Society, Environment and Human Security in the Arctic Barents Region The Arctic-Barents Region is facing numerous pressures from a variety of sources, including the effect of environmental changes and extractive industrial developments. The threats arising out of these pressures result in human security challenges. This book analyses the formation, and promotion, of societal security within the context of the Arctic-Barents Region. It applies the human security framework, which has increasingly gained currency at the UN level since 1994 (UNDP), as a tool to provide answers to many questions that face the Barents population today. The study explores human security dimensions such as environmental security, economic security, health, food, water, energy, communities, political security and digital security in order to assess the current challenges that the Barents population experiences today or may encounter in the future. In doing so, the book develops a comprehensive analysis of vulnerabilities, challenges and needs in the Barents Region and provides recommendations for new strategies to tackle insecurity and improve the wellbeing of both indigenous and local communities. This book will be a valuable tool for academics, policy-makers and students interested in environmental and human security, sustainable development, environmental studies and the Arctic and Barents Region in particular. Kamrul Hossain is a Research Professor and Director of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, University of Lapland. Dorothée Cambou is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies For a full list of titles in this series, please visit https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Explorations-in-Environmental-Studies/book-series/REES The Governance of Green Urban Spaces in the EU Social innovation and civil society Judith Schicklinski NGO Discourses in the Debate on Genetically Modified Crops Ksenia Gerasimova Sustainability in the Gulf Challenges and Opportunities Edited by Elie Azar and Mohamed Abdelraouf Environmental Human Rights A Political Theory Perspective Edited by Markku Oksanen, Ashley Dodsworth and Selina O'Doherty African Philosophy and Environmental Conservation Jonathan O. Chimakonam Domestic Environmental Labour An Eco-feminist Perspective on Making Homes Greener Carol Farbotko Stranded Assets and the Environment Risk, resilience and opportunity Edited by Ben Caldecott Society, Environment and Human Security in the Arctic Barents Region Edited by Kamrul Hossain and Dorothée Cambou Environmental Performance Auditing in the Public Sector Enabling Sustainable Development Awadhesh Prasad Society, Environment and Human Security in the Arctic Barents Region Edited by Kamrul Hossain and Dorothée Cambou First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Kamrul Hossain and Dorothée Cambou; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Kamrul Hossain and Dorothée Cambou to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Hossain, Kamrul, editor. | Cambou, Dorothâee, editor. Title: Society, environment and human security in the Arctic Barents region / edited by Kamrul Hossain and Dorothâee Cambou. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge explorations in environmental studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017061084 (print) | LCCN 2018015027 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351171243 (eBook) | ISBN 9780815399841 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Barents Sea Region--Environmental conditions. | Barents Sea Region--Social conditions. | Human security--Barents Sea Region. Classification: LCC GE160.B33 (ebook) | LCC GE160.B33 S64 2018 (print) | DDC 304.20948--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017061084 ISBN: 978-0-8153-9984-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-17124-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books Contents List of illustrations vii List of contributors viii Preface xiv General introduction and the structure of the book xvi KAMRUL HOSSAIN AND DOROTHÉE CAMBOU PART I Theory and context 1 1.1 The question of societal security in the Arctic 3 KAMRUL HOSSAIN 1.2 The Barents Region, a society with shared security concerns in the Arctic 19 DOROTHÉE CAMBOU AND LASSI HENINEN PART II Assessment 35 2.1 Environmental security in the Barents Region 37 SARAH MACKIE 2.2 Economic security in the Barents Region 58 ANNA PETRÉTEI AND DOROTHÉE CAMBOU 2.3 Health security in the Barents Region 75 SUSANNA PÄÄKKÖLÄ AND DOROTHÉE CAMBOU 2.4 Food security in the Barents Region 93 SHAUN CORMIER AND DELE RAHEEM 2.5 Water security in the Barents Region 105 ANTONIA SOHNS vi Contents 2.6 Energy security in the Barents Region: A focus on societal perspectives 118 HANNA LEMPINEN AND DOROTHÉE CAMBOU 2.7 Personal security in the Barents Region 134 TAHNEE PRIOR AND PATRICK CIASCHI 2.8 Community security of indigenous peoples in the Barents Region 151 GIUSEPPE AMATULLI AND JOËLLE KLEIN 2.9 Political security in the Barents Region 168 DOROTHÉE CAMBOU 2.10 Digital security in the Barents Region 187 MIRVA SALMINEN Conclusion 205 KAMRUL HOSSAIN AND DOROTHÉE CAMBOU Index 209 Illustrations Figure 1.2.1 Maps of the Barents Region by the Barents Norwegian Secretariat 20 Tables 2.2.1 Demographic trends in the Barents Region 65 2.10.1 Access to digital networks according to ITU country profiles in 2015 190 2.10.2 Users of digital public services in the Nordic countries in the Barents Region as in 2015 193 2.10.3 Digital skill levels in the Nordic countries in the Barents Region 195 Contributors Editors Kamrul Hossain is a Research Professor and the Director of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM) at the Arctic Centre in the University of Lapland. He has previously served the Faculty of Law of the University of Lapland as the (acting) Professor of Public International Law. He is also an Adjunct Professor of International Law at the University of Lapland. At present he leads two significant research projects – one funded by the Nordforsk having partners from Norway, Sweden and the UK, and the other funded by the Academy of Finland – highlighting various dimensions of human security as it is applicable to the Arctic and the European High North. Dr Hossain has extensively pub- lished scholarly articles in the field of international law as well as in law and human rights that apply to the Arctic. He served as the Special Editor of the Yearbook of Polar Law published in 2011. He regularly teaches at the University of Lapland and periodically at other foreign universities. He completed visiting fellowships at a number of foreign universities including the University of Toronto, Scott Polar Research Institute of the University of Cambridge, and the Muroran Institute of Technology in Japan. He has received a number of prestigious awards including SYLFF Fellowship at the University of Helsinki. In 2012, he was awarded a Faculty Research Fel- lowship by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT). Dorothée Cambou is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. Formerly, she was conducting post-doctoral research at the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM) at the Arctic Centre in the University of Lapland. Currently, the main focus of her research lies in human rights law in particular concerning the rights of local communities and indigenous peoples. She has also developed an expertise in the field of sustainable development and Arctic governance and cultivates a solid interest for issues concerning business and human rights. She is now leading an independent research project on energy justice and the rights of indigenous peoples. Dr Cambou also holds a PhD of laws List of contributors ix from the Vrije University Brussel, where she defended a thesis on the legal significance of the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination and its implications for the Sámi people. Assistant editors Joëlle Klein is a Research Assistant at the University of Lapland’s Arctic Centre in the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM). She is a recent graduate with a Master’s in Human Rights and Democratisation from the European Inter-University Centre and the Institute of Human Rights at Åbo Akademi. Her Master’s thesis focused on indigenous rights in environmental justice campaigns, specifically looking at the role of colonialism and applicability of human security in the context of anti-sealing campaigns and Inuit seal hunting. At the Arctic Centre, she has provided editorial assistance and supported research on human security in the Barents, Sámi rights to self-determination