EPR (nuclear reactor)

Computer generated view of an EPR power plant

The EPR is a third generation pressurized water reac- tor (PWR) design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (now Areva NP) and Électricité de France (EDF) in France, and Siemens in Germany. In Europe this reactor design was called European Pres- surized Reactor, and the internationalized name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but it is now simply named EPR by Areva. Four EPR units are under construction. The first two, in Finland and France, are both facing costly construction delays (to at least 2018). Construction commenced on two Chinese units in 2009 and 2010.[1] The Chinese units were to start operation in 2014 and 2015,[2] but are now expected to come online in 2016 and 2017.[3]

1 Design

The main design objectives of the third generation EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to pre- vious PWR designs scaled up to an electrical power out- put of around 1650 MWe (net)[4] with thermal power 4500 MWt. The reactor can use 5% enriched uranium oxide fuel, reprocessed uranium fuel and 100% mixed uranium plutonium oxide fuel. The EPR is the evolution- ary descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power Reactor pressure vessel of the EPR Generation Division “Konvoi” reactors.[5][6] The EPR design has several active and passive protection continues for 1 to 3 years after the reactor’s initial measures against accidents: shutdown (i.e., 300% redundancy) • Leaktight containment around the reactor • Four independent emergency cooling systems, each providing the required cooling of the decay heat that • An extra container and cooling area if a molten

1 2 2 OLKILUOTO 3 (AREVA’S FIRST PLANT)

core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building) • Two-layer concrete wall with total thickness 2.6 me- ters, designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure

The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency of 6.1 × 10−7 per plant per year.[7] The EPR was designed to use uranium more efficiently Olkiluoto-3 under construction in 2009. It is scheduled to start than older Generation II reactors, using approximately electricity production in 2018, a delay of nine years. 17% less uranium per unit of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies.[8] scheduled to go online in 2009,[13] but the project has The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR suffered many delays, and according to Areva operations in Dec 2007 as the only new reactor design under con- are expected to start in 2018.[14] The plant will have an sideration in the United States that "...appears to have the electrical power output of 1600 MWe (net).[4] The con- potential to be significantly safer and more secure against struction is a joint effort of French Areva and German [9] attack than today’s reactors.” Siemens AG through their common subsidiary Areva NP, On 4 November 2009, the nuclear power regulatory au- for Finnish operator TVO. Initial cost estimates were thorities in France, Finland and the United Kingdom is- about €3.7 billion,[15] but the project has since seen sev- sued a joint letter to Areva, citing serious problems with eral severe cost increments and delays. the EPR’s digital Instrumentation and Control systems (I&C).[10] The letter stated: 2.1 Progress “The issue is primarily around ensuring the adequacy of the safety systems (those used to In May 2006, construction delays of about one year were maintain control of the plant if it goes out- announced, following quality control problems across the side normal conditions), and their indepen- construction. In part the delays were due to the lack dence from the control systems (those used to of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear operate the plant under normal conditions). construction.[16][17] The delays led to disappointing finan- Independence is important because, if a cial results for the Areva NP. It blamed delays on the safety system provides protection against the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation failure of a control system, then they should and designs.[18][19] not fail together. The EPR design, as origi- In December 2006, TVO announced construction was nally proposed by the licensees and the manu- about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now facturer, AREVA, doesn’t comply with the in- expected 2010–11, and there were reports that Areva was dependence principle, as there is a very high preparing to take a €500 million charge on its accounts degree of complex interconnectivity between for the delay.[20][21] the control and safety systems.” At the end of June 2007, it was reported that In 2013 EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was hav- Säteilyturvakeskus, the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, had found a number of safety-related ing building the EPR design, with its head of produc- [22] tion and engineering, Hervé Machenaud, saying EDF had design and manufacturing 'deficiencies’. In August lost its dominant international position in design and con- 2007, a further construction delay of up to a year was re- struction of nuclear power stations. Machenaud indicated ported associated with construction problems in reinforc- EDF was considering designing two new lower powered ing the reactor building to withstand an airplane crash, and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the reactors, one with output of 1,500 MWe and the other [23][24][25] 1,000 MWe. Machenaud stated there would be a period Finnish authorities. of reflection on the best way to improve the EPR design In September 2007, TVO reported the construction de- to lower its price and incorporate post-Fukushima safety lay as “at least two years” and costs more than 25% improvements.[11] over budget.[26] Cost estimates by analysts for the over- run range up to €1.5 billion.[27] A further delay was announced in October 2008, mak- 2 Olkiluoto 3 (Areva’s first plant) ing the total delay three years, giving an expected online date of 2012.[28] The parties are in arbitration to resolve The construction of the Olkiluoto 3[12] power plant in a dispute over responsibility for the delays and final cost Finland commenced in August 2005. It was initially overruns.[29][30] 3

As of May 2009, the plant was at least three and a half the welds inspected in the secondary containment steel years behind schedule and more than 50 percent over- liner are not in accordance with norms, and that cracks budget. Areva and the utility involved “are in bitter dis- have been found in the concrete base. EDF stated that pute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a progress was being made on these issues raised very early real risk now that the utility will default”.[31] In August in construction;[44] however, on 21 May ASN ordered a 2009, Areva announced €550 million additional provi- suspension of concrete pouring on the site.[45] A month sions for the build, taking plant costs to €5.3 billion, and later concreting work resumed after ASN accepted EDF’s wiped out interim operating profits for the first half-year corrective action plan which included external oversight of 2009.[32] checks.[46] The dome of the containment structure was topped In May 2009 professor Stephen Thomas reported that af- out in September 2009.[33] 90% of procurement, 80% ter 18 months of construction and after a series of qual- of engineering works and 73% of civil works were ity control problems, the project is “more than 20 per- completed.[34] cent over budget and EDF is struggling to keep it on [31] In June 2010, Areva announced €400 million of fur- schedule”. ther provisions, taking the cost overrun to €2.7 bil- In August 2010 the regulator, ASN, reported further lion. The timescale slipped to the end of 2012 from welding problems on the secondary containment steel June 2012,[35][36] Areva’s Overruns at Finnish Nuclear liner.[47] The same month EDF announced that costs had Plant Approach Initial Cost with operation set to start in increased 50% to €5 billion, and commissioning was de- 2013.[37] In December 2011, TVO announced a further layed by about two years to 2014.[47] [38] delay to August 2014. As of July 2012, the plant was In July 2011 EDF announced that the estimated costs had scheduled to start electricity production no earlier than escalated to €6 billion and that completion of construc- 2015, a schedule slippage of at least six years.[39] In De- tion was delayed to 2016[48] cember 2012 Areva’s Chief Executive estimated costs to €8 billion.[40] On 3 December 2012 EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €8.5 billion[49] In September 2014 Areva announced that operations would start in 2018.[14] In December 2012 the Italian power company Enel an- nounced it was relinquishing its 12.5% stake in the project, and 5 future EPRs, so would be reimbursed its 3 Flamanville 3 (EDF’s first plant) project stake of €613 million plus interest.[50][51] In November 2014 EDF announced that completion of See also: Nuclear power in France construction was delayed to 2017 due to delays in com- ponent delivery by Areva.[52] First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR re- In April 2015 Areva informed the French nuclear regula- actor at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant on 6 De- tor that anomalies had been detected in the reactor vessel cember 2007.[41] As the name implies this will be the steel, causing “lower than expected mechanical toughness [3] third nuclear reactor on the Flamanville site and the sec- values”. Further tests are underway. In July 2015 The ond instance of an EPR being built. Electrical output will Daily Telegraph reported that Areva had been aware of [53] be 1630 MWe (net)[4] and the project involves around this problem since 2006. [42] €3.3 billion of capital expenditure from EDF. In June 2015 multiple faults in cooling system safety valves were discovered by ASN.[54] 3.1 Progress In September 2015 EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €10.5 billion, and the start-up of From 19 October 2005 to 18 February 2006 the project the reactor was delayed to the fourth quarter of 2018.[55] was submitted to a national public debate. On 4 May 2006 the decision was made by EDF’s Board of Directors to continue with the construction. 4 Taishan 1 & 2 (CGNPC’s first Between 15 June and 31 July 2006 the unit underwent a plants) public enquiry, which rendered a “favorable opinion” on [43] the project. That summer site preparation works be- See also: Nuclear power in China gan.

In December 2007 construction of the unit itself began. In 2006, there was a bidding in process to build four new This was expected to last 54 months. nuclear reactors in China,[56] Areva SA lost this bid in In April 2008 the French nuclear safety agency (Au- favor of Westinghouse Electric Company to build four torité de sûreté nucléaire, ASN) reported that a quarter of AP1000 reactors, because of its refusal to transfer the 4 6 LOST OPPORTUNITIES expertise and knowledge to China. agreement had been reached regarding the nuclear plants In February 2007 Areva won a deal, worth about €8 to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C. EDF Group and billion[57] ($10.5 billion) for two EPRs located in Taishan, the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms Guangdong Province in southern China, in spite of stick- of the investment contract. The final investment decision ing to its previous conditions.[58] If achieved, this would was conditional on completion of the remaining key steps, make the Taishan EPRs about half the current projected including the agreement of the European Commission. final cost of Olkiluoto. The General Contractor and On 8 October 2014 the European Commission an- Operator is the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Com- nounced their agreement of the construction and energy pany. In November 2007, French president Nicolas production of Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant with Sarkozy signed a $12 billion deal that will allow the third 16 out of 28 commissioners agreeing with the go ahead and fourth EPR units to be constructed in China.[59] of the construction.

4.1 Progress 5.2 France

The construction of the first reactor at Taishan started In July 2008 the French President announced a second officially on 18 November 2009, and the second on 15 [60] EPR would be built in France due to high oil and gas April 2010. Construction of each unit is planned to prices.[73] Penly was chosen as the site in 2009, with con- take 46 months, significantly faster and cheaper than the [74] [61] struction planned to start in 2012. However, in 2011, first two EPRs in Finland and France. This means the following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, EDF unit should have been finished in March 2014. postponed public consultations.[75] In 2013, EDF con- The vessel of the first reactor has been installed in June firmed there was no start plan for Penly, as current de- 2012.[62] mand did not warrant it.[76] In 2014 the build was reported to be running over two years late, mainly due to key component delays and 5.3 India project management issues.[63] In 2015, EDF reported that the first reactor was likely to See also: Nuclear power in India come online by the end of the year.[64] In February 2009, the Nuclear Power Corporation of In- dia (NPCIL) signed a memorandum of understanding 5 Possible future power plants with Areva to set up two 1650 MWe reactors at Jaitapur in Maharashtra. 5.1 United Kingdom In December 2010, NPCIL signed a framework agree- ment with Areva for 2 EPRs and 25 years’ supply of nu- See also: Nuclear power in the United Kingdom clear fuel.[77] The contract and pricing is yet to be fi- nalised. Construction is unlikely to start soon because of The EPR is undergoing Generic Design Assessment regulatory issues and difficulty in sourcing major compo- by the Office for Nuclear Regulation, along with the nents from Japan due to India not being a signatory to the [78] Westinghouse AP1000.[65] Interim Design Acceptance Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Confirmations were postponed until lessons from the NPCIL has ambitions to build up to 9900MW at the Jaita- Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster had been taken into pur site, equating to 6 EPRs.[79][80] account.[66] EDF bought British Energy in 2009. EDF planned to build 4 new EPRs,[67] subject to electricity pric- 6 Lost opportunities ing agreement with the government.[68][69] NuGeneration also wants to build new nuclear power, possibly 2 EPRs 6.1 Abu Dhabi or 3 AP1000s.[70] Areva has signed a strategic partnership with Rolls-Royce See also: Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates to support the build of EPRs.[71] On 19 March 2013 plan- ning consent for Hinkley Point C nuclear power station In March 2008, French president Nicolas Sarkozy was given, but difficult negotiations with the UK govern- reached an agreement with the UAE cabinet that “outlines ment about electricity pricing, and project financing with a cooperation framework for the assessment and possible private investors, needed to be concluded before building [72] use of nuclear energy for peaceful ends.” This agreement starts. was not a contract for EPR construction by any of the On 21 October 2013, EDF Energy announced that an French nuclear companies, Total S.A., Suez or Areva.[81] 6.4 Finland 5

In May 2009, US President Barack Obama signed a sim- application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the ilar agreement with the UAE. The deal, which has not Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland. How- yet been ratified by the US Congress, pledges US aid in ever, both proposals were subsequently cancelled. the development of a civilian nuclear energy program in In April 2009, Missouri legislators balked at preconstruc- the UAE. Contracts for reactors were not given, nor was tion rate increases, prompting AmerenUE to suspend there any guarantee made that US companies would re- [90][91] [82] plans for its reactor. In July 2010, Constellation En- ceive them. ergy Group cut spending on UniStar for the Calvert Cliffs In December 2009 the United Arab Emirates declined Nuclear Power Plant because of uncertainties for a loan both the American and French bids and awarded a con- guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy,[92][93] tract for construction of four non-EPR plants (APR- and subsequently pulled out of the project.[94] In Octo- 1400) to a South Korean group including Korea Electric ber 2008, Areva announced that it will partner with US Power Corporation, Hyundai Engineering and Construc- defense firm Northrop Grumman to establish a US$380 tion, Samsung and Doosan Heavy Industries.[83] million facility to construct modules and assemblies for After losing this order, Areva is considering whether it the EPR and US-EPR reactors at Northrop Grumman’s Newport News Shipyard in Virginia.[95][96] The project should reintroduce the marketing of a smaller and simpler [97] second-generation reactor design alongside the EPR, for was suspended indefinitely in May 2011. countries that are new to nuclear power.[84] As of 2011 Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries offer a smaller 6.4 Finland 1100MWe ATMEA1 Generation III PWR.[85] See also: Nuclear power in Finland 6.2 Italy In 2010 the Finnish parliament decided to allow two new See also: Nuclear power in Italy reactors. Both TVO and Fennovoima were consider- ing the EPR.[98][99] In December 2013 Fennovoima con- firmed it had selected a Russian AES-2006 VVER pres- On 24 February 2009, Italy and France agreed to study [100] the feasibility of building 4 new nuclear power stations surized water reactor in preference to the EPR. in Italy.[86] Following this, on 3 August 2009, EDF and Enel established a joint venture, Sviluppo Nucleare Italia, 6.5 The Czech Republic to study the feasibility of building at least four EPRs.[87] However, in the 2011 referendum, soon after the In October 2012 CEZ announced that Areva was elim- Fukushima nuclear disaster, Italians voted to abrogate the inated from the tender for the construction of 2 reac- new regulations permitting nuclear power in Italy. Abro- tors for Temelin nuclear plant. Areva failed to comply gation of laws is put in effect when at least 50%+1 elec- with legal requirements of the tender.[101] In April 2014 tors make a valid vote and a majority of these voters are CEZ cancelled a tender, because of low power prices and in favour of abrogation. In this referendum there was a government’s decision refusal of guarantees for energy 55% valid voter turnout and 94% voted to abrogate the price.[102] new regulations.

6.3 United States 7 See also • See also: Nuclear power in the United States Economics of new nuclear power plants • Nuclear power by country The US-EPR, the version of the EPR submitted to the U.S. regulator,[88] is one of the competitors for the next generation of nuclear plants in the United States, along 8 References with the AP1000 and the ESBWR. In February 2015 Areva asked to suspend the Design Certification Appli- [1] Geert De Clercq (31 July 2014). “EDF hopes French EPR cation Review process at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory will launch before Chinese reactors”. Reuters. Retrieved Commission (NRC).[88] It had been under review there 9 December 2014. with expectation to submit an application for final de- sign approval and standard design certification since 14 [2] Symbolic milestone for Finnish EPR, World Nuclear December 2007.[89] UniStar, Amarillo Power, PPL Corp News, 24 October 2013. and AmerenUE announced plans to file a Combined Con- [3] “Flamanville EPR vessel anomalies under scrutiny”. struction and Operating License application in 2008 for World Nuclear News. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April the US-EPR at its Callaway plant. UniStar filed a partial 2015. 6 8 REFERENCES

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10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

• EPR (nuclear reactor) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)?oldid=679421324 Contributors: Maury Markowitz, Heron, Fred Bauder, Kokamomi, Andrewa, Katana0182, Tobias Bergemann, Wwoods, Brockert, Tweenk, Chowbok, Oneiros, Hydrox, Rama, Vsmith, Rbk, Berkut, Pavel Vozenilek, Bender235, Kbh3rd, Alansohn, Hektor, John Quiggin, Lectonar, Rwendland, Vuo, DV8 2XL, Dan100, Lofor, Mazca, Buxtehude, BD2412, Keithpickering, Rjwilmsi, Wikiliki, Ysangkok, BjKa, Okto8, Simesa, Limulus, Shad- dack, Crf, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Cutter, Markus Schweiss~enwiki, Eskimbot, Chris the speller, Ottawakismet, Hibernian, Colonies Chris, Racklever, JonHarder, Theanphibian, Enr-v, Giancarlo Rossi, Acdx, Mu2, Mion, Ohconfucius, Skapur, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Kampulus, Cuhlik, Q43, DumbBOT, Roger Roger, Thijs!bot, Cranch, Gralo, Hirnbeiss~enwiki, Michael A. White, Ratherthanlater, Mactin, LessayCatus, AlmostReadytoFly, Magioladitis, Prestonmcconkie, Beagel, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Largeassociates, Rod57, STBotD, Usp, Andy Marchbanks, Johnfos, Jkstark, Mishlai, Robert1947, AlleborgoBot, Michael Frind, Sovxx, Deanlaw, Eiland, Watti Renew, Lwnf360, MelonBot, Crowsnest, DumZiBoT, TomPointTwo, Dubmill, Addbot, Felix König, Qjim, Zorrobot, ChNPP, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Jan.derijke, Xqbot, Svict4, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, Watchpup, Full-date unlinking bot, Dtaylor46`6, Trappist the monk, Kreator007, RjwilmsiBot, Ripchip Bot, John of Reading, Boundarylayer, Dwalin, ZéroBot, Mantha.satish, Wieralee, H3llBot, Sachinvenga, CrimsonBoli, Helpful Pixie Bot, Llaarrss, Asauers, Asdfghjkuytrewrtrtetertdfbgvc, Khazar2, Jaspermogg, Tony Mach, Joein- wiki, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, Zepat, Adirlanz, ArbolIntl, Monkbot, Jacobellis96, Gabepatterson755 and Anonymous: 107

10.2 Images

• File:Crystal_energy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg License: LGPL Contribu- tors: Own work conversion of Image:Crystal_128_energy.png Original artist: Dhatfield • File:EPR_OLK3_lage.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/EPR_OLK3_lage.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: www.framatome-anp.com Original artist: Framatome ANP • File:EPR_pressure_vessel.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/EPR_pressure_vessel.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work by the original uploader (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: ChNPP (talk) • File:OL3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/OL3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: kallerna • File:Radioactive.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Radioactive.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Created by Cary Bass using Adobe Illustrator on January 19, 2006. Original artist: Cary Bass • File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Symbol_template_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0