other and the environment. Full cles that convert incoming light into an form MUD object-oriented electric charge for scanning by an electron mood music mood music /mu d mju zk/ noun beam mosquito newspaper mɒski təυ same as library music mosquito newspaper / | moonlighter moonlighter /mu nlatə/ noun a nju zpepə/ noun a short-lived, cheaply person who works as a journalist during produced newspaper, often satirical in the evenings and has another full-time job content motif məυti f during the day motif / | / noun same as super moral entrepreneur moral entrepreneur /mɒrəl motion picture picture /məυʃ(ə)n pktʃə/ ɒntrəprən& | / noun a person who noun a film decides to act as a moral watchdog for the Motion Picture Association Picture Association media, expressing themselves most məυʃ ə n pktʃə əsəυsieʃ ə n / ( ) | ( ) / noun usually in letters of complaint but some- the international arm of the MPAA which times forming organisations in protest and protects the rights of Hollywood Studios trying to affect change. ı Mary White- to free trade and involvement in interna- house tional markets. Abbreviation MPA moral panic moral panic /mɒrəl pnk/ noun a Motion Picture Association of AmericaPicture Association of sudden increase in public anxiety about məυʃ ə n pktʃə ə America / ( ) | the possible effects of media products on səυsieʃ ə n əv əmerkə ( ) | / noun the consumers for example music that trade association in America which encourages sexism, violent video games, protects the interests of major Hollywood etc. studios. Abbreviation MPAA ‘With 33% of British teenagers now motivated məυtvetd motivated / | / adjective classified as binge drinkers, alcohol referring to a camera shot that follows a abuse among the young is a rising particular piece of action or is prompted problem, often overshadowed by moral by some action within a scene. Compare panics over illegal, harder but less unmotivated universally harmful drugs.’ [Joss motivation məυtveʃ ə n Hutton, The Guardian] motivation / | ( ) / noun a reason for doing something mores mɔ rez motivational research mores / / plural noun rules motivational research about acceptable social behaviour məυtveʃ ə nəl rs& tʃ / ( ) | / noun the according to customs, morals etc. study of why people do things, specifi- morgue morgue /mɔ $/ noun a room or file in a cally in media why they watch, listen, newspaper office containing various read, consume a product or respond to an pieces of information that are kept for advertisement future reference, for example for writing motor drive drive /məυtə drav/ noun a obituaries motorised mechanism to move film morphing morphing /mɔ fŋ/ noun in film, a through a camera change in an object from one form to Motown /məυtaυn/ a trade name for a another, presented as one continuous music company based in Detroit whose movement music, consisting of pop, soul and gospel, morphology mɔ fɒlədi morphology / | / noun the was especially popular during the 1960s study of the structure of words in terms of and 1970s combinations of meaningful units mount /maυnt/ verb to attach some- morse code code /mɔ s kəυd/ noun a thing securely to something else, such as a system for representing letters and camera to a dolly MediaStudies.fm Page 151 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

151 multipath mounting /maυntŋ/ noun something shot /m$ ʃɒt/ noun a head-and- on which something else is mounted, such shoulders shot multi-actuality mlti ktʃulti as a tripod for a camera, which makes it multi-actuality / | / easier to hold steady and adjust its posi- noun the existence of many different and tion between shots often contradictory meanings attached to mouseover /maυsəυvə/ noun a any given sign or symbol feature on a webpage, for example a pop- multiband /mltibnd/ adjective up menu or graphic image, that is acti- referring to the separate processing of vated when a user moves the cursor over a more than one bandwidth of a signal in contact point on the page. The feature is order to achieve higher fidelity designed to encourage the user to select it. multi-camera /mlt km(ə)rə/ movie file movie file /mu vi fal/ noun a file adjective using more than one camera stored on disk that contains a series of multi-channel home home /mlti images that make up an animation or tʃn(ə)l həυm/ noun a household that video clip can receive cable or satellite television as moviemaker mu vi mekə moviemaker / | / noun well as terrestrial channels same as filmmaker multicoloured mltikləd multicoloured US / | / MP3 MP3 /em pi θri / noun a format for noun of more than one colour í adjective compressing music files to approximately able to print more than one colour at once one tenth of their original size, while multiculturalism mlti multiculturalism /| losing little quality kltʃ(ə)rəlz(ə)m/ noun in sociology, MPA abbreviation Motion Picture the different belief systems, customs and Association cultural products of different communi- MPAA abbreviation Motion Picture ties, brought together in a single society multimedia mltimi diə Association of America multimedia / | / noun the .mpeg noun a computer format for video combination of different media, for data example sound, video, images or MS abbreviation medium shot computer technology, in one package such M-time em tam as a CD-ROM í adjective using more M-time / / abbreviation mono- than one media, as with an advertising chronic time MTV campaign MTV /em ti vi / noun a global televi- multimedia document mlti multimedia document / | sion service that broadcasts music videos mi diə dɒkjυmənt/ noun an electronic and related programming such as celeb- document that contains interactive mate- rity interviews, award shows etc. It is rial from a range of different media such extremely popular and has a great deal of as text, video, sound, graphics and anima- influence in the music world muckraking tion mkrekŋ multimedia home platform muckraking / | / noun jour- multimedia home platform nalism that tries to uncover scandal, /mltimi diə həυm pltfɔ m/ noun a corruption, crime, fraud etc. which is of digital broadcasting standard that interest to the public combines Internet and television broad- ‘The press is also increasingly carrying casting to create interactive television. such stories. The once staid but now Abbreviation MHP transformed China Daily carries multimedia messaging service messaging service frequent articles on corruption, often in /mltimi diə mesdŋ s& vs/ noun copious detail and with a muckraking TELECOMS full form of MMS tone.’ [Martin Jacques, The Guardian] multimodal mltiməυd ə l / | / adjec- MUD multimodal ( ) MUD /em ti e/ noun a piece of soft- tive using several different channels to ware usually used for gaming, which access the same information, for example, allows many different users to interact in cinema listings which are available in the the same environment. Full form multi- press, by phone and on the Internet user domain multipath /mltipɑ θ/ adjective MUD object-oriented MUD object-oriented /md ɒbjekt relating to television or radio signals that ɔ riəntetd/ noun full form of MOO use more than one route from the trans- mug /m$/ verb to make exaggerated mitter to the receiver, causing picture or facial expressions in front of a camera sound distortion MediaStudies.fm Page 152 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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multiplane Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising multiplane /mltiplen/ noun the illu- Museum of Brands, Packaging mju zi əm əv sion of depth created by laying animation and Advertising / | cells not directly on top of each other but brndz pkdŋ ənd dvətazŋ/ with a tiny space between them noun a museum in London which displays multiplayer mltipleə advertising and branding on product pack- multiplayer / | / adjective referring to a computer game that is aging from the 19th century to the present played with other players, typically over a day Museum of the Moving Image local area network or the Internet Museum of the Moving Image multiple mju zi əm əv ðə mu vŋ md / | / multiple /mltp(ə)l/ noun a system of noun formerly, an interactive museum of wiring arranged so that a group of communication lines are accessible at a film and television culture on London’s number of points South Bank, closed in 1999 in favour of multiplex new BFI projects. Abbreviation MOMI multiplex adjective with the digital mush /mʃ/ noun radio interference, technology to broadcast several different especially a hissing noise channels using a single wavelength í mush area /mʃ eəriə/ noun a region noun a large cinema with many screens mush area multiplexer where two or more radio signals overlap mltipleksə multiplexer / | / noun 1. a so that interference results device for sending several data streams musical /mju zk(ə)l/ noun, adjective down a communications line and for split- a genre of film or stage production that ting a received multiple stream into features a lot of songs and musical components 2. a device for transferring numbers projected film to video Musical Instrument Digital Interface multiplexing Musical Instrument Digital Inter- mltpleksŋ multiplexing / / noun the face /mju zk(ə)l nstrəmənt sending of two or more signals along one ddt(ə)l ntəfes/ noun full form of communication channel MIDI multiplex provider music and effects mltpleks prə| mju zk ən  multiplex provider / music and effects / | vadə/ noun a service that carries several fekts/ noun audio track used in dubbing separate digital channels stage. Abbreviation M and E multiplier effect mltplaə fekt music centre mju zk sentə multiplier effect / | / music centre / / noun noun the effect by which the successful a one-piece hi-fi unit that has a turntable, export of one product, such as a piece of amplifier, cassette deck, radio and technology, a popular television show speakers etc., opens up the market for others music hall hall /mju zk hɔ l/ noun a type multiscreen multiscreen /mltiskri n/ adjective of entertainment, popular in the late 19th with several screens for showing films, and early 20th centuries, that consisted of videos or slides a variety of singing, dancing and comic multistart mltistɑ t acts multistart / / adjective music reporting form mju zk r beginning at several different times so that music reporting form / | the viewer can select the most convenient pɔ tŋ fɔ m/ noun one of the four forms start time. ı Near Video On Demand which must be submitted when delivering multitrack mltitrk a programme to the BBC, giving details of multitrack / / adjective all music used in the programme. ı billing using, capable of or produced by the sepa- form, transmission form, Programme rate recording of several different tracks as Completed form multi-user domain mlti ju zə də music video multi-user domain / | mju zk vdiəυ men music video / / noun / noun full form of MUD a short video or film made to accompany Murdoch effect m& dɒk fekt Murdoch effect / | / a song or piece of popular music noun musique concrète mju zi k kɒn the process by which journalism is musique concrète / | | seen to have become more and more kret/ noun recorded music composed by obsessed about money and big business electronically combining natural and COMMENT: The term is named after musical sounds Rupert Murdoch, who is said to exert an must /məst, mst/ noun a piece of copy influence over the news that is reported in his media empire so that it doesn’t which cannot be dropped from an edition conflict with his interests as a of a newspaper or magazine, for example businessman. an apology or correction MediaStudies.fm Page 153 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

153 mythology mute /mju t/ adjective with no sound famous person 3. a widely held but Mylar /mala / a trade name for a thin mistaken belief mythology mθɒlədi strong polyester film used in recording mythology / | / noun 1. a tapes and photography group of myths that belong to a particular myth /mθ/ noun 1. a traditional story people or culture and tell about their about heroes or supernatural beings, often ancestors, heroes, gods and other super- attempting to explain the origins of natural beings, and history 2. the study of natural phenomena or aspects of human myths, or the branch of knowledge that behaviour 2. a set of often idealised or deals with myths 3. a body of stories glamorised ideas and stories surrounding ideas, or beliefs that are not necessarily a particular phenomenon, concept or true about a particular place or person MediaStudies.fm Page 154 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

N

n narrator nəretə n, N symbol PRINTING en dash narrator / | / noun the person nabe /neb/ noun a local cinema who tells the story in a film or book, not Nachträglichkeit nxtre$lxket necessarily a character in the story them- Nachträglichkeit / | | / noun literally ‘deferred action’. The idea selves narrowcast that dealing with a traumatic event may be narrowcast /nrəυkɑ st/ verb to aim deferred in a person’s mind until a later a radio or television broadcast at a limited time when they are mature enough to audience, defined by considerations such process it. as geography or special interests Nagra n$rə narrowcasting Nagra / / noun a Swiss company narrowcasting /nrəυkɑ stŋ/ noun who make standard sound recording a term formed by analogy with broad- equipment name super casting, in which programming and adver- name super /nem su pə/ noun same tisements are aimed at a narrow, specialist as super audience Napster npstə national Napster / / a trade name for soft- nʃ ə nəl ware that allows users to share files, national / ( ) / noun PRESS same normally MP3-format music files, over as national newspaper National Association of Television Program Executives the Internet National Association of Televi- narcotising dysfunction dysfunction sion Program Executives nʃ ə nəl əsəυsieʃ ə n əv nɑ kətazŋ dsfŋkʃ ə n / ( ) | ( ) / | ( ) / noun the telv ə n prəυ$rm orədju səz social consequence of the mass media ( ) | / overloading audiences with so much noun an organisation which offers its information that they are reduced to members information on creative devel- apathy opment in the US television industry. narrate nəret Abbreviation NATPE narrate / | / verb to tell the story or National Broadcasting Company provide a commentary for a film or televi- National Broadcasting Company sion programme /nʃ(ə)nəl brɔ dkɑ stŋ narration nəreʃ ə n kɔ pəreʃ ə n narration / | ( ) / noun the ( ) / noun an international process of explaining what is happening media company based in the USA that as a story or event progresses operates terrestrial and cable broadcasting narrative /nrətv/ noun the way in and Internet news provision. Abbreviation which a story is told NBC nationalism nʃ ə nəlz ə m COMMENT: Considerations in a narrative nationalism / ( ) | ( ) / noun are: the chronological order of events, pride in a particular nation’s cultural iden- the person who is telling the story, the tity ways in which themes and motives are represented, the way in which secrets ‘Extremism in nationalism, like are revealed, characterisation and role anything else, is ugly. But it is more than fulfilment, values and importance time that we learned to celebrate British attached to events, and more. history rather than forever abusing it, narrative paradigm paradigm /nrətv and encourage newcomers to Britain to prədam/ noun the theory that part of do likewise. If we do not seem to believe what defines us as humans is our tendency in our own heritage, why should anyone to tell stories else?’ [Max Hastings, The Daily Mail] MediaStudies.fm Page 155 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

155 negotiated commission national media media /nʃ(ə)nəl mi diə/ navigable /nv$əb(ə)l/ adjective noun the broadcast and print products of a referring to a website that the user can country that get nation-wide distribution, move through by clicking on highlighted for example major newspapers and televi- computer links sion programming navigate /nv$et/ verb to move national newspaper newspaper /nʃ(ə)nəl about a website by using the links nju zpepə/ noun a newspaper that is provided in it NBC available and read in every part of a NBC abbreviation BROADCAST, US country. Also called national National Broadcasting Company National Readership Survey NC-17 en si sev ə nti n National Readership Survey NC-17 / ( ) | / noun a /nʃ(ə)nəl ri dəʃp s& ve/ noun a censorship classification in the United commercial organisation which provides States indicating that a film should not be readership statistics for 250 major publi- seen by children under the age of 17 cations in the UK, using random proba- because of its adult content bility testing. Abbreviation NRS Near Instantaneous AmplitudeInstantaneous Companding And Modulation Amplitude National Television Systems Committee National Television Systems Companding And Modulation Committee /nʃ(ə)nəl telv(ə)n noun full form of NICAM sstəmz kəmti Near Video On Demand | / noun full form of Near Video On Demand /nə NTSC vdiəυ ɒn dmɑ nd | / noun a situation in National Union of Journalists National Union of Journalists which the same programme or film is /nʃ(ə)nəl ju njən əv d& nəlsts/ transmitted on several different sister noun the trade union for journalists in the channels at a short interval on each, so that UK and Ireland. Abbreviation NUJ the viewer can choose to start watching at National Viewers and Listeners AssociationViewers and Listeners the most convenient time for them. Abbre- Association /nʃ(ə)nəl vjuəz ənd viation NVOD ls ə nəz əsəυsieʃ ə n ‘ needle ( ) | ( ) / noun Media- needle /ni d(ə)l/ noun the tone arm on watch-uk the pickup of a record player National Vocational Qualification National Vocational Qualification needle time time /ni d(ə)l tam/ noun the nʃ ə nəl vəυkeʃ ə n ə l kwɒlf / ( ) | ( ) ( ) | agreed maximum amount of time that a keʃ(ə)n/ noun a vocational qualification radio station can spend playing recorded which measures standards of competence music in a particular occupation such as jour- ‘In fact Peel’s role as the impresario and nalism. Abbreviation NVQ talent-broker of a certain kind of NATPE NATPE /ntpi/ abbreviation National alternative contemporary music can Association of Television Program hardly be overstated… he was Executives practically the only national DJ prepared natural break break /ntʃ(ə)rəl brek/ to give needle-time to the raucous DIY noun a convenient or reasonable point in a offerings of bands such as the Damned television programme for a commercial and the Buzzcocks.’ [Spencer Leig, The break Independent] naturalism /ntʃ(ə)rəlz(ə)m/ noun a negative /ne$ətv/ noun a photo- method of filmmaking that represents graphic image that has been developed but characters and locations as they actually not printed and shows black and white would be, as opposed to trying to create tones reversed and colours as complemen- artificial drama and effects tary í adjective referring to photographic naturalistic illusion of television illusion of television film that has been exposed to light and ntʃ ə rəlstk lu  ə n əv / ( ) | ( ) developed, used as a basis for preparing telv(ə)n/ noun the impression given final prints by some television programmes that what negative cutter cutter /ne$ətv ktə/ noun they are showing is real life when it is not the member of a film and television nature /netʃə/ noun 1. the countryside production team who is responsible for or the environment in a condition rela- conforming negatives so that they match tively unaffected by human activity or as the director’s view of what should be seen the home of living things other than on screen negotiated commission n human beings 2. the intrinsic or essential negotiated commission /| $əυʃietd kəmʃ ə n qualities of a person or thing | ( ) / noun a commis- MediaStudies.fm Page 156 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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Net surfing sion agreed with an advertising agency Net surfing /net s& fŋ/ noun the before work starts, and which may be activity of moving through sites on the different from standard commissions Internet out of interest negotiated meaning n$əυʃietd network negotiated meaning / | network /netw& k/ noun 1. an inter- mi nŋ/ noun the ‘compromise’ that is connected system of communications reached between the preferred reading channels 2. a group of communication offered by a text and the reader’s own channels, for example television or radio assumptions and interpretations stations, owned by a single company negotiation n$əυʃieʃ ə n networking netw& kŋ negotiation / | | ( ) / noun networking / / noun 1. the the process of arriving at a compromise process or practice of building up or main- between the preferred reading offered by a taining informal relationships, especially text and the reader’s own assumptions and with people whose friendship could bring interpretations advantages such as job or business oppor-

neo-noir neo-noir /niəυ nwɑ / adjective tunities 2. the process of interconnecting relating to or reminiscent of the style of two or more computers either in the same film noir room or different buildings, in the same town or different towns, allowing them to niəυriəlz ə m neorealism / | ( ) / noun a exchange information style of cinema focusing on issues of ordi- network marketing network marketing /netw& k nary working-class life that began in Italy mɑ ktŋ in the 1940s with the work of directors / noun a marketing campaign such as Roberto Rossellini carried out through a complete magazine net network net network programming net / / noun a broadcasting network network programming /netw& k net audience net audience /net ɔ diəns/ noun the prəυ$rmŋ/ noun the practice of total number of people reached by an scheduling television programmes over advertising campaign, excluding duplica- the whole network tions. According to this method, a person network society netw& k səsaəti network society / | / will be counted once whether they have noun a society that regularly uses global seen an advertisement once or twenty networks for the purposes of work, times. Compare advertising impres- communication and government sion neutral density filter nju trəl Net imperative neutral density filter / net mperətv Net imperative / | / densti fltə/ noun a filter used on a noun the idea that it is vital for organisa- camera lens to prevent overexposure in tions to use the Internet for business strong lighting conditions purposes if they are to be successful in the Newcomb’s ABX model of communication 1953 Newcomb’s ABX model of future nju kəm netiquette communication 1953 / / netiquette /netket/ noun an informal noun a communication model in which set of standard rules for how to use the there are three points of reference – the Internet sender (A), the receiver (B) and the social ‘However familiar many parents are situation in which the communication with the wonders, as well as the wiles, of takes place (X) new journalism the web, they still find the “netiquette” new journalism /nju of chat rooms a mystery. “It’s the d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a type of language and syntax”, says Fiona reporting similar to gonzo journalism, in Derbyshire, mother of two teenage girls. which the reporter records a stream of “It’s even more impenetrable than consciousness texting”.’ New Line Cinema nju lan [Martin Wroe, The Sunday Times] New Line Cinema / snmə/ noun a major film studio, a netphone netphone /netfəυn/ noun a phone that subsidiary of Time Warner, formed in makes connections via the Internet 1967. It has produced such blockbusters NetShow NetShow /netshəυ/ a trade name for a as the Austin Powers series of films and system developed by Microsoft to provide the Lord of the Rings trilogy. news audio and video delivery over the Internet news /nju z/ noun 1. a broadcast report without interruptions in the video on important events or developments that sequence are taking place 2. information about MediaStudies.fm Page 157 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

157 newspaper

news flash current events and developments as it is news flash /nju z flʃ/ noun a short reported in the mass media report about an important piece of news, news agency news agency /nju z edənsi/ noun that interrupts a scheduled programme an organisation that provides accurate ‘Last month the Broadcasting information on the news to other media Complaints Commission (BCC) upheld such as newspapers and radio so that they a religious complaint against Eamon can report it, and also to online Dunphy’s show on NewsTalk 106 subscribers. They are often global, oper- which broadcast a spoof newsflash in ating in several languages. Examples of December last year saying that Pope major news agencies are Reuters and John Paul II had died.’ [Dearbhail Associated Press (AP). Also called news McDonald, The Sunday Times]

service, press agency news frameworks newsagent nju zedənt news frameworks /nju z newsagent / / noun a fremw& ks person whose job is to sell newspapers / plural noun a shared set of and magazines, often together with rules or guidelines by a group of editors confectionery, tobacco and other items and journalists about what counts as news aid nju z ed ‘newsworthy’ news aid / / noun the idea that newsgathering nju z$ʃ ə rŋ news coverage that is aimed at alerting newsgathering / | ( ) / people to suffering, distress, victims of noun the system by which news is disasters etc. often gives a simplistic view obtained from sources, interviewees, of the reasons behind what has happened observation, news agencies etc. newsgirl newsboy newsboy /nju zbɔ/ noun a boy who newsgirl /nju z$& l/ noun a girl who sells or delivers newspapers sells or delivers newspapers newsbreak nju zbrek newsgroup nju z$ru p newsbreak / / noun 1. a newsgroup / | / noun a short news bulletin during a radio or tele- news discussion group on the Internet vision programme 2. something that is newshound newshound /nju zhaυnd/ noun a newsworthy newscast newspaper reporter

nju zkɑ st newsletter newscast / / noun a nju zletə programme of news reports on the televi- newsletter / / noun a report sion or radio that contains matters of interest to a newscaster nju zkɑ stə specific group such as the members of a newscaster / / noun a society or employees of an organisation, person whose job is to read the news on and is regularly sent to them television or the radio news-literate news conference nju z lt ə rət news conference /nju z news-literate / ( ) / adjec- tive kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun BROADCAST, PRESS referring to somebody who has the same as press conference ability to ‘read’ the news intelligently News Corporation taking into consideration its conventions, News Corporation /nju z kɔ pəreʃ ə n codes, norms etc. ( ) / noun one of the world’s news magazine largest media conglomerates which owns news magazine /nju z m$əzi n/ book publishers, magazines, film studios noun 1. a radio or television programme and cable and satellite television channels consisting of news commentary, inter- across Australia, the UK and the US The views, investigative reporting and features majority shareholder is mogul Rupert 2. a magazine, often published weekly, Murdoch that contains reports and analysis of the newsdealer nju zdi lə previous week’s news newsdealer / | / noun a newsman person who keeps a shop or stall selling newsman /nju zmn/ noun a male mainly newspapers, magazines and often journalist or newsreader

newspaper paperback books and confectionery newspaper /nju zpepə/ noun 1. a newsdesk newsdesk /nju zdesk/ noun the place daily or weekly publication containing where a news editor prepares news for news reports and commentary, features publication or broadcasting and advertisements, and is printed on new season season /nju si z(ə)n/ noun the large folded sheets of paper. Also called start of the television year, usually taken paper 2. an organisation that publishes a to be the autumn and winter programming newspaper 3. a sheet or sheets of a news- season print MediaStudies.fm Page 158 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

newspaperman 158 newspaperman /nju spepəmn/ relevance of the topic to the audience) noun 1. a male newspaper reporter or and the pragmatics of news reporting (the existence of similar stories in the editor 2. a man who owns a newspaper news, the time of the event taking place, newspaperperson nju zpepə newspaperperson / | etc). p& s(ə)n/ noun 1. a newspaper reporter newsvendor nju zvendə newsvendor / | / noun a or editor 2. somebody who owns a news- person who sells newspapers paper newsweekly nju zwi kli newspaperwoman newsweekly / | / noun a nju zpepə newspaperwoman / | wυmən newspaper or news magazine that is / noun 1. a female newspaper published weekly reporter or editor 2. a woman who owns a newswoman nju zwυmən newswoman / | / noun a newspaper newspeak female journalist or newsreader nju spi k newsworthy newspeak / / noun an imagi- nju zw& ði nary form of language in George Orwell’s newsworthy / / adjective 1984, in which the size of vocabulary and referring to stories or issues that are inter- esting or important enough to be reported ranges of meaning were so restricted that this in itself restricted the concepts and in the media thoughts that a person was capable of ‘For all the empowerment of women, formulating though, violence by men against women newsperson nju zp& s ə n is still far more serious than vice versa. newsperson / | ( ) / noun a Serious cases of women as the journalist or newsreader newsprint aggressors are newsworthy exceptions newsprint /nju zprnt/ noun the which prove the rule.’ [Peter McKay, cheap, low-quality paper that newspapers The Daily Mail] are printed on newswriting news professional nju zratŋ nju z prə newswriting / | / noun the news professional / | feʃ ə n ə l process of writing news stories ( ) ( ) / noun a person whose job it is new wave nju wev to process and supply news according to new wave / / noun 1. a style the format of the institution or publication of film-making that developed in France newsreader nju zri də during the late 1950s and 1960s that was a newsreader / / noun some- reaction against established French body who presents the news, especially cinema, emphasising unconventionality the headlines, on a television or radio and the individual styles of directors 2. a news broadcast newsreel type of rock music in the late 1970s that newsreel /nju zri l/ noun news reports developed from the punk rock era on film, often shown at the cinema before New World Information and WorldCommunication Order Information and the main feature, which were popular Communication Order /nju w& ld from World War I until the advent of tele- nfəmeʃ ə n ən kəmju nkeʃ ə n ( ) | | ( ) vision ɔ də news release / noun a UNESCO concept from the nju z rli s news release / | / noun 1970s and 80s with the aim of making same as press release media representation of developing coun- newsroom /nju zru m/ noun the tries more equitable across the globe. It office in which journalists, researchers, was unpopular with the United States who editors etc. gather to put news stories withdrew their membership from together UNESCO in response. news service news service /nju z s& vs/ noun next matter matter /nekst mtə/, next-to- BROADCAST, PRESS same as news reading matter /nekst tə ri dŋ agency mtə/ noun advertising material placed newsstand /nju zstnd/ noun a stall next to editorial matter in a publication for selling newspapers and magazines N-Gen /en den/ noun the Net Genera- news values values /nju z vlju z/ noun tion, referring to young people who have the criteria applied to news stories and grown up with the Internet from an early employed when gatekeeping age nib COMMENT: Examples of typical news nib /nb/ noun same as brief values would be: the event’s impact on NICAM /nakm/ noun a system in the public (the number of people affected, its unexpectedness), the which digital quality audio can be trans- human interest (the involvement of a mitted through an analogue signal and famous person or powerful nation, the decoded by compatible viewing equip- MediaStudies.fm Page 159 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

159 non-sync ment. Full form of Near Instantaneous with the relevant information in the output Amplitude Companding And Modula- from a computer

noise level tion noise level /nɔz lev(ə)l/ noun the niche niche /ni ʃ/ noun an area of the market amount of unwanted information found specialising in one type of product or when searching the Internet service í adjective referring to something nomadism nəυmdzm nomadism / | / noun in highly specific, that is relevant to only a feminist theory, the practice of rejecting small section of the population mainstream cultural forms and territorial- niche audience niche audience /ni ʃ ɔ diəns/ noun isation in order to undermine the theory a small target audience that is highly that humans instinctively create an inclu- specific sive, unifying culture niche marketing ni ʃ mɑ ktŋ non-aligned news pool nɒn ə niche marketing / / non-aligned news pool / | noun the process of marketing to small land nju z pu l/ noun a news agency but potentially highly profitable specialist formed by 85 countries, agreeing to share markets news gathered by their domestic agencies

nick nick /nk/ noun PRINTING a groove in the with each other nonbroadcast nɒnbrɔ dkɑ st side of a piece of metal printing type, used nonbroadcast /| / to align and often, identify it adjective referring to material that is not nickelodeon nk ə ləυdiən suitable for, or transmitted by, radio or nickelodeon / ( ) | / noun an early 20th-century cinema where a television non-diegetic sound ticket cost five cents non-diegetic sound /nɑn Nielsen Media Research daə$etk saυnd Nielsen Media Research /ni lsən / noun sound that is mi diə rs& tʃ not coming from a recognisable source in | / noun a multinational media company that provides television a piece of film but has been added to the and audience viewing figures, information soundtrack, for example a voiceover or a about print readership and information for piece of music. Compare diegetic sound nonimpact nɒnmpkt the purposes of marketing and advertising nonimpact / | / adjective Nielsen Television Index Nielsen Television Index /ni ls(ə)n referring to a printing method that does telv(ə)n ndeks/ noun the most-used not involve pressing ink onto a surface, television audience ratings in the USA, but uses laser or ink-jet technologies non-linear editing produced by media research company A. non-linear editing /nɒn lniə C. Nielsen. Abbreviation NTI edtŋ/ noun film and video editing that

nl nl abbreviation a proofreading mark on a is performed on a computer, in which the text that means ‘new line’ shots may be handled separately and NLE digitally reassembled in any order. Also NLE abbreviation non-linear editing called random-access editing. Abbre- noddy noddy /nɒdi/ noun a cutaway shot of an viation NLE

non-media interviewer nodding, looking interested non-media /nɒn mi diə/ adjective etc., used to disguise editing, avoid jump unconnected to the media cuts or simply break up a long speech by nonpareil nɒnpəre ə l the interviewee nonpareil / | ( ) / noun a size Noelle-Neumann’s spiral of silence model of public opinion 1974 of printers’ type equal to six points Noelle-Neumann’s spiral of nonprinted nɒnprntd silence model of public opinion nonprinted / | / adjective 1974 /nəυel nɔmən/ noun a model of referring to material that has not been the way in which a person is less likely to printed nonprinting nɒnprntŋ voice their opinion if they think there is nonprinting / | / adjective little support for it, meaning that it appears referring to characters not used or even less popular intended for printing noir nwɑ nonsexist nɒnseksst noir / / adjective relating to or remi- nonsexist / | / adjective niscent of the style of film noir avoiding or not involving discrimination

noise noise /nɔz/ noun 1. interference either based on sex non-sync visually or on the soundtrack when using non-sync /nɒn sŋ/ noun non- magnetic tape 2. any sort of interference synchronised sound, i.e. a soundtrack that affecting a channel of communication 3. is produced separately from the picture. unwanted or meaningless data intermixed Compare sync MediaStudies.fm Page 160 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

non-synchronised 160 non-synchronised /nɒn the floor, pages spread around me, sŋkrənazd/ adjective of sound, not swamped in nostalgia, instantly matching up exactly with the pictures transported back to another life, another because for example the soundtrack was time…’ recorded separately [Nina Myskow, The Daily Mail] non-verbal communication note non-verbal communication /nɒn note /nəυt/ noun an extra piece of infor- v& b ə l kəmju nkeʃ ə n ( ) | | ( ) / noun any mation often given at the bottom of a communication that is not performed with printed page or at the very end of a text notice words, for example facial expression, notice /nəυts/ noun a written state- gesture, touch, tone, posture etc. Abbrevi- ment of information, often displayed on a ation NVC board or wall, or published in a newspaper non-verbal vocalisation non-verbal vocalisation /nɒn or magazine v& bəl vəυkəlazeʃ ə n noting scores | ( ) / noun a noting scores /nəυtŋ skɔ z/ plural sound or quality of sound made by a noun the percentage of a publication’s person that is not language but communi- readers who report having seen a partic- cates something about the speaker, for ular article, advertisement etc. example a laugh, a stutter, a change of November nəυvembə pitch November / | / noun an inter- norm /nɔ m/ noun something which is nationally recognised code word for the letter N, used in radio communications normal, usual, expected; a convention or n.p. standard n.p., NP abbreviation a proofreading normative /nɔ mətv/ adjective mark on a text that means ‘new paragraph’ NRS according to norms, what is expected as NRS abbreviation National Reader- opposed to what happens in reality ship Survey Northcliffe revolution NTI Northcliffe revolution /nɔ θklf NTI abbreviation TV, US Nielsen Televi- revəlu ʃ(ə)n/ noun a shift in the sion Index NTSC economic basis of newspaper publication NTSC /en ti es si / noun the standard in the late 19th and early 20th century, as television system in many countries they became dependent on advertisement including the USA, Canada and Japan. revenue and therefore on grabbing atten- Full form National Television Systems tion and attracting more readers Committee COMMENT: The term is named after nudie nju di newspaper baron Lord Northcliffe, who nudie / / noun a product such as a founded the Daily Mail and the Daily film or magazine that features unclothed Mirror as well as turning around the performers or models NUJ fortunes of other dailies by making their NUJ abbreviation UK, PRESS National content more sensational and populist in deference to his advertisers. The Daily Union of Journalists number Mail held the highest circulation of any number /nmbə/ noun one of a series newspaper in the UK from its inception in of things, especially a single issue of a 1896 until his death in 1922. magazine nostalgia nɒstldə nut nostalgia / | / noun a mixed nut /nt/ noun PRINTING same as en feeling of happiness, sadness and longing NVC when recalling a person, place or event NVC abbreviation non-verbal commu- from the past, or the past in general nication NVOD ‘…the publication of The Best Of NVOD abbreviation Near Video On Jackie, a book which celebrates the top- Demand NVQ selling teenage magazine of bygone NVQ abbreviation National Vocational years, is a portal into another era. I sat on Qualification MediaStudies.fm Page 161 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

O

OB, o.b. abbreviation outside broad- without opinion or bias. Compare cast subjectivity obeli obeli PRINTING plural of obelus ‘A month ago, some of American obelise /ɒbəlaz/ verb to insert a television’s most recognisable news dagger or obelus into a printed text reporters took on the unlikely role of obelisk conscience of the nation as they howled obelisk /ɒbəlsk/ noun PRINTING same as dagger with indignation about the poor and obelus ɒbələs dispossessed of New Orleans… They obelus / / noun 1. a symbol (†) lost all pretence of detached objectivity used in modern printed editions of ancient and instead gave full vent to their manuscripts to show that a particular frustration and anger.’ [Michael section is possibly not genuine 2. Ainsworth, The Independent on Sunday] PRINTING same as dagger object language obit object language /ɒbdekt obit /əυbt/ abbreviation obituary lŋ$wd obituary əbtʃuəri / noun the meanings and obituary / | / noun an account symbolic values that a person attaches to of a prominent person’s life, published in objects around them a newspaper shortly after they have died. obl. obl. abbreviation PRINTING oblique Abbreviation obit oblique object əbli k oblique / | / noun PRINTING same as object /ɒbdekt/ noun 1. something slash that can be seen or touched, or something obscenity əbsenti that is perceived as an entity and given a obscenity / | / noun a word, name 2. a focus of somebody’s attention phrase or statement that is offensive, espe- or emotion 3. a collection of variables, cially because of being sexually explicit, data structures, and procedures stored as and may be subject to legal restraints an entity and forming a basic building regarding broadcast or publication obsolescence ɒbsəles ə ns block of object-oriented programming obsolescence / | ( ) / noun object database database /ɒbdekt the state of becoming obsolete by being detəbes/ noun a database that has the replaced by something new capacity to deal with audio and video obsolete /ɒbsəli t/ noun no longer in files. Abbreviation ODB use, usually because of having been object-image ratio ratio /ɒbjekt md replaced by something new and more reʃiəυ/ noun the difference between the interesting or efficient occupational soap ɒkjυpeʃ ə nəl actual size of an object being photo- occupational soap / | ( ) graphed or filmed and the size of the final səυp/ noun a soap opera that is based image produced around a place of work, rather than a street objective and task method əb or other place where people live. An objective and task method / | dektv ən tɑ sk meθəd/ noun a example of this is The Bill. method of calculating an advertising OCR abbreviation optical character budget by setting objectives, deciding recognition octavo ɒktɑ vəυ what tasks are needed to achieve them and octavo / | / noun 1. a book with then calculating the actual costs involved 8 leaves and 16 pages resulting from the objectivity ɒbdektvti objectivity / | / noun the folding in half of a single sheet of idea that news can and should be reported standard-sized printing paper three times. MediaStudies.fm Page 162 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

octodecimo 162 Also called eightvo 2. the size of one Office of Telecommunications of Telecommunications ɒfs əv telikəmju nkeʃ ə nz page of an octavo book / | | ( ) / noun octodecimo ɒktəυdesməυ octodecimo / | / noun a the body formerly responsible for regu- book that measures about 10 by 16 cm/4 lating the non-military radio spectrum in by 4 ¼ in, or this size of book. Also called the UK, issuing licences and protecting it eighteenmo from unauthorised use. It was replaced by ODB OFCOM under the 2003 Communications ODB abbreviation object database ı oedipal complex Act. OFCOM oedipal complex /i dəp(ə)l Official Secrets Act əfʃ ə l Official Secrets Act /| ( ) kɒmpleks/ noun according to Freudian si krəts kt/ noun an act of Parliament psychology, the desire of every male child that allows some censorship of the media, to sleep with his mother and kill his father on the grounds that the information might COMMENT: The term oedipal complex be of use to the country’s enemies comes from the Greek myth of Oedipus, offline ɒflan who marries his own mother Jocasta offline / | / adjective 1. referring to after murdering his father Laius, without a computer not connected to the Internet knowing the identity of either. 2. referring to a printer that is not oeuvre oeuvre /& vrə/ noun the creative work connected to or receiving data from a of a person computer 3. referring to people or proc- OFCOM ɒfkɒm esses involved in preparing but not trans- OFCOM / / noun the telecommu- mitting material for broadcasting nications regulator in the UK Formed in off-line editing ɒf lan edtŋ 2003, it took over the licensing and regu- off-line editing / / noun latory duties formerly undertaken by the the process of editing a film using a copy Radio Authority, The Broadcasting Stand- rather than the original recording. It does ards Commission, the Independent Tele- not result in a final copy for broadcast but vision Commission, the Office of Tele- uses cheaper equipment and so editors can communications and the take more time to decide how the final on- Radiocommunications Agency. Full form line edit should be done. Compare on- Office of Communications line editing off-line newsreader off-air ɒf eə off-line newsreader /ɒf lan off-air / / adjective referring to nju zri də events, speech or action taking place in / noun computer software that broadcasting studios but not used during a allows users to read newsgroup articles broadcast without being online at the same time off-mike off-beat ɒf mak off-beat /ɒf bi t/ adjective slightly off-mike / / adjective referring unexpected or humorous to noise that is audible in the background off-camera of a broadcast off-camera /ɒf km(ə)rə/ adjective offprint offprint /ɒfprnt/ noun a separately referring to action that takes place out of printed article taken from a larger publica- range of a film or television camera that is tion and often given to the contributor recording. Compare on-camera off-screen image off-card rate ɒf skri n md ɒf kɑ d ret off-screen image / / off-card rate / / noun a noun an image that is first drawn in specially arranged price, lower than that memory and then is transferred to the on the rate card, for advertising space or display memory to give the impression of time fast display action off-diary piece ɒf daəri pi s offset off-diary piece / / noun offset noun /ɒfset/ 1. a method of an article that was not scheduled to be printing in which inked impressions are covered but that a journalist writes on his transferred onto paper via an intermediate or her own initiative. Compare diary surface made of rubber. Also called set- piece off 2. the accidental transfer of ink, offensive spending əfensv offensive spending /| usually from one piece of paper to another spendŋ í ɒfset / noun the practice of spending verb / | / to print something by on advertising which aims to attract users offset printing of a rival brand or to attack the competi- off the record the record /ɒf ðə rekɔ d/ adjec- tion tive comments made off the record are not Office of Communications Office of Communications /ɒfs intended to be published or used by a jour- əv kəmju nkeʃ ə nz | | ( ) / noun full form nalist but only for background or further of OFCOM investigation, protecting the source MediaStudies.fm Page 163 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

163 onomatopoeia ‘Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Philippine on-camera /ɒn km(ə)rə/ adjective president… revealed during lunch with referring to action that takes place within a columnist last week that military range of a film or television camera that is intelligence suspected a popular recording. Compare off-camera television reporter of coddling a on demand ɒn dmɑ nd on demand / | / adjective suspected Islamic terrorist. While the referring to a service whereby the user can information was "off the record", it select the start time of a particular proved too tempting for the columnist’s programme rather than it being broadcast newspaper not to publish.’ at a scheduled time [The Financial Times] 180º rule wn eti d$ri ru l | off-tube 180º rule / / noun off-tube /ɒf tju b/ adjective referring the idea that in filming, the camera should to a commentary made without being be placed behind a line and should not physically present at the event but by cross that 180º field of potential vision. watching a video feed Doing so is called ’crossing the line’. 000 000 noun a list of items for sale with one-man-band /wn mn bnd/ prices and product details and often, illus- noun a camera operator who also deals trations with lighting and sound set-ups. Abbrevi- Old English English /əυld ŋ$lʃ/ noun a ation OMB form of black-letter typeface used by one-plus-one /wn pls wn/ noun English printers up to the 18th century an interview set-up in which there is one old face face /əυld fes/ noun a typeface interviewer and one interviewee one-step approach wn step ə originating in the 18th century that shows one-step approach / | little difference between light and heavy prəυtʃ/ noun a form of direct marketing strokes and has slanting serifs where advertisements are used to obtain old style old style /əυld stal/ noun a modern orders directly one-time order typeface that imitates the characteristics one-time order /wn tam ɔ də/ of old face noun an order for an advertising spot for a oligopoly ɒl$ɒpəli particular time that is not scheduled to be oligopoly / | / noun an industry that is monopolised by a small repeated one-to-one marketing number of producers one-to-one marketing /wn tə wn OMB mɑ ktŋ OMB abbreviation one-man-band / noun a method of marketing omnibus ɒmnbəs through a website which aims to establish omnibus / / noun a radio or a personal relationship with a customer, television programme that brings together selling to each customer as an individual all the instalments of a serial or soap opera and trying to differentiate between that have been broadcast since the customers previous omnibus edition on-hold advertising ɒn həυld omnibus survey on-hold advertising / omnibus survey /ɒmnbəs s& ve/ dvətazŋ/ noun a method of adver- noun a survey carried out once a month by tising to telephone callers while they are the Office for National Statistics, using a waiting to be connected to the person they range of simple questions on all topics want to speak to, usually involving voice from contraception to media use messages about the firm and its products omnidirectional antenna online ɒnlan omnidirectional antenna online / | / adjective 1. referring to ɒmnidarekʃ ə nəl ntenə / ( ) | / noun an a printer that is connected to or receiving antenna which sends and receives signals data from a computer 2. referring to a equally effectively in all directions. computer that is connected to the Internet Compare directional antenna on-line editing editing /ɒn lan edtŋ/ noun omnidirectional microphone omnidirectional microphone the practice of editing a film using the /ɒmnidarekʃ(ə)nəl makrəfəυn/ noun original recording to make the final edit a general purpose microphone that picks for broadcast. It follows the decisions up all sound in an area. Compare gun made in off-line editing. Compare off- mike line editing omnimax ɒmnimks onomatopoeia ɒnəmtəpi ə omnimax / / noun a system onomatopoeia / | / noun of film projection that surrounds the the formation or use of words that imitate viewer in a semi-circle, occupying the the sound associated with something, for entire field of vision example ‘hiss’ and ‘buzz’ MediaStudies.fm Page 164 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

on-pack promotion 164

on-pack promotion ɒn pk prə on-pack promotion / | nology, data etc. freely available without məυʃ(ə)n/ noun the practice of placing charging a fee advertising material on the outside of open talkback talkback /əυpən tɔ kbk/ packaged goods noun talkback from the production on-screen on-screen /ɒn skri n/ adjective, gallery of a recording studio that can be adverb referring to an event or action that heard continuously and by everybody. can be seen by the audience during a tele- Compare switched talkback vision programme or film open text text /əυpən tekst/ noun a text on spec on spec /ɒn spek/ adjective referring that allows plenty of scope for free inter- to an article or piece that is submitted pretation. Compare closed text Open University əυpən ju n without having being commissioned by Open University / | the newspaper v&sti/ noun a British university founded on the record ɒn ðə rkɔ d in 1969 that offers degree courses that are on the record / | / adjec- tive referring to comments that may be mostly taken by mature students studying freely reported, quoted etc. part-time and by correspondence, many on-the-spot editing ɒn ðə spɒt classes being broadcast on television and on-the-spot editing / radio edtŋ opera / noun editing together of footage ɒp ə rə from an outside broadcast straight away opera / ( ) / noun 1. a dramatic ‘on site’, using an edit caravelle or similar work where music is a dominant part of OOV the performance, with the actors often OOV abbreviation out of vision singing rather than reciting their lines 2. opacity əυpsti opacity / | / noun the degree to operas thought of collectively or as an art which a material such as photographic form film is able to stop light opéra bouffe bouffe /ɒp(ə)rə bu f/ noun a opaque əυpek opaque / | / noun a photographic French opera with a comic or farcical pigment that can block out areas of a theme negative opera buffa buffa /ɒp(ə)rə bu fə/ noun a op ed op ed /ɒp ed/ noun 1. an article comic opera, usually in Italian, using expressing a personal viewpoint written themes or characters from everyday life for the op-ed section of a newspaper 2. and usually having a happy ending. opposite editorial, i.e. on the facing page Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro is an to that on which the editorial article example. operetta ɒpəretə appears operetta / | / noun a type of open open /əυpən/ adjective referring to a opera, usually with a comic theme, but narrative without a definite conclusion or with much spoken dialogue and usually resolution at the end. Compare closed some dancing. Gilbert and Sullivan wrote open access television əυpən many operettas. open access television / opinion leader əpnjən li də kses telv(ə)n/ noun same as opinion leader / | / noun public access television somebody who influences the values, open-ender əυpənendə beliefs etc. of others open-ender / | / noun a opinion piece əpnjən pi s continuous broadcast on a major event or opinion piece / | / noun an piece of breaking news, which overrides article in which the journalist expresses all other scheduled broadcasts until their own opinion on some topic, rather further notice. Also called rolling news than reporting the facts opinion poll open-face lamp əpnjən pəυl open-face lamp /əυpən fes lmp/ opinion poll / | / noun a noun same as flood poll that questions a sample of people open letter əυpən letə about their opinion on an issue and makes open letter / / noun a letter generalisations about the whole nation that is published in a newspaper or maga- from those answers. Findings may tend to zine but addressed to an individual or ‘dumb down’ issues, as the questions have organisation simple, yes-or-no answers and offer little open rate open rate /əυpən ret/ noun an adver- background or analysis. tising rate where discounts are available Opportunity To See To See /ɒpətju nəti tə for frequent or bulk orders si / noun the number of times it is theo- open source creed source creed /əυpən sɔ s retically possible to see or hear an adver- kri d/ noun the policy of making tech- tisement. Abbreviation OTS MediaStudies.fm Page 165 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

165 OTS oppositional ɒpəzʃ ə nəl orality ɔ rlti oppositional / | ( ) / noun orality / | / noun oral communica- referring to anything or person that rejects tion through speech, often contrasted with or disagrees with what is expected, literacy. Some cultures value oral commu- preferred or in authority nication as more authentic and immediate oppositional reading ɒpə than text. oppositional reading / | orbit zʃ(ə)nəl ri dŋ/ noun an interpretation orbit /ɔ bt/ noun the practice of of a text by a reader whose social position rotating advertisements among different puts them into direct conflict with its programmes on a television station organ preferred reading organ /ɔ $ən/ noun a newspaper or oppositions ɒpəzʃ ə nz oppositions / | ( ) / plural magazine regarded as a means of commu- noun pairs of concepts which are diamet- nicating the views of a particular group rically opposed to each other or comple- such as a political party ment each other organisation culture ɔ r$əna organisation culture / | optical character recognition character recognition zeʃ(ə)n kltʃə/ noun the way in which /ɒptk(ə)l krktə rekə$nʃ(ə)n/ the power structure in an organisation is noun a scanner which can ‘recognise’ text constructed. ı person culture, power characters and save them as a text docu- culture, role culture, task culture ment. Abbreviation OCR orientalism ɔ rientəlz ə m orientalism / | ( ) / noun optical sound optical sound /ɒptk(ə)l saυnd/ in cultural theory, the misrepresentation noun a form of sound reproduction in and stereotyping of the culture of Asia and films where a photographed pattern of the characteristics of its people, as light on the film is read by a lamp in the described by writers and artists of the projector. It has now largely been super- West seded by digital sound. orientation ɔ riənteʃ ə n orientation / | ( ) / noun 1. optical zoom optical zoom /ɒptk(ə)l zu m/ noun the way in which people stand or hold a zoom facility on a camera that zooms themselves in relation to each other when using the lens itself, without losing they meet, an element of non-verbal quality. Compare digital zoom communication 2. in typography, the optimal balance position of a piece of paper in relation to optimal balance /ɒptm(ə)l bləns/ the text that runs across it. ı landscape, noun the best combination of elements or portrait

activities that can be achieved when a originate ərdnet marketing strategy is being planned originate / | / verb to copy an optimisation ɒptmazeʃ ə n image onto film from which printing optimisation / | ( ) / plates will be made noun a computer package that automati- orphan cally devises a media schedule for an orphan /ɔ f(ə)n/ noun the last line of a advertising campaign paragraph, placed at the top of a column option ɒpʃən or page while the rest is at the end of the option / / verb to buy the right to last one. This is poor layout and to be make a film from something such as a avoided. Compare widow book or script orthochromatic opt out ɔ θəυkrəmtk ɒpt aυt orthochromatic / | / opt out / / noun the action of adjective referring to film that is sensitive asking not to receive advertising e-mail to all the same colours as the human eye, messages and being removed from an e- except red mail list OS OS abbreviation outside source ‘The catch? You’ll have to spend a few Oscar seconds registering your home address Oscar /ɒskə/ a trade name for the and email. But don’t worry about golden statuette awarded annually by the endless marketing emails as a result – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and tick the small opt-out box and you’ll get Sciences to people in the film industry for the free money without the spam.’ achievement in the making of films other [Patrick Collinson, The Guardian] other /ðə/ noun social and cultural oral culture oral culture /ɔ rəl kltʃə/ noun a groups that are different from our own, society in which most communication is whom we think about simply as being by word of mouth, with little emphasis on different OTS written texts OTS abbreviation Opportunity To See MediaStudies.fm Page 166 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

out 166 out /aυt/ noun the last three words on a say that you have had more opportunities piece of audio, given to presenters and to see or hear advertisements than you technicians as a cue that the piece is about really have. Compare underclaim to end overdetermination əυvədt& m overdetermination / | | outdoor advertising outdoor advertising /aυtdɔ r neʃ(ə)n/ noun the process of under- dvətazŋ/ noun 1. advertising in the standing all the different meanings and open air, including advertising in public images that have been combined into a transport, on roadsides, at bus stops, single, simple image during the dream skywriting, etc. 2. advertising on the process of condensation outside of a building or in the open air, overdevelop əυvədveləp overdevelop / | / verb to using posters on hoardings or neon signs outline aυtlan produce too much contrast in a photo- outline / / noun 1. a general, graphic image by exceeding the amount of preliminary or rough plan or account of time, temperature or strength of solution something, that concentrates on the main required to develop the film features and ignores detail 2. the most overdub əυvədb prominent or important aspects of some- overdub / | / noun an extra thing 3. a drawing which only describes layer of sound or music added to a the shape of something recording í verb to add another layer of out-of-home advertising /aυt əv sound or music to a recording out-of-home advertising overexpose əυvərkspəυz həυm dvətazŋ/ noun outdoor overexpose / | / verb to advertising including transport, expose a film to too much light or for too skywriting, etc. long a time, so that the colours or tones in out-of-home viewing viewing /aυt əv həυm the resulting photograph are too light vju ŋ overexposure əυvərkspəυə / noun television viewers who are overexposure / | / watching in public places such as bars. noun an act or incident of overexposing Compare in-home viewing photographic film to light out of sync out of sync /aυt əv sŋk/ adjective overhearing əυvəhərŋ overhearing / | / noun the having the sound incorrectly synchronised act of ignoring or altering those parts of a with the pictures message we have received, but do not out of vision out of vision /aυt əv v(ə)n/ noun wish to process, often unconsciously an instruction on scripts to show that the overkill overkill /əυvəkl/ noun a very intensive person talking will not be shown on and expensive marketing campaign that screen, but heard as a voiceover. Abbrevi- has the effect of putting customers off ation OOV out-point /aυt pɔnt/ noun the point at ‘…political advertising is about to reach which a piece in an edited sequence overkill proportions… The truth is that should finish politicians’ blind faith in the power of output aυtpυt advertising is based on the myth that output / / noun the audio that is success is directly proportional to the actually broadcast size of the budget.’ [Campaign] outside broadcast aυtsad outside broadcast / overkill signal brɔ dkɑ st/ noun a broadcast, often live, overkill signal /əυvəkl s$n(ə)l/ which is made from outside a studio using noun a gesture or facial expression which mobile equipment. Outside broadcasts are is too large or loud to be judged sincere, used, for example, for reporting from a for example a smile which is too wide or sports game or other public event. Abbre- bright overlay viation OB, o.b. overlay noun /əυvəle/ in traditional outside source source /aυtsad sɔ s/ noun methods of printing, a piece of paper used a feed coming into a studio from an to add more pressure on a forme or outside broadcast or other place. Abbrevi- printing plate where the type is not í əυvəle ation OS printing evenly verb / | / to outtake /aυttek/ noun a scene or attach a piece of paper to parts of the sequence that is left out of the final edit of surface of an old-fasioned printing press a film or television programme, usually to help make a uniform impression on a because it contains mistakes forme or plate overclaim əυvəklem overline əυvəlan overclaim / | / verb in a overline / / noun same as stra- survey, to exaggerate in your replies and pline MediaStudies.fm Page 167 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

167 Oz trial

overmatter over-the-air overmatter /əυvəmtə/ noun copy over-the-air /əυvə ðə eə/ adjective that has been typeset but exceeds the referring to material transmitted by radio space available and cannot be included in or television

over-the-shoulder shot the final version. Also called overset over-the-shoulder shot /əυvə ðə overmiked əυvəmakd ʃəυldə ʃɒt overmiked / | / adjective / noun a camera shot taken referring to amplified or recorded sound from over the shoulder of a character that is too loud because a microphone has whose back can be seen at the side of the been positioned or adjusted incorrectly frame overprint əυvəprnt over-the-transom əυvə ðə overprint / | / noun a further over-the-transom / printing on a surface, especially text, trns(ə)m/ adjective referring to mate- numbers or another colour í verb to print rial that is submitted to a publisher in the additional material onto a printed surface, hope that it will be accepted for publica- especially text, numbers or another colour tion ̈ also called (all senses) surprint COMMENT: The phrase possibly comes overrun əυvərn from the US term transom meaning overrun verb / | / 1. to print ‘window over a door’, conjuring up the more copies than expected of a publica- image of an author throwing his tion 2. to transfer set type or illustrated manuscript onto a publisher’s desk material from one column, page or line to through a window left open.

Oz trial the next 3. of a broadcast, to take more Oz trial /ɒz traəl/ noun a 1971 time than the allotted slot í noun əυvərn obscenity trial in the UK against ‘Oz’ / / an incident of a broadcast magazine, on the grounds of their having overrunning published a pornographic cartoon strip overset overset /əυvəset/ verb to set too much (produced by a 15-year-old) in an issue type or copy for the available space í aimed at under-18s. The three editors noun PRINTING same as overmatter were jailed for terms from 9 to 15 months. MediaStudies.fm Page 168 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

P

P4A abbreviation pre- and post- that allowed the user to move an on-screen production paperwork automation object up and down or from side to side PA page PA abbreviation 1. Press Association page /ped/ noun 1. a single sheet of 2. production assistant paper, especially one bound into a book, package /pkd/ noun 1. a complete newspaper or magazine 2. one side of a piece of audio, fully mixed and ready for single sheet of paper, especially one broadcasting 2. a series of interview clips bound into a book, newspaper or maga- linked together by a presenter or reporter zine í verb to create suitable or attractive page impression ped m page impression / | packaging in which to sell a product preʃ(ə)n/ noun a measure used to count packager model packager model /pkdə mɒd(ə)l/ how many times a webpage has been noun a group of themed channels displayed to a visitor to a website provided by a broadcaster, usually on PageMaker pedmekə satellite or cable PageMaker / | / a trade package unit system name for an alternative page layout soft- package unit system /pkd ju nt sstəm ware to Quark Xpress / noun the system of pager Hollywood film production in which each pager /pedə/ noun a small electronic film is treated as a separate project with a device, often with a small screen, that separate team of director, actors and crew. beeps, flashes or vibrates to let the user It replaced the studio system in the 1950s know that somebody is trying to contact and allows easier access to the industry for him or her page rate -makers. page rate /ped ret/ noun the cost of packaging packaging /pkdŋ/ noun 1. the a whole page of advertising space process of creating a slick and appealing page reader page reader /ped ri də/ noun a image for a media product 2. the design or device which converts written or typed style of the wrapping or container in which something is offered for sale, espe- information to a form that a computer can cially from the point of view of its appeal understand and process page requests ped rkwests to buyers page requests / | / ‘Investment in new print facilities plural noun a measure of the number of means that our readers are being offered webpages viewed in a day, providing an livelier, more colourful, more accessible indication of the popularity of a website Page Three packaging for a newspaper that has lost Page Three /ped θri / a trade name none of its gravitas, authority, breadth for the page on which the Sun newspaper and fun.’ [Martin Newland, The Daily prints a large photograph of a nearly- Telegraph] naked woman pack shot pk ʃɒt page view pack shot / / noun a close-up page view /ped vju / noun 1. an shot in a commercial of the product itself incident of one person looking at one PACT PACT /pkt/ abbreviation Producers’ webpage 2. the number of times a Alliance for Cinema and Television webpage has been requested, assumed to paddle /pd(ə)l/ noun an device for be the number of responses there have operating early video games with a dial been to a particular advertisement MediaStudies.fm Page 169 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

169 paradigm

pagination pdneʃ ə n pantomime horse pagination / | ( ) / noun the pantomime horse /pntəmam sequence of numbers given to pages in a hɔ s/ noun a comic character in a British book or document pantomime played by two actors in a painting /pentŋ/ noun a picture made horse costume, with one occupying the using paint, or the art of creating pictures front half of the horse and the other the using paint back half PAL Papa PAL /pi e el/ noun the system used for Papa /pɑ pə/ noun an internationally broadcasting television programmes in recognised code word for the letter P, used the UK, most of Europe, China and India. in radio communications Full form phased alternation line paparazzi ppərtsi palmcorder pɑ mkɔ də paparazzi / | / noun palmcorder / | / noun a persistent freelance photographers who small video recorder that fits into the palm aggressively shadow celebrities in order of the hand to take pictures of them, for example Palme d’Or Palme d’Or /pɑ m dɔ / noun the pres- waiting outside their house or following tigious top prize awarded for Best Film at their car the Cannes Film Festival pamphlet ‘In Los Angeles celebrities have found pamphlet /pmflət/ noun a folded so few refuges from prying lenses that sheet or paper booklet that gives informa- new laws have been brought in to tion or supports a position protect them from the paparazzi.’ pamphleteer pmflətə pamphleteer / | / verb to [Damian Whitworth, The Times] write and distribute material for paper pepə pamphlets, especially political ones í paper / / noun PRESS same as noun a writer or distributor of pamphlets, newspaper paperback especially campaigning ones paperback /pepəbk/ noun a book pan /pn/ verb to turn a camera with a soft flexible cover, often cheaper smoothly and slowly on its axis, moving and in a smaller format than a hardback. horizontally across the action being Also called soft cover paper edit filmed without moving the base on which paper edit /pepə edt/ noun a it is mounted. Compare í noun a preliminary edit of filmed material made sound effect whereby sound appears to using typed transcripts of the shots, before move around from one side to the other moving on to the recorded material when listening using stereo speakers Paper Tiger TV pepə ta$ə ti vi panchromatic Paper Tiger TV / / pnkrəmtk panchromatic / | / noun an alternative media organisation adjective referring to photographic film based in New York, which is dedicated to that is sensitive to the same colours as the promoting free access and distribution for human eye and some ultraviolet light independent producers panel pn ə l Paperwork Reduction Act panel / ( ) / noun 1. a piece of text Paperwork Reduction Act that is separated from the main body of pepəw& k rdkʃ ə n kt / | ( ) / noun an text by lines above and below, also usually Act in the United States that aims to printed in a larger size font 2. same as reduce the amount of bureaucracy and access panel 3. a poster for advertising unnecessary government paperwork that purposes panorama pnərɑ mə is criticised for putting much information panorama / | / noun a beyond the reach of ordinary citizens picture or photograph that has a wide par. view, especially one that is unrolled grad- par. abbreviation a journalistic abbrevia- ually in front of the spectator tion for ‘paragraph’ parabolic reflector pantomime prəbɒlk r pantomime /pntəmam/ noun a parabolic reflector / | style of theatre, or a play in this style, flektə/ noun 1. a curved reflector used to traditionally performed at Christmas, in focus a beam of light 2. a large disc, which a folktale or children’s story is told usually made of metal, used to funnel with jokes songs, and dancing sound waves into a microphone placed at pantomime dame dame /pntəmam its centre paradigm dem/ noun the comic role in a British paradigm /prədam/ noun 1. a pantomime of an ill-tempered elderly standard or typical example of a genre 2. woman, traditionally played by a male a set of concepts, assumptions, values or actor practices MediaStudies.fm Page 170 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

paragraph 170

paragraph /prə$rɑ f/ noun a short explain the blogs’ lesser impact here.’ item in a newspaper í verb to report a [Oliver Burkeman, The Guardian] news item in a short paragraph partwork /pɑ tw& k/ noun a series of parajournalism prə parajournalism /| magazines published over a period of time d& nəlz(ə)m/ noun PRESS same as and intended to be collected to form a new journalism complete volume parallel broadcast party political broadcast pɑ ti pə parallel broadcast /prəlel party political broadcast / | brɔ dkɑ st/ noun a broadcast that is ltk(ə)l brɔ dkɑ st/ noun a short tele- transmitted by radio and on television or vision or radio programme in which over the Internet at the same time representatives from a political party can Paramount /prəmaυnt/ noun a comment on political issues or can major film studio based in Hollywood and campaign, especially during an election p as b formed in 1914. Among the many block- p as b /pi əz bi / abbreviation busters it has produced are Grease, programme as broadcast Mission: Impossible, Titanic (jointly with passage /psd/ noun a person 20th Century Fox) and War of the Worlds. passing the site of an outdoor advertise- paraproxemics prəprɒksi mks paraproxemics / | / ment such as a poster passivity psvti noun the creation of the viewer’s percep- passivity / | / noun a view that tion of space in film and television, for the attitude of a typical audience is example by the use of close-ups entirely passive and accepts all ‘ideas’ parasocial interaction interaction sold to them prəsəυʃ ə l ntərkʃən pass-on reader / ( ) | / noun the pass-on reader /pɑ s ɒn ri də/ noun ‘relationship’ between the viewer and an same as secondary reader on-screen character paste up up /pest p/ verb to take parchment parchment /pɑ tʃmənt/ noun strong, printed pages or proofs and stick them stiff, usually off-white paper used for onto separate sheets of paper so that they special documents can be read and amended parenthesis pərenθəss paste-up pest p parenthesis /| / noun paste-up / / noun 1. cards on PRINTING same as bracket which pieces of typesetting or artwork parody /prədi/ noun 1. the humorous have been placed to be photographed for imitation of another object or text or style making printing plates 2. a number of 2. same as spoof sheets of paper onto which printed pages parole pərəυl or proofs have been pasted for checking | parole / / noun the spoken or pastiche psti ʃ written word pastiche / | / noun a media participant observation pɑ product that mimics another maker, for participant observation / | tspənt ɒbzəveʃ ə n example a film made in the style of a | ( ) / noun a method famous director. Compare spoof of researching societies and culture in patch which the researcher becomes an accepted patch /ptʃ/ verb to connect one tele- member of the community they are phone or radio caller with another or observing in order to get an ‘inside’ point transfer a call of view patriarchy /petriɑ ki/ noun a view of participation pɑ tspeʃ ə n society as a hierarchy dominated by the participation / | | ( ) / noun the practice of taking part in something, older male Patriot Act 2001 for example when advertisers buy adver- Patriot Act 2001 /petriət kt/ noun tising time on television an Act in the United States rushed out in partisan pɑ tz ə n, pɑ tzn response to the September 11th terrorist partisan / ( ) | / noun showing a bias or allegiance, as in attacks, designed to give authorities the news coverage of party politics ‘tools’ to prevent terrorism, mainly by allowing much greater access to personal ‘In the US, the birthplace of blog information of suspects culture, it was easy to see how almost pattern advertising pattern advertising /pt(ə)n any viewpoints expressed online were dvətazŋ going to count as a breath of fresh air…. / noun an advertising Britain’s press, by contrast, has long campaign that follows a global approach been more politically diverse and patter song song /ptə sɒŋ/ noun a long unashamedly partisan, which may song, especially in the works of Gilbert MediaStudies.fm Page 171 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

171 performative

penetration strategy pentreʃ ə n and Sullivan, that consists of a simple penetration strategy / | ( ) melody and very fast, usually comic, strtədi/ noun a plan for selling a lyrics company’s products to a particular section pay cable cable /pe keb(ə)l/ noun cable of a market, shown as a percentage of the television that viewers who want to watch total market it have to pay for penny dreadful dreadful /peni dredf(ə)l/ pay-off /pe ɒf/ noun the last sentence noun a cheap book or comic containing of a news report, often incorporating a sensational stories of adventure, crime or sign-off passion pentaprism pay-per-play pentəprz ə m pay-per-play /pe p& ple/ noun a pentaprism / | ( ) / noun a website where the user has to pay to play prism with five faces that deviates light at an interactive game over the Internet a 90º angle, making it useful in presenting pay-per-view pe p& vju an image in the viewfinder of a single-lens pay-per-view / / noun a reflex camera correctly subscription system in which viewers pay Peoplemeter ppəlɒmtə for each television programme they wish Peoplemeter / | / noun the to receive, which will then be decoded for method used by TNS to carry out their them. Abbreviation PPV. Also called audience measurement surveys, using a encrypted service remote control to register what they are pay television viewing pe telv ə n People’s Communication Charter pay television / | ( ) /, pay pe ti vi People’s Communication Charter TV / / noun a system in which pi p ə lz kəmju nkeʃ ə n tʃɑ tə / ( ) | | ( ) / television programmes are transmitted in noun a proposal to protect every person’s a scrambled form that can be decoded by right to unrestricted and undistorted infor- viewers who have paid for the appropriate mation and communication channels equipment. Abbreviation PTV perception PBS pəsepʃən perception / | / noun the PBS abbreviation BROADCAST, US process of using the senses to acquire Public Broadcasting Service PCC information about the surrounding envi- PCC abbreviation Press Complaints ronment or situation Commission ‘The Prime Minister, for his part, PC/TV PC/TV /pi si ti vi / noun a personal understands no less keenly that the computer that can receive, decode and public’s perception of crime has display standard television images changed fundamentally. “I think most .pdf noun a format that allows different people would say that in virtually every types of documents to be viewed and aspect of their life things are better than printed using Adobe’s Acrobat they were 30 or 40 years ago”.’ pe [Matthew D’Ancona, The Daily pe, p.e. abbreviation PRINTING printer’s Telegraph] error per diem peak performance meter pi k pə per diem /p& di em/ noun money that peak performance meter / | fɔ məns mi tə/ noun a meter measuring is given as an allowance for daily expenses the volume peaks of a broadcast. Compare perfect pəfekt volume unit meter perfect / | / verb to print the ped ped second side of a page ped / / abbreviation pedestal perfect competition pedestal perfect competition /p& fkt pedestal /pedst(ə)l/ noun a wheeled kɒmpətʃ ə n | ( ) / noun the ideal market, mounting for a studio camera. Abbrevia- where all products are equal in price and tion ped all customers are provided with all infor- Peewee Peewee /pi wi / a trade name for a mation about the products small wheeled camera dolly performance art pəfɔ məns ɑ t performance art / | / penetrated market penetrated market /pentretd noun a form of art that combines two or mɑ kt/ noun a market where more of a more artistic media such as a traditionally company’s products are sold, shown as a static medium such as sculpture or percentage of the total market photography, and a dramatic medium such penetration pentreʃ ə n penetration / | ( ) / noun the as recitation or improvisation performative pəfɔ mətv amount to which a given media has ‘pene- performative / | / noun a trated’ the market, i.e. the number of verb which carries added information people that use it or are able to use it about the way in which an action is carried MediaStudies.fm Page 172 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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personalisation p& s ə nəla out, for example ‘heave’, which means personalisation /( ) | ‘lift or pull with effort’ zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the use of human interest performativity pəfɔ mətvti performativity / | | / noun to capture audience attention when in feminist theory, the way in which iden- reporting a news story, for example using tity is constructed around expected social tales of individual suffering to illustrate a norms, which are ‘performed’ or acted out large-scale disaster personalising transformation Performing Rights Society pə personalising transformation Performing Rights Society / | p& s ə nəlazŋ trnsfəmeʃ ə n fɔ mŋ rats səsaəti / ( ) | ( ) / | / noun a body that represents the rights of composers and noun the use of available news footage to performers and controls the payment of capture audience attention by putting royalties to artists and publishers. Abbre- together emotive images and an emotive viation PRS commentary, even if these are not directly period drama pəriəd drɑ mə related to the news item being covered period drama / / noun personality p& sənlti same as costume drama personality / | / noun 1. a periodical pəriɒdk ə l famous person, usually connected with / | ( ) / noun a periodical television or sport 2. the character, espe- magazine or journal published regularly, í cially the tone, of an advertising e-mail, especially weekly, monthly or quarterly for example serious or cheerful adjective referring to something personal mic p& s ə nəl mak published at regular intervals personal mic / ( ) / periodicity pəriədsti noun a small radio microphone clipped to periodicity / | / noun the a person’s clothing so that they can move time period during which a news media around text is on release and the news within it is personal space p& s ə nəl spes considered to be current, for example 24 personal space / ( ) / hours for a daily newspaper noun the space around a person’s body, peripheral pərf ə rəl possessions etc which it feels uncomfort- peripheral / | ( ) / noun a device able or stressful for another person (espe- that plugs into a computer, such as a cially a stranger) to move into printer, modem etc. person culture p& s ə n kltʃə peripheral nations person culture / ( ) / pərfərəl peripheral nations /| neʃ ə nz noun an organisational structure in a busi- ( ) / plural noun countries that ness which is constantly shifting and has have restricted access to information, no fixed power base or roles. Compare generally those whose communications power culture, role culture, task systems are less developed. Compare culture core nations perspective pəspektv permission perspective / | / noun 1. the pəmʃ ə n permission / | ( ) / noun a idea of seeing an object or scene from a formal agreement that filming can be particular point of view, by suggesting carried out in a particular location, or that depth in something like a flat drawing 2. images, sound or text may be used by seeing something from another person’s somebody who does not hold the rights mental ‘point of view’, by recreating their personal ad personal ad /p& s(ə)n(ə)l d/ noun a understanding of a situation perspective correction pəspektv usually classified newspaper or magazine perspective correction / | kərekʃ ə n advertisement in which somebody | ( ) / noun in a three-dimensional expresses interest in meeting others or scene, a method that is used to change the sends a message of a personal nature to size and shape of an object to give the somebody else impression of depth and distance in an personal column personal column /p& s(ə)n(ə)l image kɒləm persuasibility pəswezblti / noun a section of a newspaper or persuasibility / | | / noun magazine in which personal ads are the degree to which a target audience can printed be persuaded through advertising that a personal content content /p& s(ə)n(ə)l product has good qualities kɒntent persuasion matrix pəswe ə n / noun content on a personal persuasion matrix / | ( ) webpage such as home photographs metrks/ noun a planning model that personal idiom idiom /p& s(ə)n(ə)l diəm/ shows how responses are affected by the noun an ‘in-joke’, a word or phrase that communications they receive has a special meaning within a particular pester power power /pestə paυə/ noun the group or relationship technique of selling to adults (who have MediaStudies.fm Page 173 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

173 photo the money) by appealing to children (who pop-up adverts… If you’re surfing on do not) and relying on them to pester their eBay, up pops a suspicious eBay login parents into buying the item for them screen, via Aurora, that may well be a ‘David Beckham was accused of so-called "phish" – an attempt to heist exposing parents to pester power your password and personal yesterday as he prepared to launch his information.’ sixth pair of Adidas football boots in just [Richard Siklos, The Daily Telegraph] 18 months. It means a £1,100 bill for any Phoenix log log /fi nks lɒ$/ a trade name parent forced to fork out for all six for an automated computer program that pairs.’ [Henry Mellor, The Daily Mail] picks up all timecodes, scene descriptions PG /pi di / a trade name for a film etc. from pieces of film ready to be edited, classification indicating that a film may be which can then be slotted into editing seen by anyone, but that parents should programs decide on its suitability for their own chil- phone-in /fəυn n/ noun a radio or dren television programme in which the audi- PG-13 pi dzi θ& ti n PG-13 / | / a trade name ence can call the host and any guests and for a film classification indicating that a ask questions, make comments or take film may be seen by anyone, but that part in discussions parents should decide on its suitability for phoneme /fəυni m/ noun a basic unit their own children if they are under the of sound within a language, usually repre- age of 13 sented by a single letter in languages phallocentric fləυsentrk phallocentric / | / adjec- using the Roman alphabet tive according to feminist theory, centred phoner /fəυnə/ noun an interview that on the view of the male (symbolised by takes place over the telephone, especially the penis) as dominant in society, and on a radio or television programme psychological development according to phones /fəυnz/ plural noun a set of this view earphones or headphones phallus phallus /fləs/ noun the penis, as a phonetics fənetks phonetics / | / noun the study symbol of male power and authority phased alternation line of language sounds, how they are phased alternation line /fezd produced, understood and represented by ɔ ltəreʃ ə n lan | ( ) / noun TV full form of symbols PAL phono fɒnəυ phatic ftk phono / / adjective referring to phatic / / adjective of a message or signals transmitted over a telephone line piece of communication, having the func- phono connector fəυnəυ kənektə tion of maintaining open channels of phono connector / | / communication. ı conative, emotive, noun a standard plug and socket system used to connect audio and video devices metalingual, poetic phonodisc phatic language fɒnəυdsk phatic language /ftk lŋ$wd/ phonodisc / / noun an early noun language such as greetings, that is method of video recording using a 10- used primarily for maintaining social inch record, which never caught on contact and interpersonal relationships, commercially Phonographic Performance Ltd rather than for exchanging information Phonographic Performance Ltd phenotypical fɒnəυ$rfk pəfɔ məns lmtd fi nəυtpk ə l / | / phenotypical / | ( ) / adjective of a person’s appearance, char- noun a licensing body for the broad- acteristic of their genetic make-up which casting of music, representing record can be loosely linked to an originating companies and collecting royalties for area of the world them. Abbreviation PPL phonology phish fənɒlədi phish /fʃ/ verb to trick somebody into phonology / | / noun the study providing personal financial details by of the set and patterns of language sounds sending an e-mail that is supposed to be that make up a language phosphor from a bank, Internet provider, etc. asking phosphor /fɒfsə/ noun a substance them to verify an account number or pass- that can emit light when irradiated with word on a (fake) website particles of electromagnetic radiation, ‘Over the past two weeks, [my laptop] used in television sets has developed the habit of groaning and photo /fəυtəυ/ noun same as photo- blinking and then launching all sorts of graph í verb same as photograph MediaStudies.fm Page 174 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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photocall photocall /fəυtəυkɔ l/ noun 1. an manipulation of images being readily occasion when celebrities pose for available. photography fətɒ$rəfi photographers, usually for publicity photography / | / noun 1. the purposes 2. MEDIA same as photo oppor- process of recording images by exposing tunity light-sensitive film to light or other forms photoconductive fəυtəυkən of radiation 2. the art, hobby or profession photoconductive / | dktv/ adjective electrically conductive of taking photographs, and developing in varying amounts according to exposure and printing the film or processing the to light digitised image photogravure photocopy fəυtəυ$rəvjυə photocopy /fəυtəυkɒpi/ noun a copy photogravure / | / of something printed, written or drawn noun an early process of reprinting in that is produced almost instantly by a large quantities from a photographic photographic process in a machine image, using an engraved plate fəυtəυ designed for this purpose photojournalism /| photodigital memory d& nəlz ə m photodigital memory ( ) / noun a form of jour- /fəυtəυddt(ə)l mem(ə)ri/ noun a nalism in which photographs play a more important role than the accompanying text computer memory system that uses a laser photomap to write data onto a piece of film which photomap /fəυtəυmp/ noun a map can then be read many times but not be created from an aerial photograph with written to again added placenames, grid lines and other photoessay fəυtəυese information í verb to make a photomap photoessay / | / noun MEDIA of an area same as photo story photomechanical photoflash fəυtəυmə fəυtəυflʃ photomechanical / | photoflash / / noun knk(ə)l/ adjective referring to a PHOTOGRAPHY same as flashbulb method of producing printed text or photoflood photoflood /fəυtəυfld/ noun a very images that uses photography bright incandescent lamp used in photog- photo messaging messaging /fəυtəυ raphy and filming mesdŋ/ noun TELECOMS same as photogram /fəυtəυ$rm/ noun a picture messaging photographic image produced without a photomicrograph fəυtəυ photomicrograph /| camera, usually by placing an object on or makrə$rɑ f/ noun a photograph made near a piece of film or light-sensitive of something seen through a microscope paper and exposing it to light photomontage fəυtəυmɒntɑ  / | / photogrammetry photomontage fəυtəυ$rmətri photogrammetry / | / noun the art of combining different photo- noun the technique of making scale draw- graphic images to create a single image ings from photographs, especially in the photomosaic fəυtəυməzek photomosaic / | / noun construction of maps, using aerial photog- a large picture made up of many photo- raphy graphs, for example a combination of photograph photograph /fəυtə$rɑ f/ noun an aerial photographs to produce a detailed image produced on light-sensitive film picture of an area inside a camera, especially a print or slide photo-offset /fəυtəυ ɒfset/ noun a made from the processed image, or a method of offset printing in which plates reproduction in a newspaper, magazine or are created using photographic methods í photo opportunity book. Also called picture verb 1. to photo opportunity /fəυtəυ produce an image of something or some- ɒpətju nti/ noun an opportunity for the body using a camera 2. to be able to be media to photograph a politician or other photographed, or to have a particular public figure, especially when it is likely quality or appearance in a photograph to produce favourable publicity because photographic fəυtə$rfk photographic / | / adjec- of the particular event or activity. Also tive relating to, used in or produced by called photocall photography ‘[Davis] threw himself into a series of photographic truth photographic truth /fəυtə$rfk bizarre and perhaps unwise photo tru θ/ noun the belief that photographs opportunities… At the Gloucestershire do not lie, i.e. that they cannot be altered County Association for the Blind, he… and can be used as documentary proof. nonchalantly tried out several vision This is now not the case, with digital inhibitors – black visors that would not MediaStudies.fm Page 175 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

175 pilot have looked out of place on a Marvel picture beam beam /pktʃə bi m/ noun a superhero. This delighted the moving electron beam in a television that photographers, which is always a bad produces an image on the screen by illu- sign.’ [Sam Coates, The Times] minating the phosphor coating and by

Photoshop Photoshop /fəυtəυʃɒp/ a trade name varying its intensity according to the for software that allows images to be received signal picture-grabber manipulated picture-grabber /pktʃə $rbə/

photo story photo story /fəυtəυ stɔ ri/ noun a noun a device for capturing still pictures from a moving piece of video series of photographs telling a story in a picture-in-picture pktʃə n magazine or book. Also called picture-in-picture / pktʃə photoessay / noun a facility on some televi- phototypeset fəυtəυtapset sions for showing a small screen view of phototypeset / | / verb another channel over the top of the main to prepare text for printing by the use of picture. Abbreviation PiP filmsetting picture library pktʃə labr ə ri phototypesetter picture library / ( ) / fəυtəυtapsetə phototypesetter / | / noun a photograph store, from which noun a device that can make high-quality images may be borrowed for use in books, reproductions of text on photosensitive magazines and newspapers paper or film picture messaging messaging /pktʃə pi pi /pa/ noun a pile of printing type that mesdŋ/ noun the practice of sending has been mixed up together í verb to mix images and photographs from one mobile printing type up together phone to another. Also called photo pic pic /pk/ noun picture, photograph messaging picture postcard pica pakə picture postcard /pktʃə pica / /, pica em noun a unit of pəυstkɑ d measurement for printing type, equal to / noun a small card for 12 points or 0.422 cm/0.166 in. Also sending through the post, which has a called em picture on one side and is left blank on the pick up other side for the sender’s message pk p picture researcher pick up / / verb to successfully pktʃə r picture researcher / | receive something such as a radio or tele- s& tʃə vision signal or a radar image on a piece / noun somebody whose job is to of equipment find the photographs, drawings and other pick-up illustrative material for a book or maga- pick-up /pk p/ noun 1. a pick-up job zine, using picture libraries and other is one in which the journalist collects sources news or photographs of an event from the pictures /pktʃəz/ plural noun the organisers after it has happened 2. cinema, as a place of entertainment, or a RECORDING same as tone arm cinema show pick-up pattern pk p ptən pie pick-up pattern / / pie /pa/ noun another spelling of pi noun the sensitivity of a microphone to piece /pi s/ noun an article in a news- sounds from different directions paper or magazine or an item on a televi- pictorial pktɔ riəl pictorial / | / noun a newspaper sion or radio programme or magazine that has many pictures in it, piece-to-camera /pi s tə km(ə)rə/ especially one with far more pictures than noun a shot in which a presenter or text reporter speaks directly to the camera, pktɔ riəlz ə m pictorialism / | ( ) / noun usually used in news reporting. Abbrevia- a style of photography, popular at the tion PTC. Also called stand-up beginning of the 20th century, which used Pilkington Committee Report on Broadcasting Committee 1962 Report on soft-focus techniques to imitate academic Broadcasting 1962 /plkŋtən/ noun painting a report on the standards and effects of picture picture /pktʃə/ noun 1. a cinema film broadcasting after the introduction of ITV. or motion picture 2. the image on a televi- It largely praised the BBC but strongly sion screen 3. PHOTOGRAPHY same as criticised ITV and recommended that it be photograph í verb to feature a picture, externally regulated and planned, a especially a photograph, of somebody or proposal that was never taken up. something in a newspaper, magazine or pilot /palət/ noun a television or radio book programme made as an experiment, to test MediaStudies.fm Page 176 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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Pixar audience reaction to an idea for a possible Pixar /pksɑ / noun a major animation new series studio which develops computer graphics pilot study study /palət stdi/ noun a technology and also has produced feature study that is preliminary to an intended films such as Monsters Inc (2001) and full study, to see whether it will be The Incredibles (2004)

pixel feasible and gives the intended results pixel /pksəl/ noun a single dot on a pinch roller pinch roller /pntʃ rəυlə/ noun part of computer screen which forms part of what a device for playing back tape (such as a is seen. The more pixels that a screen has, reel-to-reel machine) which holds the tape the sharper the image resolution. in place while it travels between reels pixelated pksəletd pnhəυl km ə rə pixelated / / adjective refer- pinhole camera / ( ) / ring to an image on a computer or televi- noun a basic form of camera with a tiny sion screen that is made up of pixels, espe- hole for the aperture, and no lens. Light cially one that is unclear or distorted passes through the hole to form an plagiarism inverted image on the film. plagiarism /pledərz(ə)m/ noun the pink advertising advertising /pŋk dvətazŋ/ process of copying another person’s idea noun advertising aimed specifically at the or written work and claiming it as original plaintext plentekst gay and lesbian market plaintext / | / noun text or pip /pp/ noun a short, usually high- information that has not been encrypted or pitched sound, especially of the kind used coded planer in broadcasting as a time signal planer /plenə/ noun a flat block of PiP abbreviation picture-in-picture wood used to hold printing type level in a piracy /parəsi/ noun the illegal chase planned obsolescence copying, distribution or broadcasting of planned obsolescence /plnd ɒbsəles ə ns copyright-protected media texts such as | ( ) / noun the theory that films, programmes, CDs etc certain manufacturers do not design their ‘The US movie industry won an products to last as long as they could, so important symbolic breakthrough in its that consumers will be forced to buy more planted news fight against online piracy yesterday as planted news /plɑ ntd nju z/ noun it announced an accord with the creator propaganda in the form of inaccurate of a technology that is widely used for ‘news’, reported as real and accurate, copying movies and TV shows illegally which discredits an enemy or presents the over the internet.’ [Richard Waters, The propagandist in a good light Financial Times] plasma plzmə pirate parət plasma / / noun a screen that pirate / / noun somebody who displays pictures through a live camera to broadcasts television or radio the rest of the studio programmes illegally plasma screen pirate radio plzmə skri n pirate radio /parət rediəυ/ noun plasma screen / / radio stations that broadcast illegally noun a type of flat display screen for (without a licence) and often do not pay computers and televisions, which gives royalties or other fees, but can attract huge clearer pictures than the older cathode ray numbers of listeners tube technology plate pitch /ptʃ/ noun a presentation by an plate /plet/ noun 1. a template for advertising agency to a potential customer printing, either an engraved metal sheet or pitchman /ptʃmn/ noun somebody a phototypeset page 2. a full-page illustra- show presents commercials on television tion or photograph in a book, especially or radio, especially a man on glossy paper 3. a sheet of glass or other pitchperson ptʃp s ə n material coated with a light-sensitive film pitchperson / | ( ) / noun to receive a photographic image 4. a print somebody who presents commercials on made from a printing plate, especially one television or radio inserted into a book on paper different pitchwoman ptʃwυmən pitchwoman / | / noun a from that on which the text is printed 5. woman who presents commercials on part of a tripod set-up that fixes the television or radio camera securely to the tripod í verb to set pix pix /pks/ CINEMA, PHOTOGRAPHY, ARTS up movable printing type into page form plural of pic ready for printing MediaStudies.fm Page 177 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

177 point size

platemaker pletmekə platemaker / | / noun a radio. It is often given as a favour or in person or machine that prepares plates for exchange for another service, for example printing plugging an artist’s album in return for an platen /plet(ə)n/ noun a flat metal exclusive interview. 2. a line on the cover plate in a printing press that holds the of a publication that boasts an interesting paper against the inked type article inside platform /pltfɔ m/ noun a purpose- ‘When viewers settled down to watch built scaffolding platform that cameras Channel 4’s blockbuster drama Lost, can be mounted on for a good view of they were anticipating an hour of action events and intrigue. What they got instead was play ple almost 30 minutes of advertising, play / / noun a dramatic work written sponsor plugs, programme trailers and to be performed by actors on the stage, plot reminders.’ [Ciar Byrne, The television or radio Independent] playback

plebk pluralism playback / / noun 1. the replay plυərəlz ə m of a sound or video recording after it has pluralism / ( ) / noun the been made, often as a check for quality or idea that there are many different ideas accuracy 2. the facility in a recording and value systems that make up a society, device for replaying recordings and that each are equal and should be playback rate scale factor allowed to thrive playback rate scale factor podcasting pɒdkɑ stŋ /plebk ret skel fktə/ noun the podcasting / | / noun the point at which video playback is no longer act of offering audio or video files over the smooth and appears jerky because of Internet to subscribing users podding missed frames podding /pɒdŋ/ noun the practice of playback singer singer /plebk sŋə/ having small groups of multi-skilled noun a singer who sings songs that film reporters and photographers work actors are then able to mime to together poetic playbill pəυetk playbill /plebl/ noun a poster adver- poetic / | / adjective of a message tising a play or other theatrical perform- or piece of communication, referring to its ance own form or the context in which it is play-by-play transmitted. ı conative, emotive, meta- play-by-play /ple ba ple/ noun a lingual, phatic spoken description of an event as it Pogle happens, especially of a sporting event Pogle /pəυ$(ə)l/ a trade name for a being broadcast on radio or television grading system for use in post-production point (informal) point /pɔnt/ noun 1. in printing or playlist /plelst/ noun a list of musical writing, a punctuation mark, especially a recordings that are to be played on a radio full stop 2. a unit of measurement in programme or by a radio station printing equal to one twelfth of a pica or play theory of mass theory communication of mass communica- approximately 0.03515 cm/0.01384 in ple θəri əv ms kəmju n point-and-shoot pɔnt ən ʃu t tion / | | point-and-shoot / / keʃ(ə)n/ noun the idea that media adjective referring to a camera that communications cannot have harmful requires no adjustment by the user before effects because the audience uses them taking a photograph, because the focus primarily for entertainment, rather than as and exposure are adjusted automatically serious sources of information or are fixed point-of-purchase advertising pleasure /pleə/ noun in feminist point-of-purchase advertising theory, the desire for fulfilment of natural /pɔnt əv p& tʃs dvətazŋ/, point- urges such as the sexual urge, ignoring of-sale advertising noun advertising at social or moral considerations the place where the products are bought, plot /plɒt/ noun the story or sequence of for example posters or dump bins point-of-view shot events in something such as a novel, play point-of-view shot /pɔnt əv vju or film í verb to plan the sequence of ʃɒt/ noun full form of POV shot point size events in a story or script point size /pɔnt saz/ noun the unit of plug /pl$/ noun 1. a mention given to measurement of the font size in typeset- something in order to advertise it, for ting and on computers, generally ranging example in a published article or on the from 8 to 72 MediaStudies.fm Page 178 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Point-to-Point Protocol 178

Point-to-Point Protocol Protocol /pɔnt tə pool system system /pu l sstəm/ noun pɔnt prəυtəυkɒl/ noun a protocol for PRESS same as pool dial-up access to the Internet using a pop /pɒp/ adjective referring to popular modem music polar diagram polar diagram /pəυlə daə$rm/ pop art art /pɒp ɑ t/ noun a post-modern noun a diagram showing the pick-up form of art that makes use of graphic pattern of a microphone styles from the mass media, such as adver- polarisation pəυlərazeʃ ə n polarisation / | ( ) / noun tising, comic strips and science fiction, the tendency to think and speak using thereby attempting to comment on oppositions, i.e. forming definitions by modern cultural values and society comparing something to something which popcorn movie movie /pɒpkɔ n mu vi/ it is not noun a popular and highly entertaining Polaroid /pəυlərɔd/ a trade name for a film camera that produces pictures that pop group group /pɒp $ru p/ noun a small develop inside it within seconds of being musical band who play pop music taken, or the film used in such a camera together as a unit polecam polecam /pəυlkm/ noun a camera pop music music /pɒp mju zk/ noun mounted on a pole and operated by remote modern commercial music, usually control tuneful, up-tempo and repetitive, that is police procedural pəli s prə aimed at the general public and the youth police procedural / | | si dərəl/ noun a crime novel or drama market in particular in which a crime is investigated by police popping /pɒpŋ/ noun distortion officers rather than amateur detectives caused by a person speaking too close to a police reporter pəli s rpɔ tə microphone police reporter / | | / noun a journalist who is assigned to cover news popular /pɒpjυlə/ adjective referring about crime and police work to anything that is widely liked, with a politically correct pəltkli kərekt large appreciative audience, although this politically correct / | | / adjective marked by language or conduct may be used in a derogatory way to imply that deliberately avoids giving offence, for a lack of artistic merit popular culture example on the basis of ethnic origin or popular culture /pɒpjυlə kltʃə/ sexual orientation noun the tastes, habits and values of the polychronic time time /pɒlikrɒnk tam/ majority of people in society, that are not noun an image of the perception of time in considered elite or ‘highbrow’ populars some cultures in which it is flexible and populars /pɒpjələz/ plural noun an old fluid, deadlines etc are not adhered to and term for tabloid newspapers many things can be done at the same time, populism /pɒltkz(ə)m/ noun the picked up and left off etc. Abbreviation P- philosophical belief that the needs and time. Compare monochronic time desires of the masses should be promoted polysemic pɒlisi mk polysemic / | / adjective in over and above those of the elite semiology, referring to a combination of populist /pɒpjυlst/ noun appealing to symbols that can be interpreted in many the masses, used in a derogatory way different ways ‘Under its new director of television, polysemy pəlsəmi polysemy / | / noun the theory Simon Shaps, ITV is falling back on the that an image can be interpreted in many staples of populist drama and brassy different ways by different observers, and entertainment shows, following a may need to be accompanied by text or disastrous summer with flops including sound to restrict the way it is interpreted Celebrity Wrestling and the critically pool /pu l/, pool arrangement noun a panned Celebrity Love Island.’ small group of reporters who have [Ciar Byrne, The Independent] personal access to an event or source, who pop-under ad ad /pɒp ndər d/ noun distribute their reports to the wider media. an Internet advertisement that appears in a Also called pool system separate browser window from the rest of pool feed feed /pu l fi d/ noun a feed from a website a pool arrangement which is made avail- pop-up /pɒp p/ noun an advertise- able in full and without delay ment which is activated when a user visits MediaStudies.fm Page 179 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

179 post-Marxism postcolonialism pəυstkə a particular webpage and launches itself in postcolonialism /| its own window ləυniəlz(ə)m/ noun the study of the pornographic pɔ nə$rfk pornographic / | / adjec- effects of colonialism on the ideologies tive 1. sexually explicit and intended to and cultures of the countries involved poster cause sexual arousal 2. producing or poster /pəυstə/ noun 1. a printed selling sexually explicit magazines, films picture, often a reproduction of a photo- or other materials graph or artwork, used for decoration 2. a pornography pɔ nɒ$rəfi bill or placard in a public place adver- pornography / | / noun films, magazines, writings, photographs tising something 3. somebody who places or other materials that are sexually a message on a website poster specialist explicit and intended to cause sexual poster specialist /pəυstə speʃəlst/ arousal noun a company that organises an outdoor portable single camera portable single camera /pɔ təb(ə)l poster campaign for an advertising sŋ$(ə)l km(ə)rə/ noun a small port- agency. Their job is to deal with consider- able camera which uses video instead of ations such as obtaining the rights to use film. Abbreviation PSC each site and organising contractors to put portapak pɔ təpk them up. portapak / / noun a small post-feminist portable video camera post-feminist /pəυst femnst/ Portaprompt pɔ təprɒmt adjective 1. differing from or showing a Portaprompt / / a trade re-evaluation of the principles of femi- name for a type of television prompting nism 2. developing out of or including the system principles of feminism í noun somebody portrait portrait /pɔ trt/ noun 1. a painting, who supports or believes in post-feminist photograph or drawing of someone, espe- ideas

post-Fordism cially just the face 2. a description of post-Fordism /pəυst fɔ dz(ə)m/ something such as a person, place or noun the process in which mass produc- period, which aims to give a rough overall í tion has moved away from traditional picture adjective referring to a piece of industries such as ship-building, towards paper, illustration, book or page that is the service and technological industries taller than it is wide posthumanist portraiture pəυsthju mənst pɔ tretʃə posthumanist / | / portraiture / / noun a picture adjective referring to the idea that one day of a person, especially of their face there will be such technological advances positive positive /pɒztv/ noun a photographic as can prolong human life, perhaps indef- image in which the light and dark tones initely, as well as improving its quality

posthumous and colours correspond to those of the posthumous /pɒstjυməs/ adjective í original subject adjective referring to referring to a work published or printed photographic images that have colours or after the author’s death values of dark and light corresponding to posting pəυstŋ the subject posting / / noun a message sent positive appeal pɒztv əpi l to and displayed on an online facility such positive appeal / | / noun as an Internet newsgroup or bulletin board advertising that is designed to show why a product is attractive ‘London-based foreign extremists are post using websites to post video footage of post /pəυst/ verb 1. to place or send a suicide operations and attacks by message on a newsgroup or bulletin board insurgents against coalition forces in on the Internet or some other electronic Iraq. There are also postings of the network 2. to update a database record by execution of Russian soldiers by entering or transferring information 3. to mujaheddin rebels in Chechnya.’ [Abul make text appear online or at an Internet Taher, The Sunday Times] location post-Marxism pəυst mɑ ksz ə m postal sales pəυst ə l selz post-Marxism / ( ) / postal sales / ( ) / plural noun a development of Marxist theories noun sales of products by post, through on the inequality of power in society, advertisements in the press moving the focus away from upper/lower postbag postbag /pəυstb$/ noun the letters class-based distinctions and towards the and messages received by an MP, famous power associated with access to technolo- person or television or radio programme gies, education etc. MediaStudies.fm Page 180 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

postmaster 180

postmaster /pəυstmɑ stə/ noun 1. a heightening the drama. Full form point- computer program that distributes, of-view shot forwards and receives electronic mail 2. power /paυə/ noun the idea of having a the person responsible for the mainte- voice, being represented, having a posi- nance of a website and for being the tive and truthful image constructed of you contact point for information and and the groups to which you belong, etc. complaints PowerCD /paυə si di / a trade name postmodernism pəυst postmodernism /| for a CD-ROM player produced by Apple mɒdənz(ə)m/ noun a concept in the arts that can connect to a television to display referring to the way in which new prod- photo images, or to a Macintosh as a ucts can be constructed with reference to standard CD-ROM drive, or to play back existing ones music CDs post-production pəυst prə power culture paυə kltʃə post-production / | power culture / / noun an dkʃ(ə)n/ noun the final stage in organisational structure in a business making a recording, film or television which is based around a ‘god-like’ single programme that includes editing, sound power source. Compare person culture, dubbing and adding special effects role culture, task culture power elite post-purchase advertising paυə li t post-purchase advertising /pəυst power elite / | / noun in p& tʃs dvətazŋ/ noun advertising Marxist theory, the members of a society designed to minimise the possibility that a who hold both political power and educa- customer will regret making their tional and financial privilege purchase PPL abbreviation Phonographic PostScript /pəυstskrpt/ a trade name Performance Ltd for a computer language that allows page PPV abbreviation pay-per-view pragmatics pr$mtks layout to be described pragmatics / | / noun post-synch /pəυst sŋk/ verb to add consideration of what is sensible and will sound or music to a film after shooting work, without reference to aesthetic post-synchronisation /pəυst values preamplifier primplfaə sŋkrənazeʃ ə n / | / noun an | ( ) / noun same as preamplifier dubbing amplifying circuit, for example in a radio post-testing /pəυst testŋ/ noun the or television, that is designed to evaluation of an advertising campaign strengthen very weak signals and then after it has been run, or of a product after transmit them to a more powerful ampli- fier it has been launched pre- and post-production paperwork automation postural echo pre- and post-production paper- postural echo /pɒstʃərəl ekəυ/ work automation /pri ənd pəυst noun the practice of unconsciously prədkʃ ə n pepəw& k mimicking another person’s posture, | ( ) ɔ təmeʃ(ə)n/ noun a computer program gestures, facial expressions etc., as a sign that automates all the paperwork associ- of unity and closeness when interacting with them ated with submitting a programme to the posture BBC, namely the billing form, the trans- posture /pɒstʃə/ noun the way in mission form, the music reporting form which a person holds themselves as a and the Programme as Completed form. means of communicating in addition to Abbreviation P4A speech and gestures pre-comms /pri kɒmz/ noun pot pre-comms a teaser pot /pɒt/ verb to perform a pot cut that appears just before the commercials pot cut pot cut /pɒt kt/ noun a quick fade-out predatory pricing pricing /pred(ə)tɔ ri of the sound on an audio feed already prasŋ/ noun the practice of pricing a being broadcast, because of overrun or to product in order to undercut the competi- make room for another piece tion and make them unable to continue POV shot shot /pi əυ vi ʃɒt/ noun a while still making a profit scene that is filmed from the point of view ‘…the OFT has uncharacteristically that a character would see it from. Espe- backed down over its refusal to cially effective in horror films where the investigate the convenience store sector, character cannot see a lurking danger and in which independent traders claim they the audience is waiting for them to see it, are being forced out by predatory MediaStudies.fm Page 181 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

181 press clipping

pre-record pri rkɔ d pricing from large supermarket groups.’ pre-record / | / verb to record [Bob Sherwood, The Financial Times] something, for example a message or tele- pre-emptive censorship pre-emptive censorship /pri vision or radio programme, for later use or emptv sensəʃip/ noun censorship that broadcasting pre-roll takes place before the work in question is pre-roll /pri rəυl/ noun leader tape or a released to the public, by editors or offi- few seconds of blank tape at the start of a cials. Compare punitive censorship section of film for editing

pre-empt selling pre-sale pre-empt selling /pri empt selŋ/ pre-sale /pri sel/ noun the act of noun the practice of selling television selling distribution rights to a media advertising time at a lower rate on condi- product before that product is completed, tion that if another advertiser offers the so as to get more money for its production pre-score full rate, they will be able to take it over pre-score /pri skɔ / verb to compose pre-fade pre-fade /pri fed/ noun RADIO a or record the music or other sound for a facility on a studio desk that allows a film or television programme before the presenter to listen to an audio source and dialogue and picture have been produced pre-sell adjust the level before it is recorded í pre-sell /pri sel/ verb to promote a verb to set a guest’s microphone in a product or entertainment before it is broadcasting studio so that the feed can be generally available to the public, by heard by all but the audience, so that he or means of advertising and publicity she can be briefed etc. before starting their present przent interview present / | / verb to introduce, or preferred reading act as the host of, a television or radio prf& d ri dŋ preferred reading / | / programme or an infomercial noun the interpretation of a media product presentation prez ə nteʃ ə n that was intended by the maker or which is presentation / ( ) | ( ) / dictated by the ideology of the society in noun the department at a television station which it is viewed responsible for links between prejudice programmes and trailers for future prejudice /predυds/ noun a pre- programmes formed opinion, usually an unfavourable pre-shoot pre-shoot /pri ʃu t/ noun material one, based on insufficient knowledge, filmed in advance of an event irrational feelings, or inaccurate stereo- press types press /pres/ noun 1. the news-gathering pre-press pri pres business generally, or all the people pre-press / / adjective before involved in gathering and reporting on the going to press preprint news, especially journalists working on preprint /pri prnt/ verb 1. to print newspapers 2. a company that publishes something in advance of its being used or books 3. same as printing press

press advertising before the full print run 2. to issue some- press advertising /pres thing, especially an article or other piece dvətazŋ/ noun advertising in news- of writing, in draft form before its official í papers and magazines publication noun 1. something that is press agency printed in advance, especially before press agency /pres edənsi/ noun being published in full 2. a piece of PRESS, BUSINESS same as news agency press agent writing, especially a contribution to an press agent /pres edənt/ noun a academic journal, that is printed and often promoter who deals with the press on distributed in a preliminary form before behalf of a client its official publication Press Association pres ə Press Association / | pre-production pri prədkʃ ə n səυsieʃ ə n pre-production / | ( ) / ( ) / noun 1. a national news noun the work done to a programme agency founded in 1868. Abbreviation PA before the filming stage, for example 2. in the United States, a national, state or script redrafting, budgeting and sched- local organisation of media companies uling and their representatives

prequel press clipping prequel /pri kwəl/ noun a film or novel press clipping /pres klpŋ/ noun a set at a time before the action of an copy of a news item kept by a company existing work, especially one that has because it contains important business achieved commercial success. Also called information or is a record of news back-story published about the company MediaStudies.fm Page 182 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

press communications 182

press communications pres kə press relations pres rleʃ ə nz press communications / | press relations / | ( ) / mju nkeʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun communi- plural noun part of the public relations cations that increase the awareness of activity of an organisation, aimed at journalists of a product or firm, for building up good relations with the press example press releases or news flashes press release pres rli s press release / | / noun an Press Complaints Commission Complaints Commission announcement usually in the form of a pres kəmplents kəmʃ ə n / | | ( ) / noun the written piece, giving facts to be reported body that oversees the press in the UK, in the media. Also called news release monitoring the newspapers for inappro- pressroom /presru m/ noun 1. an priate content and investigating enclosed area in a newspaper plant or complaints. Abbreviation PCC printing works where the printing presses Press Complaints Commission Complaints Code of Practice 1977 Commission are located 2. same as media centre Code of Practice 1977 noun the five pressrun /presrn/ noun 1. the guidelines by which the PCC operates, number of copies that are run off in one concerning the treatment of sensitive continuous printing operation 2. the issues, the correction of mistakes, privacy continuous running of a printing press matters, the conduct of journalists and until a set number of copies is printed press secretary subjects’ right to reply /pres sekrət(ə)ri/ press conference press secretary press conference /pres noun an employee who is responsible for kɒnf(ə)rəns/ noun a meeting where dealing with the news media on behalf of newspaper and television reporters are an organisation or a prominent person invited to hear news of something such as pressure group group /preʃə $ru p/ noun a a new product or a takeover bid. Also number of people who work together to called news conference make their concerns known to those in Press Council Press Council /pres kaυns(ə)l/ noun government and to influence lawmaking a self-regulatory governing body for the ‘Environmental pressure groups are print media in many countries including divided on the best tactics to oppose Australia, New Zealand, India and the moves to revive nuclear power. Some Netherlands environmentalists are wary of presser presser /presə/ noun same as press campaigning on a negative anti-nuclear conference message, preferring to present the public press freedom press freedom /pres fri dəm/ noun with a more positive choice of ‘ freedom of the press combating climate change through press gallery pres $ləri renewable energy.’ [Fiona Harvey, The press gallery / / noun a Financial Times] raised gallery with seating at the back of a presswoman preswυmən courtroom or legislative assembly room, presswoman / | / noun a where newspaper reporters and other woman working as a newspaper reporter members of the press can sit presswork /presw& k/ noun the oper- press kit press kit /pres kt/ noun a package of ation or management of a printing press, background and promotional material or the work done by it prestige advertising presti  relating to a product, distributed to the prestige advertising / | media by a press agent or publicity depart- dvətazŋ/ noun advertising in high- ment quality magazines to increase a pressman pressman /presmn/ noun 1. a man company’s reputation working as a newspaper reporter 2. some- pre-striping /pri strapŋ/ noun the body, especially a man, who operates a process of laying a timecode on a piece of printing press film before filming starts press officer press officer /pres ɒfsə/ noun pre-testing /pri testŋ/, pre-test somebody employed by an organisation or noun the testing or evaluation of a product government department to provide the or advertising campaign before it is news media with information about the launched or run organisation or department preview pri vju preview / | / noun 1. a piece pressperson presp& s ə n pressperson / | ( ) / noun 1. printed in a paper or magazine or broad- a newspaper reporter 2. somebody who cast on radio or television describing and operates a printing press commenting on something that is soon to MediaStudies.fm Page 183 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

183 printer

primary research praməri rs& tʃ be broadcast or presented to the public 2. primary research / | / a shown on television or at the noun information that is collected first- cinema promoting a forthcoming film or hand, for example an interview, original programme í verb to write, print or photographs or diagrams, etc. Compare broadcast a short piece that describes and secondary research comments on something that is soon to be primary source source /praməri sɔ s/ broadcast or presented to the public noun a news reporter’s source (for price-fixing price-fixing /pras fksŋ/ noun the example an eyewitness who gives an practice, often illegal, of competing account) which provides them with companies agreeing to set their prices at primary research the same artificially high rate, rather than primary text text /praməri tekst/ noun in dropping them to compete with each textual theory, the media text which is other. ı anti-trust laws created and transmitted, before reception. ‘The threat of an inquiry into alleged Compare secondary text, tertiary text price-fixing involving digital music prime /pram/ noun a mark added to a services has emerged in New York state. number, character, or expression in order Eliot Spitzer, the hawkish attorney to distinguish it from another general, has subpoenaed major prime lens pram lenz companies in a preliminary prime lens / / noun a lens investigation aimed at discovering that cannot have its focal length adjusted. whether they have been involved in Compare zoom lens prime time illegal arrangements.’ [Roland Gribben, prime time /pram tam/ noun the The Daily Telegraph] period in a radio or television schedule price mechanism pras when there is the largest audience, for price mechanism / example weekday evenings mekənz ə m priming ( ) / noun the shifting of pramŋ prices in a market according to, and priming / / noun the process of affecting, supply and demand agenda-setting by giving certain news primacy effect theory stories more prominence, airtime, atten- praməsi  primacy effect theory / | tion etc fekt θəri/ noun the theory that the first principal photography /prnsp(ə)l information in a message is most likely to fətɒ$rəfi | / noun same as production be remembered period primary data praməri detə print primary data / / noun print /prnt/ verb 1. to publish informa- data or information which has not yet tion or a publication 2. to make a positive been published and must therefore be image or copy of a photograph or film found by field research. Also called from a negative 3. to make a copy, docu- primary information ment, or publication using a printing press primary definers praməri d primary definers / | or a computer printer í noun 1. the state fanəz/ plural noun when commenting of being in a printed form or being officially on events, the police, govern- published 2. a copy of a film 3. a photo- ment officials and others who are in a graph, usually on paper, made from a position to speak on such matters. negative í adjective produced by or Compare secondary definers relating to the published media primary demand advertising demand advertising printable /prntəb(ə)l/ adjective suffi- praməri dmɑ nd dvətazŋ / | / noun ciently inoffensive, correct or well-written adevertising that increases demand for a as to be fit to be printed in a publication generic product, rather than for a specific printed matter matter /prntd mtə/ noun brand within that product category. published material, for example books, Compare selective demand adver- newspapers, magazines or catalogues tising printed word word /prntd w& d/ noun primary information praməri nfə primary information / | written language as used in books, maga- meʃ(ə)n/ noun same as primary data zines, newspapers and other literature primary reader primary reader /praməri ri də/ printer /prntə/ noun 1. a machine that noun a person who buys and reads a makes duplicates of film, normally a posi- publication themselves. Compare tive from a negative 2. a machine that secondary reader prints books, newspapers or magazines 3. MediaStudies.fm Page 184 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

printer’s devil 184 a person or company in the business of which the contact details had been printing books, newspapers or magazines obtained printer’s devil prntəz devl privatisation pravətazeʃ ə n printer’s devil / / noun privatisation / | ( ) / an apprentice or young assistant to a noun the transferring of services in the printer public sector to private ownership printer’s error printer’s error /prntəz erə/ noun a probe /prəυb/ noun an investigation spelling error in a printed document made problematic prɒbləmtk problematic / | / noun a during typesetting set of problems or questions that are print farming farming /prnt fɑ mŋ/ noun answered by a theory, and those that are the process in which an organisation sends raised by it out material such as advertising leaflets, process prəυses process / | / verb to treat light- catalogues, letterheads, etc. to be printed sensitive film or paper with chemicals so by outside printers that an image that is held there becomes printhead /prnthed/ noun the metal visible form of a character that is pressed onto an process printing printing /prəυses prntŋ/ inked ribbon to print the character on noun a method of full-colour printing paper using multiple images from plates printed printing /prntŋ/ noun the process or in yellow, magenta, blue and cyan business of producing copies of docu- producer prədju sə producer / | / noun 1. the ments, publications or images member of a television production team printing press press /prntŋ pres/ noun a who is responsible for hiring the rest of machine that presses inked type or etched the crew and generally overseeing the plates onto paper or textiles that are fed project 2. the member of a film production through it team who is responsible for crew hire, print media media /prnt mi diə/ plural general supervision and also financing of noun advertising media, for example the project producer choice prədju sə tʃɔs magazines and newspapers producer choice / | / print run run /prnt rn/ noun the number noun the ability of producers for the BBC of copies of a publication, document or either to use BBC facilities or less expen- artwork that are printed in a single batch sive independent facilities Producers’ Alliance for Cinema and Television prior restraint praə rstrent prior restraint / | / noun Producers’ Alliance for Cinema prədju səz əlaəns same as pre-emptive censorship and Television / | | prism fə snmə ən telv ə n prism /prz(ə)m/ noun a device used to | ( ) / noun the bend and concentrate light, used in the organisation that represents the interests workings of some types of camera of independent producers in the UK. privacy Abbreviation PACT prvəsi Producers Guild of America privacy / / noun freedom from prə Producers Guild of America / | the observation, interference or attention dju səz $ld əv əmerkə of other people, sometimes protected by | / noun a trade law union representing screen and television producers in the USA, formed in 1962 ‘Other aspects of press freedom product prɒdkt assessments are more difficult to product / / noun a commodity quantify. Would the privacy laws that is produced by manufacture or by a limiting the activities of paparazzi who natural process and is offered for sale product advertising pursue celebrities, as are currently being product advertising /prɒdkt proposed in California, be a serious dvətazŋ/ noun the practice of adver- violation of press freedom?’ [Duncan tising a particular named product, not the Campbell, The Guardian] company that makes it product endorsement Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive prɒdkt n Privacy and Electronic Communi- product endorsement / | cations Directive /prvəsi ənd dɔ smənt/ noun advertising that makes elektrɒnk kəmnju nkeʃ ə nz da use of famous or qualified people to | | ( ) | rektv/ noun a European Union directive recommend a product production prədkʃən that limits the type of unsolicited direct production / | / noun 1. the marketing that is allowed to be sent way in which a society’s economy runs, through e-mail or text according to their dependent on how efficiently goods are content and the circumstances under produced in relation to the demand for MediaStudies.fm Page 185 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

185 projection them 2. a film, play, broadcast or for example during a phone-in, to allow recording that has been produced for the any profane language to be bleeped out public 3. the work of making a media text, profane language prəfen profane language /| especially something filmed lŋ$wd/ noun language showing production assistant prədkʃən ə production assistant / | | disrespect for God, any deity or religion sst ə nt profile ( ) / noun in live television produc- profile /prəυfal/ noun 1. a description tion, the crew member who is responsible of a person or organisation giving a short for planning the timing of the script in history, key facts etc. 2. the way that the advance, monitoring timing of each total audience for a broadcast can be segment during broadcast, prompts and broken down according to such factors as communication between the studio and age, gender, income etc. the broadcasting channel. Abbreviation profiling prəυfalŋ PA profiling / / noun the anal- Production Code prədkʃən kəυd ysis and classification of somebody based Production Code / | / on personal information such as ethnicity, noun same as Hays code shopping habits, or behavioural patterns, production crew prədkʃən kru production crew / | / used for example for advertising research noun all members of a film or television pro-filmic event prəυ flmk  pro-filmic event / | crew responsible for filming, editing, vent/ noun the scene that the camera is organising and financing a production recording production designer prədkʃən d prog production designer / | | prɒ$ zanə prog / / noun a television or radio / noun in film production, the crew programme member with overall responsibility for program director prəυ$rm da choosing locations, sets and costumes program director / | production gallery rektə prədkʃ ə n / noun an executive who is respon- / | ( ) production gallery sible for the selection and scheduling of $ləri/ noun same as gallery production manager television or radio programmes for broad- prədkʃən production manager / | cast mndə programme / noun the member of a film or prəυ$rm television production team who is respon- programme / / noun a tele- vision or radio broadcast sible for booking rehearsal and filming programme as broadcast space and liaising between lighting, programme as broadcast sound, set design etc. /prəυ$rm əz brɔ dkɑ st/ noun RADIO production number prədkʃən same as log 1 / | production number Programme as Completed form nmbə/ noun a piece of music in a Programme as Completed form prəυ$rm əz kəmpli td fɔ m musical that is sung and danced by star- / | / noun ring actors supported by the chorus one of the four forms which must be production period prədkʃən submitted when delivering a programme production period / | pəriəd/ noun to the BBC, giving all the contractual and the work done to a ı programme during the filming stage, for rights information. billing form, trans- example rehearsals, costume fittings, mission form, music reporting form programme flow location filming etc. Also called prin- programme flow /prəυ$rm fləυ/ cipal photography noun same as flow

product manager programming product manager /prɒdkt programming /prəυ$rmŋ/ noun mndə/ noun the manager or execu- the selection and scheduling of television tive who is responsible for marketing a or radio programmes, or the programmes particular product themselves product placement prɒdkt Progressive Rock prə$resv rɒk product placement / Progressive Rock / | / plesmənt/ noun a form of marketing in noun a type of rock music originating in which a branded product is prominently the early 1970s and characterised by tech- featured in something such as a film or nically complicated and sometimes exper- television show. Some consider this to be imental arrangements, often drawing on underhand practice as the audience are jazz or classical music influences being subjected to advertisements without projection prədekʃən projection / | / noun 1. the their consent. process of unconsciously attributing a prof prof ȣ in prof an abbreviation for ‘in personal thought, feeling or impulse, profanity’, used to refer to a slight delay, especially one considered undesirable, to MediaStudies.fm Page 186 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

projectionist 186

somebody else 2. the projecting of an proofread /pru fri d/ verb to read the image or picture on a surface proofs of a text and mark corrections to be projectionist prədekʃənst projectionist / | / noun made somebody whose job is to operate the proof sheet sheet /pru f ʃi t/ noun a sheet projector and screen the film in a cinema of paper that has a printer’s proof on it, and take responsibility for the quality of usually with wide margins so that correc- the image and sound tions can be marked up easily projection rate prədekʃ ə n ret propaganda | prɒpə$ndə projection rate / ( ) / propaganda / | / noun noun the rate at which filmed frames are media text that is designed to persuade its shown, typically 24 per second for normal audience of a particular belief or idea speed viewing ‘However, rather then allow projection room prədekʃən ru m projection room / | / epidemiologists free access to its H5N1 noun 1. a private room with a projector hotspots, the government in Hanoi and screen in which films are viewed 2. an balked at sharing biological samples enclosed compartment in a cinema or with foreign scientists and instead went theatre from where films, slides or lights on a propaganda offensive.’ [Adrian are projected onto a screen or stage Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark, The projection television prədekʃən Guardian] projection television / | telv ə n propaganda model prɒpə$ndə ( ) / noun a television picture propaganda model / | display system in which an enlarged mɒd(ə)l/ noun a model of gatekeeping picture is projected onto a screen that outlines the forces such as funding projector prədektə projector / | / noun a piece of and ownership, that determine how the equipment for projecting the image from media select and structure their news, film onto a screen and for playing back making it in essence a form of propa- recorded sound from tracks on the film ganda, putting forward only one point of promo /prəυməυ/ noun 1. an advertise- view propagandist prɒpə$ndst ment for another programme or feature. propagandist / | / noun Also called trail 2. same as promotional an individual or organisation that distrib- material utes propaganda promotion prəməυʃ ə n properties prɒpətiz promotion / | ( ) / noun some- properties / / plural noun full thing such as an advertising campaign that form of props is designed to promote a product, cause or property /prɒpəti/ noun an original organisation story that a film production company has promotional prəməυʃ ə n ə l promotional /| ( ) ( ) / bought the rights for proposal prəpəυz ə l adjective used in an advertising campaign proposal / | ( ) / noun an idea promotional material prə promotional material /| for development that is formally presented məυʃ ə nəl mətəriəl ( ) | / noun material to a production company Propp’s people used to advertise a film, such as trailers Propp’s people /prɒps pi p(ə)l/ and television spots, printed flyers, free noun a set of basic characters who, it is gifts etc argued, are vital components of every folk prompting system prompting system /prɒmptŋ tale and narrative, including the hero, the sstəm/ noun a screen mounted by a villain, the object of the quest and the camera which provides a rolling script for hero’s helper a presenter to read COMMENT: The idea comes from the proof /pru f/ noun a printout of the page research of Vladimir Propp (1895– 1970), a Russian formalist, who analysed layout of material to be printed, including folktales and developed a list of basic copy, pictures, advertisements etc., made characters and plot developments which available for checking and correction he believed were present in almost all before final printing stories. proofing props proofing /pru fŋ/ noun 1. the process props /prɒps/ plural noun objects on a of checking a text just before publication set that are small or light enough to be for spelling errors, problems with layout carried by the actors. These are distinct etc. 2. the process of printing out an image from larger pieces of furniture or décor as a test to check colour resolution away which merely form the background of the from the computer screen set. Full form properties MediaStudies.fm Page 187 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

187 public service announcement prospects /prɒspekts/ plural noun a mission of programmes produced by list of news stories to be covered members of the public. Also called open protagonist prəυt$ənst access television protagonist / | / noun the publication pblkeʃ ə n most important character in a novel, play, publication / | ( ) / noun 1. story or other literary work an item that has been published, espe- protocol /prəυtəkɒl/ noun software cially in printed form. Abbreviation pub., that controls the relationships between publ. 2. the act of making printed mate- networked computers, such as on the rial, especially books, available for sale to Internet the public Public Broadcasting Service prove /pru v/ verb to make a test Public Broadcasting Service impression of a negative, etching or type /pblk brɔ dkɑ stŋ s& vs/ noun a proxemics prɒksi mks not-for-profit corporation in the US which proxemics / | / noun the study of personal space and how it is used oversees public service television broad- in the interaction between ourselves and casting by more than 300 member stations. Abbreviation PBS others, another form of body language public domain proximity pblk dəυmen prɒksmti public domain / | / proximity / | / noun in terms of news values, geographical closeness or noun any uncopyrighted work is consid- ideological similarity of a country in ered to be in the public domain, ie. that which news has occurred to the one can be rereleased by any company without reporting it having to pay for rights. The period for PRS copyright expiration in the EU is 70 years PRS abbreviation Performing Rights after the death of the author. Society publicise psa publicise /pblsaz/ verb to make psa abbreviation public service something generally known or known to a announcement PSC group, typically by advertising PSC abbreviation portable single publicist /pblsst/ noun a person camera pseudo-context whose job it is to raise awareness of, and sju dəυ kɒntekst pseudo-context / / get press coverage of, a production such noun the structure of information as a film presented through the media, which is publicity pblsti publicity / | / noun activity, thought by some to be fragmented and especially advertising and the publishing useless psychogalvanometer or broadcasting of information, designed psychogalvanometer sakəυ$lvənɒmtə to increase public interest in or awareness / | / noun an instru- of something or somebody ment used to measure emotional reactions public opinion pblk əpnjən public opinion / | / to advertising by checking the degree of noun the values, ideas, political beliefs sweating on the palms of the hands psychogeography etc. held by the general public sakəυdi public relations psychogeography / | pblk rleʃ ə nz public relations / | ( ) / ɒ$rəfi/ noun in postmodernist theory, the noun the work of promoting a product by analysis of the influence of a person’s arranging for it to be featured in the media environment on their mental processes psychographics as opposed to paying for an advertisement sakəυ$rfks public sector psychographics / | / public sector /pblk sektə/ noun noun the study of the lifestyle of different organisations that are funded by local or sectors of society for marketing purposes PTC national government PTC abbreviation piece-to-camera public service pblk s& vs P-time pi tam public service / / noun P-time / / abbreviation poly- a service that is run for the benefit of the chronic time general public, for example the emer- PTV PTV abbreviation 1. TV pay television gency services, transport and broad- 2. TV public television casting pub. pub. abbreviation 1. publisher 2. publi- public service advertising service advertising /pblk cation 3. publishing s& vs dvətazŋ/ noun the adver- publ. abbreviation 1. publisher 2. tising of a public service or cause such as publication a disaster relief fund public access television access television /pblk public service announcement service announcement kses telv ə n pblk s& vs ənaυnsmənt ( ) / noun in the US, / | / noun any cable broadcasting facilities for the trans- announcement of information relevant to MediaStudies.fm Page 188 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

public service broadcasting 188

Pulitzer Prize the public for example a police appeal. Pulitzer Prize /pυltsə praz/ noun an Abbreviation psa annual prize offered in the US for excel- public service broadcasting service broadcasting lence in journalism and fiction writing pull /pblk s& vs brɔ dkɑ stŋ/ noun pull /pυl/ noun a printing proof made for non-commercial broadcasting sponsored correction í verb 1. to make a printing by the state, for example programmes proof 2. to remove something from circu- broadcast by the BBC lation, or prevent it from ever getting into public sphere public sphere /pblk sfə/ noun the circulation pullout section of society that a person is likely to pullout /pυlaυt/ noun part of a publica- come into contact with, who they are tion that can be pulled out, for example a aware of and who is aware of them removable section of a magazine or a part

public television public television /pblk of a book that folds out pull strategy telv(ə)n/ noun television that is pull strategy /pυl strtədi/ noun an funded by the government, viewers and attempt by a producer to use heavy adver- corporate sponsorship. Abbreviation PTV tising to persuade final users to buy a publish product, so ‘pulling’ the product through publish /pblʃ/ verb 1. to prepare and the distribution process to the point of sale produce material in printed or electronic pulp form for distribution and, usually, sale 2. pulp /plp/ noun novels or magazines to make the work of a particular author produced on cheap paper, especially available in printed or other form crime, horror or science fiction stories and Judy publisher pntʃ ən du di publisher /pblʃə/ noun 1. a Punch and Judy / / company or person that publishes prod- noun a children’s comic puppet show ucts such as books, journals or software 2. featuring Punch and Judy, a quarrelsome the owner or representative of the owner couple, together with a number of other of a newspaper, periodical or publishing standard characters punchline house ̈ abbreviation pub., publ. punchline /pntʃlan/ noun the news

publisher’s statement publisher’s statement /pblʃəz angle of a piece punchy stetmənt/ noun a statement of circula- punchy /pntʃi/ adjective having a tion issued by a publisher, which may not strong news angle pundit have been independently verified pundit /pndt/ noun an expert in a publishing publishing /pblʃŋ/ noun the trade, particular field who is frequently inter- profession, or activity of preparing and viewed punitive censorship producing material in printed or electronic punitive censorship /pju ntv form for distribution to the public. Abbre- sensəʃp/ noun censorship that takes viation pub. place after the work in question is released publishing house publishing house /pblʃŋ haυs/ to the public, in response to public protest. noun an established publishing company Compare pre-emptive censorship punk rock that prepares and produces material in punk rock /pŋk rɒk/, punk /pŋk/ printed or electronic form for distribution noun a type of fast loud rock music often and, usually, sale with irreverent, aggressive lyrics and a puffery puffery /pfəri/ noun advertising that lack of skilled instrumental playing put out praises the product or service being sold put out /pυt aυt/ verb to make some- in an exaggerated way, without any thing widely known, for example by specific factual data announcing or broadcasting it puff piece pyrotechnics parəυteknks puff piece /pf pi s/ noun an article pyrotechnics / | / plural giving publicity or uncritical support for noun explosive devices used in film- an event, person, organisation etc. making and theatre, to imitate for example ‘You have critics…who almost act as the effects of a gunshot or a fire, or to personal publicists for certain artists. create a dramatic effect on stage Pythonesque paθənesk There’s no way they can have any Pythonesque / | / adjective critical detachment. We’re a newspaper. absurdly or surreally comical in a way that It’s not our job to write puff pieces, it’s is reminiscent of the 1970s British televi- our job to break news.’ [Stephen sion comedy show Monty Python’s Flying Armstrong, The Guardian] Circus MediaStudies.fm Page 189 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Q

Q and A and A /kju ənd e/ noun a way of individual reading habits and attitudes presenting news in which the presenter towards the printed word. Abbreviation asks a correspondent questions about a QRS story that they have been following quality press press /kwɒlti pres/, quality qr. qr. abbreviation PRINTING quire /kwɒlti/ noun same as broadsheet quantitative research QRS abbreviation quality of reading quantitative research /kwɒnttətv rs& tʃ survey | / noun the process of collecting qto qto abbreviation PRINTING quarto information based on statistics. Compare quadraphonic kwɒdrəfɒnk qualitative research | quadraphonic / /, Quark Xpress kwɑ k kspres quadriphonic, quadrophonic adjective Quark Xpress / | / a referring to the use of a four-channel trade name for standard software used for system to record and reproduce sound. page layout throughout the media The four separate signals may be fed to quarterly /k(w)ɔ təli/ noun a maga- individual loudspeakers placed in the zine or journal published four times a corners of a room. Abbreviation quad year, at three-month intervals quarto quadrat, quad noun /kwɒdrət/; quarto /kwɔ təυ/ noun 1. a book with /kwɒd/ PRINTING in traditional hot-metal pages of a size traditionally created by printing, a piece of blank type metal used folding a single sheet of standard-sized for spacing í adjective RECORDING same printing paper in half twice, giving four as quadraphonic leaves or eight pages 2. the page size of a qualitative audit audit /kwɒltətv ɔ dt/ quarto book ̈ abbreviation qto Quebec kwbek noun the practice of examining an adver- Quebec / | / noun an internation- tising agency’s work in planning and ally recognised code word for the letter Q, developing a client’s advertising used in radio communications programme queercore /kwəkɔ / noun a style of qualitative research kwɒltətv r qualitative research / | music similar to punk rock with lyrics that s& tʃ/ noun research that is not simply proclaim homosexuality confidently and the collecting of statistics, but which assertively focuses on reasoning and cultural and queer theory theory /kwə θəri/ noun in social factors, which are researched and feminist theory, the idea that sexuality is then analysed. Compare quantitative not a set of a few rigidly-defined catego- research ries, but that it is variable and a choice quality /kwɒlti/ adjective referring to which can be remade or put off certain media works such as television quest /kwest/ noun in a narrative, the and radio broadcasts and the press which ‘journey’ undertaken by the hero to have high production values achieve something or find some object or quality document document /kwɒlti person, which provides an opportunity for dɒkjυment/ noun an official report on action and narrative progression the administrative systems of an organisa- QuickTime /kwktam/ a trade name tion for the graphics routines built into the quality of reading survey of reading survey /kwɒlti Macintosh’s operating system that allow əv ri dŋ s& ve/ noun a survey into windows, boxes and graphic objects, MediaStudies.fm Page 190 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

quire 190 including animation and video files, to be lends itself to snappy sound bites í adjec- displayed tive able to be quoted in a publication such quire /kwaə/ noun a bundle of sheets as a newspaper because the person of paper folded together for binding into a speaking or writing has given permission quotation kwəυteʃ ə n book, especially a four-sheet bundle, quotation / | ( ) / noun a folded once to make eight leaves or piece of speech or writing quoted some- sixteen pages. Abbreviation qr. where, for example in a book or magazine quizmaster quizmaster /kwzmɑ stə/ noun quote /kwəυt/ noun something that somebody who presents a quiz show and somebody has said, word for word, puts the questions to the contestants reported in quotemarks í verb to repeat or quiz show show /kwz ʃəυ/ noun a televi- publish what somebody has said, word for sion or radio programme in the form of a word game in which contestants compete ‘Mr Blair’s oft-quoted claim that he will against each other for prizes by answering “serve a full third term” and quit before questions that test their general or Britain next goes to the polls has always specialist knowledge been viewed sceptically, even by some quota /kwəυtə/ noun a restriction on of his closest allies.’ [James Blitz, The the amount of a particular media product Financial Times] that may be broadcast in order to ease quotemarks kwəυteʃ ə n mɑ ks quotemarks / | ( ) /, competition. For example, in France at quotation marks plural noun either of a least 40% of the music broadcast by any pair of punctuation marks, either in single radio station must be French-language. (‘ ’) or double (“ ”) form, used around quotable /kwəυtəb(ə)l/ noun of a direct speech, quotations, and titles, or to person, easily quoted because their speech give special emphasis to a word or phrase MediaStudies.fm Page 191 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

R

r radio r abbreviation PRINTING recto radio /rediəυ/ noun 1. radio broad- R R /ɑ / in the United States, a trade name casting as an industry or profession 2. for a rating indicating that a film can be sound broadcasts transmitted by means of seen by children under the age of 17 only radio waves 3. the broadcasting by radio if accompanied by an adult í noun in of programmes for the public 4. a station Australia, a rating indicating that a film which transmits radio broadcasts, or an may not be seen by anyone under 18 organisation involved in radio broad- rabbit ears rbt əz casting 5. an electronic device for rabbit ears / / plural noun a receiving sound broadcasts transmitted V-shaped aerial made up of two metal via radio signals rods on a base, designed to sit on top of a Radio Authority rediəυ ɔ θɒrəti television set Radio Authority / | / race res noun formerly, the body that regulated race / / noun in postmodernist theory, independent radio in the UK It was the idea of a category to which a person replaced by OFCOM under the 2003 belongs, based on phenotypical or ethnic ı ı Communications Act. OFCOM distinctions between people. phenotyp- Radio Authority Programme Codes ical Radio Authority Programme race reading rediəυ ɔ θɒrəti prəυ$rm Codes / | race reading /res ri dŋ/ noun a kəυdz/ noun two sets of guidelines commentary given by the production concerning radio broadcasting covering assistant via talkback about what is such issues as bad language, sex and coming up next, for example to camera violence, bad taste humour and politi- operators and presenters racism cally-biased programming resz ə m radio backpack racism / ( ) / noun 1. prejudice rediəυ bkpk against people who belong to other races radio backpack / / noun 2. portable radio broadcast equipment the belief that people of different races radio beam have different qualities and abilities, and radio beam /rediəυ bi m/ noun a that some races are inherently superior or beam of radio signals transmitted by a inferior radio or radar beacon for communications

racks racks /rks/ plural noun the area of the and navigation purposes radio cam studio where cameras are controlled radio cam /rediəυ km/ noun a radar antenna redɑ ntenə camera that transmits a signal to a nearby radar antenna / | / noun a device for sending and receiving radio receiver without the need for cabling radio car waves radio car /rediəυ kɑ / noun a large

radical media radical media /rdk(ə)l mi diə/ van containing all the equipment needed noun same as alternative media for an outside radio broadcast radio cassette radical response rediəυ kəset rdk ə l r radio cassette / | / noun radical response / ( ) | spɒns/ noun one of three supposed a radio and a cassette player combined in responses to receiving a message, the a single, usually portable machine radical response involves total rejection of Radiocommunications Agency Agency rediəkəmju nkeʃ ə nz edənsi whatever messages, values, ideas etc. are / | | ( ) / being received. ı dominant response, noun the body formerly responsible for subordinate response regulating telecommunications in the UK MediaStudies.fm Page 192 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Radio Death 192 It was replaced by OFCOM under the radio telegraph telegraph /rediəυ tel$rɑ f/ 2003 Communications Act. ı OFCOM noun a telegram that is transmitted via Radio Death Death /rediəυ deθ/ noun the radio signals rather than by wire. Abbrevi- nickname given to Rwanda’s main radio ation RT station after it was found to be broad- radiotelephone, radiophone noun a casting messages of racial hatred and telephone that transmits sound signals by incitement to violence against the radio waves rather than through wires. country’s minority Tutsi population Abbreviation RT radio frequency rediəυ radioteletype rediəυteltap radio frequency / radioteletype / | / noun fri kwənsi/ noun 1. a frequency on 1. a teleprinter that transmits and receives which a radio station broadcasts its by radio rather than along a cable 2. a programmes 2. any of the frequencies of receiving and transmitting system that electromagnetic radiation in the range uses radioteletypes between 10kHz and 300MHz, including radio waves waves /rediəυ wevz/ noun a those used for radio and television trans- form of electromagnetic radiation sent in mission modulated waves which can transmit radio-frequency device device /rediəυ signals fri kwənsi dvas radome | / noun a measuring radome /redəυm/ noun a dome- device such as a meter that transmits its shaped protective enclosure for a radar reading by radio waves, which can then be antenna, made from materials that do not picked up remotely interfere with the transmission and recep- radiogram /rediəυ$rm/ noun 1. a tion of radio waves radio and a record player combined in a rag /r$/ noun a newspaper with low single cabinet 2. a telegram sent by radio journalistic standards, or any newspaper Radio Joint Audience Research Joint Audience Research regarded with contempt rediəυ dɔnt ɔ diəns rs& tʃ ragga / | / noun ragga, raggamuffin noun a style of the official body that measures audience reggae music characterised by long rap figures for radio stations. Abbreviation monologues and repetitive beats RAJAR ragtime /r$tam/ noun a style of Radio Luxembourg Luxembourg /rediəυ popular music in the US in the late 19th lksəmb& $/ noun a seminal radio and early 20th centuries characterised by station operating out of Luxembourg (to distinctive syncopated right-hand rhythms avoid licensing restrictions), which served against a regular left-hand beat. Ragtime much of Europe with broadcasts was widely popularised by the pianist and in English and German between 1933 and composer Scott Joplin. 1992 RAJAR /redɑ / abbreviation Radio radio mic mic /rediəυ mak/ noun a Joint Audience Research r&b microphone that is not connected by wires r&b abbreviation MUSIC rhythm and but has its own radio transmitter, so that blues the user can move around freely random-access editing rndəm random-access editing / | Radio Northsea Radio Northsea /rediəυ nɔ θsi / kses edtŋ/ noun same as non-linear noun a pirate radio station operating in the editing Northsea area of Essex, which broadcast a random probability testing probability testing heavy anti-Labour campaign during the rndəm prɒbəblti testŋ / | / noun the 1970 general election and was found to practice of carrying out a survey on a test have had a sigificant effect on voting group which is representative of the entire patterns in that area population, without any restrictions on radio spectrum spectrum /rediəυ spektrəm/ type of person surveyed noun the range of radio frequencies used rap /rp/ noun a vocal style in which for radio and television, between 10kHz performers use rhythm and rhyme to and 300MHz speak in verse over music with a strong Radio Telefis Éireann Telefis Éireann noun the beat, usually hip-hop. Rap developed Republic of Ireland’s public service from African American hip-hop music broadcaster, which provides two televi- and culture in the 1970s. í verb to speak sion stations, four radio stations and an in verse using rhythm and rhyme over online news service. Abbreviation RTE music with a strong beat, usually hip-hop MediaStudies.fm Page 193 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

193 Real

rapper /rpə/ noun somebody who saw a particular publication, programme raps or advertisement reaction shot rapport rikʃən ʃɒt rpɔ | rapport / | / noun good communi- reaction shot / / noun cation and understanding between two same as noddy read people read /ri d/ verb 1. to identify and under- ‘He is quick to admit he was not “best stand the meaning of the characters and friends” with the Princess. “We met words in written or printed material 2. to three times, exchanged a few letters, interpret the information carried by move- phone calls. We had one portrait ments, signs or signals 3. to say the words session”. But the rapport they of written or printed material aloud readerly established shines through the readerly /ri dəli/ adjective in the theo- photographs.’ [Hermione Eyre, The ries of structuralism and discourse, refer- Independent on Sunday] ring to a text that conforms to various rapport-talk rpɔ tɔ k rapport-talk / | / noun the expected patterns of construction, style style of speech more common among etc. in order to satisfy the reader. Compare women, according to some theorists, writerly reader panel which is aimed more at establishing inti- reader panel /ri də pn(ə)l/ noun a macy than exchanging information. small group who are questioned about Compare report-talk their responses to any media product (not rate card rate card /ret kɑ d/ noun a list of just a text) reader research ri də rs& tʃ charges for advertising issued by a news- reader research / | / noun paper or magazine, excluding discounts research into the potential audience for a ratings ratings /retŋz/ plural noun 1. audi- media product readership ence figures that are presented in the form readership /ri dəʃp/ noun the of a league table of programmes achieving number of people that actually read a the highest numbers 2. the estimated publication (as opposed to the number of number of people who tuned in to a televi- copies sold). Compare circulation sion or radio programme, used as an indi- reader’s inquiry card ri dəz n reader’s inquiry card / | cation of its relative popularity kwaəri kɑ d ratings point /, reader’s service card ratings point /retŋz pɔnt/ noun /ri dəz s& vs kɑ d/ noun a card bound one percentage point of a television audi- into a magazine that contains a matrix of ence in a given area numbers and letters on which readers can rational appeal rʃ ə n ə l əpi l rational appeal / ( ) ( ) | / mark codes for products they wish to have noun the technique of designing adver- further information about. The card is tising to appeal to a prospective customer returned to the publisher, who gets the using logical arguments to show that the advertiser to send the relevant information product satisfies the customer’s practical to the reader. readers per copy needs (as opposed to an emotional readers per copy /ri dəz pə kɒpi/ appeal). Compare emotional appeal noun the number of people who have had rave rave /rev/ noun 1. a large party or club access to a single copy of a magazine, ie. event at which dance music is played, its primary and secondary readers. Abbre- sometimes lasting all night 2. a very viation RPC reading enthusiastic review í verb of a critic, to reading /ri dŋ/ noun in aesthetic give a very enthusiastic review of some- theory, a wide-ranging term roughly thing such as a film meaning ‘the reception and interpretation RCD RCD abbreviation residual current of a text or sign’ read/write head device read/write head /ri d rat hed/ RDS RDS /ɑ di es/ noun a system for tuning noun the part of a disk drive mechanism in radio receivers automatically by sending a computer which reads data from, or digital signals with normal radio writes data onto, the disk Real programmes Real /rəl/ a trade name for a system used reach reach /ri tʃ/ noun 1. the percentage of to transmit sound and video over the listeners in a station’s TSA who are tuned Internet, normally used to transmit live in during a particular period 2. the sound, for example from a radio station, percentage of viewers, readers etc. who over the Internet MediaStudies.fm Page 194 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

RealAudio 194

RealAudio rəlɔ diəυ RealAudio / | / a trade name generally accepted as the standard for for a system used to transmit sound, broadcasters in the UK usually live, over the Internet COMMENT: Received pronunciation is real image image /rəl md/ noun an often used by newsreaders, presenters optical image of something that is etc as it is clear, easily understood, presents an air of authority and produced by reflection or refraction and education, but is not connected with a can be transferred onto a surface such as geographical region. However, regional the film inside a camera accents such as Scottish or Irish are realism /rəlz(ə)m/ noun the concept sometimes used as well, as it is felt that that filmmaking and television reproduce they seem more friendly and ‘down-to- a realistic situation, one which could earth’. receiver rsi və occur in our world under all the given receiver / | / noun 1. an electrical conditions. It is distinct, for example, device that receives and converts elec- from fantasy, which does not imply tronic signals into sound or pictures 2. the reality. part of a telephone that contains the reality TV rilti ti vi reality TV / | /, reality earpiece and mouthpiece and receives and television, reality show noun documen- converts electronic signals into sound 3. tary-style programmes that use fly-on- in a piece of communication, the person the-wall footage of real people, not actors, who is receiving the transmitted message recency either going about their everyday life or recency /ri sənsi/ noun the amount of put into an unfamiliar situation to which time in between a person reading a partic- they are reacting ular publication or seeing a broadcast, and Really Simple Syndication Really Simple Syndication /rəli being interviewed about it for the smpəl sndkeʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a type of purposes of a survey XML file format which allows news reception rsepʃən websites to update regularly using a reception / | / noun 1. the tagged-up source feed. Abbreviation RSS quality of the signal received by a radio or real time rəl tam television set, or by a mobile phone 2. the real time / / noun the recrea- process of receiving and converting elec- tion of an event in a piece of film or audio tronic signals 3. in interpersonal commu- in exactly the same period of time that it nication, the process of receiving signals would take for the same event to unfold in containing a message the real world. The drama series ‘24’ is reception studies rsepʃən stdiz filmed entirely using this device. reception studies / | / ream /ri m/ noun the standard measure noun the study of how people receive used in paper orders, which is 500 sheets media messages, how they interpret them rebadged ribdd and what they do with the meanings and rebadged / | / adjective refer- ring to an existing product that is being impressions that they take away reception theory rsepʃən θəri marketed in a different way to appeal to a reception theory / | / different group of consumers. ı badged noun 1. the idea that a person reading a rebroadcast ri brɔ dkɑ st text will have basic pre-conceived ideas rebroadcast / | / noun something that is broadcast again, espe- and expectations which may shift over cially a radio or television programme í time, which they apply to their under- verb to broadcast something again, espe- standing of the text 2. the idea that a cially a radio or television programme person reading a text will anticipate and recall test test /ri kɔ l test/ noun in adver- fill in meanings, scan and rescan it and tising, a research test that checks how well arrive at a final understanding reciprocal link rsprək ə l lŋk someone can remember an advertisement reciprocal link / | ( ) / recce /reki/ noun a visit to a potential noun a link in both directions from one location for filming to assess its suitability website to another receive rsi v reciprocity failure | resprɒsti receive / / verb 1. to pick up elec- reciprocity failure / | tronic signals and convert them into sound feljə/ noun in photography, the failure or pictures 2. in interpersonal communi- of light intensity and exposure time to act cation, to pick up signals and interpret together as expected, which may happen them so that the message is understood when their values are extremely high or received pronunciation rsi vd received pronunciation / | low. This can affect the colour character- prənnsieʃ ə n | | ( ) / noun the accent istics of the resulting photograph. MediaStudies.fm Page 195 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

195 reflect

recital rsat ə l recital / | ( ) / noun 1. a musical or table on which the disc revolves and a dance performance given by a soloist or needle that follows the groove to pick up small group 2. a performance given by sound music or dance students to demonstrate recto /rektəυ/ noun the right-hand page the progress they have made 3. the reading of a two-page spread. Abbreviation r. aloud or reciting from memory of some- Compare verso thing such as a poem red, green, blue green, blue /red $ri n blu / recitation resteʃ ə n recitation / | ( ) / noun 1. the noun the three colour picture beams used public reading aloud of something or in a colour television reciting of something from memory, espe- redeye /reda/ noun red pupils in the cially poetry 2. material read aloud or eyes of a subject in flash photography recited from memory in public, especially redhead redhed poetry redhead / / noun an 800 watt recitative halogen spotlight restəti v red-top recitative / | / noun 1. a style red-top /red tɒp/ noun same as tabloid of singing that is close to the rhythm of reduce rdju s natural speech, used in opera for dialogue reduce / | / verb to lessen the and narration 2. a passage in a musical density of a photographic negative or print composition that is sung in the form of using a chemical substance reducer rdju sə recitative reducer / | / noun a chemical recite rsat solution that lessens the density of a recite / | / verb to read something aloud or repeat something from memory, photographic negative by oxidising it redundancy rdndənsi either for an audience or in a class redundancy / | / noun the recognition test rekə$nʃ ə n recognition test / | ( ) proportion of words in a piece of commu- test/ noun a research test in advertising nication that are not meaningful. Compare that checks to see how well someone can entropy remember an advertisement either with or reel /ri l/ noun 1. the amount of cinema without prompting film stored on one reel 2. a revolving reconstruct ri kənstrkt reconstruct / | / verb to device around which something such as fundamentally change something such as thread, film or wire can be wound for a theory, concept, image or media text, by storage adding or removing elements or changing reel-to-reel /ri l tə ri l/ noun a tape the relationship between them recorder that uses quarter-inch magnetic record /rekɔ d/ noun 1. a piece of tape, wound onto and held between two music in a format that can be listened to reels repeatedly 2. something on which sound reference /ref(ə)rəns/ noun 1. a note is copied, especially a plastic disc with a directing a reader’s attention to another groove that can be played using a gramo- source of information 2. a source of infor- phone mation referred to by a footnote or citation recording rkɔ dŋ reference mark recording / | / noun a broadcast reference mark /ref(ə)rəns mɑ k/ that is not live but has been recorded on an noun a printed symbol used to draw the earlier occasion attention of a reader to a note or biblio- recording off transmission r recording off transmission / | graphical entry, for example an asterisk or kɔ dŋ ɒf trnzmʃ ə n | ( ) / noun a copy number of a programme or piece as it was broad- referent /ref(ə)rənt/ noun in semi- cast. Abbreviation ROT ology, the thing referred to by a symbol. recording studio rkɔ dŋ recording studio /| Also called signified stju diəυ/ noun a room or suite of rooms referential code code /refərenʃ(ə)l kəυd/ with facilities for recording professional- noun one of five codes used in the anal- quality music, including a gallery, live ysis and deconstruction of texts, room and isolation booth(s) describing science and knowledge recordist rkɔ dst ı recordist / | / noun somebody referred to in a narrative. action code, who records sound during the making of a enigma code, semantic code, film or broadcast symbolic code record player rekɔ d pleə reflect rflekt record player / / noun a reflect / | / verb 1. to redirect machine for reproducing the sounds something that strikes a surface, espe- recorded on records, consisting of a turn- cially light, sound, or heat, usually back MediaStudies.fm Page 196 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

reflection 196 towards its point of origin 2. to show a measure the degree of refraction in a lens reverse image of somebody or something or eye refraction rfrkʃən on a mirror or other reflective surface refraction / | / noun 1. the reflection rflekʃən reflection / | / noun 1. the change in direction that occurs when a image of somebody or something that wave of energy such as light passes from appears in a mirror or other reflecting one medium to another of a different surface 2. the process or act of reflecting density, for example through a lens 2. the something, especially light, sound, or heat ability of the eye or a lens to change the reflection theory rflekʃən θəri direction of light in order to focus it / | / reflection theory refresh rfreʃ noun the idea that language ‘mirrors’ the refresh / | / verb to update the objects around us, that its meaning is information on a website, or to be updated refresh rate rfreʃ ret derived from what each word denotes in refresh rate / | / noun the real life and the relationships between number of times that an image on a televi- those objects sion or computer screen is repainted, typi- reflector rflektə cally 60 times per second reflector / | / noun a reflective refutation refju teʃ ə n board used to direct light onto a subject refutation / | ( ) / noun the during filming act of arguing against or disproving a reflector board rflektə bɔ d theory or allegation reflector board / | / noun a board that reflects and softens light onto ‘More recent history is scrutinised in a subject for photographing, filming etc. Robert Greenwald’s documentary reflector spotlight rflektə Uncovered: the War on Iraq. The film reflector spotlight /| spɒtlat consists of a point-by-point refutation of / noun a spotlight which uses the charges made by President Bush in internal reflectors to concentrate and his State of the Union speech and Colin intensify the pool of light it produces Powell in his address to the United reflex camera reflex camera /ri fleks km(ə)rə/ Nations concerning the alleged threat noun a camera with an internal mirror that posed by Saddam Hussein.’ [Ian Johns, reflects the actual image from the lens into The Times] the viewfinder so that the photographer reggae /re$e/ noun a type of popular can check the composition and focus music, originally from Jamaica, that exactly combines rock, calypso and soul and is reflexive modernisation rfleksv reflexive modernisation / | characterised by heavy accentuation of the mɒdənazeʃ ə n | ( ) / noun in sociology, second and fourth beats of a four-beat bar the idea that a modernised society could regional press press /ri d(ə)nəl pres/ modernise itself further by eliminating the noun newspapers published and distrib- social problems caused by modern uted in defined areas outside London, advances, for example global warming, either in a region or in a town or a few genetic engineering etc. neighbouring towns reflexivity ri fleksvti regional production reflexivity / | / noun in regional production /ri d(ə)nəl prədkʃən cultural theory, the process of recognising | / noun the BBC’s policy not one’s own values, beliefs etc. and to restrict production to London but to comparing them to those held by other spread it around the UK people register /redstə/ noun 1. language refocus rifəυkəs refocus / | / verb to change or that is appropriate to a social situation or adjust the focus of something such as a used for communicating with a particular camera or telescope set of people 2. a range of sounds, such as reformer rfɔ mə of a voice or instrument, or part of this reformer / | / noun in advertising audience classifications, a person who range wants products that will improve the reglet /re$lət/ noun in traditional hot- quality of their lives rather than appealing metal printing, a piece of wood used to to a sense of fashion or style. ı aspirer, separate lines of type mainstreamer, succeeder regular readership readership /re$jυlə refract rfrkt ri dəʃp refract / | / verb 1. to alter the / noun the number of people who course of a wave of energy that passes into read all or most issues of a publication regulation re$jυleʃ ə n something from another medium, such as regulation / | ( ) / noun the light through a refracting lens 2. to activity of controlling what happens in an MediaStudies.fm Page 197 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

197 remote control industry and taking action when unfair or such as art, culture, the economy etc., are unreasonable practices occur. OFCOM is more or less linked to and dependent on the body which regulates the media in the each other

relative cost UK. relative cost /relətv kɒst/ noun the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Regulation of Investigatory relationship between the cost of adver- Powers Act 2000 /re$jυleʃ(ə)n ən tising space and the size of the audience nvest$ət ə ri paυəz relay | ( ) / noun an act of relay /ri le/ noun 1. an apparatus Parliament that allows authorities to consisting of a receiver and a transmitter, access and monitor personal e-mails and used to receive and retransmit signals 2. a telephone communications, and forbids message or broadcast passed on by an encryption which makes this difficult regulatory favours apparatus that receives and retransmits rejələt ə ri regulatory favours / ( ) signals í verb TV to transmit a broadcast fevəz/ plural noun the act of ignoring through a transmitting station governmental regulations on the media in release pattern rli s ptən return for favourable coverage or suppres- release pattern / | / noun sion of unwanted coverage against the the schedule of release for a media interests of large corporations product across the world. A film may be rehearsal rh& s ə l released at different times in different rehearsal / | ( ) / noun a practice regions to make promotion easier, or it session or series of sessions for a produc- may go on simultaneous release. tion that is going to be filmed or release print rli s prnt performed live later release print / | / noun the rehearse rh& s version of a film released for distribution rehearse / | / noun to practise a to commercial cinemas performance, lines, blocking, a stunt etc., relief rli f before filming or performing it live relief / | / noun a printing process reification rafkeʃ ə n that uses raised surfaces to apply ink to the reification / | ( ) / noun in Marxist theory, the identification of a paper, for example engraving reload ri ləυd person with a commodity, such as of a reload / | / verb to put a new load worker with the products they produce into something, for example film into a reimpression ri mpres ə n camera or fresh ammunition into a gun reimpression / | ( ) / noun a remake reprint of a book without any changes in remake /ri mek/ noun something that the text has been made again or differently, espe- reinforcement ri nfɔ smənt reinforcement / | / noun cially a new version of an old film remaster rimɑ stə the theory that showing certain acts, such remaster / | / verb to make a as violence, in the media, may not new master copy of an earlier audio persuade viewers to commit the same acts recording or film to improve its quality of if they had not considered them before, reproduction but may ‘reinforce’ tendencies that were reminder advertising rmandər reminder advertising / | already present dvətazŋ reinforcement advertising ri n / noun advertising designed reinforcement advertising / | fɔ smənt dvətazŋ to remind consumers of a product already / noun adver- advertised tising aimed at emphasising the positive reminder line rmandə lan features of a product in order to reassure reminder line / | / noun a people who have already purchased it little advertising gimmick, for example a Reithian ri θiən giveaway pen with the company’s name Reithian / / adjective referring to on it the philosophies of Sir John Reith, the remnant space first Director General of the BBC. He remnant space /remnənt spes/ believed that broadcasting should be free noun unsold advertising space that is of commercial considerations and should usually available at a discount remote rməυt be committed to producing high-quality, remote / | / noun a radio or televi- informative media products, not less sion broadcast transmitted from outside ‘worthy’ products with popular appeal. the studio rejig ri d$ remote control / | / verb rməυt kəntrəυl rejig to rearrange a piece remote control / | | /, rməυt of writing to improve the structure remote / | / noun 1. a hand-held relative autonomy relətv ɔ relative autonomy / | device used to operate a television set, tɒnəmi/ noun in Marxist theory, the idea video cassette recorder or other electronic that ‘realms’, or apparatuses of society device from a distance 2. the control of a MediaStudies.fm Page 198 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

rendering 198 device, system, or activity from a print or broadcast media to tell people distance, usually by radio signals about them rendering Reporters Sans Frontières r rendering /rend(ə)rŋ/ noun in soft- Reporters Sans Frontières / | ware, the process of generating pixels in pɔ təz sɒn frɒntie/ noun an interna- order to create an image or visual effect tional organisation of journalists who renter /rentə/ noun a film distributor actively promote freedom of the press in renting films to cinemas countries where this is not enforced by repeat rpi t law, and defend journalists who have been repeat / | / verb to broadcast a tele- silenced or punished for reporting in these vision or radio programme again, or be í countries broadcast again noun something that is report-talk rpɔ t tɔ k broadcast, shown, or performed again report-talk / | / noun the style repeat sound rpi t saυnd of speech more common to men, repeat sound / | / noun a according to some theorists, in which the situation in which a presenter is not given the exchange of useful information is a clean feed and can hear their own more important than establishing an inter- commentary with a slight delay, which is personal relationship with the other party. disorientating repertoire Compare rapport-talk repertoire /repətwɑ / noun the size reposition ri pəzʃ ə n reposition / | ( ) / verb to and range of some resource that a person change the marketing strategy of a has at their disposal, for example gestures, company or product in order to have a expressions, jokes repertoire of elements wider or different appeal repertoire of elements /repətwɑ repositioning ri pəzʃ ə nŋ əv elmənts repositioning / | ( ) / noun / noun the set of conventions a shift in the position of a product in the associated with a genre market, or the consumers’ idea of it, by repetition and difference repetition and difference changing its design or by different adver- /reptʃ(ə)n ən df(ə)rəns/ noun the tising combination of both expected and unex- representation reprzenteʃ ə n representation / | ( ) / pected elements in a media product which noun the way in which a particular group attract and entertain the reader or section of society is presented on repetitive strain injury rpettv repetitive strain injury / | screen or the image that is created of them stren ndəri / noun pain caused by ‘Are they “old codgers” or vigorous repeating the same physical action over protectors of civil liberties? Asking and over, for example by using a keyboard young people what they think judges are and mouse continually. Abbreviation RSI and what they do may throw up some replay /ri ple/ noun something interesting observations. It is likely that recorded on tape, video or film that is most students’ ideas will be derived played again í verb to play again some- from TV and film representations.’ thing that has been recorded on tape, [Jerome Monahan, The Guardian] video or film representative reprzentətv representative / | / replicability replkəblti replicability / | / noun the adjective referring to words in a language idea that research findings should be so which are directly connected to the clear that the same research done by a features of the object they name, for different researcher or at a different time example onomatopoeic words such as would give exactly the same results ‘buzz’, ‘snap’ etc., which represent the report rpɔ t report / | / noun an account of news sound itself. Compare arbitrary presented by a journalist, in a print or re-press /ri pres/ verb to press some- broadcast medium í verb to find out facts thing again, especially to manufacture and tell people about them in print or a another issue of a recording broadcast reprint /ri prnt/ noun a printed copy of reportage reportage /repɔ tɑ / noun 1. the use something that has already been in print í of print and electronic media to inform verb to print something again, especially people about news and current events 2. a with few or no changes body of reported news 3. a particular way reproduction ri prədkʃ ə n reproduction / | ( ) / noun of gathering and presenting news in feminist theory, the way in which the reporter rpɔ tə reporter / | / noun somebody dominant ideology of a society is repre- whose job is to find out facts and use the sented and spread MediaStudies.fm Page 199 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

199 retake

reproduction proof ri prə reproduction proof / | ment that checks the electrical supply dkʃ(ə)n pru f/, repro /ri prəυ/ noun a from a socket and trips a switch if any printed proof, usually on glossy paper, of changes in the flow are detected, such high quality that it can be photo- protecting people and equipment. Abbre- graphed for making a printing plate viation RCD reprography rprɒ$rəfi resistive reading rzstv ri dŋ reprography / | / noun the resistive reading / | / reproduction of something printed, for noun the act of reading while actively example by offset printing, microfilming, resisting taking in the preferred meaning photography or xerography resolution rezəlu ʃ ə n resolution / | ( ) / noun the republication ri pblkeʃ ə n republication /| | ( ) / quality of detail offered by a TV or noun 1. something published again, espe- computer screen or a photographic image, cially in an unchanged form 2. the act or expressed usually as the number of dots of process of publishing something again colour or pixels per inch republish ri pblʃ resonance republish / | / verb to reissue a resonance /rez(ə)nəns/ noun a situa- publication, especially in an unchanged tion in which what a viewer sees corre- form sponds closely to their own experiences or request rkwest request / | / noun a piece of expectations, so reinforcing them music played on a radio programme, at a respondent rspɒndənt respondent / | / noun a live performance or at a disco because person who has taken part in a survey. somebody asks for it Also called informant rerecord ri rkɔ d response function rerecord / | / verb to record rspɒns response function /| something again fŋkʃən/ noun a figure that represents rerecording ri rkɔ dŋ rerecording / | / noun a the value of a particular quantity of adver- further recording of something tising impressions on a person re-regulation ri re$jυleʃ ə n response mechanism re-regulation / | ( ) / rspɒns response mechanism /| noun the theory that deregulation of mekənz(ə)m/ noun a method of media companies has merely led to regu- showing a response to an Internet adver- lation in a different form, which does not tisement, or the way in which a customer give more freedom can reply to an advertisement or direct rerelease /ri rli s/ noun a music mailshot, such as sending back a coupon recording or a film that has been released or a faxback sheet again to the public í verb to release a restricted code rstrktd kəυd restricted code / | / music recording or a film again for distri- noun the speech patterns thought to be bution to the public more common among working-class, less rerun ri rn rerun / | / noun a repeat showing of educated people, using a smaller vocabu- recorded entertainment, especially a tele- lary, simpler grammatical structure and a vision series greater assumption of shared under- re-run /ri rn/ verb to show or broad- standing. Compare elaborated code cast a television series, video or film again Restricted Service Licence r Restricted Service Licence / | research rs& tʃ strktd s& vs las ə ns research / | / noun methodical ( ) / noun a investigation into a subject in order to licence to broadcast granted by OFCOM. discover facts, to establish or revise a These licences are valid either for a period theory or to develop a plan of action based of a month, such as a licence to trial a new on the facts discovered í verb to carry out radio station or serve a special event, or research for longer period, such as for hospital and researcher rs& tʃə RSL researcher /| / noun the schools radio. Abbreviation retail media member of a film and television produc- retail media /ri tel mi diə/ noun tion team who is responsible for putting advertising media in retail outlets, for together material for a project example ads on supermarket trolleys residual rzdjuəl retake residual / | / noun a payment to retake /ri tek/ noun an instance of performers, directors or writers when recording, photographing or filming their filmed work is shown again, espe- something again, or the product that cially on television results from this í verb to record, photo- residual current device rzdjuəl residual current device / | graph or film something again in order to krənt dvas | / noun a piece of equip- get it right MediaStudies.fm Page 200 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

retention 200 ‘Musicians working with the demanding revise rvaz revise / | / noun the final page star have become used to endless retakes ready for printing after a proof has been and reworking of the tracks that have checked and amended resulted in some songs taking up to four revision rv ə n years to complete.’ [Paul Scott, The revision / | ( ) / noun a revised and Daily Mail] republished version of a text revolutions per minute retention rtenʃ ə n revolutions per minute retention / | ( ) / noun the act of /revəlu ʃ(ə)nz pə mnt/ noun a meas- keeping the loyalty of existing customers, urement of how fast something turns, one possible aim of an advertising usually used to describe the speed that a campaign. Compare acquisition gramophone record plays at. Abbreviation reterritorialisation ritertɔ riəla reterritorialisation /| | rpm zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the process of reclaiming rewind ri wand rewind / | / noun a function that cultural ‘territory’ by interpreting cultural quickly winds a film or tape backwards, meanings and artifacts in new and for example on a camera or video recorder different ways í verb to wind something such as video or retouch ri ttʃ retouch / | / noun something that audio tape back onto its original spool or has been retouched, especially a photo- back to an earlier point í rewrite ri rat graph verb to alter a photographic nega- rewrite / | / verb to reword an tive or print by removing imperfections or article using the same information (not adding details updating it) retransmit ri trnzmt RFD retransmit / | / verb to RFD abbreviation RADIO radio- transmit a television broadcast by cable frequency device retrospective retrəυspektv RF shielding ɑ ef ʃi ldŋ retrospective / | / noun RF shielding / / noun an article looking back at recent events thin metal foil wrapped around a cable retune ritju n that prevents the transmission of radio retune / | / verb to readjust a radio or television set to a different station or frequency interference signals rhetoric channel rhetoric /retərk/ noun speech or Reuters rɔtəz writing that communicates its point Reuters / / a trade name for a persuasively London news agency providing interna- tional news reports ‘On the advice of their spin-doctors, the revamp ri vmp rhetoric of politicians will become more revamp / | / verb to update an and more tabloid in its vehemence. article or page because new material has Home secretaries, and even perhaps emerged prime ministers, will attend funerals and reverb reverb, reverberation noun a musical utter profound words of condemnation.’ effect that gives the impression of depth in [Simon Heffer, The Daily Telegraph] the sound rhetorical rtɒrk ə l rhetorical / | ( ) / adjective 1. reverse rv& s reverse / | / verb to print text or relating to or using language that is elabo- graphics in white against a dark or colour rate or fine-sounding but insincere 2. background relating to the skill of using language reversion rv& ʃ ə n effectively and persuasively | reversion / ( ) / verb to make a rhetorician retərʃ ə n new or different version of an existing rhetorician / | ( ) / noun 1. a thing, especially a radio or television speaker or writer of elaborate or fine- programme or a piece of software sounding but insincere language 2. a review rvju teacher of the effective and persuasive use review / | / noun 1. a journalistic of language 3. a skilled and effective article giving an assessment of a book, speaker or writer play, film, concert or other public rhetoric of image retərk əv performance 2. a magazine or journal that rhetoric of image / md publishes reviews í verb 1. to examine / noun the way in which pictures something to make sure that it is adequate, are used to persuade the viewer of a accurate, or correct 2. to write a journal- message or reinforce it rhizome istic report on the quality of a new play, rhizome /razəυm/ noun in the theo- book, film, concert or other public ries of structuralism and discourse, a performance structure which grows and evolves simul- MediaStudies.fm Page 201 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

201 rockumentary taneously in many different directions and advertisements were targeting young has no defined centre, as with a language people who would be unlikely to read rhyme ram their small print. rhyme / / noun a similarity in the risk assessment rsk əsesmənt sound of word endings, especially in risk assessment / | / poetry noun the process of working out what rhythm potential dangers there are in a situation rhythm /rð(ə)m/ noun 1. the regular (for example, on a set) and taking steps to pattern of beats and emphasis in a piece of avoid them music 2. in poetry, the pattern formed by risk society rsk səsaəti stressed and unstressed syllables 3. a risk society / | / noun a pattern suggesting movement or pace in community which is preoccupied with the something such as a work of art 4. a mood increasing risks created by modernisation or effect in a book, play or film created and how to prevent or circumvent these R’n’B from repetition R’n’B abbreviation MUSIC rhythm and rhythm and blues and blues /rð(ə)m ən blues road blocking blu z/ noun a style of music combining road blocking /rəυd blɒkŋ/ noun blues and jazz, originally developed by the practice of placing an advertisement African American musicians. Abbrevia- on different television channels or in tion r&b, R’n’B different publications at the same time, so rich e-mail e-mail /rtʃ i mel/ noun an e- as to maximise the number of people who mail that has a voice message attached to will see it it movie /rəυd mu vi/ noun a film riffle /rf(ə)l/ noun a quick flick through that depicts the adventures of a person or the pages of a book, magazine or news- people who leave home and travel from paper í verb to flick through the pages of place to place by road, often to find or a book, magazine or newspaper, glancing escape from something casually at the contents roadshow /rəυdʃəυ/ noun a live open- rifle mike mike /raf(ə)l mak/ noun same as air radio or television show that travels to gun mike a series of locations, usually during the right of reply rat əv rpla summer months / | / noun right of reply rock the right of persons represented in the rock /rɒk/ noun a style of popular music, media to ‘answer back’ to the media if derived from rock and roll, usually played they are dissatisfied on electric or electronic instruments and í ‘The last time I happened to discuss equipment verb 1. to sing, play or dance astrology in a newspaper article, some to music, especially to rock music 2. to years ago, Professor Richard Dawkins have or play music with a strong solid beat rockabilly was so enraged that he demanded an rockabilly /rɒkəbli/ noun a style of immediate and lengthy right of reply, in popular music originating in the late which he denounced my “frivolous 1950s, that combines rock and roll with tolerance”.’ country music [Justine Picardie, The Daily Telegraph] rock and roll and roll /rɒk ən rəυl/, rim light light /rm lat/ noun same as back- rock’n’roll noun popular music derived light from blues music that has heavily stressed ring-around rŋ əraυnd beats. It is usually played on electric ring-around / | / noun the act of calling lots of people to gather instruments and has simple, often repeti- tive, lyrics. material for an article rocker ringtone rɒkə ringtone /rŋ$təυn/ noun the sound rocker / / noun 1. a fan of rock that indicates the arrival of an incoming music or rock and roll 2. a rock singer or musician 3. a rock music song call on a mobile phone, for example, a rock steady series of beeps or a musical tune rock steady /rɒk stedi/ noun COMMENT: Ringtone companies often Jamaican reggae of the early 1960s, involve themselves in large, persistent popular as dance music advertising campaigns which tap into the rockumentary rɒkjυment ə ri rockumentary / | ( ) / large youth market for these. The noun a film documentary about rock Advertising Standards Authority ruled in September 2005 that one such company music in general or a particular rock band be largely banned from advertising or musician, containing film footage of before 9pm, on the grounds that their relevant performances MediaStudies.fm Page 202 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

role 202 role /rəυl/ noun 1. a person’s social posi- building, used where outside broadcasting tion in relation to others 2. an individual will take place over a long period (such as part in a play, film, opera or other at a court during a lengthy trial) and performance parking for a satellite truck is not available rostrum role culture culture /rəυl kltʃə/ noun an rostrum /rɒstrəm/ noun 1. a bench organisational structure in a business used for filming an object such as a map, which is based around a hierarchy of roles on which it can be held securely and lit with diminishing power and influence. evenly 2. a platform, stand or raised area Compare person culture, power supporting a film or television camera culture, task culture rostrum camera camera /rɒstrəm role fulfilment rəυl flflmənt km ə rə role fulfilment / | / ( ) / noun a camera that is set up noun in a narrative, the way in which to face an evenly-lit surface so that draw- characters fulfil or subvert the expecta- ings or other still images can be filmed, tions attached to the traditional roles they photographed or exposed for a single are playing, for example hero or villain, frame to create animation and the effect that this has ROT abbreviation recording off trans- roll /rəυl/ verb 1. to cause credits, titles mission or other captions to move in a continuous rotary press press /rəυtəri pres/ noun a upwards direction on a cinema or televi- printing press that prints from curved sion screen, or move in this way 2. to plates mounted on a revolving cylinder, apply ink to type or a plate with a roller 3. often onto a continuous roll of paper to function, or cause something to func- rotogravure rəυtəυ$rəvjυə rotogravure / | / noun tion, especially a cine camera or printing 1. a printing process in which images are press roller etched onto copper cylinders mounted in a roller /rəυlə/ noun a hard tube, usually rotary press, from which they are printed of compressed rubber, on which ink is onto moving paper 2. something printed spread and rolled over type or an engraved using rotogravure, for example a maga- plate before printing zine or a photographic section of a news- rolling credits credits /rəυlŋ kredts/ plural paper noun credits at the end of a broadcast rough cut cut /rf kt/ noun 1. the first programme that gradually roll up the stage of editing in which all the pieces are screen in a continuous list put in the correct order 2. the preliminary rolling news news /rəυlŋ nju z/ noun version of a cinema film, with only basic same as open-ender editing done to put the scenes together in rolling spider spider /rəυlŋ spadə/ noun a sequence spreader mounted on wheels, so that the round bracket bracket /raυnd brkt/ noun camera and tripod can be moved around PRINTING same as bracket rom. roundsman rom. abbreviation PRINTING roman roundsman /raυndzmən/ noun a roman /rəυmən/ noun normal typeface journalist, especially a man, employed to that is not bold or italic. Abbreviation cover stories on a specific topic or field of rom. interest romance roundsperson raυnzp& s ə n rəυmns | romance / | / noun a novel, roundsperson / ( ) / film or play with a love story as its main noun a journalist employed to cover theme stories on a specific topic or field of rəυmntk interest romantic comedy / | round-up kɒmədi/ noun a humorous film, play or round-up /raυnd p/ noun an article novel about a love story that ends happily. composed of different small pieces of Abbreviation romcom news roving camera romcom /rɒmkɒm/ abbreviation roving camera /rəυvŋ km(ə)rə/ CINEMA, TV romantic comedy noun a camera that is not fixed Romeo rəυmiəυ roving reporter rəυvŋ rpɔ tə Romeo / / noun an internation- roving reporter / | / ally recognised code word for the letter R, noun a journalist who travels around to used in radio communications get stories from different places roof rig rig /ru f r$/ noun a terrestrial royal /rɔəl/ noun a size of paper, espe- transmitter attached to the roof of a cially a British size of writing paper 483 x MediaStudies.fm Page 203 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

203 run on

runaround rnəraυnd 610 mm/19 x 24 in or a size of printing runaround / | / noun an paper 508 x 635 mm/20 x 25 in arrangement of printed type where lines Royal Photographic Society Photographic Society /rɔəl are shortened to leave room for an illustra- fəυtə$rfk səsaəti | | / noun an organi- tion or symbol sation in the UK that promotes photog- run in in /rn n/ verb to insert additional raphy as an art and science, with an open text in printed matter membership policy. Abbreviation RPS run-in /rn n/ noun a section of text Royal Television Society Royal Television Society /rɔəl added to a page that has already been telv ə n səsaəti ( ) | / noun an organisa- typeset or printed tion in the UK which provides a forum for runner /rnə/ noun a general helper on the discussion of television standards and a film shoot or at an editing session, who reform makes coffees, goes out for food, relays royalties royalties /rɔəltiz/ plural noun 1. a fee messages etc. paid for the right to play commercially- running head head /rnŋ hed/ noun a produced music on a radio station 2. heading printed on every page or every money payable when an artist’s work is other page of a book. Also called running used, according to copyright title ‘Little-known indie outfit Looper have running order order /rnŋ ɔ də/ noun 1. earned about £500,000 in royalties – the order in which the items on a maga- despite having no record deal and giving zine show will appear, and their duration their music away free on the internet. 2. the order of items in a broadcast Mondo 77 is now heard each day by programme millions of Americans on national television after Xerox snapped it up [for ‘The 7 O’Clock News, presented by an advertisement] three years ago.’ Paddy O’Connell and Sevan Lawson [Elaine Reid, The Daily Star] and produced by a team of 24 staff, RPC attempted to put a different spin on the RPC abbreviation readers per copy day’s news and often featured an rpm rpm abbreviation revolutions per alternative running order to the evening minute bulletins on BBC1.’ [Owen Gibson, The RPS abbreviation Royal Photographic Guardian] Society running story story /rnŋ stɔ ri/ noun a RSI RSI abbreviation repetitive strain story that is followed in a series of articles injury over a number of editions of the same RSL abbreviation Restricted Service publication Licence running title title /rnŋ tat(ə)l/ noun RSS RSS abbreviation Really Simple PUBLISHING same as running head Syndication run of book of book /rn əv bυk/, run of RT abbreviation 1. radio telegraph 2. paper noun advertising space bought at radiotelephone 3. radio telegraphy the basic rate, but not in a specific position RTE abbreviation Radio Telefis in the publication Éireann run of network of network /rn əv netw& k/ RTS abbreviation Royal Television noun banner advertising that runs across a Society network of websites run of site ruffle /rf(ə)l/ verb to flick rapidly run of site /rn əv sat/ noun banner through the pages of a book or magazine advertising that runs on one single website run of station rule /ru l/ noun a thin printed line or run of station /rn əv steʃ(ə)n/ design used for borders or for separating noun television advertising for which a columns of type particular time period has not been of thirds /ru l əv θ& dz/ noun the requested technique of mentally dividing a scene or run of week of week /rn əv wi k/ noun frame into three sections horizontally and advertising space bought at the basic rate, vertically, so as to create a balanced but not in a specific issue of the publica- composition tion run /rn/ noun the length of time taken to run on on /rn ɒn/ verb of text, to print an edition continue to the next line, column or page MediaStudies.fm Page 204 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

run-on 204

run-on run-on /rn ɒn/ adjective referring to in the world, majority shareholder of material that is added to an existing line of News Corporation with holdings in text without a line break í noun an added Australia, the UK and the US rushes section of text that continues a line, rushes /rʃz/ plural noun an early without a line break print of all material filmed on a particular Rupert Murdoch Rupert Murdoch /ru pət m& dɒk/ day, used to check progress and whether one of the most influential media moguls reshooting of any scenes is required MediaStudies.fm Page 205 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

S

SABC sampler SABC abbreviation BROADCAST South sampler /sɑ mplə/ noun 1. an elec- African Broadcasting Corporation tronic device that can record sounds or

safelight /seflat/ noun a light used in take short musical phrases from an that filters out the rays that are existing recording and alter them digitally harmful to sensitive film and photo- before they are used to make a new graphic paper recording 2. an electronic device that safety film converts sound to digital information for sefti flm safety film / / noun nonflam- electronic storage mable cinema film made with a cellulose sample survey sɑ mpəl s& ve acetate or polyester base. Formerly, film sample survey / / was made with cellulose nitrate and often noun a statistical study of a selected group caught fire as it aged. of individuals designed to collect infor- sales house mation on specific subjects such as their sales house /selz haυs/ noun a buying habits or voting behaviour company that specialises in selling adver- sampling /sɑ mplŋ/ noun the process tising space in the media of selecting a sample from the larger sales literature sales literature /selz lt(ə)rətʃə/ population for the purposes of a survey or noun printed information such as leaflets experiment sandbag or brochures about a product that sales- sandbag /sndb$/ noun a weight people and customers can use (literally a bag full of sand) used to hold salience salience /seliəns/ noun the degree to equipment firmly in place, such as a which something stands out among other lighting stand things sandwich /snwd/ noun a piece-to- salutation display sljυteʃ ə n salutation display / | ( ) camera followed by a video insert, and dsple | / noun elements of language and finished with a second piece-to-camera. non-verbal communication such as Also called top and tail sans serif gestures, which reveal that a person is sans serif /snz serf/, sanserif pleased to enter into communication with noun a typeface in which there are no another person and feels friendly towards angled lines (serifs) at the ends of the them main strokes of the characters. ı serif samizdat samizdat /smzdt/ noun an under- Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis linguistic relativity səpə wɔ f ground publication by dissident writers, hypothesis / | / noun the circulated at great risk of punishment theory that a person’s ability to form orig- during the Soviet Communist era inal thoughts is limited by the way they sample sample /sɑ mpəl/ noun 1. a represent- can express those thoughts, ie. by the ative group of people chosen for larger structure of the language that they use and audience research 2. a piece of recorded the size of their vocabulary. Sarah’s Law sound or a musical phrase taken from an Sarah’s Law /serəz lɔ / noun a existing recording, especially in digital campaign by The form, and used as part of a new recording newspaper in the UK, proposing changes í verb to take a sample of recorded music, to privacy laws which would allow public especially in order to use it in another access to records of registered sex recording offenders. It argues that the rights of MediaStudies.fm Page 206 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

satellite 206 parents to protect their children from ‘Ali G star Sacha Baron Cohen has been convicted paedophiles are more important forgiven for taking the mick out of than the rights of the offenders to privacy. Kazakhstan. [An official said] “We satellite /stəlat/ noun an object that understand that it is satire and it appears orbits Earth or another planet in order to his target is not the Kazakh people but relay communications signals or transmit foreigners stupid enough to believe all scientific data this rubbish about our country”.’ satellite broadcasting stəlat [Andy Lea, The Daily Star] satellite broadcasting / satirical sətrk ə l brɔ dkɑ stŋ/ noun broadcasting using satirical / | ( ) / adjective refer- satellites in space to receive and send ring to speech or writing which uses satire material back to Earth to make a person or thing look ridiculous saturated colour satellite dish dish /stəlat dʃ/ noun a saturated colour /stʃəretd klə/ bowl-shaped aerial for receiving televi- noun colour that is rich and intense, sion signals broadcast via satellite supposedly with a high concentration satellite link link /stəlat lŋk/ noun a (saturation) of pigments. Compare desat- urated colour communications signal or link from a saturation stʃəreʃ ə n transmitting Earth station to a satellite and saturation / | ( ) / noun the back to a receiving Earth station intensity of a colour saturation advertising satellite master antenna television stʃə satellite master antenna televi- saturation advertising / | stəlat mɑ stə ntenə reʃ ə n dvətazŋ sion / | ( ) / noun a highly telv(ə)n/ noun satellite television intensive advertising campaign saturation testing stʃəreʃ ə n signals that are received through a shared saturation testing / | ( ) dish, such as in a block of flats. Abbrevia- testŋ/ noun the process of testing a tion SMATV communications network by transmitting satellite phone satellite phone /stəlat fəυn/ noun large quantities of data and messages over a wireless phone that connects callers via it satvan a communications satellite that receives satvan /stvn/ noun same as satel- transmissions, then relays them back to lite truck

satyr play Earth satyr play /stə ple/ noun in ancient satellite station satellite station /stəlat steʃ(ə)n/ Greece, a comic play that made fun of a noun a radio or television station that mythological subject and included a receives programmes from another station chorus of satyrs SB and rebroadcasts them immediately on a SB abbreviation simultaneous broad- different wavelength cast satellite telephone satellite telephone /stəlat S band es bnd telfəυn S band / / noun a microwave / noun a mobile phone that can band in the 2655–3353 MHz range, used send voice messages over extremely long in radio astronomy and satellite communi- distances via links with communications cations satellites SBS satellite television SBS abbreviation Special Broad- satellite television /st(ə)lat telv ə n casting Service ( ) / noun a television service for sc which the signal is relayed via satellite to sc abbreviation PRINTING small capital scaleboard be broadcast to customers who have suit- scaleboard /skelbɔ d/ noun very thin able receiving equipment wood used when hand-setting type, in satellite transmission satellite transmission /stəlat bookbinding and picture-framing trnzmʃ ə n scandal sheet sknd ə l ʃi t | ( ) / noun transmission of scandal sheet / ( ) / noun communication signals using satellite a magazine that features scandalous technology stories about people’s private lives scanner satellite truck truck /stəlat trk/ noun a scanner /sknə/ noun 1. a receiver truck with portable satellite broadcasting that continuously broadcasts radio signals equipment, used for outside broadcasts. it picks up from specific frequencies 2. Also called satvan, scanner any mobile control room at an outside satire satire /staə/ noun the use of wit, broadcast scatter especially irony, sarcasm and ridicule, to scatter /sktə/ noun a strategy by criticise faults which an advertising message is put out MediaStudies.fm Page 207 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

207 screen

through several different channels at the scoop /sku p/ noun a story that appears same time in only one newspaper scenario snɑ riəυ scenario / | / noun a screen- ‘US politicians have made no secret of play for a film their deep hostility to the TV station [Al- scenarist scenarist /si nərst/ noun same as Jazeera], whose scoops have included scriptwriter exclusive interviews with Osama bin

scene scene /si n/ noun a division of an act of Laden and other al-Qaida leaders as well a play or opera, presenting continuous as videos showing masked terrorists action in one place beheading western hostages.’ [The scenery Guardian] si nəri scenery / / noun the set or deco- scopophilia skɒpəfliə rated background for a play, film or opera scopophilia / | / noun a scenic designer si nk dzanə term, from the Greek word meaning ‘the scenic designer / | / pleasure of looking’, used when consid- noun same as set designer scenography ering the relationship between a film si nɒ$rəfi scenography / | / noun the unfolding and the audience who is process of painting of theatrical scenery watching it schedule score schedule /ʃedju l/ noun 1. the planned score /skɔ / noun the music that has order of programmes on a broadcasting been composed for a film, play or musical station during one day or week 2. the Scottish Television Scottish Television /skɒtʃ planned order of activities when starting telv ə n on a major project, for example filming í ( ) / noun the ITV franchise verb to decide which programmes should operating in Scotland, which features be shown at which times and in what order original Scottish and regional program- schedule evaluation ming ʃedju l  Scottish Vocational Qualification schedule evaluation / | vljueʃ ə n Scottish Vocational Qualification ( ) / noun an analysis of how a skɒtʃ vəυkeʃ ə nəl kwɒlf / | ( ) | particular media plan has performed in keʃ ə n relation to its target audience ( ) / noun a National Vocational schema ski mə Qualification issued in Scotland. Abbrevi- schema / / noun a mental frame- ation SVQ work of some concept, based on previous scramble skrmb ə l experience, which affects and is affected scramble / ( ) / verb to make a by further relevant information telecommunications or broadcast signal schizoanalysis sktsəυənlss unintelligible by means of an electronic schizoanalysis / | / device noun in psychoanalysis, a theory which scrambler skrmblə focuses on the conflict between the scrambler / / noun an elec- suppressed libido (the id) and the tronic device that makes telecommunica- constraints of society (the super-ego) tions or broadcast signals unintelligible Schramm’s models of communication 1954 without a special receiver Schramm’s models of communi- screamer cation 1954 /ʃrm/ noun an expansion screamer /skri mə/ noun 1. an excla- of Shannon and Weaver’s model of mation mark, especially as part of a news- communication 1949, which emphasises paper headline 2. same as flash prank screen how the roles of the sender and receiver screen /skri n/ noun 1. a large flat (the ‘encoder’ and ‘decoder’) overlap white or silver surface onto which a film sci sci abbreviation PRINTING single or slide is projected 2. the broad flat end column inch of a cathode-ray tube or liquid crystal

science fiction science fiction /saəns fkʃən/ display on which images are displayed, for example in a television set or computer noun, adjective a form of fiction, usually set in the future, that deals with imaginary monitor 3. the film industry 4. a glass scientific and technological developments plate marked with very fine lines used in and contact with other worlds producing half-tone reproductions 5. a scissor glass plate in a camera that is used in scissor /szə/ verb to define an area of focusing an image before photographing an image and delete any information that it í verb 1. to broadcast a film, is outside this area programme or other item on television, or scissor lift scissor lift /szə lft/ noun a large plat- be broadcast on television 2. to project a form for cameras that can be hydraulically film onto a screen in a cinema, or be raised and lowered projected in a cinema 3. to photograph MediaStudies.fm Page 208 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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something through a glass plate to make a scriptwriter /skrptratə/ noun a half-tone reproduction person who writes and prepares a screen- screen editor screen editor /skri n edtə/ noun play for filming. Also called screen- software that allows the user to edit text writer, scenarist ScriptX skrpteks on-screen, with one complete screen of ScriptX / | / noun software information being displayed at a time that allows a developer to write multi- screen grab screen grab /skri n $rb/ noun the media applications that can be played on a process of digitising a single frame from a range of different platforms scrub display or television scrub /skrb/ verb to wipe information

screening screening /skri nŋ/ noun 1. the off a disk or remove data from store sculpture projection of a film on a screen in a sculpture /sklptʃə/ noun 1. the cinema 2. a showing of a film, programme process of creating a three-dimensional or other item on television work of art, especially by carving, model-

screenplay screenplay /skri nple/ noun the ling or casting 2. a work of art created by sculpture, or such works collectively script and acting directions for a film SDI production SDI noun a standard in digital video screen quota equipment, allowing different pieces to be screen quota /skri n kwəυtə/ noun connected easily. Full form Serial Digital a national law that a particular country Interface must screen a certain proportion of search directory s& tʃ da ‘home-grown’ cinema compared to the search directory / | amount of imported film rekt(ə)ri/ noun a website in which links to information are organised alphabeti- ‘Korean movies accounted for almost 50 cally and in categories to provide the per cent of domestic screenings last widest response to a query year, whereas Hollywood dominates 85 search engine per cent of the global market. This search engine /s& tʃ endn/ noun a success has been boosted by a screen facility on the Internet that searches quota system, adopted by Seoul in 1966, webpages for a particular word or phrase, which works on the principle that 40 per then provides the user with quick links to cent of the films projected should be each one domestically produced.’ [James Pringle, ‘The web is a network of interlinked The Times] pages and search engines use robot

screen test screen test /skri n test/ noun an audi- “spiders” to crawl it. Any website will tion for a film role in which an actor is be found if it has incoming links. The filmed, or the film made of the audition more incoming links there are, the screenwriter sooner a site will be noticed and screenwriter /skri nratə/ noun same indexed, so get people to link to your as scriptwriter site.’ [Jack Schofield, The Guardian] screwball comedy /skru bɔ l season /si z(ə)n/ noun a ‘package’ of kɒmədi/ noun a film, especially a Holly- episodes of a television show, for example wood comedy of the 1930s, featuring the 8 or 12 episodes, which are scripted, comic adventures of appealing characters filmed and released together and form a in a glamorous world coherent set. A television show may run scrim scrim /skrm/ noun a wire mesh used for several seasons, with large breaks in over a lamp to soften the light between each being broadcast. seasonal discount script script /skrpt/ noun 1. the planned seasonal discount /si z(ə)n(ə)l dialogue for a filmed or recorded piece, dskaυnt/ noun a discount offered at together with camera and production specific times of the year during periods instructions 2. in psychoanalytical theory, of slow sales, such as by media owners to a set of preconceptions about life which advertisers season finale si z ə n fnɑ le are applied to all interaction and can be season finale / ( ) | / changed or strengthened by experience noun the last episode in a season, which script doctor script doctor /skrpt dɒktə/ noun a usually contains dramatic plot revelations scriptwriter who is employed to improve and a cliffhanger another writer’s script, for example to SECAM /es i si e em/ noun the tighten up the dialogue standard television system used in France MediaStudies.fm Page 209 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

209 selective retention and much of eastern Europe. Full form section /sekʃən/ noun a separate part Sequential Couleur à Memoire of a paper on some topic such as money, secondary data data /sekənd(ə)ri detə/ culture etc., often included with weekend noun data or information that has already editions of newspapers been compiled and is therefore found section mark mark /sekʃən mɑ k/ noun a through desk research printed symbol (§) sometimes used to secondary definers sek ə ndəri d secondary definers / ( ) | mark the beginning of a section of a book fanəz/ plural noun when speaking or one of a series of footnotes secure server skjυə s& və authoritatively about events, the media, secure server / | / noun who interpret what the primary definers an Internet server that allows data encryp- say. Compare primary definers tion and is therefore suitable for use in e- secondary reader reader /sekənd(ə)ri commerce ri də/ noun a person who does not buy a ‘…each user is supplied with a token publication themselves but reads some- that displays the constantly changing body else’s copy. Also called pass-on number. When logging on to the secure reader. Compare primary reader server, user names and secret Pin codes secondary research sekənd ə ri r secondary research / ( ) | have to be keyed in along with the s& tʃ/ noun information that is collected current passcode on the token. This from secondary sources, for example a system provides much stronger news agency, an report from an eye- authentication than the standard witness, other media sources. Compare username and password.’ [Eric Doyle, primary research The Guardian] secondary source secure website skjυə websat secondary source /sek(ə)ndəri secure website / | / sɔ s/ noun a news reporter’s source (for noun a website on the Internet that example library resources, other news encrypts the messages between the visitor articles) which provides them with and the site to ensure that nobody else can secondary research get access to the information seg secondary text text /sekənd(ə)ri tekst/ seg, segue noun the continuation from noun in textual theory, the media text as it one piece of music to another without a is received by the audience for the first link or commercial in between segment se$ment time. Compare primary text, tertiary segment / | / verb to divide a text target audience into smaller, more special- secondary viewing viewing /sekənd(ə)ri ised groups for advertising purposes vju ŋ segmentation se$mənteʃ ə n / noun the act of watching televi- segmentation / | ( ) / sion while doing other things, such as noun 1. the way in which television housework schedules are divided into sections by second assistant director assistant director /sekənd genre of programme, or the way in which əsst ə nt darektə | ( ) | / noun the person multi-channel providers may broadcast whose job it is to look after the cast and specific genres only on separate channels supporting actors, mark changes to call 2. the process of dividing audiences into times and the shooting schedule and categories according to their lifestyle generally assist the director and first choices for advertising purposes segment producer se$mənt prə assistant director of a film segment producer / | second class class /sekənd klɑ s/ noun a dju sə/ noun a film or television mail delivery service for newspapers and producer who is responsible for only one periodicals part of a multi-part production selective demand advertising second-generation s second-generation /sek(ə)nd selective demand advertising / |

denəreʃ ə n lektv d|mɑ nd dvətazŋ | ( ) / adjective referring to a / noun wireless communications technology advertising that increases demand for a which is designed to transmit digital specific brand, rather than for a generic signals, as opposed to the earliest technol- product. Compare primary demand ogies which used analogue only. Abbrevi- advertising ı selective exposure slektv k ation 2G. third-generation selective exposure / | | second season season /sekənd si z(ə)n/ spəυə/ noun same as overhearing selective retention slektv r noun the period when a second series of a selective retention / | | network television programme is shown tenʃən/ noun the process by which MediaStudies.fm Page 210 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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self-monitoring people remember some information but self-monitoring /self mɒnt(ə)rŋ/ not everything they hear noun the degree to which a person is selectivity slektvti selectivity / | | / noun the aware of social demands on and expecta- degree to which an electronic device or tions of their behaviour, and is able to circuit can distinguish one frequency from modify it accordingly self-presentation self prez ə n other adjacent frequencies, as in the self-presentation / ( ) | tuning circuits in radio or television teʃ(ə)n/ noun the way in which a person receivers behaves in a given social situation selector slektə self-published selector / | / noun a computer self-published /slef pblʃd/ adjec- program that selects a sequence of records tive referring to a text that is published for a playlist, appropriate for the time of without a publisher, and therefore at the day and audience, based on pre- author’s own expense programmed information such as the self-reflexive self rfleksv track’s chart position, mood, tempo etc. self-reflexive / | / adjec- self-censorship tive referring to a media product which is self-censorship /self sensəʃp/ ‘self-aware’, i.e. makes reference to its noun a situation in which journalists fail own status as a media product to question aggressively on a sensitive self-regulation self re$jυleʃ ə n issue because they are under pressure self-regulation / | ( ) / from the institution or government that noun the practice of some industries who set up their own regulatory agencies

they work under selling costs selling costs /selŋ kɒsts/, selling ‘French broadcasters have been selŋ əυvəhed criticised for self-censorship in covering overheads / / plural the country’s worst unrest since the noun the amount of money that has to be student riots of May 1968. Jean-Claude paid for the advertising, representatives’ Dassier, director general of the rolling commissions and other expenses involved news channel LCI, admitted censoring in selling something coverage of the riots for fear of Selsdon Committee Report on Television Committee 1935 Report on encouraging support for far-right Television 1935 /selzdən/ noun the politicians.’ report on television development and [Kim Willsher, The Guardian] financing that recommended that the BBC

self-concept self-concept /self kɒnsept/ noun a should continue to be paid for by the person’s perception of how they appear to licence fee system semantic code səmntk kəυd others (their self-image) and how they feel semantic code / | / about that image (their self-esteem) noun one of five codes used in the anal- self-disclosure self dskləυə ysis and deconstruction of texts, self-disclosure / | / noun describing the ‘human voice’ portrayed in the way in which people reveal ı pieces of information about themselves to a narrative. action code, enigma others and the effect that this has on inter- code, referential code, symbolic code semantic differential səmntk personal relationships semantic differential / | self-focusing dfərenʃ ə l self-focusing /self fəυkəsŋ/ adjec- | ( ) / noun a research method tive referring to a camera lens that is that asks audiences to grade their reac- focused automatically rather than manu- tions on a scale, for example ‘offensive’ – ally ‘mildly offensive’ – ‘not offensive’ semantics self-fulfilling prophecy smntks self fυl semantics / | / noun the self-fulfilling prophecy / | flŋ prɒfəsi/ noun an event about study of meaning in language semibold semibɒld which expectations are so strong that they semibold / | / adjective have the effect of making those expecta- PRINTING darker than ordinary type but not tions come true as dark as bold type self-identity self adentti semidocumentary semi dɒkjυ self-identity / | / noun a semidocumentary / | person’s concept of who they are in rela- ment(ə)ri/ noun a film or TV tion to the world, how they fit in programme that is fictional but makes use

self-justifying self-justifying /self dstfaŋ/ of or is based on factual details or events semimonthly semimɒnθli adjective PRINTING automatically semimonthly / | / noun a providing an even right or left margin for publication that appears twice each text printed on a page month, usually at equal intervals MediaStudies.fm Page 211 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

211 serialise

semiology semiɒlədi sentence meaning semiology / | / noun the sentence meaning /sentəns study of signs and symbols and how they mi nŋ/ noun the ‘absolute’ meaning of a affect society set of words put together in a grammatical semiosic plane plane /semiɒzik plen/ structure, without any considerations of noun in semiology, the objects or mean- context, tone, gestures etc. Compare ings which are represented by signs (their utterance meaning referents), as contrasted with the symbols separate channel signalling channel signalling which represent them (their signifiers). /sep(ə)rət tʃn(ə)l s$n(ə)lŋ/ noun Compare mimetic plane the process of using independent commu- semiotic power power /semiɒtk paυə/ nications channels or bands in a noun the ability of an audience to attach multichannel system to send the control meanings to a sign or symbol which were data and messages not originally intended sepia /si piə/ noun 1. a brownish tone semiotics semiɒtks semiotics / | / noun the study produced by some photographic proc- of the way in which signs and symbols are esses, especially seen in early photo- used to create systems of social meaning graphs 2. a drawing done in sepia, or a ‘A classic example of a semiotics-driven photograph with a brownish tone campaign is the TV advertisements for sequel /si kwəl/ noun a film, novel or Pot Noodle, which show the fast-food play that continues a story begun in a snack as a sinful indulgence and a lapse previous film, novel or play of taste. Pot Noodle was difficult to sequelitis si kwəlats sequelitis / | / noun the justify on a nutritional basis, so tendency of authors and film-makers to semioticians turned the idea on its head.’ continue to produce sequels to their works [Maija Pesola, The Financial Times] as long as they are financially successful COMMENT: Semiotics is an important part sequence si kwəns of media analysis, and is especially used sequence / / noun a section to deconstruct promotional tools such as of a film showing a single incident or set package design, logos and slogans in of related actions or events marketing. It explores both the signifier Sequential Couleur à Memoire s Sequential Couleur à Memoire / | and the signified in any given sign as part kwenʃɑ l kul&  memwɑ of a media product. | | / noun full sender sendə form of SECAM sender / / noun in a piece of sequential sampling skwenʃ ə l sequential sampling / | ( ) communication, the person who is trans- sɑ mplŋ mitting the message / noun the process of contin- sensitisation senstazeʃ ə n uing sampling until enough people have sensitisation / | ( ) / been interviewed to provide the necessary noun the way in which media coverage information can create a moral panic amongst the sequential scanning skwenʃ ə l public by drawing attention to a social sequential scanning / | ( ) sknŋ issue / noun a system that scans a tele- sensitise /senstaz/ verb to make a vision picture using lines in a numerical sequence photographic film, plate or other medium serial sensitive to light by coating it with an serial /səriəl/ noun a story that is split emulsion into a number of episodes and shown on sensitive /senstv/ adjective 1. of a television at a particular time each day or í radio or other receiver, able to respond to week adjective published or broadcast transmitted signals 2. PHOTOGRAPHY in parts, usually at regular intervals Serial Digital Interface extremely responsive to radiation, espe- Serial Digital Interface /səriəl cially to light of a specific wavelength ddt(ə)l ntəfes/ noun full form of sensitivity senstvti SDI sensitivity / | / noun 1. the serialisation səriəlazeʃ ə n ability of a radio or other receiver to serialisation / | ( ) / respond to transmitted signals 2. the noun a story which has been divided into capacity to respond to radiation, espe- parts suitable for publishing or broad- cially light, as of photographic paper casting sensitometer senstɒmtə serialise səriəlaz sensitometer / | / noun an serialise / / verb 1. to adapt a instrument for measuring degrees of work so that it can be published or broad- sensitivity, especially one used on photo- cast as a serial 2. to publish or broadcast a graphic materials story in parts at intervals MediaStudies.fm Page 212 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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serial rights setup serial rights /səriəl rats/ plural noun setup /setp/ noun the position of a the right to publish a story or book in parts camera at the beginning of a film scene as a serial set-up set p series set-up / / noun the three main series /səri z/ noun 1. a set of regu- light sources on a film set, consisting of larly broadcast programmes, each of the key light, the fill light and the back- which is complete in itself 2. same as light season 3. a television programme that is sexism seksz ə m shown at the same time each day or week, sexism / ( ) / noun discrimina- keeps the same actors and situation but tion against or stereotyping of a person on tells a different, self-contained story in the grounds of their sex sexploitation seksplɔteʃ ə n each episode 4. a number of books, sexploitation / | ( ) / pamphlets or periodicals published by one noun the deliberate use of sexual material company or organisation on the same to make a product, especially a film, topic or in the same format commercially successful serif /serf/ noun 1. a small line on a ‘…in the case of Channel 4, it is text character at the end of the main demonstrably true that a decade ago, an strokes 2. text with these serifs. ı sans evening spent watching the channel serif would have harvested rather more than seriocomic səriəυkɒmk repeats, imported sitcoms and seriocomic / | / adjective with both serious and comic aspects sexploitation masquerading as factual server /s& və/ noun a computer that television.’ [Alasdair Palmer and Chris controls network services available on Hastings, The Sunday Telegraph] sextodecimo sekstəυdesməυ other computers sextodecimo / | / service area area /s& vs eəriə/ noun the noun a size of book page traditionally area over which a radio or television created by folding a single sheet of broadcasting station can transmit a satis- standard-sized printing paper four times, factory signal for reception giving 16 leaves or 32 pages. Also called service provider s& vs prəvadə sixteenmo service provider / | / sexual difference noun a company that provides people and sexual difference /sekʃuəl businesses with access to the Internet, df(ə)rəns/ noun in feminist theory, the usually charging a monthly fee idea of the difference between the sexes set /set/ noun an artificially-created being biological and ideological, and how location in which a play is performed for the media expresses and encourages this filming in or outside a studio, for example sexuality sekʃulti sexuality / | / noun part of a the inside of a room. This means that only person’s identity related to their sexual the part of the room to be filmed needs to activities or preferences be created, with plenty of space in front sexy seksi for the cameras and crew. sexy / / adjective referring to an set and hold set ən həυld article that has popular appeal (informal) set and hold / / noun sh. same as hold sh. abbreviation PRINTING sheet shadow mask set designer set dzanə ʃdəυ mɑ sk set designer / | / noun the shadow mask / / noun a member of a film, television or theatre metal sheet with very small holes in it that production team who is responsible for is situated close to the back of the phos- designing the scenery and props for a set phor screen of some types of colour tele- or stage. Also called scenic designer vision tubes. The shadow mask is used to set meter meter /set mi tə/ noun a device in direct the electron beam to the correct a television that records which channels phosphor colour element. shank are being shown and for how long, used in shank /ʃŋk/ noun PRINTING the body television audience research of a piece of type, between the foot and set-off set-off /set ɒf/ noun PRINTING same as shoulder offset Shannon and Weaver’s model of communication and 1949 Weaver’s model of set-top box box /set tɒp bɒks/ noun a communication 1949 /ʃnən ənd device that enables digital and/or cable wi və/ noun one of the earliest models of television signals to be received, and for the communicative process, which subscription services to be decoded using describes it as a linear series of events a special card transmitting information from A to B MediaStudies.fm Page 213 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

213 shot-reverse-shot

share shoot-’em-up share /ʃeə/ noun the total percentage of shoot-’em-up /ʃu t əm p/ noun a potential audience in a radio station’s film, television programme or video game TSA listening during a particular period featuring a large amount of shooting and of time personal violence

share of voice shooting ratio share of voice /ʃeə əv vɔs/ noun the shooting ratio /ʃu tŋ reʃiəυ/ noun way that one advertiser’s activities the ratio between the amount of material compare to those of another at any given that is filmed and the amount used in the time finished television programme

Shawcross Commission report on the Press 1962 shooting script Shawcross Commission report shooting script /ʃu tŋ skrpt/ noun on the Press 1962 /ʃɔ krɒs/ noun a the final screenplay for a cinema or televi- report that first suggested that monopolies sion film that includes directions for held by large successful newspapers could shooting and is divided into scenes with be bad for other publications and should the shots numbered consecutively

shop possibly be regulated externally shop /ʃɒp/ noun an advertising agency sheet ʃi t shopper sheet / / noun 1. a single piece of shopper /ʃɒpə/ noun a usually free paper. Abbreviation sh., sht 2. a news- newspaper that carries advertising and paper or periodical, especially one some local news dismissed as trivial shopping channel shellac shopping channel /ʃɒpŋ tʃn(ə)l/ /ʃelk/ noun shellac an old type of noun a television channel dedicated to gramophone record originally made from advertising products, usually with one or a material containing purified lac, played more presenters talking about and demon- at 78 rpm strating them. The products can then be shield law shield law /ʃi ld lɔ / noun in North bought by dialling a telephone number America, a law that protects a journalist shown on screen. from being forced to reveal the name of a short short /ʃɔ t/ noun a film whose running source who provided information confi- time is approximately 30 minutes or less dentially short end shipping forecast short end /ʃɔ t end/ noun the unused shipping forecast /ʃpŋ fɔ kɑ st/ film left over when a shoot is finished

noun a weather forecast for ships and shortfall signal sailors around the UK coast that is broad- shortfall signal /ʃɔ tfɔ l s$n(ə)l/ cast at regular times by the BBC noun a gesture or facial expression that shirt-tail seems insincere or shows some hidden shirt-tail /ʃ& t tel/ noun a short addi- tional and related piece of writing at the emotion, for example a smile that appears end of a newspaper article unnatural short message service shock jock ʃɒk dɒk short message service /ʃɔ t shock jock / / noun a DJ or mesd s& vs radio host who uses provocative language / noun full form of SMS short subject and broadcasts his or her extreme views short subject /ʃɔ t sbdkt/ noun a

shock site shock site /ʃɒk sat/ noun a website short film of approximately 30 minutes or with content which is designed to shock less, sometimes a documentary, shown and offend most viewers, usually before a full-length feature film short wave distasteful images short wave /ʃɔ t wev/ noun 1. a radio

Shockwave Shockwave /ʃɒkwev/ a trade name wave with a wavelength between 10 and for a system developed by Macromedia 100m 2. a radio capable of transmitting or that allows web browsers to display receiving short waves shot complex multimedia effects shot /ʃɒt/ noun a piece of filming, meas- shoegazing ʃu $ezŋ ured from the moment that the camera is shoegazing / | / noun a style of early 1990s guitar music characterised turned on until the moment it is turned off shot list by relaxing sounds and static perform- shot list /ʃɒt lst/ noun a list of the ances shots that have been taken in a period of

shoot shoot /ʃu t/ noun an occasion when a filming shot-reverse-shot ʃɒt rv& s ʃɒt professional photographer or film-maker shot-reverse-shot / | / is photographing or filming something í noun a method of filming a conversation verb to record a shot, scene, film or in which scenes are first shown from one programme on film with a camera character’s point of view, then the other’s MediaStudies.fm Page 214 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

shoulder 214 shoulder ʃəυldə Sierra sierə shoulder / / noun a flat surface Sierra / | / noun an internationally of printers’ type below the raised letter or recognised code word for the letter S, used character in radio communications

show sight gag show /ʃəυ/ noun a public entertainment, sight gag /sat $$/ noun a joke that for example a theatre performance, film or has to be seen, to be appreciated radio or television programme ‘Knowing nothing of the practicalities show bill show bill /ʃəυ bl/ noun a poster adver- she hires a general manager, Vivian Van tising or publicising something Damm (Bob Hoskins), to run the place, show business ʃəυ bznəs and then can’t keep from interfering in show business / / noun it…. paving the way for a couple of lame the entertainment industry, including sight gags as she disguises herself, first films, radio, television, theatre and music as a Chinese matron, then as a polar recording bear, to spy on him.’ [Anthony Quinn, ‘Funnyman Jasper Carrott has quit The Independent] television. In fact, he’s quit show- sign san business. The ginger haired comic – real sign / / noun 1. in semiology, a term name Bob Davis – is stepping down used to express the existence of a symbol after three decades of entertaining.’ (a signifier) and the existence of an object [Nicola Methvyn, The Mirror] or concept which it represents (the referent or signified) 2. a publicly showcard showcard /ʃəυkɑ d/ noun a piece of displayed structure carrying lettering or cardboard with advertising material, put designs intended to advertise a business or near an item for sale product, for example a painted board or showing showing /ʃəυŋ/ noun a measurement neon lights signal of an audience’s exposure to outdoor signal /s$n(ə)l/ noun information advertising transmitted by means of a modulated show print show print /ʃəυ prnt/ noun the final current or an electromagnetic wave and print of a film that will be broadcast received by telephone, telegraph, radio or show reel ʃəυ ri l television show reel / / noun a compilation signature s$ntʃə of a film-maker’s work made in order to signature / / noun 1. a letter or demonstrate their skills mark printed on the first page of a section showtime ʃəυtam of a book, indicating its order in binding showtime / / noun the sched- 2. a sheet of paper with several pages uled time for an entertainment such as a printed on it that, when folded and cut, film or play to begin makes up a section of a book sht signature tune sht abbreviation PRINTING sheet signature tune /s$nətʃə tju n/ noun shutter shutter /ʃtə/ noun a mechanical part a piece of music used to introduce or iden- of a camera that opens and closes the lens tify a performer, group or television or aperture to expose the film or plate to light radio programme significant symboliser shutterbug s$ shutterbug /ʃtəb$/ noun a keen significant symboliser /| (informal) nfkənt smbəlazə/ noun a sign that shutter speed is common to all members of a commu- shutter speed /ʃtə spi d/ noun the length of time the shutter remains open nity, for example clapping the hands when a photograph is taken together to indicate praise, bowing to S/I show respect etc. S/I abbreviation superimpose signification s$nfkeʃ ə n / | ( ) / noun side signification side /sad/ noun a television channel the existence of and relationship between sideband sideband /sadbnd/ noun in tele- a physical sign and the mental concept it communications, the band of frequencies represents signification spiral s$nf on either side of the carrier frequency, signification spiral / | produced by modulation of a carrier wave keʃ(ə)n sparəl/ noun a situation in sidebar sidebar /sadbɑ / noun 1. a short news which media coverage of separate events story containing additional relevant infor- implies a link between them, suggesting a mation that is printed beside a featured more widespread problem signified story 2. a block of text set beside the main signified /s$nfad/ noun same as text in a web document referent MediaStudies.fm Page 215 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

215 sit-com

signifier signifier /s$nfaə/ noun in semi- require a data file for playback, such as a ology, the symbol that represents some CD drive used to play audio CDs simulation smjυleʃ ə n other meaning simulation / | ( ) / noun in sign language sign language /san lŋ$wd/ cultural theory, the way in which a sign or noun communication, or a system of signifier represents some version of communication, by gestures as opposed to reality written or spoken language, especially the simulcast /sməlkɑ st/ noun a situa- highly developed system of hand signs tion in which a programme is broadcast on used by or to people who are hearing- two channels at the same time, for impaired example analogue and digital, or a televi- sign off sign off /san ɒf/ verb to bring to an sion channel and a radio station. Also end a communication or transmission called simultaneous broadcast such as a radio or television programme or simulcasting /sm(ə)lkɑ stŋ/ noun an e-mail message broadcasting the same transmission on

sign-off sign-off /san ɒf/ noun 1. same as different frequencies, for example on both byline 2. a straight-to-camera piece by a analogue and digital simultaneous broadcast television reporter at the end of a report, in simultaneous broadcast which they give their name and location /sm(ə)lteniəs brɔ dkɑ st/ noun same

sign painting sign painting /san pentŋ/ noun in as simulcast simultaneous release the US, the activity or profession of simultaneous release sm ə lteniəs rli s designing and painting signs, especially / ( ) | / noun the practice for advertising of releasing a media product at the same silence silence /saləns/ noun not speaking, an time across the world. This usually element of non-verbal communication implies a major, popular product which silent may be leaked if it becomes available in silent /salənt/ noun a film made one place before another. without sound í adjective referring to sincerity test snserti test sincerity test / | / noun films made without sound, especially the ability of an audience to assess every those made before 1927 silent majority implication, tone, gesture etc. of a politi- salənt mədɒrti silent majority / | / cian on a television broadcast and decide noun the idea that there is a large section whether he/she is sincere and trustworthy of society who agree with a particular single column inch column inch /sŋ$(ə)l point of view, but that they have not yet kɒləm ntʃ/ noun same as column inch spoken up to confirm this single-lens reflex sŋ$ ə l lenz silly season sli si z ə n single-lens reflex / ( ) silly season / ( ) / noun a ri fleks/ noun a camera in which the period during which there is little hard light passes through one lens to the film news to report, and papers and broad- and, by means of a mirror and prism casters cover a lot of trivial stories system, to the viewfinder. Abbreviation ‘Victoria Beckham squeezed yet SLR another headline out of the silly season single-space /sŋ$(ə)l spes/ verb to with the announcement that she is to type or print text without a blank space give up her musical career (I know, it’s between the lines tempting – but let’s not) in favour of sisterhood sstəhυd staying home to look after her children.’ sisterhood / / noun GENDER [Carol Sarler, The Guardian] ISSUES the empathy and loyalty that

Silver Lion women feel for other women who have Silver Lion /slvə laən/ noun an similar goals, experiences or points of award given at the Cannes International view Advertising Festival sister paper paper /sstə pepə/ noun a silver screen silver screen /slvə skri n/ noun paper that is owned by the same company films or the cinema industry in general as another sim card sim card /sm kɑ d/ noun a smart card sit /st/ verb to pose for a portrait or inside a mobile phone that stores user picture information sit-com /st kɒm/ noun a television or simple device smp ə l dvas simple device / ( ) | / radio comedy series in which a regular noun a multimedia device that does not cast of characters, usually working or MediaStudies.fm Page 216 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

sitter 216 living together, experience everyday situ- waves of a specific frequency to be sent ations in a humorous way. Full form situ- and received by reflection from the iono- ation comedy sphere

sitter skit sitter /stə/ noun an artist’s or photogra- skit /skt/ noun 1. a short piece of comic pher’s model, especially for a portrait writing that satirises somebody or some- sitting /stŋ/ noun a period of time thing 2. a short comic sketch skylight filter during which somebody is posing for a skylight filter /skalat fltə/ noun a portrait that is slightly pink situational attribution attribution and is used to filter out ultraviolet light stʃueʃ ə nəl trbju ʃ ə n / ( ) | ( ) / noun and reduce blueness

Skype the tendency to analyse a person’s actions Skype /skap/ a trade name for a piece according to the situation they are in, of downloadable software that allows free rather than their innate characteristics. phone calls to be made over the Internet, Compare dispositional attribution using a standard computer headset and situation comedy situation comedy /stʃueʃ(ə)n speakers kɒmədi skywriting / noun full form of sit-com skaratŋ sixteenmo sksti nməυ skywriting / / noun 1. the sixteenmo / / noun use of an aircraft releasing coloured PRINTING same as sextodecimo smoke to form letters in the sky, often for sixteen nine sixteen nine /sksti n nan/ adjective advertising purposes 2. letters or a referring to the normal aspect ratio of message formed in the sky by coloured widescreen broadcasts (often written smoke released from an aircraft 16:9). ı four-by-three slander slɑ ndə sixty-fourmo slander / / noun an untrue sixty-fourmo /siksti fɔ məυ/ noun a spoken statement which damages some- size of book page traditionally created by body’s reputation. Compare libel folding a single sheet of standard-sized printing paper 6 times, giving 64 leaves or ‘Such wild, malicious and deeply personal allegations are far too grave to 128 pages skeletonised copy be dealt with by the FA. Slander is a skeletonised copy /skeltənazd matter for the civil courts only.’ kɒpi/ noun a shortened copy of a publi- [The Daily Telegraph]

cation consisting of the front page and a slang few key articles, used by researchers for slang /slŋ/ noun words, expressions evaluating people’s reactions to, and expe- and usages that are casual replacements rience of, different publications for standard ones, are often short-lived sketch /sketʃ/ noun a flippant article and are usually considered unsuitable for describing an event, usually used in rela- formal contexts SLAPP tion to happenings at the House of SLAPP /slp/ noun the practice of Commons companies taking out large, expensive skiffle /skf(ə)l/ noun a type of popular lawsuits against their critics, who cannot music in the 1950s, usually played by a possibly compete and are forced to back small group on guitars with improvised down. Full form Strategic Lawsuits instruments such as a washboard used as Against Public Participation slash percussion slash /slʃ/ noun a punctuation mark (/) skill /skl/ noun the ability to do some- that is used to separate optional items in a thing that you have learned list or to express fractions or division, and Skillset /sklset/ noun the organisation that has various uses in computer responsible for training and qualifications programming. Also called diagonal, within the film and broadcasting indus- forward slash, oblique, solidus slash-and-burn tries slash-and-burn /slʃ ən b& n/ noun skin flick flick /skn flk/ noun a porno- rapid editing in order to get a piece to air slate graphic film slate /slet/ noun 1. the list of major skip /skp/ verb to fail to play properly films that are to be produced during a by jumping from one place to another single production period 2. same as skip distance distance /skp dstəns/ noun clapper board sleeper effect sli pər fekt the shortest distance between a radio sleeper effect / | / noun a transmitter and receiver that permits response in an audience to a message that MediaStudies.fm Page 217 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

217 sneak preview

small capital is not immediately apparent, only small capital /smɔ l kpt(ə)l/ noun surfacing after some time a capital letter that is the same height as a sleeve sleeve /sli v/ noun a decorated protec- lowercase letter. Abbreviation sc small print tive cover for a record or CD that usually small print /smɔ l prnt/ noun items lists the performers and contents. Also printed at the end of an official document called liner such as a contract in smaller letters than sleeve notes notes /sli v nəυts/ plural noun the rest of the text information about a record, printed on its COMMENT: People sometimes do not pay cover attention to the small print in a contract, slide slad but it can contain important information, slide / / noun a small piece of film and unscrupulous operators may that carries a positive photograph that can deliberately try to hide things such as be viewed by projection on a screen or additional charges or unfavourable terms through a magnifying device in it because they know that people are slidefile unlikely to read it before signing up. slidefile /sladfal/ noun same as stills small screen store small screen /smɔ l skri n/ noun the slider slider /sladə/ noun a control knob or medium of television, especially as lever on a piece of equipment that moves distinct from the cinema Small World Media horizontally or vertically, for example to Small World Media /smɔ l w& ld change the volume of a radio or CD player mi diə/ noun a UK-based alternative slip /slp/ noun a special pull-out section media company that is dedicated to covering a particular event covering overlooked or buried news slipsheet slpʃi t through video and Internet broadcasts slipsheet / / noun a sheet of SMATV blank paper placed between newly printed SMATV abbreviation TV satellite sheets to prevent wet ink on the printed master antenna television í smiling professions smalŋ prə sheets from rubbing off or smearing smiling professions / | verb to place a blank sheet of paper feʃ(ə)nz/ plural noun the media, seen as between newly printed papers on which dedicated to portraying a happy image of the ink is still wet events and providing entertainment slogan SMPTE slogan /sləυ$ən/ noun a short catchy SMPTE abbreviation Society of phrase used in advertising to promote Motion Picture and Television Engi- something neers

slomo SMS slomo /sləυməυ/ abbreviation slow- SMS noun same as text message snail mail motion snail mail /snel mel/ noun mail sent slot slot /slɒt/ noun the allocated place in a through the postal service, as distinct from schedule for a particular programme the faster electronic mail slow drip slow drip /sləυ drp/ noun regular, ‘… has ‘low-dose’ exposure to some idea or view revolutionised the way travellers that gradually persuades its audience over communicate. Forget writing picture time postcards to send by snail mail, now you slow motion motion /sləυ məυʃ(ə)n/ noun a can be in the world’s remotest internet method of filming action at a rate faster cafe and upload photos of where you are than the normal projection rate, so that it to send instantly to the folks back appears on the screen at a slower than home.’ normal rate [Charlotte Hindle, The Independent] snap slow-motion /sləυ məυʃ(ə)n/ adjec- snap /snp/ noun a brief summary of a tive referring to film that is shot or shown story provided by a news agency snapper in slow motion. Abbreviation slomo snapper /snpə/ noun a photographer SLR snapshot SLR abbreviation PHOTOGRAPHY single- snapshot /snpʃɒt/ noun a photo- lens reflex graph, especially one taken by an amateur slug /sl$/ noun same as catchline with simple equipment sneak preview slur /sl& / noun an image that has been sneak preview /sni k pri vju / noun smeared or blurred í verb to blur or smear a public screening of a film before to its wet ink on a page, or be blurred or general release, in order to test public smeared reaction to it MediaStudies.fm Page 218 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

sniffer 218

sniffer social psychology səυʃ ə l sa sniffer /snfə/ noun a program on a social psychology / ( ) | computer system designed legitimately or kɒlədi/ noun the study of human behav- illegitimately to capture data being trans- iour, taken as a product of both mental mitted on a network, often used by processes and social pressures hackers to discover passwords and user social space space /səυʃ(ə)l spes/ noun in names the theories of structuralism and snuff film /snf flm/ noun a porno- discourse, an environment in which a graphic film or video that is supposed to social group such as a family, a group of end with the real-life murder of one of the friends or workmates exists and operates actors on film Society of Motion Picture and Televisionof EngineersMotion Picture and soap səsaəti əv səυp səυp Television Engineers / | soap / /, soap opera / məυʃ ə n pktʃə ən telv ə n ɒp ə rə ( ) | ( ) ( ) / noun a serial drama that is endnəz broadcast at the same time and at regular | / noun a union for technicians intervals (ie. every day or every weekday) working in the film and television indus- tries in the US. Abbreviation SMPTE COMMENT: Soap operas have their own sociology səυsiɒlədi format which features long-running, sociology / | / noun the open-ended storylines, often with several study of human social interactions. stories taking place at the same time Compare anthropology which may or may not affect each other. COMMENT: The study of sociology The plots tend to be based around a set encompasses such areas as economic, of friends or families or around a place of political and religious behaviours, and work, and characters are able to enter examines prevailing social structures and exit the soap easily (for example by and problems such as violent crime, moving to the street, taking a new job etc) divorce and substance addiction. sob stuff sɒb stf sociometrics səυʃiəmetrks sob stuff / / noun something sociometrics / | / noun such as a film, intended to provoke feel- the study of small groups and the power ings of sadness structures and interpersonal relationships soc soc abbreviation standard out cue within them SOF social action mode of media analysis SOF abbreviation sound on film social action mode of media anal- soft ysis /səυʃ(ə)l kʃən məυd əv mi diə soft /sɒft/ adjective dealing with other ənləss than serious issues or facts | / noun a view of the media as being instrumental in documenting social soft core core /sɒft kɔ / noun films, photo- conflict and the processes that bring about graphs or publications which are provoca- change tive but not sexually explicit soft-core socialisation səυʃ ə lazeʃ ə n soft-core /sɒft kɔ / adjective sexually socialisation / ( ) | ( ) / noun the process by which a person suggestive or provocative without being comes to understand the beliefs, conven- explicit tions etc. of a society, by living in it soft cover cover /sɒft kvə/ noun same as ‘Children frequently converse about a paperback soft focus video or a computer game or a television soft focus /sɒft fəυkəs/ noun a delib- programme. Heated exchange of views erate slight blurring of a photograph or a on such topics is part of their experience filmed image, giving it a hazy appearance, of socialisation. However, they rarely in order to achieve a special effect such as have such conversations about books.’ romance or nostalgia [Frank Furedi, The Daily Telegraph] soft news news /sɒft nju z/ noun news

socialism socialism /səυʃəlz(ə)m/ noun 1. a reported in a chatty, colourful style with political theory or system in which the less emphasis on straight facts and quotes. means of production and distribution are Compare hard news soft rock controlled by the people and operated soft rock /sɒft rɒk/ noun rock music according to equity and fairness rather that tends to be slower and more melodic than market principles 2. in Marxist than hard rock, often influenced by folk or theory, the stage after the proletarian revo- country and western music lution when a society is changing from soft sell sell /sɒft sel/ noun a method of capitalism to communism, marked by pay selling or advertising goods and services distributed according to work done rather that uses subtlety and persuasion, rather than according to need than aggressive insistence MediaStudies.fm Page 219 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

219 source software /sɒftweə/ noun in computer sound crew crew /saυnd kru / noun all the science, the programs, procedures, rules members of a film or television crew who and languages which are installed onto the are responsible for recording, editing and hardware and enable it to run. Compare mixing sound sound effect saυnd fekt hardware sound effect / | / noun a solarise /səυləraz/ verb to overexpose recording or imitation of a sound used in a photographic materials to light for delib- film, radio or television programme, play erate effect, usually in order to exaggerate or other theatrical performance highlights sound file file /saυnd fal/ noun a solid /sɒld/ adjective without spaces computer file that contains sound data between lines of type in printing sound image image /saυnd md/ noun a solidus solidus /sɒldəs/ noun PRINTING same term used to refer to the action of as slash ‘reading’ a sound in the same way as a sophism /sɒfz(ə)m/ noun an argu- picture can be read sophism sound mixer ment or explanation that seems very sound mixer /saυnd mksə/ noun a clever or subtle on the surface but is in fact person or machine that combines or misleading or intended to deceive balances sounds for a recording, broad- sort sɔ t cast or film soundtrack sort / / noun PRINTING a character in sound on film a font of type sound on film /saυnd ɒn flm/ noun SOT abbreviation sound on tape the background sounds recorded with a soul music səυl mju zk piece of video, not those edited on after- soul music / /, soul wards. Abbreviation SOF /səυl/ noun a style of African American sound on tape sound on tape /saυnd ɒn tep/ popular music with a strong emotional abbreviation SOT. Same as sound on quality, related to gospel music and film rhythm and blues sound on videotape sound saυnd ɒn saυnd sound on videotape / sound / / noun 1. the music, vdiəυtep/ noun a mark on a script indi- speech or other sounds heard through an cating that the sound accompanying a electronic device such as a television, piece of video should be the sound already radio or loudspeaker, especially with on it, not from a voiceover or other track. regard to volume or quality 2. the Abbreviation SOVT recording, editing and replaying of music, Sound Recorder saυnd rkɔ də speech or sound effects in the broadcast or Sound Recorder / | / a entertainment industry utility included with Microsoft Windows sound bite saυnd bat that allows a user to play back digitised sound bite / / noun 1. a sound files or record sound onto disk and short extract from an interview or speech carry out very basic editing 2. a short, succinct quote sound stage saυnd sted Sound Blaster saυnd blɑ stə sound stage / / noun a Sound Blaster / / a large room or studio, usually soundproof, trade name for a type of sound card for where film scenes are shot. Also called personal computers developed by Crea- stage tive Labs that allows sounds to be soundtrack /saυndtrk/ noun 1. the recorded to disk (using a microphone) and soundtrack recorded music, dialogue and sound played back Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 effects in a film or video production. Also Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 called track 2. a commercially released noun the act of Parliament that allowed recording of the music that has been used the setup of commercial radio stations in a film sound capture saυnd kptʃə sound waves sound capture / / sound waves /saυnd wevz/ plural noun the conversion of an analogue sound noun pressure waves produced by vibra- into a digital form that can be used by a tions, which are transmitted through air computer (or a solid) and detected by the human ear sound card card /saυnd kɑ d/ noun an or a microphone (in which they are expansion card that produces analogue converted to electrical signals) sound signals under the control of a source /sɔ s/ noun a person, organisa- computer tion, book or other text that supplies infor- sound chip chip /saυnd tʃp/ noun a mation or evidence for someone such as a device that will generate a sound or tune journalist MediaStudies.fm Page 220 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

source feed 220

source feed spatial zone source feed /sɔ s fi d/ noun content spatial zone /speʃ(ə)l zəυn/ noun provided for a website using Really the physical space maintained between Simple Syndication technology, which is people in communication, according to submitted directly to the system in a form the nature of their relationship speaker which it can automatically process speaker /spi kə/ noun same as loud- SOVT SOVT abbreviation sound on video- speaker special tape special /speʃ(ə)l/ noun a television spaceband spaceband /spesbnd/ noun a programme that is not part of a network’s device used in printing to provide even normal schedule spacing between words in a justified line Special Broadcasting Service Broadcasting Service of text /speʃ(ə)l brɔ dkɑ stŋ$ s& vs/ noun spacebridge spacebridge /spesbrd/ noun a way a broadcasting corporation in Australia of communicating internationally by tele- that is dedicated to representing and vision, using transmissions from orbiting reaching a multicultural, multilingual satellites audience. Abbreviation SBS space buyer spes baə special effects speʃ ə l fekts space buyer / / noun a special effects / ( ) | / person who buys advertising space in plural noun effects that are planned, magazines and newspapers constructed and filmed as though they space segment segment /spes se$mənt/ were real, for example explosions, fires noun a period of time which a broadcaster etc. books in advance for the use of a satellite ‘[in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire] spə$eti Ralph Fiennes does a great job as Lord spaghetti western /| westən/ noun a film in the style of the Voldemort, helped by some brilliant cowboy epics set in the Wild West, but effects used to keep his character just as actually filmed in Italy or Spain during the dark and dangerous as it is on the printed 1960s and 70s page – the film’s budget was £80 million spam spm and required 1,600 special effects spam / / verb 1. to send an unsolic- shots.’ [Emma Urquhart, The Sunday ited e-mail message, often an advertise- Telegraph]

ment, to many people 2. to post a message specialist editor many times to a newsgroup, or an inap- specialist editor /speʃəlst edtə/ propriate message to multiple newsgroups noun a film editor with specialist knowl- í noun an unsolicited, often commercial, edge, such as of special effects or a partic- message transmitted through the Internet ular piece of technology used in produc- as a mass mailing tion special position speʃ ə l pə ‘When police first took him in for special position / ( ) | questioning, Francis-Macrae asked zʃ(ə)n/ noun an especially good place in officers for the name of their chief a publication for advertising special sort constable. A bogus spam e-mail special sort /speʃ(ə)l sɔ t/ noun a suddenly appeared around the world character that is not on the usual printing threatening to remove £400 from font, for example an accented or Greek people’s bank accounts to pay for an letter iPod. The name and telephone number specification spesfkeʃ ə n specification / | ( ) / noun given for the “customer services detailed instructions regarding informa- manager” was the Chief Constable.’ tion such as font, point size and layout that [Dominic Kennedy, The Times] are sent with material to be typeset and spam killer killer /spm klə/ noun a piece printed spectacle of software that automatically identifies spectacle /spektək(ə)l/ noun in and deals with spam in incoming e-mail cultural theory, something that people spamming spamming /spmŋ/ noun the want to look at, which attracts attention spectrum scarcity sending of unsolicited electronic spectrum scarcity /spektrəm messages through the Internet to a large skeəsti/ noun a situation in which there number of recipients are not enough wavelengths to match the spark spark /spɑ k/ noun an electrician number of channels which wish to broad- responsible for lighting on a film shoot cast. This situation no longer arises since (informal) the advent of digital broadcasting. MediaStudies.fm Page 221 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

221 spot news

speech bubble split screen speech bubble /spi tʃ bb(ə)l/ noun split screen /splt skri n/ noun a same as balloon cinema or television screen frame divided speech chip speech chip /spi tʃ tʃp/ noun an into more than one image split track integrated circuit that generates sounds split track /splt trk/ adjective refer- (usually phonemes) which when played ring to a feed in which the different audio together sound like human speech and video components are transmitted speech-recognition technology technology separately so that they may be used inde- spi tʃ rekə$nʃ ə n teknɒlədi pendently later. Compare mixed / | | / ( ) spoiler noun a system of computer input and spoiler /spɔlə/ noun a newspaper or control in which the computer can recog- magazine that is deliberately released at nise spoken words and transform them the same time as a rival publication in into digitised commands or text order to divert interest in it and reduce its speed sales speed /spi d/ noun a measure of the sensitivity of photographic film to light, ‘[Hello! magazine] provoked an expressed according to any of various expensive legal battle five years ago numerical rating systems when it ran a set of snatched “spoiler” spider spadə photographs of the marriage of the spider / / noun a piece of equip- actors Catherine Zeta-Jones and ment for locking the three legs of a tripod Michael Douglas. The couple, who had in place. Also called spreader sold the rights to their wedding to the spike spike /spak/ verb to reject a piece of rival magazine OK! for £1 million, sued copy Hello! at the High Court.’ [Richard spin spin /spn/ noun the act of interpreting Eden, The Sunday Telegraph] and presenting news according to a partic- sponsor /spɒnsə/ noun a person or a ular point of view business that pays for radio or television spin doctor spin doctor /spn dɒktə/ noun a programming by buying advertising time person working in public relations, whose sponsorship /spɒnsəʃp/ noun the job is to influence the way in which news act of paying full or part costs towards the is interpreted and presented to protect production of something such as a televi- somebody’s public image, for example a sion show, in return for a regular adver- politician tising slot on it spine spoof spine /span/ noun the back of a book spoof /spu f/ noun a media product that cover to which the pages are fixed mimics a more serious product and ridi- splash splash /splʃ/ noun the front page, cules it with humour. For example, the most important story Hot Shots! films (1991 and 1993) mimic splash page splʃ ped Top Gun, a hugely-popular film of 1986 splash page / / noun a starring Tom Cruise. Same as parody. webpage, usually containing advertise- Compare pastiche ments, that is displayed to visitors to a sportscast spɔ tskɑ st website before they reach the homepage sportscast / / noun a radio splatterpunk or television broadcast of a sports event or splatterpunk /spltəpŋk/ noun a of sports news form of narrative, for example a story, film sportswriter spɔ tsratə sportswriter / | / noun or comic strip, that contains a large somebody who writes about sport, espe- amount of bloody violence splice cially for a newspaper or magazine splas spot splice / / verb to join the ends of spot /spɒt/ adjective referring to a news two pieces of film or magnetic tape, for report that is broadcast from the place example in editing where it happens í noun 1. a brief splicing tape splicing tape /splasŋ tep/ noun announcement or advertisement inserted adhesive tape used for connecting pieces between regular radio or television of magnetic tape edited by hand programmes 2. a lamp with a narrow, split run split run /splt rn/ noun the printing focused beam, concentrating the light on of the same issue of a publication in one spot. Also called closed-face lamp. several production runs, so that different Compare flood advertisements may be placed in different spot news news /spɒt nju z/ noun news printings, allowing the effects of the coverage that is not planned, because it is advertising to be compared covering an event which is still unfolding MediaStudies.fm Page 222 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

spotter 222

squib or has only very recently happened. Also squib /skwb/ noun a short humorous called breaking news. Compare diary piece that acts as a filler in a newspaper piece st. st. abbreviation PRINTING stet spotter spɒtə stab spotter / / noun an assistant to a stab /stb/ noun a short piece of music sports commentator who identifies the such as a jingle players in a game stage spread stage /sted/ noun CINEMA, RECORDING spread /spred/ noun 1. an advertise- same as sound stage ment or story that occupies two or more stage left columns in a newspaper or magazine 2. stage left /sted left/ noun the left- two facing pages in a newspaper, maga- hand side of a stage or set from the actor’s zine or book, often with material printed point of view, facing towards the audience across the fold or camera. Compare cam L stage right spreader /spredə/ noun same as stage right /sted rat/ noun the spider right-hand side of a stage or set from the sprocket holes holes /sprɒkt həυlz/ plural actor’s point of view, facing towards the noun the holes that run down the side of a audience or camera. Compare cam R stage window piece of film, allowing it to be held steady stage window /sted wndəυ/ noun and wound on by the mechanism of a a window in which a video or animation camera sequence is viewed on a computer stamp spun /spn/ noun a flameproof sheet stamp /stmp/ noun a small block with made from fibreglass that is used to a raised design or lettering that can be diffuse lights printed onto paper by inking the block and Spycatcher case case /spaktʃə kes/ pressing it to the paper stamp duty noun the attempted censorship by the stamp duty /stmp dju ti/ noun a British government of revelations made tax on newspapers in the late 18th and by a former MI5 intelligence officer in his early 19th century, which pushed the book ‘Spycatcher’, published in 1987. prices of publications up to damaging Despite arguments that he had signed the levels stamper Official Secrets Act, the courts held that stamper /stmpə/ noun a mould from the book should be published in full and which disc recordings are pressed the press could publish excerpts, as the standard error stndəd erə information was in the public interest. standard error / / noun spyware spaweə an estimate of possible errors when calcu- spyware / / noun software that lating the results of a particular survey. A is secretly installed on a hard disk without large standard error leads to lowered the user’s knowledge and collects confidence limits. encoded information on his or her identity standardisation stndəda and Internet use via an Internet connection standardisation / | zeʃ(ə)n/ noun the process of making or ‘Nilay Patel, director of engineering at becoming standard MailFrontier, the internet security standard out cue standard out cue /stndəd aυt company… gives warning of the risks of kju e-mail Christmas cards. “These could / noun same as sign-off look pretty on your screen, but behind Standard Rate & Data Service Rate & Data Service the flickering could be /stndəd ret ənd detə s& vs/ noun spyware installing itself on your PC, an American publication listing adver- which can filter all your internet tising rates, circulation and other details password and card details to fraudsters”, of major American magazines, newspa- he says.’ [Joe Morgan, The Times] pers and other advertising media standards conversion square bracket bracket /skweə brkt/ standards conversion /stndədz kənv& ʃ ə n noun either of a pair of symbols, [ ], used | ( ) / noun the process of in keying, printing or writing to indicate converting a television picture from one some kind of special comment, for standard to another, for example from example that made by an editor PAL to SECAM standfirst squeegee /skwi di / noun an imple- standfirst /stndf& st/ noun a short ment, usually a rubber roller, that is used introductory few lines between the head- in printing and photography to remove line and the body of text in a longer article excess water or ink or feature MediaStudies.fm Page 223 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

223 stereograph stand-in /stnd n/ noun a replace- Compare dramatic 3. relating to or ment for an actor in a film, for example caused by electrical interference in a radio when preparing scenes or during or television broadcast dangerous action static object object /sttk ɒbdekt/ noun stand-up /stnd p/ noun same as an object in an animation or video that piece-to-camera does not move within the frame stand-up position stnd p pə station steʃ ə n stand-up position / | station / ( ) / noun 1. a place zʃ(ə)n/ noun a spot at an incident or equipped to make and broadcast radio or event where pieces-to-camera can be television programmes 2. a television or filmed, usually with some sort of view of radio channel events in the background station break break /steʃ(ə)n brek/ noun star star /stɑ / noun a person in the public a time when a radio or television eye because of a particular achievement or programme is interrupted by an talent of theirs, for example a sports star, a announcement giving the name, and film star. Compare celebrity sometimes other details, of the company starch ratings ratings /stɑ tʃ retŋz/ plural that is broadcasting the programme statistics stətstks noun a method of assessing the effective- statistics / | / plural noun facts ness of an organisation’s advertising or information in the form of numbers star image star image /stɑ md/ noun the status quo quo /stetəs kwəυ/ noun the reputation of a star, used as an additional way that things are, i.e. the current way of marketing a film ideology, social system etc. starlet starlet /stɑ lət/ noun a young female statutory regulation regulation /sttʃυt(ə)ri actor seen as a possible major film star of re$jυleʃ ə n | ( ) / noun regulatory powers the future that have been established by law, for star system system /stɑ sstəm/ noun the example those conferred by the 2003 system of deliberately exploiting an indi- Broadcasting Act on OFCOM vidual performer by creating an appealing Steadicam /stedikm/ a trade name off-screen persona for them, in order to for a type of camera that can be strapped sell films to the body of the operator and contains start page start page /stɑ t ped/ noun the technology to keep an image steady artifi- webpage to which a visitor to a website is cially automatically taken first, or the page to Steenbeck /sti nbek/ noun a flatbed which a user is automatically taken first editing table for film whenever he or she goes online stem stem startup screen stɑ tp skri n stem / / noun an upright stroke, startup screen / / noun especially the main one, in a letter or char- text or graphics displayed when a acter computer application or multimedia book stenotype stenətap is run stenotype / / noun a machine statement stetmənt whose keyboard is used to record speech statement / / noun 1. the by means of phonetic shorthand expression in spoken or written words of step frame step frem something such as a fact, intention or step frame / / verb to policy, or an instance of this 2. a specially capture a video sequence one frame at a prepared announcement or reply that is time, used when the computer is not made public, such as by a politician powerful or fast enough to capture real- statement of circulation time full-motion video statement of circulation stereo stetmənt əv s& kjυleʃ ə n stereo /steriəυ/ adjective same as ster- / | ( ) / noun a report prepared by a magazine or news- eophonic í noun 1. an audio system or paper publisher giving their own circula- device that reproduces stereophonic tion figures sound 2. photography using stereogram static /sttk/ noun electrical interfer- stereogram /steriə$rm/ noun a ence in a radio or television broadcast, radiogram that gives stereo sound repro- causing a crackling noise or disruption of duction a picture í adjective 1. not moving 2. stereograph noun a picture with two referring to a medium in art which does superimposed images or two almost iden- not involve drama and movement, such as tical pictures placed side by side which, sculpture, photography or painting. when viewed through special glasses or a MediaStudies.fm Page 224 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

stereophonic 224 stereoscope, produce a three-dimensional still frame frame /stl frem/ noun a single image frame from a film or television stereophonic steriəfɒnk stereophonic / | / adjec- programme displayed as a photograph still photography stl fətɒ$rəfi tive referring to an audio system based on still photography / | / two or more soundtracks to make noun photography of objects or people recorded sound seem more natural when that are not moving reproduced. Also called stereo stills /stlz/ plural noun photographs or stereopticon steriɒptkɒn stereopticon / | / noun a still images taken from a film slide projector able to allow one image to stills store store /stlz stɔ / noun an elec- gradually replace another tronic file of still shots that can be easily stereoscope stereoscope /steriəskəυp/ noun a located for use in a production. Also device resembling a pair of binoculars in called slidefile which two-dimensional pictures of a stimulus-response model model scene taken at slightly different angles are stmjυləs rspɒns mɒd ə l / | ( ) / noun an viewed concurrently, one with each eye, attempt to describe the relationship creating the illusion of three dimensions between the stimulus provided by adver- stereoscopy steriɒskəpi stereoscopy / | / noun the tisers and the audience reaction in terms creation of a 3D illusion in photography of actually buying the advertised product and film, using two images taken from sting /stŋ/ noun same as stab slightly different angles which mimic stitch sttʃ those seen by each eye stitch / / verb to bind the pages of a stereotype steriətap book, pamphlet or other publication with stereotype / / noun a way of thread or staples classifying people which is over-simpli- stock stock /stɒk/ noun unused film fied, based on a narrow set of attributes stock shot stɒk ʃɒt and assuming others, which may be offen- stock shot / / noun a general sive to the person in question piece of footage of an area, object or COMMENT: The creation and perpetuation person that is stored in a library for later of stereotypes is something for which the use media are often blamed. Care must be stone /stəυn/ noun a very smooth flat taken in the representation of any group table used for arranging printing type or individual in the media, and particularly stooge stu d those which are less often represented, stooge / / noun a comic actor, to avoid unfair and lasting attributions. usually part of a double act, who acts as

stet stet /stet/ noun PRESS a proofreading the butt of most of the jokes stop mark meaning ‘ignore marked deletion’. stop /stɒp/ noun one of the graded Abbreviation st. settings for the size of the aperture of a stickiness /stkinəs/ noun the extent camera lens to which a website attracts, and especially stop bath /stɒp bɑ θ/ noun an acid keeps, visitors solution in which a negative or print is ‘Wimbledon claims to have been the dipped in order to stop the developing first big sports event in the UK to use its process stop down website as a promotional and marketing stop down /stɒp daυn/ verb to make tool… The site claims 2.8m unique the aperture of a camera lens smaller users, each spending an average of two stop-motion /stɒp məυʃ(ə)n/ noun a hours nine minutes on the site, a degree filming technique in which filming is of “stickiness” that most commercial stopped, something about the scene organisations would kill for.’ [Alan changed (an object added or removed, for Cane, The Financial Times] example) and filming resumed, giving the sticky /stki/ adjective referring to an impression that something has changed Internet site that attracts, and especially ‘by magic’ keeps, visitors stop press press /stɒp pres/ noun a blank still /stl/ noun a photographic print, column on the back page of a newspaper either made from a single frame of a film allowing space for a last-minute addition or shot independently with a still camera of breaking news during production í adjective designed story /stɔ ri/ noun 1. a report in the for, or relating to the process of, taking news of something that has happened 2. a photographs as opposed to making films subject or material for a news report MediaStudies.fm Page 225 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

225 stroke storyboard /stɔ ribɔ d/ noun a Internet or a computer network in real written plan for the filming of a sequence time with drawings of how the scenes should ‘…Sling Media. This US-based appear and camera and lighting instruc- company has developed a television set- tions, timings etc. top box, decorously called the STR STR abbreviation BROADCAST synchro- “Slingbox”, which connects to the nous transmitter receiver internet allowing the consumer to watch straight-to-camera /stret tυ the live video stream from his or her km(ə)rə/ adjective referring to speech television over a broadband link on a that delivered straight into the camera as personal computer anywhere in the though talking directly to the viewer world.’ straight-to-video [Alan Cane, The Financial Times] straight-to-video /stret tə vdiəυ/ streamer adjective referring to a film that is streamer /stri mə/ noun a large head- released only in video format rather than line that extends the entire width of a shown in cinemas newspaper page streaming video stranding /strndŋ/ noun same as streaming video /stri mŋ vdiəυ/ stripping noun video data that is continuously strap /strp/ noun a blocked-out strip, transmitted (normally over the Internet) usually at the bottom of a picture, over using a streaming protocol to provide which text can be placed and easily read smooth moving images stream of consciousness strapline /strplan/ noun a smaller stream of consciousness /stri m headline summing up the article in a neat əv kɒnʃəsnəs/ noun 1. a literary style accessible way. Also called overline that presents a character’s continuous strap titles titles /strp tat(ə)lz/ plural random flow of thoughts as they arise 2. noun a caption that appears at the bottom the continuous uninterrupted flow of of a television screen, for example giving thoughts and feelings through some- the name of a person being interviewed body’s mind street furniture strategic bargaining strəti dk street furniture /stri t f& ntʃə/ strategic bargaining / | bɑ $nŋ/ noun the practice in which noun lamps, litter bins, bus shelters etc., public figures feed news items to the press on which advertising can be placed strike in return for exposure or favourable strike /strak/ verb to take a film set coverage apart or remove an unwanted prop from a Strategic Lawsuits Against Public ParticipationLawsuits Against set strike off Public Participation noun full form strike off /strak ɒf/ verb to print a of SLAPP copy, document or publication strategic marketing strəti dk strikeover strategic marketing / | strakəυvə strikeover / | / noun 1. a mɑ ktŋ / noun marketing according to character or word that has been typed over a plan that is developed after analysing the by something else 2. the typing of one market, designing the advertising character over another already typed messages and launching the product without erasing the first one strategic silence strəti dk stringer strategic silence / | strŋə saləns stringer / / noun PRESS, RADIO / noun the act of leaving some- same as freelancer thing out, as with news selection and strip strp coverage strip / / verb to put pieces of photo- strategy graphic film or paper together to make a /strtədi/ noun a communi- strategy plate for printing cative act that has a clear purpose and has strip cartoon strp kɑ tu n been pre-planned, for example to strip cartoon / | / noun persuade or make a sale same as comic strip stripping strays /strez/ plural noun electrical stripping /strpŋ/ noun in scheduling, interference in a radio or television broad- showing the same programme or genre of cast, causing disruption of a signal programme at the same time each day. stream /stri m/ verb to broadcast video, Also called stranding stroke audio etc. material via the Internet or a stroke /strəυk/ noun a short diagonal computer network in real time í noun a line (/) used to separate groups of numbers video or audio broadcast made via the or in written text to mean ‘and’ or ‘or’ MediaStudies.fm Page 226 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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structuralism /strktʃərəlz(ə)m/ stylus /staləs/ noun the jewel-tipped noun a technique of critical analysis that needle of a record player that rests in the focuses on the basic structures of media grooves of a record as it revolves and products and how meanings are created transmits vibrations to the cartridge through the interrelation of existing struc- sub /sb/ noun 1. a subtitle to a docu- tures ment or printed matter 2. same as COMMENT: According to structuralist subeditor í verb to add subtitles to analysis, meaning can only be something interpreted in terms of the constructed subconscious sbkɒnʃəs system that the sign fits into, such as the subconscious / | / adjective other things with which it is associated or below the level of conscious realisation which it is opposite to. subculture /sbkltʃə/ noun in soci- structure of reassurance of reassurance /strktʃə ology, a smaller, ‘breakaway’ cultural əv ri əʃυərəns group characterised by non-mainstream | / noun the way in which news is presented in a familiar, trust- activities, interests, styles of dress, reli- worthy manner in which in order to make gion etc. subedit sbedt the audience believe it subedit / | / verb to read and studio /stju diəυ/ noun 1. a commer- correct written material before it is cial film production company 2. a room or published, particularly for newspapers building equipped for making films, tele- and magazines, under the general supervi- vision or radio productions or musical sion of an editor subeditor recordings 3. all the buildings connected subeditor /sbedtə/ noun 1. an with a film production company, used for assistant editor helping to prepare mate- shooting and producing films rial for publication 2. somebody whose studio system system /stju diəυ sstəm/ job is to read and correct written material noun the system of Hollywood film before it is published, particularly for production from the 1930s-1950s in newspapers and magazines, under the which the major studios controlled the general supervision of an editor ̈ also production of each film with their own called sub subhead strict management style, allowing little subhead /sbhed/ noun a secondary opportunities for independent film heading or title companies to break into the industry subject /sbdkt/ noun the person or stunt double double /stnt db(ə)l/ noun a thing that a camera is looking at, or who is person who replaces a film actor in scenes being interviewed or having a programme involving dangerous action sequences. made about them subjectivity sbdektvti Also called stuntperson subjectivity / | / noun stuntman /stntmn/ noun a man the practice of allowing personal opinion whose job is to take the place of a screen to affect news reporting, a situation which actor in a scene involving danger or should be avoided, unless it is made requiring acrobatic skill obvious that this is the case. Compare stuntperson stntp& s ə n objectivity stuntperson / | ( ) / noun subliminal sblmn ə l same as stunt double subliminal / | ( ) / adjective stuntwoman stntwυmən below the level of conscious realisation, stuntwoman / | / noun a especially of some stimulus that provokes woman whose job is to take the place of a a reaction screen actor in a scene involving danger or subliminal advertising sb subliminal advertising /| requiring acrobatic skill lmn ə l dvətazŋ STV ( ) / noun a tech- STV abbreviation Scottish Television nique that supposedly puts an idea into a style style /stal/ noun a set of guidelines for viewer’s head by flashing barely-percep- a particular publication regarding ‘house tible images between frames in a filmed rules’ on punctuation, grammar and piece spelling ‘Deploying the music from a successful stylist stylist /stalst/ noun somebody older film to advertise a new one must employed to set up scenes to be photo- be about as close to subliminal graphed in a magazine, including advertising as it’s legally possible to get: supplying any accessories or decorative the makers of the trailers for the recent objects required movie Lemony Snicket’s A Series of MediaStudies.fm Page 227 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

227 suggestion Unfortunate Events… knew the movie cation is delivered regularly by e-mail or they wanted viewers to be reminded other means to a group of subscribers of… and so they bought the rights to its subscription channel səbskrpʃən subscription channel / | score.’ tʃn(ə)l/ noun a cable or satellite [Oliver Burkeman, The Guardian] channel that is only available on payment submaster /sbmɑ stə/ noun a copy of a subscription subscription process səbskrpʃən from an original video cassette, made as a subscription process / | backup in case the master tape is damaged prəυses/ noun the process by which or lost users register and pay to receive informa- subminiature sbmntʃə subminiature / | / adjective tion, content or services, from a website or referring to a camera that is smaller than a cable or satellite television service compact camera, using film smaller than substratum /sbstrɑ təm/ noun a the 35mm miniature format í noun a layer of a substance placed on a photo- subminiature camera graphic film or plate as a foundation for an subordinate response səbɔ dnət subordinate response / | emulsion rspɒns subtext | / noun one of three supposed subtext /sbtekst/ noun an underlying responses to receiving a message, the meaning or message in something such as subordinate response involves general a piece of literature acceptance of whatever messages, values, subtitle /sbtat(ə)l/ noun 1. a printed ideas etc are being received, with slight translation of the dialogue in a foreign- questioning of or disagreement with them. language film, usually appearing at the ı dominant response, radical bottom of the screen 2. a caption for the response action or dialogue of a , subplot subplot /sbplɒt/ noun a second and appearing at intervals as a full-screen less important story within a book, play or panel 3. the printed text of what is being film said in a television programme, provided subscribe səbskrab subscribe / | / verb 1. to pay for the hearing-impaired and usually at money for a service such as cable or satel- the bottom of the screen lite television, Internet access, a series of sub-woofer /sb wυfə/ noun a large issues of magazines etc 2. to add your loudspeaker that can reproduce very low name and e-mail address to a mailing list frequency sounds, normally with frequen- in order to receive messages from a cies between 20 to 100Hz, used with website automatically, with or without normal loudspeakers to enhance the charge overall sound quality subscriber səbskrabə succeeder səksi də subscriber / | / noun a user succeeder / | / noun in adver- who chooses to receive information, tising audience classifications, a person content or services regularly from a who wants products that increase their service provider such as a cable or satel- power and control in life. ı aspirer, lite television company mainstreamer, reformer subscript sbskrpt succès de scandale səkse de subscript / / adjective refer- succès de scandale / | skɒndɑ l ring to characters that are printed on a | / noun something that is lower level than other characters in a line successful because it is controversial, for of type í noun a character that is printed example a book, film or play, or the on a level lower than the rest of the char- success that is gained as a result of contro- acters on the line, for example the ‘2’ in versy the chemical formula ‘H O’ succès d’estime səkse desti m 2 succès d’estime / | | / subscription səbskrpʃən subscription / | / noun noun a book, film or play that is money that is paid in advance for a series successful with critics but not with the of issues of a magazine, for membership public, or the success that is gained of a society or for access to information on because of this a website or cable or satellite television suggestion sədestʃən suggestion / | / noun the services deliberate introduction into somebody’s subscription-based publishing publishing mind of an opinion, belief or instruction, səbskrpʃən best pblʃŋ / | / noun a for example through hypnosis or adver- form of publishing in which content from tising, so that it is accepted or acted on as a website, magazine, book or other publi- that person’s own idea MediaStudies.fm Page 228 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

Sundance Film Festival 228 Sundance Film Festival Film Festival /sndɑ ns the development of technology, for flm festvəl/ noun a major film festival example to be informed, to be entertained, for independent film producers, held to have household tasks simplified etc. annually in Utah, USA super video graphics arrayvideo graphics array /su pə Sundays vdiəυ $rfks əre Sundays /sndez/ plural noun special | / noun a standard format newspapers published every of video adapter developed by IBM that Sunday can support a display with a resolution up sungun /sn$n/ noun an unmounted to 800 x 600 pixels in up to 16 million light that runs on batteries, useful when colours. Abbreviation SVGA supervising producer other types of light sources are impossible supervising producer suəpəvazŋ prədju sə to set up on location / | / noun the sunlamp /snlmp/ noun a lamp with member of a film or television production parabolic mirrors that are directed to focus team who is responsible for supervising light, used in cinema photography one or more producers in some aspects of super su pə their work super / / noun 1. something super- support advertising səpɔ t support advertising /| imposed onto a picture 2. a starched dvətazŋ cotton gauze fabric that is used to / noun advertising that is strengthen the bindings of books 3. a char- designed to back up a campaign which is acter generator such as an Aston. Also being primarily conducted in other media supporting səpɔ tŋ called name super, motif supporting / | / adjective refer- super 16 su pə sksti n ring to an actor or other entertainer who super 16 / | / noun a professional film format used for wide- appears in the same film, play or programme as the main star or attraction screen pictures supporting artist super-cardioid microphone səpɔ tŋ ɑ tst super-cardioid microphone supporting artist / | / su pə kɑ diɔd makrəfəυn noun same as extra / / noun TV support media səpɔ t mi diə same as gun mike support media / | / superhero /su pəhərəυ/ noun a plural noun non-traditional media that are fictional character, for example from a used to reinforce messages sent to target cartoon, who has superhuman powers and markets through other more traditional media uses them to fight crime or evil surf superhigh frequency surf /s& f/ verb 1. to go on the Internet superhigh frequency /su pəha and look at a variety of different websites fri kwənsi/ noun a radio frequency between 3,000 and 30,000 megahertz for recreation, education or entertainment superimpose 2. same as channel-hop su pərmpəυz surprint superimpose / | / verb surprint /s& prnt/ PRINTING verb same to lay an image on top of another image so as overprint í noun same as overprint that both are visible. Abbreviation S/I surround sound superimposition səraυnd saυnd su pəmpə surround sound / | / superimposition / | zʃ ə n noun a system of recording and repro- ( ) / noun an image which has been ducing sound that uses three or more superimposed on another superior channels and speakers in order to create sυpəriə superior / | / adjective placed the effect of the listener being surrounded above a main line of print í noun a char- by sound sources. ı ambisonics acter placed above a main line of print surveillance society səveləns sə | | superstation surveillance society / su pəsteʃ ə n superstation / | ( ) / noun saəti/ noun the idea that increased use a television channel broadcast nationally of technology such as credit cards, mobile or internationally through satellite and phones etc. means that people can be cable tracked and traced more easily by the superstitial su pəstʃ ə l superstitial / | ( ) / noun an authorities animated advertisement that pops up on a suspension of disbelief sə suspension of disbelief /| viewer’s screen between page views on spenʃən əv dsbli f | / noun the need to the Internet accept unlikely situations and plot devel- superstructure su pəstrktʃə superstructure / | / opments (for example in fantasies and noun ‘ base and superstructure science fiction) for the purposes of supervening social necessity social necessity enjoying the film or programme su pəvi nŋ səυʃ ə l nsesti suspension point səspenʃən / ( ) | / noun a suspension point /| requirement from society that motivates pɔnt/ noun each of a series of dots, MediaStudies.fm Page 229 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

229 synchronic usually three, used in printed and written swung dash dash /swŋ dʃ/ noun a material to indicate an omission or an character (~) used in printing to represent incomplete phrase all or part of a word previously spelt out sustaining program səstenŋ Sykes Committee Report 1923 sustaining program / | Sykes Committee Report 1923 prəυ$rm/ noun a US radio or televi- /saks/ noun an investigation into the sion programme that does not have future of BBC radio, which recommended commercials because the station or that the company as a whole should be network on which it is broadcast supports considered a public service and put into it public administration symbol suture suture /su tʃə/ noun an edit that makes symbol /smbəl/ noun in semiology, an two filmed shots appear continuous, image which represents some object or ‘stitching up’ the gap between them concept symbolic SVGA smbɒlk SVGA abbreviation super graphics symbolic / | / adjective in video array semiology, something symbolic is not a S-VHS es vi etʃ es sign or symbol itself but represents a set of S-VHS / / noun an ideas and values outside itself, for enhanced version of VHS videotape example a flag which represents a country S-Video /es vdiəυ/ noun symbolic code smbɒlk kəυd S-Video a method of symbolic code / | / transmitting a video signal in which the noun one of five codes used in the anal- luminance and colour components (the ysis and deconstruction of texts, luma, Y, and chroma, C) are transmitted describing symbols used in a narrative. ı over separate wires to improve the quality action code, enigma code, referential of the video. It is used in Hi8, S-VHS and code, semantic code other video formats to provide better symbolic convergence theory convergence theory quality than composite video. smbɒlk kənv& dəns θəri / | | / noun SVQ SVQ abbreviation Scottish Vocational the theory that in order to fulfil the Qualification psychological needs of a group, events swashbuckler swashbuckler /swɒʃbklə/ noun a must be interpreted as a group, even play, novel or film about a swordsman or though the resulting shared interpretations adventurer may be inaccurate and fantastical symbolic interactionalism swash letter sm swɒʃ letə symbolic interactionalism / | swash letter / / noun an bɒlk ntərkʃənəlz ə m italic letter with elaborate flourishes and | ( ) / noun the tails theory that a person assigns a meaning sweeps and symbolic value to an object as a result sweeps /swi ps/ plural noun a survey of of other people’s reactions to it television ratings that is used to fix adver- symbolic violence smbɒlk symbolic violence / | tising prices or the period when these vaələns/ noun in sociology, the repres- ratings are taken sion that the non-dominant classes experi- sweetheart deal sweetheart deal /swi thɑ t di l/ ence, having been designated ‘wrong’ and noun the practice of employing known a ‘minority’ and favoured staff, such as ex-employees, symbolism /smbəlz(ə)m/ noun the when commissioning independent use of symbols to invest things with a productions representative meaning or to represent switched talkback switched talkback /swtʃd something abstract tɔ kbk/ noun talkback in a broad- sync /sŋk/ noun synchronised sound, casting studio from the production gallery i.e. sound that is recorded simultaneously that is activated by a button or switch, so with the picture. Compare non-sync that a presenter hears only the instructions syncbite /sŋkbat/ noun same as intended for them and not a continuous sound bite feed. Compare open talkback synchroflash /sŋkrəυflʃ/ noun switcher synchroflash a switcher /swtʃə/ noun same as vision mechanism in a camera that opens the mixer shutter at the moment when the light from swivel swivel /swv(ə)l/ noun a pivoting the flashbulb or electronic flash is support that allows something such as a brightest synchronic sŋkrɒnk camera to turn from side to side or up and synchronic / | / adjective in down, sometimes in a full circle the theories of structuralism and MediaStudies.fm Page 230 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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syndication sndkeʃ ə n discourse, current, referring to the study syndication / | ( ) / noun the of something as it currently is. Compare act of packaging a programme for sale to diachronic other, international networks, or some- synchronic linguistics sŋkrɒnk synchronic linguistics / | thing such as a news column or cartoon lŋ$wstks | / noun the study of language for publication elsewhere synergy focusing on its qualities at one particular synergy /snədi/ noun the relation- point in its development. Compare ship between different media products in diachronic linguistics which one is used to improve the exposure synchronise /sŋkrənaz/ verb to of another make the soundtrack of a film match up COMMENT: Examples of synergy in with the action products would be the soundtrack from a synchroniser /sŋkrənazə/ noun a film that is released on CD, further advertising the film while making money piece of film editing equipment that as a product in its own right, or a allows the picture and the sound to be newspaper that carries an advertisement matched up for a sister paper in its pages. synchronous transmitter receiver synchronous transmitter receiver syntactics sntktks sŋkrənəs trnzmtə rsi və syntactics / | / noun in semi- / | | / noun a ology, the study of signs and sign systems communications device that is able to without reference to their meanings both send and receive signals at the same syntax sntks time. Abbreviation STR syntax / / noun the study of syncopate sŋkəpet grammatical structure in language syncopate / / verb to modify synthesis snθəss a musical rhythm by shifting the stress to synthesis / / noun 1. a new a weak beat of the bar unified whole resulting from the combina- syncopation sŋkəpeʃ ə n tion of different ideas, influences or syncopation / | ( ) / noun a rhythmic technique in music in which the objects 2. the production of music or speech using an electronic synthesiser accent is shifted to a weak beat of the bar synthesise syncretism snθəsaz syncretism /sŋkrətz(ə)m/ noun in synthesise / / verb 1. to cultural theory, the combination in combine different ideas, influences, or harmony of supposedly opposite things objects into a new whole, or be combined such as cultural forms in this way 2. to produce music using an syndicate sndkət electronic synthesiser syndicate noun / / 1. a group synthesiser of newspapers that have the same owner synthesiser /snθəsazə/ noun a 2. a business or agency that sells news device that generates and modifies sounds stories or photographs to the media í verb electronically, especially a musical instru- /sndket/ 1. to sell something such as ment synthespian snθespiən an article or a comic strip for publication synthespian / | / noun a in a number of newspapers or magazines digital image of a person created by a simultaneously 2. to sell television or precise full-body scan and used by anima- radio programmes directly to independent tors to produce animated characters or stations films MediaStudies.fm Page 231 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

T

T1 T1 /ti wn/ noun a high-capacity tele- foreign coverage… How does he phone line suitable for high-speed digital respond to charges of tabloidisation? “I access to the Internet and able to handle suppose I plead guilty”.’ [Roy 24 voice or data channels simultaneously Greenslade, The Guardian] T3 tabloid TV T3 /ti θri/ noun a high-capacity tele- tabloid TV /tblɔd ti vi / noun tele- phone line capable of transferring data at vision programming that combines speeds great enough to provide full-screen gossip, scandal and news about media full-motion video and able to handle 672 celebrities in the style associated with voice or data channels simultaneously tabloid journalism tablet tblət tachistoscope təkstəskəυp tablet / / noun a flat device that tachistoscope / | / noun allows a user to input graphical informa- a device used to measure the recognition tion into a computer by drawing on its level when a customer is exposed to a surface brand package or advertising material. tabloid tabloid /tblɔd/ noun a smaller-sized Also called T-scope tag format of newspaper such as the Sun, The tag /t$/ noun a label that describes a Daily Mirror etc., with the added implica- piece of data, for example to facilitate tion that it covers the news in a light- later retrieval or text formatting í verb to hearted, entertaining and less serious mark a piece of data with tags so that it manner than a broadsheet. Also called can be formatted or retrieved red-top. Compare broadsheet í adjec- tagline tagline /t$lan/ noun a short tive light and entertainment-based. This term is often used pejoratively. secondary phrase attached to the title of a tabloidese film that expands on its nature and helps tblɔdi z tabloidese / | / noun a style to capture audience attention of reporting associated with the tabloids tag question t$ kwest ə n that is sensational and uses a lot of clichés tag question / ( ) / noun a and emotive language short phrase at the end of a statement that is intended to elicit a response, for COMMENT: Tabloidese is overly sensational, clichéd and characterised example ‘…, isn’t it?’ tail by snappy phrases and emotive tail /tel/ noun the bottom of a printed language. It also uses indirect, coded page, or the margin between the bottom of language and ambiguous statements the page and the lowest line of type which discourage accusations of libel, tailpiece such as the often-cited use of ‘romp’ to tailpiece /telpi s/ noun a decoration at imply a sexual encounter. the bottom of a page, for example at the tabloidisation tblɔdazeʃ ə n tabloidisation / | ( ) / end of a chapter take noun a change towards the style of news take /tek/ noun 1. a repetition of the coverage commonly associated with the same shot when filming, because the tabloid press previous one was not satisfactory for ‘He has made the headlines bigger and some reason 2. a single uninterrupted more catchy, used populist design session in which a work or section of a gimmicks, run more human interest work is recorded by audio recording stories on the front page, created a equipment 3. a page or number of pages quirky centre spread and reduced that are part of a larger article MediaStudies.fm Page 232 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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take back TAM take back /tek bk/ verb to move a TAM abbreviation TV television audi- portion of text back to the previous line ence measurement takeoff /tekɒf/ noun an imitation of Tango /tŋ$əυ/ noun an internation- somebody or something, especially for ally recognised code word for the letter T, comic effect used in radio communications take-ones /tek wnz/ plural noun tank /tŋk/ noun 1. a large tray or advertising leaflets or promotional cards container for processing a number of that are delivered to shops where they are sheets of film together 2. a lightproof displayed in racks container for developing film, designed so take over over /tek əυvə/ verb to move a that processing chemicals can be poured section of text forward to the next line in and out without light entering tap-dance take-up /tek p/ noun 1. the degree to tap-dance /tp dɑ ns/ verb to engage which something made available is in complicated evasion or hesitation in accepted or used by people 2. part of a order to avoid making a commitment or a mechanism onto which something such as definitive statement tape is wound ‘Is Tony Blair finally losing his precious talent /tlənt/ noun the performer, ability to tapdance his way out of a hole? actor, presenter, singer etc. appearing in His latest stumble came after a front of the camera lacklustre performance in the Commons talk tɔ k during which his former flatmate, Lord talk / / adjective involving mainly Chancellor Charlie Falconer, was forced interviews, discussions and telephone to come to his rescue much to his calls from viewers or listeners The Express talkback embarrassment.’ [Hickey, ]

tɔ kbk tape talkback / / noun 1. an off-air tep communication system used for example tape / / noun 1. magnetic tape used in 2. cassettes 2. a cassette used for audio or to link a studio with the control room a í communications system allowing for video recording or playback verb to example the production gallery to speak to record something, especially music or a television programme, on magnetic tape presenters or camera operators on the tape deck studio floor, via an earpiece tape deck /tep dek/ noun a piece of talkboard /tɔ kbɔ d/ noun an online electrical equipment that plays and discussion group on a specific topic, records tapes, especially audio cassettes tape header sometimes involving experts who will tape header /tep hedə/ noun identi- answer questions fication information at the beginning of a talkie /tɔ ki/ noun tape talkie an early film with a tape recorder tep rkɔ də soundtrack tape recorder / | / noun a talking heads heads /tɔ kŋ hedz/ plural machine that can record and play audio noun tapes, especially one with its own speaker head-and-shoulder shots of people tape recording tep rkɔ dŋ talking to camera or to an interviewer tape recording / | / noun talk show show /tɔ k ʃəυ/ noun 1. a televi- a recording made on magnetic tape, espe- cially an audio recording sion or radio programme in which ordi- target nary people discuss aspects of their lives target /tɑ $t/ noun a surface or elec- or current social issues 2. a television or trode, often luminescent, that is hit by an radio programme made up mainly of electron beam to produce an output signal, interviews with guests, especially famous for example in a television camera tube people target audience audience /tɑ $t ɔ diəns/ Talloires Declaration 1981 Declaration 1981 noun the group of society at whom a /tlwɑ / noun a response from repre- media product is specifically aimed, for sentatives of 20 countries to the UNESCO example young couples, 30-something plans for creating a New World Order males, teenagers etc. giving journalists a special protected Target Group Index Group Index /tɑ $t $ru p status, asserting that such measures were ndeks/ noun a large annual consumer unnecessary. ı New World Information survey into purchasing habits and life- and Communication Order style. Abbreviation TGI tally light light /tli lat/ noun same as cue Target Group Rating Group Rating /tɑ $t $ru p light retŋ/ noun an analysis of TGI demo- MediaStudies.fm Page 233 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

233 telecommunication graphic data side-by-side with BARB vision production team who has responsi- audience research. Abbreviation TGR bility for overseeing technical operations, target marketing marketing /tɑ $t mɑ ktŋ/ maintenance of camera equipment etc. Technicolor noun the process in which advertising or Technicolor /teknklə/ a trade name selling is aimed a particular group of for a method of colour film production consumers who all have similar character- developed in the 1930s, in which three istics different pieces of film are developed for task culture culture /tɑ sk kltʃə/ noun an each primary colour and then layered organisational structure in a business that together techno is based around the particular skills and techno /teknəυ/ noun electronic dance expertise of each employee. Compare music characterised by its quick tempo person culture, power culture, role and use of digitally synthesised instru- culture ments task method tɑ sk meθəd technological determinism task method / / noun the technological determinism way of calculating an advertising budget teknəlɒdk ə l dt& mnz ə m / ( ) | | ( ) / by basing it on the actual amount needed noun the idea that all technology that can to achieve the objectives Tass be feasibly produced is desirable and is Tass /ts/ noun the official news agency likely to be developed and become avail- of the former Soviet Union able taste taste /test/ noun the subjective judge- technophobia teknəυfəυbiə technophobia / | / noun ment of individuals on such matters as fear of technology or machines dress, music, film etc. tasting testŋ ‘…it is not all IT’s fault. Users who tasting / / noun same as copy wear their technophobia as a badge of tasting honour similarly need to be smoked out. Taylor Nelson Sofres plc Taylor Nelson Sofres plc /telə Users do not need to become technology nelsən sɒfrəz/ noun full form of TNS experts at the bits and bytes level, but tbu abbreviation telephone balancing they do need to understand how IT can unit be used to deliver business value…’ t-commerce /ti kɒm& s/ noun a [Ade McCormick, The Financial Times] business conducted by means of interac- tech review tek rvju tech review / | / noun the tive television process of checking that a finished filmed team approach ti m əprəυtʃ team approach / | / noun piece is of a suitable technical standard, a method of measuring the effectiveness that the levels are correct and it is of an advertising campaign when the eval- correctly marked with the timecode and uators are actually involved in the ident clock

tech run campaign tech run /tek rn/ noun a rehearsal in tear sheet tear sheet /teə ʃi t/ noun a single page which the lighting, camera angles, sound taken from a magazine or other periodical, etc. for a television broadcast are prac- often used to prove to an advertiser that an tised advertisement has been published tec. op. tease tec. op. noun a person who does tech- tease /ti z/ noun a short advertisement nical work outside the studio, for example for something coming up later on in the on an outside broadcast programme or item, for example a news telco telkəυ story telco / / noun a telecommunica- teaser ti zə tions company teaser / / noun 1. a preview telecamera intended to interest the audience in a telecamera /telikm(ə)rə/ noun a forthcoming broadcast or publication 2. television camera telecast an advertisement that gives a little infor- telecast /telikɑ st/ noun a television mation about a product in order to attract broadcast í verb to broadcast a customers by making them curious to programme on television know more telecommunication telikəmju n / | | teasers telecommunication teasers /ti zəz/ plural noun same as keʃ(ə)n/ noun the transmission of cover lines encoded sound, pictures or data over technical director teknk ə l da technical director / ( ) | significant distances, using radio signals rektə/ noun the member of a film or tele- or electrical or optical lines MediaStudies.fm Page 234 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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telecommunications telikə telenovela telinɒvelə telecommunications /| telenovela / | / noun a melo- mju nkeʃ ə nz | ( ) / noun the science and dramatic type of soap opera popular in technology of transmitting information South America, usually made in Portu- electronically by wires or radio signals guese or Spanish with encoding and decoding equipment telephone /telfəυn/ noun 1. an elec- teleconferencing teli teleconferencing /| tronic apparatus containing a receiver and kɒnf(ə)rənsŋ/ noun a system of video transmitter that is connected to a telecom- conferencing that uses a restricted band of munications system, enabling the user to frequencies and allows participants to be speak to and hear others with similar connected by telephone lines equipment 2. a system of communication teledemocracy telidəmɒkrəsi using telephones í verb to contact and teledemocracy / | / noun the idea that democracy is served by speak to somebody using the telephone telecommunications systems, because telephone balancing unit balancing unit /telfəυn these help to disseminate information to blənsŋ ju nt/ noun a device used to everybody so that they can make free balance the level of a broadcast telephone choices call with the standard level of the output. teledrama /telidrɑ mə/ noun a drama Abbreviation tbu telephoto telifəυtəυ filmed to be broadcast on television telephoto / | / adjective telefilm /teliflm/ noun a film made for producing a large image of a distant object television í noun a photograph taken using a tele- telegenic telidenk photo lens / | / adjective telegenic telephotography telifətɒ$rəfi appearing attractive on television, a telephotography / | / quality prized by politicians as it helps to noun the photographing of distant objects hold an audience with the use of special lenses or electronic ‘[Matt] Skinner sets off for America equipment telephoto lens today on a book tour with [Jamie] telephoto lens /telfəυtəυ lenz/ Oliver. They make a veritable dream noun a camera lens with a narrow field of team: telegenic, articulate and view, capable of sharply focusing on youthfully evangelical as they broadcast objects a long way away their epicurean message to the masses.’ teleplay /teliple/ noun a treatment or [Judith Woods, The Daily Telegraph] script for a play written for presentation telegram /tel$rm/ noun a printed on television teleprinter teliprntə message sent by telegraphy teleprinter / | / noun a piece telegraph /tel$rɑ f/ noun same as of equipment for telegraphic communica- telegram í verb to send a message to tion that uses a device like a typewriter for somebody by telegraph data input and output teleprompt telegraphic tel$rfk teleprompt /teliprɒmpt/ noun same telegraphic / | / adjective relating to telegraphy or telegrams as Autocue TelePrompTer telegraphy təle$rəfi TelePrompTer /teliprɒmptə/ a US telegraphy / | / noun a method of long-distance communication by coded trade name for a device showing text for electrical impulses transmitted through somebody speaking on television to read telerecording telrkɔ dŋ wires telerecording / | / noun teleimmersion telim& ʃ ə n the process of recording television or teleimmersion / | ( ) / noun a teleconferencing technology that uses computer screens on film by adjusting the banks of video cameras linked to flicker rate of the film camera so that there computers to allow users in remote loca- is no distortion tions to communicate as if they were in telescoping /teliskəυpŋ/ noun the the same room process that occurs when a respondent telematics telmtks exaggerates what they remember seeing telematics / | / noun the technology that allows computer data to teletext /teltekst/ noun a system of be sent from one terminal to another via a broadcasting news and other information telephone line in written form that can be viewed on telemeter /telimi tə/ verb to collect specially equipped television sets and transmit data about a remote object, teletheatre /teliθətə/ noun a viewing especially using a satellite area where horse races are broadcast live MediaStudies.fm Page 235 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

235 terrorism

television tube telv ə n tju b on video screens, for example in a betting television tube / | ( ) / shop noun a cathode ray tube used to reproduce telethon telethon /telθɒn/ noun a lengthy tele- television images vision broadcast that combines entertain- teleworker /teliw& kə/ noun an ment with appeals to donate to a charity employee that works from home, using teletranscription telitrns communication systems such as e-mail to teletranscription / | krpʃ(ə)n/ noun the transcription of a stay in touch with co-workers telex television programme using videotape telex /teleks/ noun a communications televise system using teleprinters that communi- televise /telvaz/ verb to broadcast cate via telephone lines something on television telly television teli telv ə n telly / / noun same as television television / | ( ) / noun 1. an (informal) electronic device for receiving and repro- Telstar telstɑ ducing the images and sounds of a Telstar / / noun a low-orbiting combined audio and video signal. Also satellite used by the BBC and other broad- called television set, tv, telly 2. a system casters temporary studio of capturing images and sounds, broad- temporary studio /temp(ə)rəri casting them via a combined electronic stju diəυ/ noun a compromise between audio and video signal, and reproducing a permanent studio and an outside broad- them to be viewed and listened to. Also cast with movable equipment, usually called tv 3. the image, sound or content of built in advance for some large event a combined audio and video broadcast 4. tentpole movie movie /tentpəυl mu vi/ the industry concerned with making and noun a film that ‘supports’ the other films broadcasting programmes combining on a studio’s slate financially and will be images and sounds an almost guaranteed success terminal poster television audience measurement audience measure- terminal poster /t& mn(ə)l pəυstə/ ment /telv(ə)n ɔ diəns noun an advertising display in stations or meəmənt/ noun ‘ audience meas- airline terminals etc. urement terms of trade of trade /t& mz əv tred/ noun television consumer audit consumer audit the rate of exchange for goods or services telv ə n kənsju mə ɔ dt being imported and exported between two / ( ) | / noun a survey carried out on a sample of televi- countries sion viewers about their viewing habits ternion /t& niən/ noun a set of three and impressions sheets of paper folded once to make 12

television network television network /telv(ə)n pages terrestrial tərestriəl netw& k/ noun a system of linked televi- terrestrial / | / adjective not sion stations covering the whole country broadcast using satellite but by land-based television ratings telv ə n transmitters television ratings / ( ) territorialisation tertɔ riəla retŋz/ plural noun statistics showing territorialisation / | zeʃ ə n the size and type of television audiences at ( ) / noun the tendency of humans different times of day for various channels to divide the world up into ever smaller and programmes. Abbreviation TVR territories and groups, to which an indi- Television Receive Only vidual either belongs or is excluded from Television Receive Only territoriality tertɔ rilti telv ə n rsi v əυnli territoriality / | / noun the / ( ) | / noun full form of TVRO desire to establish and guard personal television receiver/monitor space, a factor in creating spatial zones television receiver/monitor territory tert ə ri telv ə n rsi və mɒntə territory / ( ) / noun 1. the / ( ) | / noun a geographical area for which rights are device able to receive or relay television bought (not necessarily a country) 2. a pictures and sound field of knowledge, investigation or expe- television set telv ə n set television set / | ( ) / noun rience same as television terrorism /terərz(ə)m/ noun the television spot television spot /telv(ə)n spɒt/, tv threatening of or carrying out of major spot noun an advert or short promotional destructive incidents, usually involving feature such as an interview, broadcast on human casualties, as a means of attracting television publicity for a cause MediaStudies.fm Page 236 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

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tertiary text text edition tekst dʃ ə n tertiary text /t& ʃəri tekst/ noun in text edition / | ( ) / noun the textual theory, the media text after recep- printed version of something that is tion by an audience as it is analysed and published in some other form such as a different readings discussed. Compare CD-ROM or on the Internet primary text, secondary text text message message /tekst mesd/ noun a test card test card /test kɑ d/ noun a geometric short message written and sent from one pattern with areas of different colours, mobile phone to another. Also called SMS textuality tekstjulti transmitted by a television broadcasting textuality / | / noun in organisation to help viewers to tune in aesthetic theory, the ‘essence’ of a text, their television sets for optimum reception that which makes it a text and reveals testimonial advertising test knowledge about it testimonial advertising / | textual theory məυniəl dvətazŋ/ noun advertising textual theory /tekstjuəl θəri/ noun that uses statements from famous or qual- the study of the construction of literature ified people, or from satisfied customers, and related topics such as editing strate- to endorse a product gies, structures, symbolism, etc TGI test impression test mpreʃ ə n TGI abbreviation Target Group Index test impression / | ( ) / TGR noun a print of a work made to see how TGR abbreviation Target Group Rating the final printed version will appear theatre /θətə/ noun 1. a building, test marketing test marketing /test mɑ ktŋ/ noun room or other setting where plays are put the use of a sample of a larger market to on for an audience 2. the industry of try out a marketing strategy or product preparing for and putting on plays The Future of the BBC: Serving the Nation, Competing Worldwide test pattern test pattern /test pt(ə)n/ noun a The Future of the BBC: Serving pattern of colours, shapes etc. that is used the Nation, Competing Worldwide in setting up and calibrating video equip- noun a government white paper that reviewed the status of the BBC as the ment ı test-screening UK’s major public service broadcaster. test-screening /test skri nŋ/ noun BBC a screening of a provisional version of a thin /θn/ adjective referring to a photo- film to test audience reaction graphic negative that lacks density or ‘Sutherland said that it was decided that contrast US audiences needed a “sweeter film”’. think piece piece /θŋk pi s/ noun an article The romantic ending was chosen for that analyses a topic currently in the release after a test screening in a US media cinema. Audiences reportedly think tank θŋk tŋk “swooned”’ as Elizabeth and Darcy think tank / / noun a kissed on a terrace, as he cooed: “Mrs committee of experts that undertakes Darcy… Mrs Darcy”.’’ [Hugh Davies, research or gives advice, especially to a The Daily Telegraph] government third assistant director

tête-à-tête θ& d ə third assistant director / | tête-à-tête /tet  tet/ adjective of a sst ə nt darektə ( ) | / noun the person conversation, private and between two whose job it is to assist the first assistant people only director text text /tekst/ noun 1. a style of type that is third-generation θ& d denə third-generation / | suitable for printing running text 2. the reʃ(ə)n/ adjective referring to the latest main body of a book or other printed specification for mobile communication material, as distinct from the introduction, systems, including mobile telephones. ı index, illustrations and headings 3. same second-generation í as text message verb to send a text ‘Vodafone has also to persuade its message to somebody customers to switch…to third text box text box /tekst bɒks/ noun a box generation (3G), where video and high within a computer dialog box in which quality sound services mean average characters such as text, dates or numbers revenues per subscriber can be more can be typed and edited than double those for 2G services.’

text chat text chat /tekst tʃt/ noun a real-time [Alan Cane, The Financial Times] communication between Internet users in thirty-twomo /θ& ti tu məυ/ noun a which messages are typed via a keyboard size of book page traditionally created by MediaStudies.fm Page 237 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

237 tint

tilt folding a single sheet of standard-sized tilt /tlt/ verb 1. to move a camera up or printing paper 5 times, giving 32 leaves or down vertically from a fixed point 2. to 64 pages turn a camera smoothly and slowly on its three-colour /θri klə/ adjective axis in a vertical direction (from up to using, produced by or relating to a colour down, or vice versa). Compare pan time buyer printing process in which the print is time buyer /tam baə/ noun a person produced by superimposing separate who buys advertising time on radio or plates for the colours yellow, magenta and television cyan timecode 3D tamkəυd θri di timecode / / noun 1. a 3D / / abbreviation three-dimen- system in which each piece of film is sional 3D gaming digitally identified, frame by frame, using 3D gaming /θri di $emŋ/ noun criteria such as time and frame number 2. computer games that create the illusion of an electronic signal that is added to a piece a three-dimensional universe in which a of video to identify it, consisting of tape character can move around number, minutes, seconds, frames since three-dimensional θri da three-dimensional / | the start of filming menʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective possessing or time exposure tam kspəυə time exposure / | / appearing to possess the dimensions of noun 1. the exposure of photographic film height, width and depth. Abbreviation 3D for an unusually long time to achieve a 3G 3G /θri di / abbreviation third- desired effect 2. a photograph taken by generation time exposure three-quarter binding θri kwɔ tə time-lapse photography three-quarter binding / time-lapse photography /tam bandŋ/ noun bookbinding in which the lps fətɒ$rəfi | / noun a method of spine and most of the sides of a book are filming a slow process such as the opening covered in the same material of a flower by taking a series of single throat microphone microphone /θrəυt exposures, then showing them at higher makrəfəυn/ noun a microphone that is speed to simulate continuous action

timelength placed in contact with a person’s throat to timelength /tamleŋkθ/ noun the pick up the vibrations produced by speech length of a cinema, television or radio through-the-lens through-the-lens /θru ðə lenz/ advertisement adjective as a scene would appear through time segment tam se$mənt a camera lens, with the framing. Abbrevi- time segment / / noun a period set aside for advertisements on ation TTL throw television

θrəυ time-shift viewing throw / / verb to hand over to tam ʃft another presenter time-shift viewing / throwaway vju ŋ θrəυəwe / noun the act of watching throwaway / | / noun an recorded television programmes on video advertising leaflet or handbill that is up to 7 days after they were originally discarded after being read thumb shown θm Tin Pan Alley thumb / / verb to glance through the tn pn li pages of a book or magazine Tin Pan Alley / / noun 1. a thumb index θm ndeks city district in which the business of thumb index / / noun a composing and publishing popular music series of labelled indentations cut into the is carried on 2. popular music composers pages of a book down the edge opposite and publishers considered collectively the binding to allow a particular section to COMMENT: The phrase comes from a be located quickly street in New York (West 28th) formerly ticker ticker /tkə/ noun a service from news known as Tin Pan Alley in which many agencies in which a toolbar-sized musicians and composers set up home in scrolling band on a computer screen the late 19th and early 10th century. The delivers constantly-updated headlines name evokes the sound that could be tie-in heard when walking past, of different tie-in /ta n/ noun merchandise music playing from every house creating attached to a film or other media product. a cacophonous noise like pans clattering ı merchandising together. tint tie line line /ta lan/ noun the cables etc. tint /tnt/ noun a pale colour printed as a which physical connect a recording studio background onto which another colour is to the gallery printed MediaStudies.fm Page 238 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

tip-off 238

tip-off tp ɒf tip-off / | / noun information given distinctive, for example in a voice or to a journalist to follow up musical instrument 3. a signal sent before ‘Zardad was traced to south London an audio feed for technicians so that they after the BBC’s John Simpson received can set levels tone arm a tip-off in Afghanistan that he was tone arm /təυn ɑ m/ noun a record living in Britain.’ [Sandra Laville, The player’s arm with a stylus on its end Guardian] tone control təυn kəntrəυl tone control / | / noun a tip sheet sheet /tp ʃi t/ noun a newspaper control on a radio, record player or other that gives information about shares which piece of audio equipment that adjusts the should be bought or sold tone of the sound reproduction, accentu- title /tat(ə)l/ noun 1. a name that iden- ating the higher or lower sound frequen- tifies a book, film, play, painting, musical cies toner composition or other literary or artistic toner /təυnə/ noun 1. a chemical solu- work 2. a descriptive heading for some- tion used in photograph development 2. thing such as a book chapter, a magazine ink in powder or liquid form for a photo- article or a speech 3. a work published or copier or computer printer recorded by a company toon /tu n/ noun 1. a character in a title role role /tat(ə)l rəυl/ noun the role of cartoon 2. same as cartoon the character in a play or film whose name top /tɒp/ noun an article at the top of a appears in the work’s title page title sequence title sequence /tat(ə)l si kwəns/ Top 10 10 /tɒp ten/ noun a list of the ten noun the series of pictures, on-screen best-selling pop records in the previous graphics, credits and music that are shown week as the introduction to a television Top 40 40 /tɒp fɔ ti/ noun a list of the 40 programme best-selling pop records in the previous title sequence designer title sequence designer /tat(ə)l week, usually announced on the radio on si kwəns dzanə | / noun in television a Sunday production, the person responsible for top and tail and tail /tɒp ən tel/ noun 1. to designing and editing the title sequence edit a piece of audio cleanly at the begin- title track title track /tat(ə)l trk/ noun the ning and end 2. same as sandwich song or piece of music whose name is top-shelf /tɒp ʃelf/ adjective referring used as the title of a particular recording to pornographic magazines that are very tittle tittle /tt(ə)l/ noun a small mark used in sexually explicit and are therefore printing and writing, for example an displayed on the top shelf in a shop, out of accent, punctuation mark or diacritical direct view mark top shot shot /tɒp ʃɒt/ noun a camera shot TiVo TiVo /ti vəυ/ noun a digital box attached of an incident or event, taken from a crane to a television, that automatically records or something such as a helicopter or programming based on the viewer’s balloon personal taste and also allows tormentor tɔ mentə tormentor / | /, tormenter programmes being watched ‘live’ to be noun a panel of sound-absorbent material paused, rewound etc. used to eliminate echo on a film set TNC TNC abbreviation transnational corpo- Toronto International Film Festival International Film ration tərɒntəυ flm festvəl / | / TNS Festival TNS noun a market research company noun a prestigious film festival consid- that carries out audience measurement ered second only to Cannes in terms of surveys. Full form Taylor Nelson Sofres importance. It is held annually in plc September and is often used as an oppor- tonality təυnlti tonality / | / noun the scheme tunity to create publicity for the Oscars. connecting the colour tones in a work of total audience package audience package /təυt(ə)l art such as a painting ɔ diəns pkd/ noun a media owner’s tone /təυn/ noun 1. the impression given arrangement or scheduling of advertise- by a text or media product of its creator’s ments across time segments on television attitude, for example serious, humorous and radio, so as to reach the widest range etc. 2. the quality of a sound that makes it of viewers or listeners MediaStudies.fm Page 239 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

239 trail

totality təυtlti tracking shot trkŋ ʃɒt totality / | / noun in cultural tracking shot / / noun a theory, everything, ie. all the people, all camera shot filmed from a moving dolly, the products and means of production, following the movement of somebody or everything in every possible world. something total service area track laying total service area /təυt(ə)l s& vs track laying /trk leŋ/ noun the eəriə/ noun the geographical area that is process of layering tracks together to served by a radio station, used by RAJAR produce a complete soundtrack to determine audience figures tract /trkt/ noun a pamphlet that sets tots tots /tɒts/ noun ‘triumph over tragedy out a position or an analysis, especially story’, a human interest piece one dealing with a political or religious touch touch /ttʃ/ noun an element of non- issue trade verbal communication, transmitting trade /tred/ noun a publication meant messages of comfort, solidarity, sexual for people in a specific line of business interest etc. trade advertising advertising /tred touchdown touchdown /ttʃdaυn/ adjective dvətazŋ/ noun advertising to trade offering computer and telephone connec- customers and not to the general public tions and Internet access to visitors and trade journal journal /tred d& n(ə)l/ noun business travellers a periodical devoted to news and features touchscreen touchscreen /ttʃskri n/ adjective relating to a specific trade or profession traditional transmission trə referring to a kiosk or public access traditional transmission /| dʃ ə n ə l trnzmʃ ə n computer that has a screen that responds ( ) ( ) | ( ) / noun the to touch (either pressure or heat) so that it way a language is passed from one gener- can be operated without a keyboard or ation to the next through immersion and mouse formal teaching Touchstone Touchstone /ttʃstəυn/ noun a major traffic /trfk/ noun 1. the number of film studio, a subsidiary of the Walt visitors to a website 2. a department at a Disney Company, created to handle radio station that decides where commer- slightly more adult content films than is cials should be placed possible under the Disney label. It also has ‘Once material [content] on the web a television arm that produces the hit becomes paid for, a number of things series Lost and Desperate Housewives. happen. First, your traffic drops town meeting town meeting /taυn mi tŋ/ noun a dramatically, so if you do have television programme centring on an issue advertising its value will fall. Second, of national interest, in which people from you stop being something stumbled on a town or region ask questions of debaters by Google or linked to by blogs, and or speakers potentially your growth stagnates.’ townscape townscape /taυnskep/ noun a [Emily Bell, The Guardian] painting or photograph of an urban scene traffic data data /trfk detə/ noun tr. tr. abbreviation PRINTING 1. transpose statistical information about messages 2. transposition sent and received on a network without track trk reference to their content track / / noun 1. a physical move- tragedy ment by a camera (on its guiding rails or tragedy /trdədi/ noun 1. an event in movable mounting), following action or life that evokes feelings of sorrow or grief movement in the scene 2. a guiding rail 2. a serious play with a tragic theme, often along which a camera moves when taking involving a heroic struggle and the down- a tracking shot. The rail allows a smooth, fall of the main character 3. a literary gliding movement. 3. same as sound- work that deals with a tragic theme 4. the track 4. a component of the finished genre of plays or other literary works that soundtrack, prepared in the editing suite deal with tragic themes tragicomedy trdikɒmədi and layered together with others, for tragicomedy / | / noun example the dialogue track and the music 1. tragicomic plays or literary works track considered as a genre 2. an event or situa- tracking tracking /trkŋ/ noun a function on a tion that has both tragic and comical video player that adjusts the quality of the aspects picture trail /trel/ noun same as promo MediaStudies.fm Page 240 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

trailer 240

trailer trelə translation trnsleʃ ə n trailer / / noun 1. an advertisement translation / | ( ) / noun in for a film consisting of extracts from it, the theories of structuralism and shown on television or in a cinema 2. a discourse, the process of transferring a blank piece of film at the end of a reel í message from one semiotic system verb to advertise a film with extracts from (language) to another it translator trnsletə translator / | / noun a radio train on on /tren on/ verb to aim some- transmitter that receives a signal on one thing such as a camera at somebody or frequency and retransmits it on another something transmission trnzmʃ ə n transmission / | ( ) / noun trance trance /trɑ ns/ noun electronic dance 1. a radio or television broadcast. Abbre- music with a repetitive hypnotic beat viation TX 2. something transmitted, for transactional analysis trn transactional analysis / | example a radio signal 3. the act or zkʃ ə nəl ənləss ( ) | / noun the investi- process of transmitting something, espe- gation of motives behind interpersonal cially radio signals, radio or television exchanges and what is given and taken broadcasts or data transmission area trnzmʃ ə n away by each participant transmission area / | ( ) transactional television trnz eəriə transactional television / | / noun same as total service area kʃənəl telv ə n transmission form trnzmʃ ə n ( ) / noun services transmission form / | ( ) available to viewers through a television fɔ m/ noun one of the four forms that channel, such as home shopping must be submitted when delivering a transcribe trnskrab transcribe / | / verb 1. to programme to the BBC, giving informa- record something so that it can be broad- tion to the presentation department. ı cast at a later time 2. to broadcast some- billing form, music reporting form, thing that has been transcribed earlier Programme as Completed form transculturation trnzkltʃə transmission medium trnz transculturation / | transmission medium / | reʃ(ə)n/ noun the exchange of cultural mʃ(ə)n mi diəm/ noun a means by artefacts across borders, where they are which data can be transmitted, for assimilated and modified example radio or light transference trnsf ə rəns transmit trnzmt transference / ( ) / noun 1. transmit / | / verb 1. to broad- in psychoanalytical theory, a patient’s cast a radio or television programme 2. to projection of deeply-hidden desires onto send a signal by radio waves, satellite or their analyst 2. the attachment of mean- wire ings to signs transmitter trnzmtə transmitter / | / noun 1. a transformational advertising advertising piece of broadcasting equipment that trnsfəmeʃ ə nəl dvətazŋ / | ( ) / generates a radio-frequency wave, modu- noun a form of emotional advertising that lates it so that it carries a meaningful aims to relate emotional experiences to signal and sends it out from an antenna 2. the product or service being advertised, in a piece of communication, the person and then tries to change these emotions who is receiving the transmitted message into an active interest in purchasing transnational corporation trnz transnational corporation / | transgender trnzdendə | nʃ ə nəl kɔ pəreʃ ə n transgender / / adjec- ( ) | ( ) / noun a giant tive relating to transsexuals or transves- corporation that produces and distributes tites products in more than one country, such as transgressive trnz$resv transgressive / | / adjec- Coca Cola, Microsoft, HSBC, Sony etc. tive in feminist theory, referring to some- Abbreviation TNC transparency trnsprənsi body or something that goes against social transparency / | / noun norms the way in a which the structure of a media transient advertisement advertisement text should be invisible to the casual trnziənt ədv& tsmənt / | / noun an reader transponder trnspɒndə advertisement that the target audience transponder / | / noun 1. a cannot keep to look at again, for example receiving and transmitting device in a a cinema advertisement. Compare intran- communication or broadcast satellite that sient advertisement relays the signals it receives back to Earth transistor radio trnzstə rediəυ transistor radio / | / 2. a channel system on a satellite that noun a small portable radio that uses tran- allows it to send and receive many sistors in its circuits different signals simultaneously MediaStudies.fm Page 241 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

241 tune out

transport advertising advertising /trnspɔ t graphs are taken at the same time, one dvətazŋ/ noun advertising appearing vertical and two at oblique angles, in order on or in forms of transport such as buses to obtain more topographical detail or trains trims /trmz/ plural noun the sections of transpose trnspəυz transpose / | / verb to make footage which are removed in editing, two things change places or reverse their both before and after the selected frames. usual order, for example two letters in a They are filed away in case they are word. Abbreviation tr., trs. needed for later use. transposition trnspəzʃ ə n trip hazard trp hzəd transposition / | ( ) / trip hazard / / noun some- noun a reversal or alteration of the posi- thing such as a wire that people might tions or order in which things stand. catch their feet on and trip over Abbreviation tr. trip hop hop /trp hɒp/ noun a rhythmic travel /trv(ə)l/ verb to scan an object dance music that developed from hip-hop or scene in the process of observing or in the 1990s. It uses electronic sampling to filming it create a psychedelic effect. tripod travelogue /trvəlɒ$/ noun a film, tripod /trapɒd/ noun a frame or stand video or piece of writing about travel, with three legs that are usually collaps- especially to interesting or remote places, ible, used for supporting something such or about one person’s travels as a camera or other piece of equipment TRIPS agreement trps ə$ri mənt ‘A gentle culture-clash comedy from TRIPS agreement / | / those pre-Eurostar days when France noun a paper released by the WTO in seemed a whole exotic continent away 1995 covering aspects of intellectual from stuffy olde England, Gordon property protection across the world, such Parry’s amiable period piece works as what should be protected, how long for, better nowadays as a handsome how to resolve disputes etc. Full form travelogue of 1950s Paris than as a true Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects snapshot of Brits abroad.’ [Stephen of Intellectual Property Rights tripwire Dalton, The Times] tripwire /trpwaə/ noun a wire that treatment /tri tmənt/ noun a docu- activates a device such as a camera when ment that expands the ideas in a proposal, it is pulled or disturbed trs. describing how the idea will be developed trs. abbreviation PRINTING transpose into a film or programme trunking /trŋkŋ/ noun treble trunking same as treble /treb(ə)l/ noun 1. the higher elephant trunking audio frequencies electronically repro- TSA abbreviation total service area duced by a radio, recording or sound T-scope ti skəυp system 2. a control for increasing or T-scope / / noun same as decreasing the high-frequency output of a tachistoscope T-square radio or audio amplifier T-square /ti skweə/ noun a drawing- treeware /tri weə/ noun books and board ruler consisting of a rectangular other material printed on paper handle with a straight-sided wooden or trial by media traəl ba mi diə plastic blade attached to it, to form a T trial by media / / shape, used in animation and story- noun the idea that the media can make boarding judgments about a person’s actions and TTL deliver punishment in the form of shame, TTL abbreviation PHOTOGRAPHY ridicule, loss of career and reputation etc. through-the-lens tube trichromatic trakrəυmtk tube /tju b/ noun 1. a cathode ray tube trichromatic / | / adjec- tive 1. relating to, involving or using three used to reproduce television images 2. colours 2. involving the combination of same as television the three primary colours to produce the tune /tju n/ verb to adjust a radio or tele- other colours vision set to a station or channel tune in trim /trm/ noun a piece of film elimi- tune in /tju n n/ verb to adjust a radio nated from a shot during editing í verb to or television to receive a signal, cut pieces from a film during editing programme or channel trimetrogon trametrə$ɒn tune out tju n aυt trimetrogon / | / noun a tune out / / verb to adjust a technique in which three aerial photo- radio or television set to prevent the recep- MediaStudies.fm Page 242 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

tuner 242 tion of something undesired such as inter- displayed on a standard television or ference recorded on a video recorder

tuner TVR tuner /tju nə/ noun a device used for TVR abbreviation television ratings TVRO accepting a desired signal from a mixture TVRO /ti vi ɑ r əυ/ noun an aerial of signals, for example in a radio or televi- used for receiving television signals from sion set containing one or more resonant a broadcasting satellite. Full form Televi- circuits sion Receive Only tunesmith tju nsmθ TV spot tunesmith / / noun a TV spot /ti vi spɒt/ noun a short composer of popular songs or music period on television that is used for (informal) commercials. Same as television spot tungsten tŋstən tweeter tungsten / / noun the glowing tweeter /twi tə/ noun a loudspeaker metal filament used in artificial studio used to reproduce high-frequency sounds, lighting, which has an orange tone for example in a hi-fi system tungsten lamp tŋstən lmp 12 tungsten lamp / / noun 12 /twelv/ noun in the United Kingdom, professional-grade lighting equipment a rating given to films and videos consid- with a tungsten filament, similar to a ered unsuitable for children under the age normal household lightbulb of twelve turn-around t& n əraυnd 12A turn-around / | / noun a 12A /twelv e/ noun in the United script that has been purchased but discon- Kingdom, a rating given to films and tinued by a studio (due to, for example, videos which children under the age of lack of funds), which can be repurchased twelve may only watch in the cinema if by another studio accompanied by an adult turnover t& nəυvə twelve-inch turnover / / noun the number twelve-inch /twelv ntʃ/ noun a of times something is used or sold in a record that is 30.5 cm/12 in in diameter period, usually one year, expressed as a and played at 45rpm, usually containing a percentage of a total single, often extended track

twelvemo ‘“In terms of staff morale, extensive twelvemo /twelvməυ/ noun PRINTING monitoring of productivity is same as duodecimo demoralising for staff and part of the 25% production quota twenti fav reason why burn-out and staff turnover 25% production quota / pəsent prədkʃ ə n kwəυtə in the UK is so high”, Fleming says. | | ( ) / noun in “Call centre employers need to rethink British broadcasting, the requirement that their approach to getting staff to be more 25% of programmes should be commis- productive”.’ sioned from independent programme [Vicky Frost, The Guardian] makers 24/96 turntable twenti fɔ nanti sks turntable /t& nteb(ə)l/ noun the flat 24/96 / / a round revolving plate on which the record popular standard for high-performance rests on a record player digital audio equipment that provides 24- turntables bit samples and a sample rate of 96KHz turntables /t& nteb(ə)lz/ noun a 20th Century Fox 20th Century Fox /twentiəθ piece of equipment used by a DJ for sentʃəri fɒks playing and mixing music, consisting of / noun a major film studio two or more circular rotating platforms on formed in 1935 by the merger of two which records are played, usually with smaller studios, Fox Film Corporation and controls to create audio effects. Also Twentieth Century Pictures, based in Cali- called decks fornia and responsible for many big- TV ti vi budget blockbusters including the Star TV / / noun same as television Wars series of films. It also has a televi- TVCR TVCR noun a television set with a built- sion syndication arm, 20th Century Fox in video recorder Television.

TV Licensing twin bill TV Licensing /ti vi las(ə)nsŋ/ twin bill /twn bl/ noun CINEMA same noun the company responsible for as double feature

twin-lens reflex collecting the BBC licence fee twin-lens reflex /twn lenz ri fleks/ TV-out TV-out /ti vi aυt/ noun a connector noun a camera that has two forward- on a computer or graphics adapter that facing lenses, one for focusing through provides a modulated signal that can be and one for taking pictures MediaStudies.fm Page 243 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

243 typography 2G /tu di / abbreviation second- type-high /tap ha/ adjective as high generation as the standard height of a block of two-shot /tu ʃɒt/ noun a camera shot printer’s type, 23.3 mm/0.9186 in with two people in a single frame typeset /tapset/ verb to prepare text two-step flow model flow model /tu step fləυ for printing, either by the use of mɒd(ə)l/ noun a model of mass media computers or by arranging blocks of type influence as being shaped and modified manually by interactions with social groups, partic- typesetter /tapsetə/ noun a mechan- ularly with opinion leaders ical or electronic device that prepares text two-way two-way /tu we/ noun RADIO same as for printing Q and A typesetting /tapsetŋ/ noun the TX abbreviation transmission process of arranging text on a page, now tympan /tmpn/ noun a piece of almost always done using computer soft- padding that fits between the impression ware type style cylinder of a printing press and the paper type style /tap stal/ noun same as to be printed, ensuring an even image typeface typewriter typ. typ. abbreviation PRINTING 1. typo- typewriter /tapratə/ noun an elec- graphical 2. typography trical or mechanical device with keys that type /tap/ noun 1. printed words, letters are pressed to print letters or other charac- or symbols as they appear on a page 2. an ters one by one on a sheet of paper individual piece of type bearing a single inserted into the machine typo character 3. the set of small metal blocks typo /tapəυ/ noun a typographical used in printing, especially formerly, each error typo. of which has a raised figure that is the typo. abbreviation PRINTING 1. typo- mirror image of a number or letter on one graphical 2. typography typographical tapə$rfk ə l of its sides typographical / | ( ) / typeface /tapfes/ noun a set of text adjective to do with the appearance of characters, numbers and punctuation printed characters on the page. Abbrevia- marks in a consistent design. Also called tion typ., typo. typography tapɒ$rəfi type style typography / | / noun the type founder founder /tap faυndə/ noun a appearance of printed characters on the manufacturer of metal printing type page. Abbreviation typ., typo. MediaStudies.fm Page 244 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

U

U U noun in the UK, a film classification for that resembles a modern capital letter but films that can be seen by everybody, is more rounded unconscious nkɒnʃəs regardless of age unconscious / | / noun in u.c. u.c. abbreviation PRINTING uppercase psychoanalysis, the workings of the mind Ullswater Committee Report on Broadcasting 1936 that we are unaware of but which reveal Ullswater Committee Report on themselves through dreams, actions etc. lzwɔ tə uncut Broadcasting 1936 / / noun nkt a report on the performance of the BBC uncut / | / adjective with the edges after its first term of office, which largely of the pages not yet trimmed to separate them praised its programming, but suggested underclaim ndəklem that a greater range of political viewpoints underclaim / | / verb in a could be broadcast and power decentral- survey, to deny that you have had expo- ised sure to media vehicles for advertising Ultimatte when you have. Compare overclaim ltmt underdeveloped Ultimatte / / a trade name for a ndədveləpt system for producing chromakey effects underdeveloped / | / Ultimedia adjective referring to a photograph, nega- ltimidiə Ultimedia / | / a trade name for tive or film that was inadequately devel- a multimedia concept developed by IBM oped during processing, usually through that combines sound, video, images and being taken out of the developer too soon, text, and defines the hardware required to and lacks contrast as a result run it underexpose ndərkspəυs underexpose / | / verb U-Matic U-Matic /ju mtk/ noun an old to expose photographic film to light for video cassette format using 3/4 inch tape too short a time, or expose it to inadequate umbrella advertising mbrelə light umbrella advertising / | underground dvətazŋ/ noun the advertising of an underground /ndə$raυnd/ noun a organisation or an association of compa- movement or group that is separate from nies rather than a single product the prevailing social or artistic environ-

UMTS /ju em ti es/ noun ment and often exerts a subversive influ- UMTS a third- í generation mobile communication system ence adjective separate from a that supports voice data and video signals prevailing social or artistic environment, to the handset. Full form universal and often exercising a subversive influ- mobile telecommunications system ence underground press unaided recall ndə$raυnd nedd ri kɔ l underground press / unaided recall / | / pres/ noun newspapers that are anti- noun same as unprompted recall (a) establishment and likely to attract censor- unaired neəd unaired / | / adjective not broad- ship cast on radio or television underlay /ndəle/ noun same as live uncensored nsensəd uncensored / | / adjective voiceover published, reported or broadcast without underline /ndəlan/ noun a line being subject to censorship underneath a headline or crosshead uncial nkiəl underplay ndəple uncial / / noun a letter of the kind underplay / | / verb to act a used in Greek and Latin manuscripts role in a deliberately restrained or subtle written between the 3rd and 9th centuries way MediaStudies.fm Page 245 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

245 unposed

undeveloped ndveləpt universal remote control undeveloped / | / adjective universal remote control ju nv& s ə l rməυt kəntrəυl referring to film which has not yet chemi- / ( ) | | / noun cally treated to produce a negative or print a remote control that works with any tele- unexposed nkspəυzd unexposed / | / adjective vision set referring to a film that has not been universal service service /ju nv& s(ə)l exposed to light s& vs/ noun a broadcasting service that unexpurgated nekspə$etd unexpurgated /| / is available to everybody at the same price adjective not edited to remove words or Universal Studios Studios /ju nv& s(ə)l passages considered offensive or unsuit- stju diəυz/ noun a major film studio and able television production company based in ‘Nor has she [Sharon Osborne] refrained Hollywood and formed in 1912. Although from telling the unexpurgated story of not as prolific as other studios it has her life. Those years of betrayal in her produced such popular films as Spartacus marriage, tormented relationships with (1960), E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) her parents and battle against cancer and the Back to the Future trilogy (from have been documented in her ballsy 1985). autobiography My Life Of Extremes.’ universe /ju nv& s/ noun the total [Sue Carroll, The Mirror] number of people / homes / television- Uniform /ju nfɔ m/ noun an interna- owning homes etc. in the UK, taken for tionally recognised code word for the statistical purposes letter U, used in radio communications Univision ju niv ə n Univision / | ( ) / noun a unilateral ju nilt ə rəl unilateral / | ( ) / noun a war Spanish language television network that correspondent who chooses to work inde- broadcasts in the US pendently rather than being attached offi- Unix /ju nks/ a trade name for a family cially to a military unit í adjective refer- of operating systems, commonly used for ring to something such as a feed or business servers and desktop computers in journalist’s report which may only be more technical professions. ı Mac OS Z, used by one organisation, as opposed to a Microsoft Windows pool arrangement unjustified ndstfad unindented nndentd unjustified / | / adjective unindented / | / adjective referring to text that is not arranged evenly printed without a space set in from the in such a way that the ends of the lines on margin uninterruptible power supply a page form a straight vertical line parallel uninterruptible power supply to the margin nntərptb ə l paυə səpla unlead / ( ) | / noun a nled unlead / | / verb in traditional hot- safety system of supplying power to metal printing, to take out the leading or equipment, which has a back-up source if leads separating lines of type the main source should fail. Abbreviation unleaded nledd UPS unleaded / | / adjective referring unipod /ju nipɒd/ noun a one-legged to lines of type that are not separated by leads stand, for example for a camera unload unique selling point nləυd ju ni k selŋ unload / | / verb to remove a roll unique selling point / | pɔnt ju of film from a camera /, unique selling proposition / | unmetered nmi təd ni k selŋ prɒpəzʃ(ə)n/ noun a unmetered /| / adjective special quality of a product that makes it referring to an Internet service that is different from other goods and is used as available at a flat rate, typically by the a key theme in advertising. Abbreviation month, rather than by connection time unmotivated nməυtvetd USP unmotivated / | / adjec- United Press International ju United Press International / | tive referring to a camera shot that moves natd pres ntənʃ ə nəl | ( ) / noun an without being prompted by the action on international news agency set up in 1907, screen, for example panning across the which delivers content in English, scene. Compare motivated unposed npəυzd Spanish and Arabic. Abbreviation UPI unposed / | / adjective refer- universality ju nv& slti universality / | / noun ring to a camera shot with subjects who the theory that some services such as have not been arranged in a special posi- healthcare and access to information tion or who are not adopting a special pose should be freely available to everyone or facial expression MediaStudies.fm Page 246 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

unprinted 246

unprinted nprntd unprinted / | / adjective not especially via the Internet, and is widely printed or published believed to be true unprompted recall nprɒmptd urban music & bən mju zk unprompted recall / | urban music / / noun a ri kɔ l/, unprompted awareness test genre of music covering such styles as nprɒmptd əweənəs test / | | / noun an hip-hop, drum and bass, R’n’B and garage URL advertising research test to see how well a URL /ju ɑ el/ noun a string of charac- respondent can remember an advertise- ters that identify the location of a webpage ment when he or she is given no help in or set of webpages. Full form Uniform remembering it. Compare aided recall. Resource Locator Also called unaided recall uses and gratifications theory unsubscribe nsəbskrab uses and gratifications theory unsubscribe / | / verb to ju sz ənd $rtfkeʃ ə nz θəri / | ( ) / end a subscription to or registration with noun the idea that audiences of mass something, especially an e-mail mailing media texts actively use these to fulfil a list UPI complex set of needs – for example to UPI abbreviation United Press Interna- gain information, to be entertained, to tional discuss with others as a ‘social facilitator’, uplink /plŋk/ noun the transmission to explore the ideas and values of others USP of data upwards to a satellite, from where USP abbreviation unique selling point it will be beamed back down to receivers. utopia ju təυpiə Compare downlink utopia / | / noun a representa- uppercase pəkes tion of a ‘perfect’ society, in which all citi- uppercase / | / adjective zens are happy and no social problems relating to or written or printed in capital exist. Compare dystopia letters. Abbreviation u.c. í verb to write, type, typeset or print something in capital COMMENT: Examples of works of í literature which describe a utopian world letters noun capital letters used in are ‘News from Nowhere’ (William writing, typing, typesetting or printing. Morris, 1890) and the work which coined Abbreviation u.c. the term, ‘Utopia’ (Sir Thomas More, UPS abbreviation uninterruptible 1891). utter power supply utter /tə/ verb to publish something, urban blues blues /& bən blu z/ noun a for example in a book or newspaper utterance meaning type of blues music that has a stronger utterance meaning /t(ə)rəns beat than country blues, often played with mi nŋ/ noun the meaning of something electric instruments and featuring songs that is said, including the words used, the about life in the city speaker’s tone and posture and other urban legend legend /& bən ledənd/ noun contextual considerations. Compare a popular myth that is quickly spread, sentence meaning MediaStudies.fm Page 247 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

V

v V-chip v abbreviation 1. PRINTING verso 2. volt V-chip /vi tʃp/ noun an electronic chip validity effect vəldti fekt in a television that enables parents to validity effect / | | / noun the tendency of people to believe in the block programmes with sexual or violent truth of a statement if it is repeated often content enough, for example in the press ‘Watchdogs … rejected high- VALS typology vlz tapɒlədi technology “electronic gate-keeping VALS typology / | / devices” such as the V -chip, which noun a classification of people according block material unsuitable for some to their values and lifestyle choices, based viewers. They offered an “inadequate, on a research project carried out in the quick-fix solution” which could lead in USA in 1980. It describes categories of future to broadcasters relaxing their people by needs, aspirations etc., and also standards.’ how changing economies might affect [Stuart Millar, The Guardian]

these over time. Full form Values and VCR Lifestyles VCR abbreviation video cassette value vlju recorder value / / noun 1. what an item is VDA worth, how much money it would cost if it VDA abbreviation video distribution were to be sold 2. the ‘worth’ of an idea, amplifier V disc belief, way of behaving etc. to a person or V disc /vi dsk/ noun musical record- society ings made available at reduced cost to the valued impression per pound impression per pound British Army during the World War II as vlju d mpreʃ ə n p& paυnd an attempt to boost morale / | ( ) / noun Venice film festival vens flm a method of showing how many readers Venice film festival / festvəl are reached by advertising for a given sum / noun an international film of money festival held annually in Venice, Italy in vamp late August/early September vmp verso vamp / / noun in the early days of v& səυ Hollywood, a seductive and glamorous verso / / noun the left-hand page female film star of a two-page spread. Abbreviation v, vo.. variety show Compare recto vəraəti ʃəυ vertical integration variety show / | / noun a v& tk ə l nt vertical integration / ( ) | theatrical show made up of a number of $reʃ(ə)n/ noun the acquisition of short performances of different kinds, companies at all levels of production in such as singing, comedy sketches, the same market sector as each other – for dancing and magic acts example, a single company owning the vaudeville vaudeville /vɔ dəvl/ noun 1. a type of newspaper offices, the printers that entertainment popular in the late 19th and produce the papers and the chain of news- early 20th centuries consisting of singing, agents that sell them. Compare hori- dancing and comedy acts 2. a comic play zontal integration with songs and dances vertical interval timecode interval timecode Vbox Vbox /vi bɒks/ a trade name for a /v& tk(ə)l ntəv(ə)l tamkəυd/ noun device that allows several VCRs, video- a system of recording timecode by discs and camcorders to be attached and marking it on the vertical spaces between controlled by one unit, developed by Sony the frames of a film. Abbreviation VITC MediaStudies.fm Page 248 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

very high frequency 248 very high frequency high frequency /veri ha or to use in an interactive system with text, fri kwənsi/ noun the radio frequency video and still images video display terminal vdiəυ d band between 30 and 300 MHz, reserved video display terminal / | for the transmission of television and FM sple t& mn(ə)l/, video terminal radio signals /vdiəυ t& mn(ə)l/ noun same as very long shot long shot /veri lɒŋ ʃɒt/ noun a visual display terminal camera shot that shows its subject from a video distribution amplifier distribution amplifier distance, so that it does not fill the whole vdiəυ dstrbju ʃ ə n mplfaə / | ( ) / frame. Abbreviation VLS abbreviation VDA. ı distribution ampli- VF VF abbreviation TV video frequency fier VGA video editing VGA abbreviation video graphics video editing /vdiəυ edtŋ/ noun a array method of editing a video sequence in VHS /vi eitʃ es/ noun a videotape for which the video is digitised and stored in use in domestic video recorders rather a computer video editor than for professional recording video editor /vdiəυ edtə/ noun a victim funds funds /vktm fndz/ plural computer that controls two videotape noun money raised by the underground recorders to allow an operator to play back press to help pay governmental fines sequences from one and record these on imposed on papers that could not afford to the second machine video EDL pay stamp duty video EDL /vdiəυ i di el/ noun ‘ vidclip /vdklp/ noun a short excerpt editing decision list video feed from a film or television production, used video feed /vdiəυ fi d/ noun recorded for news or promotion video sent from one place to another video /vdiəυ/ noun 1. the visual part of where it can be used video frequency a television broadcast 2. something that video frequency /vdiəυ has been recorded on videotape, espe- fri kwənsi/ noun a frequency in the cially a feature film or a short promotional range of signals used to carry the image film made to accompany a newly issued and synchronising pulses in a television pop record 3. the industry of recording broadcasting system. Video frequencies and broadcasting visual information and range from the very high to the ultra high entertainment, especially that which can in the US and are found in two ultra high be viewed on a television 4. videotape, or bands in Europe. Abbreviation VF a video cassette video game vdiəυ $em video blog vdiəυ blɒ$ video game / / noun an video blog / / noun a electronic or computerized game, usually weblog that uses video as a means of controlled by a microprocessor, played by communication, for example to conduct making images move on a computer or an interview or illustrate a story television screen or, for hand-held games, video camera video camera /vdiəυ km(ə)rə/ on a liquid-crystal display video graphics array noun a camera that records onto videotape video graphics array /vdiəυ video cassette vdiəυ kəset | $rfks əre video cassette / / noun | / noun a standard of a flat rectangular plastic cassette graphics display software developed by containing two tape reels and a magnetic IBM that can support a display with a videotape resolution up to 640 x 480 pixels in up to video clip clip /vdiəυ klp/ noun a short 256 colours, superseded by SVGA. video sequence Abbreviation VGA video graphics card video conferencing conferencing /vdiəυ video graphics card /vdiəυ kɒnf(ə)rənsŋ/ noun the holding of $rfks kɑ d/ noun an expansion card meetings in which the participants are in that fits into an expansion slot inside a PC different places but are connected by and allows a computer to display both audio and video links. Also called video- generated text and graphics and moving teleconferencing video images from an external camera or videodisc /vdiəυdsk/ noun a read- VCR videography vdiɒ$rəfi only disc that can store up to two hours of videography / | / noun the video data, usually used either to store a art or practice of using a video camera to complete film, as a rival to video cassette, make films or programmes MediaStudies.fm Page 249 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

249 viewing

video insert video insert /vdiəυ ns& t/ noun a adult nature of their content, in the same piece of pre-recorded footage which is way that films are classified cued and played at the appropriate point in videotape /vdiəυtep/ noun magnetic a news or magazine show by the VT oper- tape on which pictures and sound can be ator. Also called VT recorded. Abbreviation VT videotape recording report video interface chip interface chip /vdiəυ videotape recording report vdiəυtep rkɔ dŋ rpɔ t ntəfes tʃp/ noun a chip that controls / | | / noun a a video display allowing information such report that must be delivered with a as text or graphics stored in a computer to recording to the BBC giving its technical be displayed details. Abbreviation VTRR video teleconferencing video jockey jockey /vdiəυ dɒki/ noun video teleconferencing /vdiəυ telikɒnf ə rənsŋ somebody who plays videos, especially | ( ) / noun same as video music videos, on television. Abbreviation conferencing VJ videotext /vdiəυtekst/ noun a video monitor monitor /vdiəυ mɒntə/ noun communications service linked to an 1. a device able to display, without sound, adapted television receiver by telephone video signals from a computer 2. a televi- or cable television lines to allow access to sion-like screen which only plays back a pages of information. Systems can be one- video feed, sometimes without sound way, allowing only for the display of selected information, or on-line or inter- video nasty /vdiəυ nɑ sti/ noun a active, allowing for two-way communica- film on videotape that contains explicitly tion. violent or pornographic scenes video vérité video vérité /vdiəυ verte/ noun ‘…here’s a great chance to judge for the use in video documentaries of the real- yourselves if the fear stories about istic unrehearsed portrayal of people and “video nasties” have any validity. [Six situations famous horror movies] are all collected videowall vdiəυwɔ l here and none make pleasant viewing. videowall / / noun a bank of But are they a fascinating product of monitors or video screens arranged so that their time, or merely slices of sick self- several different pictures can be viewed at indulgence?’ [Iain Miller, The once (such as the feeds from separate Independent on Sunday] cameras), or displaying one single large

video news release image video news release /vdiəυ nju z vidicon vdkɒn rli s vidicon / / noun a light-sensi- | / noun video shots released to illus- tive television camera tube in which an trate a news story. Abbreviation VNR video on demand image is stored on a photoconductive vdiəυ ɒn d video on demand / | plate as an electric charge pattern that is mɑ nd/ noun a pay-per-view facility in scanned by an electron beam and trans- which a subscriber can order a film or mitted programme and it will be broadcast to view /vju / verb to watch a television them at the most convenient time for programme them. Abbreviation VOD viewdata vju detə videophile viewdata / / noun an interac- vdiəfal videophile / / noun somebody tive system for transmitting text or who enjoys watching or making video graphics from a database to a user’s recordings terminal by telephone lines, providing videophone vdiəυfəυn videophone / | / noun a facilities for information retrieval, trans- communications device that can transmit actions, education, games and recreation and receive both video and audio signals viewer /vju ə/ noun a person who using a camera, receiver and screen watches television video recorder vdiəυ rkɔ də viewfinder video recorder / | / viewfinder /vju fandə/ noun 1. a noun a tape recorder that can record and device on a camera that lets the user see play video cassettes through a standard what is being photographed 2. the part of television receiver a camera through which the operator can Video Recording Act 1984 Video Recording Act 1984 /vdiəυ see the framing and focus which will be rkɔ dŋ kt | / noun the act of Parlia- recorded by the lens ment that designated a body to classify viewing /vju ŋ/ noun 1. the act of videos for home viewing according to the watching television programmes 2. televi- MediaStudies.fm Page 250 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

viewing figures 250 sion programmes considered collectively advertising… These short films are or with respect to their nature or quality electronic word-of-mouth. Once they’re viewing figures figures /vju ŋ f$əz/ plural made they cost nothing to place, as noun figures showing the numbers of media space is free. Some are sexy or people watching a television programme violent. Others are funny, or just weird. viewscreen The best virals go round the world in /vju skri n/ noun the viewscreen moments.’ screen on a digital camera on which the [John Carver, The Independent] user can view the image he or she has just viral marketing recorded viral marketing /varəl mɑ ktŋ/ vignette vnjet noun 1. the distribution over the Internet vignette / | / noun 1. a brief scene from a film or play 2. a painting, drawing of a service that becomes so immediately or photograph that has no border but is desirable that it leads to an enormous gradually faded into its background at the growth in traffic 2. a form of marketing in edges 3. a small decorative design printed which an organisation’s customers, inten- at the beginning or end of a book or tionally or not, act as advertisers for its chapter of a book, or in the margin of a products by spreading knowledge of them page í verb to finish a painting, drawing by word of mouth virtual or photograph by gradually fading it into virtual /v& tʃuəl/ adjective representa- its background at the edges rather than tive, not the real thing virtual community v& tʃuəl kə giving it a border virtual community / | villain /vlən/ noun in a narrative, the mju nti/ noun a group of people who character who represents ‘bad’, whom the ‘meet’ and interact on the Internet, for hero (representing ‘good’) has to defeat example on a messageboard or discussion vinyl /van(ə)l/ noun gramophone page Virtual Private Network records made of a vinyl polymer, as Virtual Private Network /v& tʃuəl opposed to compact discs pravət netw& k/ noun full form of violence /vaələns/ noun the use of VPN virtual reality v& tʃυəl rilti physical force to injure somebody or virtual reality / | / noun damage something the use of multimedia technology for violence debate vaələns dbet example headsets, video displays, body violence debate / | / noun a moral panic that recurs frequently, tracking motion sensors etc., to create the based on the supposed effects of violence illusion of a three-dimensional alternate in films and on television on the audience universe virtual studio Violent and Sex Offenders Register v& tʃuəl stju diəυ Violent and Sex Offenders virtual studio / / vaələnt ənd seks ə noun an entirely computer-generated set Register / | fendəz redstə/ noun a database of in which a presenter or actor is present, registered sex offenders, people who have using a blue screen virus served more than one year in prison for virus /varəs/ noun a short computer violent assaults and, controversially, program, hidden within another, that people who have not offended but are makes copies of itself and spreads them, thought likely to. The information is avail- disrupting the operation of a computer able only to the police and probation serv- that receives one. A virus may be trans- ices. Abbreviation ViSOR mitted through networks, on-line services VIPer /vapə/ noun a continuous and the Internet. vis FX consumer and lifestyle panel survey of vis FX abbreviation visual effects 1,000 people in the highest socio- vision /v(ə)n/ noun the picture on a economic group, AB, run jointly by television screen Channel 4, Classic FM and The Times vision mixer mixer /v(ə)n mksə/ noun 1. Newspaper Group the member of a television production viral advertising advertising /varəl team who is responsible for switching dvətazŋ/ noun an advertisement between feeds and pre-recorded video posted on the Internet that tries to capture sources. Also called switcher 2. the piece people’s attention and encourage them to of studio equipment used to switch ‘pass it on’ (like a virus) to their friends between feeds and video sources ‘…there’s been a boom in making ads vision mixing mixing /v(ə)n mksŋ/ noun specifically for e-mail. It’s called viral in a live broadcast, the work of editing and MediaStudies.fm Page 251 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

251 VoIP switching between the inputs from themselves, for example tone, pitch, different cameras, putting captions on speed, pronunciation etc. screen etc. VOD abbreviation video on demand visit visit /vzt/ verb to view a website voice /vɔs/ noun 1. the sound produced visitor /vztə/ noun an Internet user by using the vocal organs, especially the who views a website sound used in speech 2. a right to express ViSOR /vazə/ abbreviation Violent an opinion í verb to provide the and Sex Offenders Register voiceover for a character in a cartoon or a Vistavision vstəv ə n radio or television advertisement Vistavision / | ( ) / noun the voicebank brand name for the process resulting in voicebank /vɔsbŋk/ noun a system widescreen pictures developed by Para- used for recording information that jour- mount in the 1950s nalists can access, for example by the visual aid aid /vυəl ed/ noun some- emergency services voice data entry thing that is looked at as a complement to voice data entry /vɔs detə entri/, a lesson or presentation, for example a voice data input /vɔs detə npυt/ model, chart or film noun the input of information into a visual display terminal vzjυəl d computer using a speech recognition visual display terminal / | sple t& minəl/, visual display unit system and the user’s voice vυəl dsple ju nt voicemail vɔsmel / | / noun a screen voicemail / / noun an elec- attached to a computer that shows the tronic communications system that stores information stored in the computer digitised recordings of telephone visual effects vuəl fekts messages for later playback visual effects / | / plural Voice of America vɔs əv əmerkə noun effects created in an editing suite on Voice of America / | / a piece of filmed footage, such as noun a US government-funded interna- distorting or moving an image, superim- tional multimedia broadcasting company position etc. Abbreviation vis FX that provides radio, television and Internet visual effects director vuəl  news and cultural programming in 44 visual effects director / | fekts darektə languages. Abbreviation VOA | / noun the member of a voice output film or television production team who voice output /vɔs aυtpυt/ noun the has responsibility for supervising visual production of sounds that sound like effects production staff human speech, made as a result of voice visualiser /vυəlazə/ noun a person synthesis voiceover vɔsəυvə who produces visual ideas for advertise- voiceover / | / noun 1. a voice ments or advertising campaigns track added to a piece of film from vitaphone /vatəfəυn/ noun the first someone who is not seen to be speaking in film soundtrack process that made use of the footage, such as a commentator or one a synchronised audio disc, first played in of the participants speaking later. Abbre- 1926 to a showing of ‘Don Juan’ by the viation VO 2. the voice of, or the words Warner Brothers studio spoken by, an unseen narrator, commen- VITC tator or character in a film or television VITC abbreviation vertical interval programme timecode Voice-over-Internet Protocol Vivo vi vəυ Voice-over-Internet Protocol /vɔs Vivo / / a trade name for a data əυvə ntənet prəυtəkɒl format used to deliver video over the / noun full form of VoIP Internet voice piece VJ vɔs pi s VJ abbreviation video jockey voice piece / / noun a scripted VLS report of a story read by a reporter VLS abbreviation CINEMA, TV very long voicer vɔsə shot voicer / / noun a report that has a VNR voiced-over section by a different reporter VNR abbreviation video news release from the one presenting the report VO VO abbreviation voiceover voice synthesiser /vɔs snθəsazə/ vo. voice synthesiser vo. abbreviation PRINTING verso noun a device that generates sounds that VOA VOA abbreviation BROADCAST, US Voice are similar to the human voice of America VoIP /vɔp/ noun a technology that vocal cues cues /vəυkəl kju z/ plural noun enables voice messages to be sent via the aspects of speech other than the words Internet, often simultaneously with data in MediaStudies.fm Page 252 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

volt 252 text or other forms. Full form Voice over nesses at different points in the supply Internet Protocol chain volt vox pop volt /vəυlt/ noun a measure of potential vox pop /vɒks pɒp/ noun a series of electrical force. Abbreviation V replies to a question posed to ‘people in volume /vɒlju m/ noun 1. the loudness the street’, used to give a popular response of a sound 2. a set of issues of a periodical to an issue voyeurism spanning one calendar year 3. a bound voyeurism /vwa& rz(ə)m/ noun the collection of printed or written pages 4. pleasure of looking at something or some- the knob or button on a radio, television or body without being seen yourself audio player that controls loudness volume level vɒlju m lev ə l ‘Few films deal more fascinatingly and volume level / ( ) / noun uncomfortably with voyeurism than the volume of a sound, expressed as a Hitchcock’s gorgeously designed reading on a scaled meter masterpiece. James Stewart… serves as volume peak volume peak /vɒlju m pi k/ noun the our eyes in the story, a temporarily highest volume level of a broadcast wheelchair-bound photographer who reached during the observation period amuses himself by spying on people in volumetrics vɒlju metrks volumetrics / | / noun the apartment block opposite.’ [The analysis of the relative influence of Financial Times]

VPN various media by considering the number VPN /vi pi en/ noun a network that of people who are exposed to them, and provides remote offices or users with their importance as buyers secure access to their organisation’s volume unit meter volume unit meter /vɒlju m ju nt network using the Internet or other public mi tə/ noun a meter measuring the telecommunications system. Full form average volume level of a broadcast. Virtual Private Network Abbreviation VU. Compare peak VT VT abbreviation videotape í noun same performance meter voluntary control as video insert vɒlənt ə ri kən VT operator voluntary control / ( ) | vi ti ɒpəretə trəυl/ noun a system adopted by the VT operator / / noun advertising industry for maintaining the member of a television production standards, which involves following team who is responsible for cueing video guidelines laid down for the industry as a inserts and also for preparing replays and whole highlights during a live-action broadcast VTRR vortal /vɔ təl/ noun a web portal VTRR abbreviation videotape devoted to one specific industry which recording report VU enables business-to-business e-commerce VU abbreviation BROADCAST volume transactions by bringing together busi- unit meter MediaStudies.fm Page 253 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

W

W abbreviation watt user is able to access. It may either protect W3C /db(ə)l ju θri si / noun a users such as children from unsuitable consortium of organisations, program- information or direct users to specific, mers, developers, industry executives and often paid content supported by an users that seeks to guide the future devel- Internet service provider. opment of the World Wide Web and ‘But for large media owners, fear of the ensure that all web technologies are poorly lit, sinister back alleys of the web compatible with one another. Full form is useful. It drives people into “walled World Wide Web Consortium gardens”, safe havens of manicured web W/A abbreviation wide-angle content, provided on subscription; walkie-talkie wɔ ki tɔ ki guaranteed free of bad guys; well walkie-talkie / / noun a stocked with familiar brands.’ [Rafael hand-held battery-operated radio trans- Behr, The Observer] mitter and receiver often used by emer- wall of sound gency personnel to communicate with one wall of sound /wɔ l əv saυnd/ noun another a recorded musical effect on pop records Walkman /wɔ kmən/ a trade name for achieved by overdubbing or layering a small portable cassette player with many different instruments around a pop earphones tune wallpaper walk-on /wɔ k ɒn/ noun 1. an actor wallpaper /wɔ lpepə/ noun 1. a who has a small part, usually a soundless video picture used in news nonspeaking one, in a stage or film bulletins to illustrate a story coming up, production 2. an extra at a film shoot who over which the presenter reads a short has to perform some specific action commentary 2. background shots which (without speaking), rather than generally are necessary and unavoidable, but dull 3. being in the background, walking by etc. the background pattern for a computer 3. a small part, usually a nonspeaking one, screen, composed of graphics in a stage or film production Walt Disney Pictures wɔ lt dzni walk through Walt Disney Pictures / walk through /wɔ k θru / verb 1. to pktʃəz/ noun a Hollywood film studio rehearse something in a simple way, producing hundreds of well-known, without props or costumes, mainly prac- family-friendly films, both animated and tising basic moves and positions 2. to live-action, starting with Snow White and rehearse a television programme without the Seven Dwarves in 1937 cameras WAN walk-through wn wɔ k θru WAN / / abbreviation World Asso- walk-through / / noun an ciation of Newspapers early play rehearsal without props or want ad costumes, or a television rehearsal want ad /wɒnt d/ noun a classified without cameras, usually held to practise advertisement in a newspaper or magazine WAP basic moves and positions WAP /wp/ noun a standard protocol for walled garden garden /wɔ ld $ɑ d(ə)n/ the transmission of electronic data noun a browsing environment for viewing between hand-held narrowband devices websites that provides a means of control- such as mobile phones and pagers and ling the information and websites that a other sources of digital information such MediaStudies.fm Page 254 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

WAP browser 254 as the Internet. Full form Wireless Appli- Watergate /wɔ tə$et/ noun the cation Protocol scandal that forced US President Nixon to WAP browser WAP browser /wp braυzə/ noun a resign in 1972, in which journalists were simple web browser that works on a hand- responsible for uncovering hidden held WAP device evidence and pushing the trial forward war correspondent war correspondent /wɔ COMMENT: Investigative journalists Bob kɒrspɒndənt Woodward and Carl Bernstein and their / noun a journalist anonymous source Deep Throat were reporting from a war responsible for exposing the Watergate wardrobe mistress wardrobe mistress /wɔ drəυb scandal and uncovering hidden evidence mstrəs/ noun the woman in charge of which was crucial to the later trial. The suffix ‘…gate’ is often used to jokily name the costumes in a theatre or on a film set other political scandals, such as warmth warmth /wɔ mθ/ noun the effect created ‘Monicagate’/ ‘Sexgate’, the alleged affair by using colours such as red, orange and between US president Bill Clinton and yellow, which suggest heat and are soft White House aide Monica Lewinsky. watershed and flattering watershed /wɔ təʃed/ noun the time warm-up warm-up /wɔ m p/ noun the act of before which programmes unsuitable for preparing an audience before a show is children (featuring strong language or filmed by telling jokes, breaking the ice inappropriate content) may not be broad- and coaching them in any specific reac- cast. Currently in the UK this is 9pm. watt tions they will have to make watt /wɒt/ noun a measure of the amount Warner Bros Warner Bros /wɔ nə brɒs/ noun one of power used by an appliance. Abbrevia- of the world’s largest producers of family tion W waveband film and television entertainment, based waveband /wevbnd/ noun a range in Hollywood. It is responsible for the of radio frequencies within which trans- Looney Tunes cartoon series and the missions occur Superman, Batman and Harry Potter waveform /wevfɔ m/ noun a visual films, among many other family favour- representation of sound in the form of a ites. computer-generated ’wave’ War of the Worlds War of the Worlds /wɔ əv ðə waveform editor editor /wevfɔ m edtə/ w& ldz/ noun a radio adaptation of H G noun a software program that displays a Wells’ 1938 novel about interplanetary graphical representation of a sound wave invasion, delivered in the style of an actual and allows a user to edit, adjust levels and radio news broadcast, which caused many frequencies or add special effects listeners to believe the ‘reports’ were real waveform monitor monitor /wevfɔ m waste coverage waste coverage /west kv(ə)rd/ mɒntə/ noun a device that measures the noun media coverage that goes beyond output of a video signal with respect to the target audience luminance and chrominance, used for watchdog watchdog /wɒtʃdɒ$/ noun a person or checking that different cameras are in line organisation guarding against illegal prac- with each other waveform synthesiser tices, unacceptable standards or ineffi- waveform synthesiser /wevfɔ m ciency snθəsazə/ noun a musical device that ‘The Channel Five daytime talkshow creates sounds of an instrument by using [Trisha] hosted by Trisha Goddard is recorded samples of the original wave- known for its unsavoury subject matter. form produced by the instrument wavelength Three years ago the 47-year-old wavelength /wevleŋθ/ noun 1. a presenter was criticised by TV measurement of radio waves, describing watchdogs after featuring “love rat” the distance between the peak of one wave specials straight after children’s and the peak of the next. ı amplitude, programmes.’ frequency 2. in broadcasting, the wave- [Matt Born, The Daily Mail] length of the fundamental radio wave used watchdog journalism wɒtʃdɒ$ by a broadcasting station watchdog journalism / wax d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a type of jour- wax /wks/ noun a gramophone record nalism that monitors reports from other (informal) weak sources, exposing news reports that are weak /wi k/ adjective PHOTOGRAPHY not inaccurate or ‘yellow’ having much contrast between tones MediaStudies.fm Page 255 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

255 web server farm

weather forecast weather forecast /weðə fɔ kɑ st/ abbreviations and the rapid absorption of noun a radio or television broadcast new words predicting weather conditions ‘Weblish is having a profound effect on web web /web/ PRINTING noun a roll of paper written English: the informality and that is used on a rotary printing press í speed of e-mail especially are eroding verb to form or produce a web capital letters, punctuation and the web browser web braυzə importance of perfect spelling, as well web browser / / noun a as making Mr, Mrs, Miss, Yours computer program used for displaying faithfully and Yours sincerely seem and viewing pages on the World Wide impossibly dusty.’ [Barry Collins, The Web Sunday Times] Webby

webi weblog Webby / / noun an annual award weblɒ$ made by the International Academy of weblog / / noun a frequently Digital Arts and Sciences for the best updated personal journal on a website, website intended for public viewing webcam webkm COMMENT: Weblogs are usually updated webcam / / noun a digital regularly and feature short posts with camera connected to the Internet which opinions, information etc, as well as can transmit moving images live images and links to other webpages. webcast webkɑ st They are usually in a chatty, personal webcast / / noun a piece of style and may take the form of a personal video filmed with a webcam, that can be diary, a round-up of news on a particular viewed live or downloaded from an topic, a way of sharing information on archive for later viewing something such as science, politics etc, webcasting webkɑ stŋ and can be written by one person or webcasting / / noun the many collaborators. use of the World Wide Web as a medium web marketing web mɑ ktŋ for broadcasting information web marketing / / web crawler web krɔ lə noun marketing that uses websites to web crawler / / noun a advertise products and services and to computer program used to search through reach potential customers pages on the World Wide Web for docu- webmaster webmɑ stə ments containing a specific word, phrase webmaster / / noun some- or topic body who creates, organises or updates web-enabled web neb ə ld information on a website web-enabled / | ( ) / web offset web ɒfset adjective referring to the ability of mobile web offset / / noun phones and other hand-held devices to PRINTING offset printing carried out on a access the Internet web press webpage web form webped web form /web fɔ m/ noun an elec- webpage / / noun a tronic document similar to a printed form, computer file, encoded in HTML and that can be used to collect information containing text, graphics files, and sound from a visitor to a website. When the form files, that is accessible through the World has been filled in, it is usually returned to Wide Web the owner of the website by e-mail. webpage design software design software webhead webped dzan sɒftweə webhead /webhed/ noun a frequent / | / noun soft- user of the World Wide Web (informal) ware that provides features that make it web hosting web həυstŋ easier for a user to create webpages web hosting / / noun the webphone webfəυn business of supplying server space for webphone / / noun a phone storage of websites on the Internet, and that uses the Internet to make connections sometimes the provision of other services and carry voice messages web portal such as website creation web portal /web pɔ t(ə)l/ noun a webisode webisode /websəυd/ noun an webpage on a particular topic which episode, preview or promotion of a film, provides links to many other relevant television programme or music video on a webpages, services etc web press website web press /web pres/ noun a printing weblish weblish /weblʃ/ noun the form of press that is fed paper from a large roll web server farm English used globally online, with charac- web server farm /web s& və fɑ m/ teristic features such as the omission of noun a business with a group of intercon- apostrophes and capital letters, the use of nected servers engaged in web hosting MediaStudies.fm Page 256 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

website 256 website /websat/ noun an intercon- especially by military or security nected group of webpages, available personnel through computers over the Internet whistleblower ws ə lbləυə whistleblower / ( ) | / noun a WebTV /web ti vi / a trade name for a person who reveals information to the television that also lets a user view media about a scandal or other news- webpages worthy secret

‘Wedom’ and ‘Theydom’ whistler ‘Wedom’ and ‘Theydom’ /w dən whistler /wslə/ noun an interference ənd ðedəm/ noun the division of the signal in a radio receiver, resembling a world into two groups for the purposes of whistling sound of decreasing pitch and persuasion and journalistic colour: ‘us’ caused by lightning or other electromag- and ‘them’, friends and enemies netic disturbance weekly white weekly /wi kli/ noun a newspaper or white /wat/ verb to put or leave blank magazine published once a week spaces in something, especially some- weepie, weepy, weeper noun a film, thing printed

white balancing play or book that tends to move people to white balancing /wat blənsŋ/ tears, especially one that is blatantly senti- noun the process of balancing a camera to mental in tone combine the three primary colours in the weight weight /wet/ noun PRINTING the heavi- correct proportions, so that white always ness or thickness of a typeface í verb to appears neutral

white coat rule multiply results in a survey group white coat rule /wat kəυt ru l/ according greater significance to the noun a rule for advertising on television results of one section than to another well-made stating that doctors or actors in white well-made /wel med/ adjective refer- coats cannot promote medical products ring to a film or programme that is skil- white list wat lst fully plotted or structured, though often white list / / noun a list of e- considered to be unadventurous in subject mail addresses, for example from friends matter or treatment or customers, to which somebody wants western westən to permit access western / / noun a film, novel or white noise wat nɔz radio or television programme set in the white noise / / noun low- western US, usually during the late 19th volume electrical or radio noise of equal century intensity over a wide range of frequencies white space Westerstähl and Johansson’s model of news factors in andforeign news 1994 Johansson’s white space /wat spes/ noun an area model of news factors in foreign of a page or other printed surface where vestəʃtel ənd jəυ no text or pictures appear news 1994 / | whizz-pan hnsən/ noun a model of news values whizz-pan /wz pn/ noun a very fast relating to foreign news, in which its panning camera movement that has the ‘proximity’ to the ideology of the effect of blurring the frames

wide-angle reporting country is key along with access wide-angle /wad ŋ$əl/ adjective 1. to information, importance of the origi- relating to or using a camera lens with an nating country and drama of the event Westminster view unusually wide field of view 2. a wide- Westminster view /westmnstə angle shot is one that shows a wider than vju / noun the idea that political news usual view. Abbreviation W/A reporters in the United Kingdom are more wide screen wad skri n concerned with the activities of Parlia- wide screen / / adjective ment than with political events elsewhere 1. referring to a type of film projection in wf which the image is substantially wider wf abbreviation a proofreading mark than it is tall 2. referring to a television meaning ‘wrong font’ whose screen is noticeably wider than WGA WGA abbreviation Writers Guild of average í noun an image that is substan- America tially wider than it is tall, at a ratio of 16– Whisky /wski/ noun an internationally 9 rather than the usual 4–3 wide shot recognised code word for the letter W, wide shot /wad ʃɒt/ noun 1. a camera used in radio communications shot that takes in a panoramic view of the whisper microphone microphone /wspə set or an outside scene. Abbreviation WS makrəfəυn/ noun a small highly sensi- 2. a shot taken with a wide-angled lens, tive microphone with headphones, used with a field of view of more than 60º MediaStudies.fm Page 257 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

257 wordbreak

widow widow /wdəυ/ noun the first line of a globally interconnected by multiple tele- paragraph, stranded at the bottom of a communications links column or page while the rest of the para- wireless /waələs/ adjective using graph is at the top of the next one. This is radio signals rather than wires í noun a poor layout and to be avoided. Compare radio or a radio set orphan Wireless Application Protocol Application Protocol Wi-Fi waələs plkeʃ ə n prəυtəυkɒl Wi-Fi /wa fa/ noun technology in / | ( ) / newer computers, mostly laptops, that noun full form of WAP allows them to connect to a wireless local wireless Internet Internet /waələs ntənet/ area network or Internet connection. Also noun same as Wi-Fi called wireless Internet wireless local area network local area network ‘Life, on the whole, is better without /waələs ləυk(ə)l eəriə netw& k/ cables. So we should welcome cameras noun a local area network that uses high- with wireless capabilities, like this one frequency radio signals to connect with from Nikon. Exclusive to Jessops, this computers within its range without the camera has wi-fi… if you’re in an area need for cables. Abbreviation WLAN with a wireless network, you can wireless telegraphy waələs tə wireless telegraphy / | transmit images from your camera to le$rəfi/ noun early methods of sending your computer.’ [Daniel Paddington, messages to and from ships using radio The Independent] waves, before the arrival of radio broad- wild shooting wild shooting /wald ʃu tŋ/ noun casting into the home wire recorder waə rkɔ də shooting either picture or sound without wire recorder / | / noun synchronising the other to it an early type of magnetic recorder that wild track wild track /wald trk/ noun same as used stainless steel wire instead of atmosphere magnetic tape to record sound wire service Williams Committee Report on Obscenity and Film Censorship waə s& vs Williams Committee Report on wire service / / noun Obscenity and Film Censorship news stories sent by computer from /wljəmz/ noun a report on the state of national and international news agencies wiring laws concerning obscenity in the UK, wiring /waərŋ/ noun 1. a network of especially on film censorship, which electrical wires 2. the act or process of suggested that pornography does not have installing a system of electrical wires too great an effect on the values of society WLAN abbreviation wireless local wind machine wnd məʃi n area network wind machine / | / noun a woman suffrage device used to simulate the sound or woman suffrage /wυmən sfrd/ effects of wind, for example a machine noun same as women’s suffrage women’s liberation wmnz lbə used backstage in a theatre women’s liberation / | windshield windshield /wndʃi ld/ noun a reʃ(ə)n/ noun a political movement protector used on a microphone to prevent intended to free women from oppression wind noise women’s movement movement /wmnz wind up mu vmənt wind up /wand p/ verb to bring / noun a movement seeking to something such as an interview to a close promote and improve the position of wipe women in society wap women’s studies wipe / / noun a way of mixing from wmnz stdiz one image to another in which neither women’s studies / / fades, but the incoming image replaces the noun a course of study examining the second in any of a variety of ways, such as historical, economic and cultural roles and achievements of women ‘opening up’ from the centre or rushing in women’s suffrage from the side. Compare cross fade women’s suffrage /wmnz wipeout sfrd wapaυt / noun the extension of equal wipeout / / noun the receiving rights to women with regard to voting, of a radio signal that is so strong it makes owning property etc. Also called female receiving other signals impossible suffrage, woman suffrage WIPO wapəυ wordbreak WIPO / / abbreviation World wordbreak /w& dbrek/ noun the Intellectual Property Organisation point in a word where it can be divided if wired world wired world /waəd w& ld/ noun a there is not enough space at the end of a view of communities and societies being line for the entire word MediaStudies.fm Page 258 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

word of mouth 258

word of mouth word of mouth /w& d əv maυθ/ press and news publishing agencies in noun the way that cult media products defence of journalistic freedom become known, by people recommending World Trade Organisation Trade Organisation /w& ld them to their friends and through tred ɔ $ənazeʃ(ə)n/ noun an organi- webpages etc., instead of through main- sation that deals with trade disputes stream advertising between countries and seeks to establish ‘At first, the reputation of Antony and free and fair trade. Abbreviation WTO the Johnsons was a slow-burning, word- World Wide Web Wide Web /w& ld wad web/ of-mouth thing. For myself, it was a noun the entire array of websites available chance meeting with Andres Lokko through computers over the Internet (effectively Sweden’s John Peel) at a World Wide Web Consortium Wide Web Consortium pop singer’s wedding, who said “I think w& ld wad web kənsɔ tiəm / | / noun you’d like this”. It was a self-selecting ONLINE full form of W3C thing: people recommended A&TJ to wow waυ people who would “understand”.’ wow / / noun a distortion in recorded [Simon Price, The Independent on sound in the form of slow fluctuations in Sunday] the pitch of long notes, caused by varia- work experience w& k k tions in the speed of the reproducing or work experience / | recording equipment

spəriəns wow factor / noun a period of time spent in waυ fktə a place of work such as a newspaper office wow factor / / noun the ability of a advertisement to impress its or television studio, observing how others audience and remain in the memory carry out their jobs and sometimes under- wrap rp taking small tasks. It is usually unpaid, but wrap / / noun 1. the conclusion of a provides valuable experience of the work- piece of filming, either for the end of the place, and can often be a stepping stone to day or for the end of the entire production a permanent position. Also called attach- 2. a news item consisting of a short inter- ment, internship view or sound bite with the presenter workie giving a link before and after w& ki wraparound workie / / noun a person doing rpəraυnd work experience (informal) wraparound / | /, wrap- work print round noun a plate of flexible material work print /w& k prnt/ noun a print of that can be attached to the cylinder of a a film used in various stages of editing and rotary press as a guide in cutting the original negative wrapper /rpə/ noun a piece of paper from which the final commercial prints wrapped around a magazine or newspaper are made sent by post World Association of Newspapers World Association of Newspa- write /rat/ verb to create books, poems w& ld əsəυsieʃ ə n əv pers / | ( ) or newspaper articles for publication, nju zpepəz/ noun a non-profit interna- often as part of a job tional association based in Paris, write head head /rat hed/ noun part of a protecting the rights of newspaper agen- disk drive or other recording mechanism cies and publications and promoting press which can write data onto a tape or disk freedom and communication (formerly write out write out /rat aυt/ verb to remove a the Fédération Internationale des Editeurs regular character from a radio or televi- de Journaux et Publications). Abbrevia- sion series tion WAN writer ratə World Intellectual Property Organisation writer / / noun a person who creates World Intellectual Property an original story or adapts another story Organisation /w& ld ntəlektʃuəl for the purposes of making a script prɒpəti ɔ $ənazeʃ ə n writerly ( ) / noun a global writerly /ratəli/ adjective referring to a organisation that is dedicated to text that moves away from the expected protecting intellectual property rights in norms of structure, character, plot devel- its 182 member states. Abbreviation opment etc. in a way that may be WIPO confusing to the reader. Compare read- World Press Freedom Committee Press Freedom Committee erly w& ld pres fri dəm kəmti Writers Guild of America ratəz / | / noun an Writers Guild of America / $ld əv əmerkə alliance of more than 30 international | / noun the trade union MediaStudies.fm Page 259 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

259 www which represents scriptwriters in the US, published review of a new play, book, or protecting their rights to a fair wage and to film be properly credited for their work. WS abbreviation wide shot Abbreviation WGA WTO abbreviation World Trade Organ- write-up /rat p/ noun a written isation account of material, especially a www abbreviation World Wide Web MediaStudies.fm Page 260 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

XYZ

X yearly X /eks/ noun a censorship classification yearly /jəli/ noun something that used in the UK until 1982 for films that happens or appears once a year, especially could not be shown publicly to anyone an annual publication under 18 and until 1990 in the United yellow /jeləυ/ adjective using scan- States for films considered unsuitable for dalous or sensational material, often under-17s greatly exaggerating or distorting the truth xerography zərɒ$rəfi yellow journalism xerography / | / noun photo- yellow journalism /jeləυ copying using an electrically-charged d& n(ə)lz(ə)m/ noun a style of jour- plate to transfer ink powder to paper nalism that makes unscrupulous use of x-height x-height /eks hat/ noun the height of scandalous or sensationalised stories to the lowercase letter ‘x’ in a typeface, used attract readers as a measure of the height of the main ‘[Actress] Karki took her life after the body of all lowercase letters in that type- weekly tabloid Jana Aastha published face what it said was a picture of her in the Xinhua news agency ʃnwɑ nude. King Gyanendra wrote to Xinhua news agency / | nju z edənsi/ noun the major national Lokendra Bahadur Chand, the prime and international news agency in China, minister, asking him to change the law which releases news in seven languages to control “yellow journalism”.’ X-rated [Michael Sheridan, TheSundayTimes] /eks retd/ adjective X-rated referring yellow press to something that has a high level of yellow press /jeləυ pres/ noun sexual or violent content. ı X collectively, the newspapers that make X-ray unscrupulous use of scandalous or sensa- X-ray /eks re/ noun an internationally tionalised stories to attract readers recognised code word for the letter X, yoke jəυk used in radio communications yoke / / noun equipment for yagi jɑ $i recording or reproducing sounds or music yagi / / noun US a directional radio on more than one track simultaneously, by or television aerial consisting of several joining together two or more magnetic components arranged in line Yahoo! recording heads jɑ hu youth market Yahoo! / | / noun a computer serv- youth market /ju θ mɑ kt/ noun the ices company that offers free e-mail and is potential market for a product which is the most-visited web portal on the Internet specifically aimed at (usually) 18–35 year Yankee Yankee /jŋki/ noun an internationally olds recognised code word for the letter Y, YUV encoding wa ju vi n YUV encoding / | used in radio communications kəυdŋ/ noun a video encoding system Y/C Y/C /wa si / noun two parts of a video in which the video luminance (Y) signal is signal representing the luminance (Y) and recorded at full bandwidth but the chromi- the chrominance (C) parts of the image nance signals (U&V) are recorded at half Y/C delay wa si dle their bandwidth Y/C delay / | / noun an error caused by wrong synchronisation zap /zp/ verb to change channels on a between the luma and chroma signals in a television set using a remote control video transmission, seen as a colour halo device, especially to change channels around objects on the screen rapidly í interjection used especially in MediaStudies.fm Page 261 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 3:53 PM

261 zydeco comic books to indicate sudden and raided the programme makers’ offices and violent force seized tapes, although the programme was zapping /zpŋ/ noun 1. flicking later proven not to actually reveal any between television channels using a state secrets. zoetrope remote control, looking for something zoetrope /zəυətrəυp/ noun an early interesting 2. changing channels during method of simulating moving pictures by commercial breaks to avoid watching the mounting them on the inside of a spinning advertisements wheel, with slots for viewing

zoom ‘…we would be far less likely to reach zoom /zu m/ noun 1. same as zoom for the remote control if we were lens 2. a shot in which a zoom lens is used watching people we could imagine to make the object in focus appear to sleeping with… aware that people are move closer or farther away while the never more than a hair’s breadth from zapping channels, [producers] exploit camera itself stays still zoom in our weakness. So it was goodbye Noel zoom in /zu m n/ verb to make an Edmonds and Mike Read and hello Cat object appear bigger or closer, or to Deeley and Gail Porter.’ [David decrease the area in view, by use of a Hepworth, The Mail on Sunday] zoom lens or a graphic imaging device zarzuela zɑ zuelə zoom lens zarzuela / | / noun Spanish zoom lens /zu m lenz/ noun a lens musical theatre, usually comic, that can be adjusted to have a longer or combining dialogue, music and dance shorter focal length. Also called zoom. zine /zi n/ noun a self-published paper, Compare prime lens zoom out Internet magazine or other periodical, zoom out /zu m aυt/ verb to make an issued at irregular intervals with and object appear smaller or farther away, or usually appealing to a specialist reader- to increase the area in view, by use of a ship zoom lens or a graphic imaging device Zinoviev letter 1924 znɒviev zouk Zinoviev letter 1924 / | / zouk /zu k/ noun a style of dance music noun a forged letter that was leaked to the UK government in 1924 before the originating in Guadeloupe and Martinique general election, discrediting the social- and played with guitars and synthesisers, ists by alleging communist links and plans combining a strong fast disco beat and for military action Caribbean rhythms Zulu zipping /zpŋ/ noun fast-forwarding Zulu /zu lu / noun an internationally through commercial breaks on recorded recognised code word for the letter Z, programmes during playback, thereby used in radio communications zydeco avoiding the advertising zydeco /zadekəυ/ noun a style of Zircon affair z& kɒn əfeə Zircon affair / | / noun an dance music originating in Louisiana that incident of attempted censorship by the is usually played on accordion, guitar and UK government of a television violin and combines traditional French programme about the proposed launch of melodies with Caribbean and blues influ- a spy satellite, Zircon, in 1987. The police ences

SUPPLEMENTS

Communications Theorists Media Resources on the Web Media Law in the UK National Daily Newspapers in the UK Major Magazines in the UK

Communications Theorists

Name Specialisations Major Works

Ideology and Ideological State Louis Marxism, ideological state Apparatuses (1977); Marxism and Althusser apparatuses Humanism (1969); Contradiction and Overdetermination (1962)

On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West (2001); media audiences, identity Desperately Seeking the Audience Ien Ang politics, globalisation, (1991); Living Room Wars: Rethinking ethnicity and representation Media Audiences for a Postmodern World (1996)

effects of the mass media, Roland Mythologies (1957); The Pleasure of creation of meaning; the Barthes the Text (1973) pleasure of reading

effects of the mass media, Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism Daniel Bell modernity (1996); The End of Ideology (2000)

published widely in journals such as controversial media works, European Journal of Communication, Daniel censorship, film Media, Culture & Society, Journal of Biltereyst classification, reality International Communication, television Intercom and Cultural Policy

The Uses of Mass Communication audience interaction with (with E. Katz) (1974); Television In media texts – co-author of Politics (with D. McQuail) (1979); J.G. Blumler the uses and gratifications The Role of Theory in Uses and theory Gratifications Studies (article in Communication Research, 6)

cultural sociology, Pierre La Distinction (1979); The Logic of especially the notion of Bourdieu Practice (1990) cultural capital

The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (1977); City, Class and Manuel sociology of media, Marxist Power (1978); The Power of Identity, Castells theory The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II. (2004) Communications Theorists continued

Name Specialisations Major Works

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988); Media Control (2002); Hegemony or Survival: power structures of media Noam America’s Quest for Global institutions; mainstream Chomsky Dominance (2003); mass media, globalisation Understanding Power (2002); Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies (1989) and many others

Mass Media and Society (2005); Culture Wars: The Media and the globalisation, mass James Curran British Left (2005); De- communication Westernising Media Studies (ed.) (2000)

The Network Society (1999); new media; social and Jan A.G.M. Digital Democracy (2000); The cultural effects of van Dijk Deepening Divide, Inequality in technology the Information Society (2005)

Forever Feminine: Women’s Magazines and the Cult of globalisation of media, Femininity (1983); Cultural Marjorie media technologies; Studies in Question (with P. Ferguson representation of women in Golding) (1997), editor of several the media journals including Culture and Communication and Journal of Communication

discourse surrounding Media Matters (1996); John Fiske media events, generation of Understanding Popular Culture meaning (1989); Television Culture (1987)

The Global Media Debate George media and culture – creator (1993), author and editor of many Gerbner of cultivation theory journal articles and collections

European Culture and the Media Peter Golding media and European culture (2004); editor of the European Journal of Communication Communications Theorists continued

Name Specialisations Major Works various articles in Italian journals Antonio Marxism, hegemony, power including L’Ordine Nuovo and Gramsci struggle through ideas Avanti!

Handbook of Media and Communications Research Klaus Bruhn research methodology in (2002); A Handbook of Jensen communications theory Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research (with N. Jankowski)

Media Events (1992); The Export diffusion of ideas through of Meaning (1990); Personal mass media, globalisation, Influence: The Part Played by Elihu Katz communication models – People in the Flow of Mass co-creator of the two-step Communications (with flow model Lazarsfeld) (1956)

The People's Choice (1948); communication models – Personal Influence: The Part Paul co-creator of the two-step Played by People in the Flow of Lazarsfeld flow model; audience Mass Communications (with research methods Katz) (1956)

decoding media texts, The Export of Meaning (with Tamar Liebes perception, cultural Katz) (1999); Media, Ritual and anthropology Identity (ed) (1998)

theories of mass media and Communication Models (1981); communication, Denis Mass Communication Theory communication models, the McQuail (1983); Media Performance effect of media texts on (1992) their audience

audience research, Home Territories: media, communications mobility and identity (2000); The David Morley technologies, cultural Nationwide Television Studies imperialism (with C. Brunsdon) (1999)

theory of communication, editor and author of many Kaarle international reports, papers and journal Nordenstreng communication, media articles ethics Communications Theorists continued

Name Specialisations Major Works Amusing Ourselves to Death media technology (its (1985); Conscientious Objections Neil Postman limitations and dangers) (1992); The End of Education (1996)

Open Scotland? (2001); Women Philip media and politics, media Viewing Violence (2002); Putting Schlesinger ethics ‘Reality’ Together: BBC News (2002)

Process and Effects of Mass W. Schramm mass communications Communications (ed. with D. F. Roberts) (1954)

Marxism, ideology and ideological state Policing the Crisis (1978); Stuart Hall apparatuses, interpretation Encoding/Decoding (1980) of texts

Globalisation and Culture (1999); Media and Modernity J. Tomlinson globalisation of media (1995); Cultural Imperialism (1991)

the state of British national The Anglo-American Media and regional media, power Connection (with David Machin) Jeremy hierarchies in media (1999); Newspaper Power: The Tunstall organisations, the New National Press in Britain relationship between the (1996); Media Moguls (1991) British and American media

articles in collections including Lisbeth van feminism and gender Questioning The Media (J. Zoonen representation in the media Downing et al) (1995)

Media Resources on the Web

Copyright and Intellectual Property Information on protecting Intellectual Property: www.intellectual-property.gov.uk World Intellectual Property Organisation: www.wipo.int The UK Patent Office (information on copyrights, trademarks and patents): www.patent.gov.uk The European Patent Office: www.european-patent-office.org Alternative to patenting: www.researchdisclosure.com The Copyright Licensing Agency: www.cla.co.uk Mechanical Copyright Protection Agency AND the Performing Right Society: www.mcps-prs-alliance.co.uk

Media Law Office of Public Sector Information (the full texts of all statutes): www.opsi.gov.uk Overview of media laws and reports: www.terramedia.co.uk/law

Media Training Official guide to NVQs: www.dfes.gov.uk/nvq BBC online guide to media training, including free online courses: www.bbctraining.com Helpful guide to further education, choosing the right course etc: www.aimhigher.ac.uk Media Resources on the Web continued

International News Agencies Agence France-Presse (France): www.afp.com/english/home All Headline News (web-based): www.allheadlinenews.com Associated Press (USA): www.ap.org Austral International (Australia): www.australpress.com.au/home.html Bloomberg L. P. (financial news) www.bloomberg.com British Broadcasting Corporation: http://news.bbc.co.uk Cable News Network: www.cnn.com Canadian Press: www.cp.org China News Service: www.chinanews.cn Deutsche Presse-Agentur (Germany): www.dpa.de EFE (Spain): www.efenews.com Inter Press Service: www.ipsnews.net ITAR-TASS (Russia): www.itar-tass.com/eng Kyodo News: http://home.kyodo.co.jp Pacific News Service (alternative news): http://news.pacificnews.org/news Press Association (UK): www.pressassociation.co.uk Press Trust of India: www.ptinews.com Reuters: www.reuters.com United Press International: www.upi.com Xinhua News Agency (China): www.xinhuanet.com/english Zenit (the news agency of the Roman Catholic Church): www.zenit.org/english Media Resources on the Web continued

Films and Festivals Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: www.oscars.org British Academy of Film and Television Arts: www.bafta.org British Board of Film Classification: www.bbfc.co.uk British Film Institute: www.bfi.org.uk Cannes Film Festival: www.festival-cannes.fr Cannes International Advertising Festival: www.canneslions.com DreamWorks SKG: www.dreamworks.com Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer: www.mgm.com Motion Picture Association of America: www.mpaa.org New Line Cinema: www.newline.com Sony Pictures (formerly Columbia Pictures): www.sonypictures.com Sundance Film Festival: www.sundance.org Toronto International Film Festival: www.e.bell.ca/filmfest Touchstone Pictures: http://touchstone.movies.go.com 20th Century Fox: www.foxmovies.com Universal Studios: www.universalstudios.com Walt Disney Pictures: http://disney.go.com/disneypictures Warner Bros: www.warnerbros.com Media Resources on the Web continued

Press Organisations Audit Bureau of Circulations: www.abc.co.uk International Federation of Journalists: www.ifj.org Joint Industrial Committee of Regional Newspapers: www.jicreg.co.uk Joint National Readership Survey: www.jnrs.ie National Readership Survey: www.nrs.co.uk Press Complaints Commission: www.pcc.org.uk Reporters Sans Frontières: www.rsf.org Royal Photographic Society: www.rps.org World Association of Newspapers: www.wan-press.org

Broadcasting Advertising Standards Authority: www.asa.org.uk/asa Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board (BARB): www.barb.co.uk CEEFAX: www.ceefax.tv Corporation for Public Broadcasting: www.cpb.org Office of Communications – OFCOM: www.ofcom.org.uk Paper Tiger TV: www.papertiger.org Radio Joint Audience Research – RAJAR: www.rajar.co.uk Taylor Nelson Sofres plc (TNS): www.tnsofres.com TiVo: www.tivo.com Media Resources on the Web continued

Telecommunications Community Media Association: www.commedia.org.uk European Cable Communications Association: www.ecca.be Federal Communications Commission: www.fcc.gov

Unions and Campaigns American Federation of Television and Radio Artists: www.aftra.com Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union: www.bectu.org.uk Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom: www.cpbf.org.uk International Telecommunication Union: www.itu.nit/home Mediawatch-uk: www.mediawatch.org National Union of Journalists: www.nuj.org.uk Producers’ Alliance for Cinema and Television: www.pact.co.uk Producers’ Guild of America: www.producersguild.org Royal Television Society: www.rts.org.uk Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: www.smpte.org World Press Freedom Committee: www.wpfc.org World Trade Organisation: www.wto.org Writers’ Guild of America: www.wga.org Media Law in the UK Press Criminal Justice Act 1925: made it illegal to take photographs or make sketches inside a court- room (although it is still legal to make later sketches from memory and publish them) Race Relations Act 1976: made it an offence to discriminate against people on grounds of race, or to publish or distribute any material which does this Contempt Of Court Act 1981: made it illegal to film court proceedings, or to report anything which may prejudice a trial Public Order Act 1986: made it an offence to publish or distribute material intended to stir up ‘racial hatred’ against citizens of Great Britain Criminal Justice Act (Section 11) 1988: gave leave to the press to officially appeal against reporting restrictions under the Contempt of Court Act 1981 Official Secrets Act 1989: made it an offence to disclose official information which may be damaging or against the public interest, such as military secrets Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992: made it illegal to publish anything which may reveal the identity of a victim of a sexual offence Defamation Act 1996: stated that the author, editor or publisher of a work must take ‘reason- able care’ to avoid publishing defamatory statements, in print or on the Internet Human Rights Act (article 8) 1998: protected the privacy of citizens from intrusion, surveillance, harassment etc by the press Human Rights Act (article 10) 1998: defends the right to freedom of expression Youth Justice And Criminal Evidence Act 1999: made it illegal to publish anything which may reveal the identity of an accused or convicted young offender Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001: expanded the crime of ‘racial hatred’ in the Public Order Act 1986 to include that against citizens of other countries; introduced the offence of inciting hatred against those with different religious views Radio / Television Broadcasting Television Act 1954: established the Independent Television Authority to regulate television broadcasts The Marine, etc, Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967: made broadcasting from ships and off-shore equipment illegal Sound Broadcasting Act 1972: renamed the Independent Television Authority the Independent Broadcasting Authority; established local commercial radio broad- casting to be licensed by the IBA Media Law in the UK continued Broadcasting Act 1980: allowed the IBA to set up Channel 4 Public Order Act 1986: made it an offence to broadcast or perform material intended to stir up ‘racial hatred’ against citizens of Great Britain Consumer Protection Act 1987: banned the use of misleading wording in advertisements which encourages people to buy EU Directive 89/552 1989: introduced rules governing international broadcasts and fair competition across the EU Broadcasting Act 1990: introduced new licensing framework for broadcasters; set up two new regulatory bodies (Independent Television Commission and the Radio Authority); made provisions for greater quality control and more independent output on commercial television EU Directive 93/83 1993: defined satellite transmission; set rules for cable retransmission of broadcasts Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994: extended powers of censorship under the Protection of Children Act 1978 to include doctored images purporting to show indecent acts (even where none had taken place); introduced harsher penalties for unclassified videos; introduced the notion of ‘harm’ caused to the viewer by watching depictions of sex, violence, crime etc Broadcasting Act 1996: paved the way for digital broadcasting and multiplex licenses; introduced rules on cross-media ownership; formed the Broadcasting Standards Commission Communications Act 2003: formed OFCOM by merging 5 older regulatory bodies; relaxed rules on cross-media ownership Film Cinematograph Act 1909: introduced licensing and safety regulations for private cinemas Cinematograph Film Act 1927: established a quota of British films which must be exhibited in UK cinemas, first 7.5%, later lifted to 20% (no longer in force) Sunday Entertainments Act 1932 established a fund to promote cinema as a means of entertainment, which originally funded the British Film Institute Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937: made it illegal to depict actual cruelty to animals in film British Film Institute Act 1949: introduced government grants for the British Film Institute Obscene Publications Act 1959: defined obscene works as any which ‘tend to deprave or corrupt’ and allowed for official censorship of these Media Law in the UK continued Protection of Children Act 1978: made it illegal to own, broadcast or distribute indecent images of children (under 16 years of age) Cinematograph (Amendment) Act 1982: covers regulations for the public exhibition of pornographic films Video Recordings Act 1984: introduced compulsory age classifications for videos, administered by the British Board of Film Classification Films Act 1985: introduced regulations for the designation of films as British and funding of these Cinemas Act 1985: introduced the current regulations governing the exhibition of films and licensing of cinemas Finance (No.2) Act 1997: made provision for tax breaks for British independent film makers on productions costing less than £15 million Telecommunications Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949: defined wireless broadcasting (the sending of electro-magnetic signals without the use of a dedicated communications line) and introduced the need to hold a licence to do this commercially Wireless Telegraphy Act 1967: allowed information on the sale or hire of televisions to be made available to the Secretary of State British Telecommunications Act 1981: separated British Telecom from the Post Office and made it a stand-alone telecommunications corporation; allowed competition to BT from other providers Telecommunications Act 1984: introduced regulatory bodies for broadcast media; formed OFTEL Cable And Broadcasting Act 1984: established the Cable Authority for regulation of cable transmission services Telecommunications (Fraud) Act 1997: made it an offence to possess any equipment related to tele- communications systems which is intended to be used for fraud Media Law in the UK continued Data Protection Data Protection Act 1984: introduced regulations on the storage, security and transferring of personal information of individuals held electronically by companies Data Protection Act 1998: expanded the 1984 Act to cover manual as well as electronic records; introduced the notions of ‘sensitive’ data and accountability of directors for company transgressions Freedom of Information Act 2000: allowed access by members of the public to any and all information held by public bodies Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000: allowed those in authority to access and monitor all personal e-mail and telephone communications; forbade encryption which makes this difficult Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001: allowed authorities greater access to personal information about suspected terrorists Copyright Copyright Act 1956: set up copyright protection for all original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works made in the UK under the control of the Government Copyright, Designs And Patents Act 1988: introduced the rights for the author of a work to be identified as such, and to not suffer harm to their reputation through mistreatment of their works EU Directive 92/100 1992: clarified intellectual property rights in relation to copying or distribution of a person’s work EU Directive 93/98 1993: made copyright periods uniform throughout the EU, extending post-mortem copyright protection of a work from 50 to 70 years in the UK Trademarks Act 1994: made provision for registration of trademarks and sets out guidelines for what constitutes infringement National Newspapers in the UK

Daily Newspapers Daily Express Circulation: 810,827 Northern & Shell Building, 10 Lower Thames Street, London EC4R 6EN. Tel. 0871-434 1010 www.express.co.uk Daily Mail Circulation: 2,350,694 Northcliffe House, 2 Derry Street, London W8 5TT. Tel. 020-7938 6000 www.dailymail.co.uk Daily Mirror Circulation: 1,684,660 1 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5AP. Tel. 020-7293 3000 www.mirror.co.uk Daily Record Circulation: 454,247 1 Central Quay, Glasgow G3 8DA. Tel. 0141-309 3000 www.dailyrecord.co.uk Daily Sport Circulation: no figures available 19 Great Ancoats Street, Manchester M60 4BT. Tel. 0161-236 4466 www.dailysport.co.uk Daily Star Circulation: 820,028 Ludgate House, 245 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 9UX. Tel. 020-7928 8000 www.dailystar.co.uk The Daily Telegraph Circulation: 901,667 1 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5DT. Tel. 020-7538 5000 www.telegraph.co.uk Financial Times Circulation: 419,249 1 Southwark Bridge, London SE1 9HL. Tel. 020-7873 3000 www.ft.com The Guardian Circulation: 403,297 119 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3ER. Tel. 020-7278 2332 www.guardian.co.uk The Herald Circulation: 75,541 Newsquest Ltd, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3PR. Tel. 0141-302 7000 www.theherald.co.uk The Independent Circulation: 267,037 Independent House, 191 Marsh Wall, London E14 9RS. Tel. 020-7005 2000 www.independent.co.uk National Newspapers in the UK continued

Morning Star Circulation: no figures available People’s Press Printing Society Ltd, William Rust House, 52 Beachy Road, London E3 2NS. Tel. 020-8510 0815 www.morningstaronline.co.uk Racing Post Circulation: 74,552 Trinity Mirror, Floor 23, One Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5AP. Tel. 020-7293 3291 www.racingpost.co.uk The Scotsman Circulation: 65,194 Barclay House, 108 Holyrood Road, Edinburgh EH8 8AS. Tel. 0131-620 8620 www.scotsman.com The Sun Circulation: 3,224,427 News Group Newspapers Ltd, Virginia Street, London E1 9XP. Tel. 020-7782 4000 www.the-sun.co.uk The Times Circulation: 703,492 1 Pennington Street, London E98 1TT. Tel. 020-7782 5000 www.timesonline.co.uk

Weekly Newspapers The Business Circulation: 178,528 292 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 1DE. Tel. 020-7961 0000 www.thebusinessonline.com Daily Star Sunday Circulation: 404,723 Express Newspapers, Ludgate House, 245 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 9UX. Tel. 020-7928 8000 www.megastar.co.uk The Independent on Sunday Circulation: 230,053 Independent House, 191 Marsh Wall, London E14 9RS. Tel. 020-7005 2000 www.independent.co.uk The Mail on Sunday Circulation: 2,292,258 Northcliffe House, 2 Derry Street, London W8 5TS. Tel. 020-7938 6000 www.mailonsunday.co.uk News of the World Circulation: 3,773,705 1 Virginia Street, London E98 1NW. Tel. 020-7782 1000 www.newsoftheworld.co.uk The Observer Circulation: 451,781 3-7 Herbal Hill, London EC1R 5EJ. Tel. 020-7278 2332 www.observer.co.uk National Newspapers in the UK continued

The People Circulation: 905,494 1 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5AP. Tel. 020-7293 3000 www.people.co.uk Scotland on Sunday Circulation: 84,192 108 Holyrood Road, Edinburgh EH8 8AS. Tel. 0131-620 8620 www.scotlandonsunday.co.uk Sunday Express Circulation: 829,064 Northern & Shell Building, 10 Lower Thames Street, London EC4R 6EN. Tel. 0871-434 1010 www.express.co.uk Sunday Herald Circulation: 58,140 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3QB. Tel. 0141-302 7800 www.sundayherald.com Sunday Mail Circulation: 549,129 1 Central Quay, Glasgow G3 8DA. Tel. 0141-309 3000 www.sundaymail.com Sunday Mirror Circulation: 1,457,792 1 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5AP. Tel. 020-7293 3000 www.sundaymirror.co.uk The Sunday Post Circulation: no figures available D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd, 144 Port Dundas Road, Glasgow G4 0HZ. Tel. 0141-332 9933 www.sundaypost.com Sunday Sport Circulation: 148,385 840 Melton Road, Thurmaston, Leicester LE4 8BE. Tel. 0116-269 4892 www.sundaysport.com The Sunday Telegraph Circulation: 661,425 1 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5DT. Tel. 020-7538 5000 www.telegraph.co.uk The Sunday Times Circulation: 1,404,616 1 Virginia Street, London E1 9BD. Tel. 020-7782 4000 www.timesonline.co.uk The Sunday Times Scotland Circulation: no figures available Times Newspapers Ltd, 124 Portman Street, Kinning Park, Glasgow G41 1EJ. Tel. 0141-420 5100 www.timesonline.co.uk Wales on Sunday Circulation: no figures available Thomson House, Havelock Street, Cardiff CF10 1XR. Tel. 029-2058 3583 www.icwales.co.uk (circulation figures net average October 2005, courtesy of the Audit Bureau of Circulations – see www.abc.org.uk for further details) Major Magazines in the UK Circulation Sky Magazine 6,783,581 (TV Listings: Satellite/Cable) Boots Health and Beauty 1,765,387 (Women’s Health & Beauty) What’s on TV 1,673,790 (TV Listings: Radio & TV Guides) The National Trust Magazine 1,655,088 (Countryside & County: National) U (magazine for Unison members) 1,465,833 (General Interest: Miscellaneous) Saga magazine 1,245,006 (General Interest: Retirement) Take a Break 1,200,397 (Women’s Weeklies) TV Choice 1,157,622 (TV Listings: Radio & TV Guides) Radio Times 1,080,199 (TV Listings: Radio & TV Guides) Eyes Down 984,946 (Leisure Interests: Games) BBC Pre-Schools Magazines 929,452 (Children’s Magazines: Pre-School) Reader’s Digest 776,902 (General Interest: Miscellaneous) Debenhams Desire 745,126 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) Birds (the RSPB magazine) 624,118 (Leisure Interests: Wildlife) Glamour 609,626 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) Chat 609,163 (Women’s Weeklies) Now 591,795 (Women’s Weeklies) That’s Life 569,631 (Women’s Weeklies) Heat 560,438 (Women’s Weeklies) FHM 560,167 (Men’s Lifestyle) Time Magazine 551,114 (News & Current Affairs: International) Closer 540,044 (Women’s Weeklies) Major Magazines in the UK continued Circulation OK! 532,843 (Women’s Weeklies) The Economist 503,077 (News & Current Affairs: Business) Exchange & Mart 491,152 (Buying & Selling: General) Woman 485,463 (Women’s Weeklies) Good Housekeeping 475,838 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) Cosmopolitan 462,943 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) Yours 440,070 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) Woman’s Weekly 425,568 (Women’s Weeklies) Legion 425,462 (General Interest: Miscellaneous) Woman’s Own 424,292 (Women’s Weeklies) TV Times 418,192 (TV Listings: Radio & TV Guides) Emma’s Diary Pregnancy Guide 416,140 (Parenthood) Best 398,289 (Women’s Weeklies) The Vauxhall Magazine 394,846 (Motoring & Motorcycling: Motoring) Auto Exchange Group 392,598 (Motoring & Motorcycling: Motoring) Hello! 392,481 (Women’s Weeklies) Marie Claire 381,281 (Women’s Lifestyle/Fashion) New! 373,039 (Women’s Weeklies) Motoring and Leisure 371,940 (Motoring & Motorcycling: Motoring) People’s Friend 363,638 (Women’s Weeklies) National Geographic 350,253 (General Interest: Miscellaneous) (circulation figures net average Jan-Jun 2005, courtesy of the Audit Bureau of Circulations – see www.abc.org.uk for further details)