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Universidade Estadual De Campinas Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS GABRIEL RIBEIRO BARNABÉ SUMMI PONTIFICATUS As Relações Internacionais da Santa Sé sob Pio XII TESE DE DOUTORADO APRESENTADA AO INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DA UNICAMP PARA OBTENÇÃO DO TÍTULO DE DOUTOR EM FILOSOFIA. PROF. DR. ROBERTO ROMANO DA SILVA ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO GABRIEL RIBEIRO BARNABÉ, E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. ROBERTO ROMANO DA SILVA, CPG, EM 09/06/2011. CAMPINAS, 2011 i FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH - UNICAMP Bibliotecária: Sandra Aparecida Pereira CRB nº 7432 Barnabé, Gabriel Ribeiro B252s Summi Pontificatus: as relações internacionais da Santa Sé sob Pio XII / Gabriel Ribeiro Barnabé. - - Campinas, SP : [s. n.], 2011. Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1.Pio XII, Papa, 1876-1958. 2.Relações internacionais. 3.Ciência política - Filosofia. 4. Igreja e Estado. 5. Ética. 6. Igreja Católica. 7. Santa Sé - Relações exteriores. I. Silva, Roberto Romano da. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Título em inglês: Summi Pontificatus: the international relation of the Holy See under Pius XII Palavras chaves em inglês (keywords): International relations Political science - Philosophy Church and State Ethics Catholic Church Santa Sé - Foreign relations Área de Concentração: Filosofia Titulação: Doutor em Filosofia Banca examinadora: Roberto Romano da Silva, Oswaldo Giacoia Junior, Pedro L. Goergen, Celso Antonio de Almeida, Romualdo Dias Data da defesa: 09-06-2011 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Filosofia ii iv DEDICATÓRIA À Graziela e Gabriela. v vi AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Doutor Roberto Romano da Silva, exemplo de acuidade filosófica, agradeço pela exímia e fértil orientação, pela atenção sempre concedida, pelo respeito ímpar e pelas inúmeras oportunidades de discussão e aprendizado. A todas as pessoas que participaram, contribuindo para a realização deste trabalho, direta ou indiretamente, meu agradecimento. Ao CNPq, pela bolsa concedida. vii viii RESUMO A pesquisa liga-se ao estudo das relações internacionais da Santa Sé. Considerando que essas se operam como relações entre a Igreja e o Estado, analiso, no primeiro capítulo, as principais teorias que as explicam. Primeiramente caracterizo as quatro propriedades da Igreja (una, santa, católica e apostólica), das quais se destaca a catolicidade, isto é, a universalidade, que a move em missão internacional por todo o mundo. Em seguida, comento a teoria da plenitudo potestatis papae , as analogias de Tomás de Aquino sobre o assunto, a teoria do poder indireto, cujo maior sistematizador foi o Cardeal Roberto Bellarmino, e a teoria da societas perfecta . No segundo capítulo, destinado a discorrer sobre a política concordatária da Santa Sé, trato do Código de Direito Canônico de 1917, da natureza jurídica das concordatas, da Lei das Garantias, do Tratado de Latrão e da Quas Prima , de Pio XI. O último capítulo dedico ao estudo da teoria e da prática de relações internacionais do Papa Pio XII, que participou do período em que a Santa Sé estabeleceu o maior número de concordatas e cujo pontificado ocorreu em uma das épocas mais dramáticas da história das relações internacionais. Inicialmente, apresento uma visão ampla dos principais acontecimentos históricos da primeira metade do século XX e também um estudo sobre o número de mortos em guerras e revoluções. Em seguida, analiso a encíclica Summi Pontificatus , de Pio XII, que se constitui como a principal referência de seu pensamento sobre a ordem internacional de sua época e também sintetiza o Magistério da Igreja e de seus doutores sobre a sociedade humana e as relações internacionais. Apresento, ainda, as mensagens de Natal de Pio XII, algumas das concordatas firmadas ou conduzidas por ele e as linhas mestras de sua grande contribuição para a Bioética. Na última seção, faço algumas considerações sobre as múltiplas imagens do mito de Pio XII. Concluo que embora a Igreja, em suas relações com os Estados, opere uma acomodação tensa, ela ao mesmo tempo reivindica tudo o que considera como seu campo de missão ética. Palavras-chave: Relações Internacionais – Relações entre a Igreja e o Estado – Filosofia Política – Ética – Pio XII. ix x ABSTRACT The research relates to the study of the international relations of the Holy See. Considering that these operate as relations between Church and State, throughout the first chapter I analyze the main theories that explain them. Firstly, I characterize the four main features of the Church (one, holy, catholic and apostolic), from which highlights the catholicity, that is, the universality, which moves it in international mission around the world. Afterwards, I comment on the theory of plenitudo potestatis papae , the analogies of Thomas Aquinas on said subject, the theory of indirect power, whose greatest systematizer was Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, and the theory of societas perfecta . On the second chapter, intended to develop on the concordist policy of the Holy See, I discuss the Code of Canon Law of 1917, the legal nature of the concordats, the Law of Guarantees, the Lateran Treaty and Pius XI´s Quas Prima . The last chapter is devoted to the study of the theory and practice of Pope Pius XII’s international relations, given he participated in the period in which the Holy See established the largest number of concordats and whose pontificate coexisted during the most dramatic times in the history of international relations. Initially, I present a broad overview of the major historical events of the first half of the twentieth century and also a study on the number of deaths in wars and revolutions. After, I examine the encyclical Summi Pontificatus of Pius XII, which is considered the main reference of his thinking on the international order of his time and also summarizes the Church's Magisterium as well as its doctors on human society and international relations. I also introduce Pius XII’s Christmas messages, some of the concordats signed or conducted by him and the guiding lines of his great contribution to bioethics. In the last section, I present a few considerations about the multiple images of the myth of Pius XII. I conclude that although the Church in her States relations operates a tense accommodation, at the same time she claims everything she regards as being in her field of ethical mission. Key words: International Relations - Relations between Church and State - Political Philosophy - Ethics - Pius XII. xi xii SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................01 Capítulo 1: As Relações entre a Igreja e o Estado.......................................11 1.1 A Missão Internacional da Igreja Católica............................................11 1.2 A Teoria da Plenitudo Potestatis ..........................................................25 1.3 As Analogias de Tomás de Aquino.......................................................37 1.4 A Teoria do Poder Indireto..................................................................47 1.5 A Teoria da Societas Perfecta ..............................................................63 Capítulo 2: A Política Concordatária da Santa Sé......................................69 2.1 O Código de Direito Canônico de 1917................................................69 2.2 A Natureza Jurídica das Concordatas...................................................74 2.3 O Tratado de Latrão.............................................................................91 2.4 Sob o Signo de Cristo Rei..................................................................101 Capítulo 3: As Relações Internacionais no Pensamento de Pio XII........................113 3.1 As Relações Internacionais no Século XX: Guerra, Revolução e Catástrofe....113 3.2 Summi Pontificatus ............................................................................................120 3.3 As Mensagens de Natal......................................................................................148 3.4 As Concordatas de Pio XII................................................................................171 3.5 Considerações sobre a Bioética.........................................................................193 3.6 O Mito de Pio XII..............................................................................................213 CONCLUSÃO..............................................................................................................233 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS......................................................................251 ANEXO.........................................................................................................................273 xiii xiv INTRODUÇÃO O pensamento político moderno sobre as relações internacionais é orientado, basicamente, por dois eixos: o hobbesiano e o grociano. Thomas Hobbes entende que as relações internacionais estão centradas em uma constante disputa pelo poder. Qualquer ordem no sistema internacional, no pensamento do filósofo, é precária, fundada apenas em um processo de cálculo de vantagens e equilíbrio instável dos interesses egoístas. Disso resulta que o cenário internacional é marcado pelo conflito permanente do qual apenas os mais poderosos são livres ou sobrevivem. A celebração de pactos ou de acordos para limitar
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