Black-faced : new to Britain and Ireland Peter J. Alker

ABSTRACT A first-winter (subsequently moulting to first-summer) male Black-faced Bunting Emberiza spodocephala was present at Pennington Flash Country Park, Leigh, Greater Manchester, from 8th March to 24th April 1994. It was found when it was trapped during routine mist-netting operations on 8th March and it was subsequently seen by at least 5,000 birders. It has been accepted by both the British Rarities Committee and the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee as the first record of this east Asian species for Britain & Ireland.

On Tuesday 8th March 1994,1 went to work at Pennington Flash Country Park early so that I would have time to do some ringing before starting work. I erected a mist-net at my baited site, by one of the reserve ponds, which I frequently use for ringing during the winter months. The net had been up for about 20 minutes when I peered through the hedge with my binoculars to see if anything had been caught. I could see five birds in the net, but there was something odd-looking about one of them. At first it looked like a Hedge Accentor Prunella modularise but, as it turned slightly, it showed obvious white on its outer tail feathers. Somewhat perplexed and excited, I rushed around to the net. The was clearly a bunting, but one quite unfamiliar to me. I made a mental note of some of its features as I extracted it from the net: straight oilmen, pink on the bill and greyish-brown lesser coverts. The only bunting that I could recall having any of these features was Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi. It was obviously going to be a 'description species', so I quickly extracted the other birds and took the net down. As usual, I went to my office nearby to

[Brit. Birds 90: 549-561, December 1997] CO British Birds Ltd 1997 549 550 Alker: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland

204-207. First-winter male Black-faced Bunting Emberiza spodocephala, Greater Manchester, March/April 1994 (top three, 8th March 1994, Roger Wood; below, April 1994, Steve Young)

The inclusion of these photographs in colour has been subsidised by a donation from Carl Zeiss Ltd, sponsor of the British Birds Rarities Committee. British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12, December 1997 551 process the birds and greeted my colleagues, Tony Whittle and Roger Wood, with the news of the bunting. I also quickly phoned my boss, Graham Workman, to tell him that I would be a little late starting work and to suggest that he should come and have a look at this bird. I did not know then that it would be almost seven weeks before normal working would resume for myself and the other staff at Pennington Flash. I dealt with the other four birds first and then briefly looked through the Identification Guide to European (Svensson 1992), the only reference material that I had with me. I first checked the bird against the details given for Pallas's Reed Bunting: although some features seemed to fit, others obviously excluded that species. Black-faced Bunting E. spodocephala was then considered and seemed to be a likely candidate, but, again, some features did not seem to fit. In particular, the colours of some feather tracts and the pattern of the crown feathers (bearing in mind the bird's wing length, which would make it a male) appeared to be at variance with the details given by Svensson. The bird had no olive/olive-green tones on the head, it lacked a blackish face-mask, there was no yellow tinge to any of the underparts, and the crown feathers were tipped with a long, V-shaped, dark-centred, brown marking. It was, however, mainly my lack of experience of Black-faced Bunting and my inability to visualise the species in any plumage which hampered the identification. I also did not appreciate just how variable the plumages of this species can be, and, because of the time of year, I mainly compared the bird with the details given for spring males. Unable to reach a firm conclusion, I nevertheless then processed the bird, taking a full description that included sketches of various individual feathers. The bird was provisionally aged as a first-winter by the shape and degree of wear of the tail feathers (based on my experience of ageing Reed Buntings E. schoeniclus), but I could not wait for additional reference material to be obtained to help to confirm its identity. The bird was then photographed in the hand by RW (plates 204- 206) and released where it had been trapped.

Description in the hand In general, the bird's head strongly recalled Hedge Accentor: a dull grey, with most of the feathers streaked or tipped brown. The most striking feature was a broad, off-white submoustachial stripe, which hooked under the ear-coverts. The mainly pinkish bill and generally dull grey background colour to the head gave it an appearance recalling a junco Junco, with the remainder of the plumage being similar to that of a Reed Bunting. Its plumage was in good condition and was moderately worn.

HKAD Crown, nape, ear-coverts and lores dull and undertail-eoverts creamy-white. Hanks grey, tipped brown. Supercilium pale dirty- streaked mainly with two parallel, long, buff, less distinct in front of the eye, more narrow streaks, formed by narrow, obvious above and behind the eye (27 mm blackish-brown feather centres. total length). Thin pale eye crescent below UPPKRPARTS Mantle and back boldly streaked eye. Submoustachial stripe off-white, with black-centred feathers, edged pale becoming broader away from bill and hooking chestnut, then fringed buff. Rump pale under ear-coverts. olive-brown. Uppertail-covcrts as rump, but UNDKRPARTS Chin dull grey/ash-grey (no with darker feather-centres forming faint black). Throat and upperbreast ash-grey, streaks. Lesser coverts greyish-brown. Median dappled off-white. Remainder of breast, belly coverts blackish, with buff tips, slightly more 552 Alker: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland

Wing formula (measurements in mm):

extensive on outer web. Greater coverts black, left outermost, which was less worn and more edged pale chestnut, fading to buff on tip and rounded, suggesting that it had been replaced along fringe of outer web. Tertials black, with relatively recently. the colours at tip and along fringe of outer BARE PARTS Eye dull dark brown under web similar to those on greater coverts. Black artificial light. Upper mandible blackish, with of tertials indented on outer web, where these small pinkish area at base of cutting edge. feathers overlapped. Alula and primary Lower mandible pink, with blackish tip. coverts blackish-brown; large feather of the Culmen straight, but appeared very slightly alula having very narrow, pale edge along concave just in front of nostrils, where upper outer web. Primaries and secondaries mandible narrowed. Legs pinkish, with darker coloured much as primary coverts, but with areas to scale edges on toes. rusty brown edging to outer web (narrower on MEASUREMENTS Wing 75 mm (max. chord). primaries). Primary projection 9 mm. Bill to feathers 10 TAIL Central pair blackish-brown with pale mm; to skull 11.5 mm. Tail length 66 mm; brown edges; remainder brownish-black, with difference 4 mm (2nd & 3rd outermost extensive white on outer two (see fig. 1). longest and central pair shortest). Tarsus 20 Feathers moderately worn and pointed, except mm. Hind claw 7 mm.

Fig. 1. Patterns of brownish-black and Fig. 2. Pattern of central crown feather of white on two outermost feathers from first-winter male Black-faced Bunting right side of tail of first-winter male Emberiza spodocephala, Greater Manchester, Black-faced Bunting Emberiza spodocephala, 8th March 1994 (Peter % Alker) Greater Manchester, 8th March 1994 (Peter J. Alker) Subsequent events Upon release, the bird's pale rump was quite noticeable. The bunting flew straight into some dead grass and was lost from view. After a few minutes, it rapidly scurried through the vegetation and then out of sight again. With only brief field views, we were no nearer an identification. We returned to the office to discuss the bird's identity and I also telephoned the Birdline North West Hotline and left a message for Ted Abraham saying that we had a strange bunting at the country park. Later, a few local birders were alerted to look out for the bird while my colleagues and I tried to resume a normal day's work. British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12, December 1997 553

When I arrived home in the evening, I immediately raided my bookshelves and came across an in-the-hand photograph of a Black-faced Bunting in the Hamlyn Photographic Guide to Birds of the World (1991) which resembled the Pennington bird. Later, after a few telephone calls, I was put in touch with Julian Hough by TA. JH referred me to the paper on the identification of Black-faced Bunting by Dr Colin Bradshaw in British Birds (82: 653-665). After reading that paper and, in particular, after comparing the photographs in it with the description of the Pennington bird, I was 100% certain that the bird was a first-winter male Black-faced Bunting, a potential first for Britain and Ireland. I met TA at the country park early the next morning. After a short wait, TA located the bird feeding in the net-ride where it had been trapped the previous day. TA agreed with the identification and, after a brief discussion about viewing arrangements, headed off to the nearest telephone. JH arrived a little later and concurred with the identification. I then went back to my office to consider the car-parking and other potential problems that a 'first' might bring and to contact my colleagues in the ranger service. The bird fed in the baited net-ride each day throughout its long stay, and thus enabled observers to get reasonable views through and under the hawthorn hedge that bordered the area. At least 5,000 birders came to see the bird, but the true total was probably nearer to 7,000 and many made one or more repeat visits in order to take a more-leisurely look at the bird after the initial large crowds had subsided. It was usually seen foraging on the ground amongst Reed Buntings, a mixed flock of and other common species attracted to a seed mixture that was provided on a daily basis. It frequently flicked open its tail and occasionally showed aggression towards other birds feeding nearby by rapidly scurrying towards them. When disturbed, it usually hopped or flew into low cover. The bird's appearance in the field was similar to that noted in the hand, especially its likeness to a Hedge Accentor. Any slight differences were caused mainly by the light, the range and the angle of view. This seemed to affect the lores and chin in particular, and those areas sometimes had a darker appearance in the field. The bird's nape was not unmarked as suggested by Hough (1994) and appeared the same in the field as it did in the hand, with most of the grey feathers having obvious brown tips. Routine ringing operations resumed on 26th March, with the numerous Goldfinches Carduelis carduelis being the main target species. The Black-faced Bunting was retrapped on 28th March, during an early-morning ringing session. It was then moulting numerous feathers on its head and neck; many feathers were either missing or in pin on the nape, crown, ear-coverts, lores, chin and throat. Most of the off-white submoustachial stripe had been moulted out, and the new feathers growing were all in pin. A few feathers were also being replaced on the breast and belly. There was also some asymmetrical moult of the wing-coverts, with four median coverts in pin on the left wing and one half-grown greater covert on the right wing. The eye colour was checked (this time in good daylight) and was found to be a greyish-brown, thus supporting the original ageing, but the primary coverts were rounded as opposed to pointed, although perhaps intermediate in the range of shapes that the different ages can display (Svensson 1992). Subsequent observations up to 24th April, following the bunting's quite 554 Alkcr: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland extensive pre-breeding moult, showed that it did not acquire the generalised 'typical' summer plumage which is often described and illustrated for the species. In general, it had a rather plain, grey-hooded appearance, with only a small and indistinct darker grey face-mask (sometimes looking blackish). There were no greenish tones to the hood, but it sometimes looked blue-grey, depending on the light. Some feathers of the rear crown and nape were tipped brown, giving the back of the head a lightly streaked appearance. It had retained a small part of the submoustachial stripe in the form of a small off-white spot below the ear-coverts, but this could be seen only given good, close views. The appearance of the remainder of its plumage was unchanged from that described in the hand. The bird's call—a repeated 'tsick'—was heard on a number of occasions (more so towards the end of its stay) and to my ear was similar to the call of Song Thrush Turdus philomebs. On 16th April, the bird was heard calling near the net-ride. A colleague and I followed its calls and located it foraging on bare ground under some willows Salix with two Reed Buntings. It then flew up and perched on a low branch before flying out and taking an insect on the wing in the manner of a flycatcher (Muscicapidae). This was one of very few sightings away from the net-ride but one of a number which showed an association with Reed Buntings (PJA unpublished obs.).

Range and status Black-faced Bunting breeds in central and eastern Asia, from the western Altai mountains through south and southeast Siberia to Sakhalin and Japan, and also in northern Tibet and central and eastern China. It is chiefly a long-distance migrant, wintering in eastern Nepal, northern Indo-China, southern and eastern China, Korea, and central and southern Japan (Cramp & Perrins 1994). It was predicted as a possible future addition to the British List by Wallace (1980), and there have been five previous records in Europe: two in Germany—on Heligoland on 5th November 1910 and 23rd-26th May 1980; one in Finland—a male at Dragsfjard on 2nd November 1981; and two in the Netherlands—first-winter males at Westenschouwen on 16th November 1986 and at Schiermonnikoog on 29th October 1993 (Alstrom, Colston & Lewington 1991; Hough 1994).

Geographical variation Much of the following information is taken from Bradshaw (1992) and BWP. Three races were recognised by Vaurie (1959) with differences involving the wing length, depth and width of bill-, and amount of white in the tail. Other differences predominantly involve the male's breeding plumage and include the colour of the head, throat and underparts. The nominate race breeds in south and southeast Siberia and northeast China. In this race, the intensity of the yellow on the underparts and grey-green of the head varies clinally from east to west, the western populations being generally lighter, with less grey-green on the head and little yellow on the underparts. The race sordida breeds in central and eastern China and is generally brighter, with intense yellow underparts, a more extensive black face-mask and a sage-green hood. The race personata breeds in the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Japan and is more distinctively marked, having a bright yellow throat; it also has a strong greenish tinge to the head and a bright yellow breast and belly. British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12. December 1997 555

First-summer males are generally difficult to separate from adult males following the pre-breeding moult (Alstrom, Colston & Lewington 1991). Some, however, may undergo a less extensive moult and are easier to distinguish, having retained much first-winter plumage (Cramp & Perrins 1994). Given the timing and extent of the Pennington bird's moult, it must have been largely in breeding plumage by mid April save for the remnant of the submoustachial stripe. Taking account of the differences between the male breeding plumages of the three races outlined above, it seems likely that the Pennington bird belonged to one of the western populations of the nominate race.

Concluding remarks The date and location of finding are important factors when considering the bird's likely origin, March and northwest England not being noted for east Asian vagrants. It is, of course, impossible to say how long the bird had been at Pennington Flash before its discovery or when and where the bird arrived in Britain, but it is likely that it arrived late the previous autumn and overwintered somewhere in Britain. This view is supported by the record of a Black-faced Bunting in the Netherlands in late autumn 1993 (detailed above), and also by a Rustic Bunting E. rustica and four Little Buntings E. pusilla that overwintered in Britain in 1993/94; interestingly, two of these Little Buntings were in northwest England: at Eccleston Mere, St Helens, Merseyside, not far from Pennington Flash, from 26th December 1993 to 19th March 1994 and at Fleetwood, Lancashire, from 9th January to 24th March 1994 (Brit. Birds 88: 551; Lancashire Bird Rep. (1993): 55; (1994): 62; Orkney Bird Rep. (1993): 64; (1994): 58; Sussex Bird Rep. 47: 100). The case for vagrancy was also supported by the bird's plumage, which was in good condition. It did not have any missing, excessively worn, damaged or broken feathers to indicate captive origin, although their absence does not exclude that possibility. One tail feather had been replaced relatively recently, being less worn and more rounded than the rest, but that in itself is not unusual or suspicious. The plumage exhibited after it had moulted was indicative of its belonging to one of the western populations of the nominate race; the distribution and longer migration of this race make it the most likely to occur in Britain and Europe as a vagrant. Often the most contentious aspect of a record's assessment is the species' status in captivity and the perceived 'escape potential'. This is difficult to evaluate and I am happy to leave its discussion to those who have investigated the matter in this case.

References AI.ERSTAM, T. 1990. . Cambridge. 1991. Bird flight and optimal migration. Trends in Ecol. & Evol. 7: 210-215. AI.KHR, P. 1994. The Black-faced Bunting at Pennington Flash: a new British bird. Birding World 7: 94-97. ALSTROM, P., COLSTON, P., & LEWINGTON, I. 1991. A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain and Europe. London. BltRTHOl.n, P. 1993. Bird Migration: a general survey. Oxford. 1996. Control of Bird Migration. London. BRADSHAW, C. 1992. Field identification of Black-faced Bunting. Brit. Birds 85: 653-665. CONINGS, A. M. H., & VAN LOON, A. 1994. Maskergors op Schiermonnikoog in Oktober 1993. Dutch Birding 16: 119-121. CRAMP, S., & PERKINS, C. M. (eds.) 1994. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 9. Oxford. 556 Alker: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland

ELKINS, N. 1988. Weather and Bird Behaviour. Calton. HKRKENRATH, P. 1994. Artenschutz ade? Neue Entwicklungen lassen eine Ausweitung des Handels mit Vogeln befiirchten. Limicola 8: 137-140. HOUGH, J. 1994. Identification and status of Black-faced Bunting. Birding World 7: 98-101. MAFF. 1989-92. Importation of Birds, Mortality Statistics from Quarantine Returns (for 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991). MATTHEWS, G. V. T. 1953. Navigation in the Manx Shearwater. J. Exp. Biol. 30: 370-394. MEAD, C. J. 1983. Bird Migration. Feltham. MIKKOLA, K. 1982. Report on rare birds in Finland in 1981. Lintumies 17: 161-174. MORITZ, D. 1984. Die von 1976 bis 1982 auf Helgoland nachgewiesenen und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Ausnahmeerscheinung bzw. Invasionvogel geltenden Vogelarten. Vogelwelt 105: 60-70. PERDECK, A. C. 1958. Two types of orientation in migrating Starlings Stumus vulgaris L. and Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs L. as revealed by displacement experiments. Ardea 46: 1-37. RAB0L, J. 1969. Reversed migration as the cause of westward vagrancy by four Phylloscopus warblers. Brit. Birds 62: 89-92. RUPPELL, W. 1944. Versuche fiber Heimfmden ziehender Nebelkrahen nach Verfrachtung. J. Orn. 92: 106-132. SvENSSON, L. 1992. Identification Guide to European Passerines. 4th edn. Stockholm. VAURIE, C. 1959. The Birds of the Pakarctic Fauna. Passeriformes. London. VAN RFJE, L., & VAN DEN BERG, A. B. 1987. Maskergors te Westenschouwen in November 1986. Dutch Birding 9: 108-113. VINICOMBE, K. E., & COTFRIDGF., D. M. 1997. Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland. Collins. WALLACE, D. I. M. 1980. Possible future Palearctic passerine vagrants to Britain. Brit. Birds 73: 388-397. WCMC. 1993. Review of UK Imports of Non-CITES Fauna from 1980-91. Peterborough. WEIGOLD, H. 1911a. Zweiten Jahresbericht der Vogelwarte der Kgl. Biologischen Anstalt auf Helgoland 1910. J. Orn. 59: 1-216. 1911b. Wieder ein Ostasiate von Helgoland. Orn. Monatsber. 19: 14-15.

Peter J. Alker, 34 Highfield Grange Avenue, Mams Bridge, Wigan WN3 6'i'A

EDITORIAL COMMENT Rob Hume, Chairman of the British Birds Rarities Committee, commented as follows: 'The identification of this bunting and its assignment to the nominate race was not a problem for the Committee, for the reasons outlined in this paper; the more difficult, or contentious, aspects of its assessment were in the BOURC's area: namely, its likely origin.' Professor David Parkin, Chairman of the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee, commented as follows: 'It is no secret that this record involved the BOURC in a long and detailed debate, and that two circulations were required before a decision was reached. Because the bird was seen by a large number of observers, and so achieved a "high profile", the Committee's deliberations might be of interest to readers of British Birds and are reported in some detail. 'Vaurie (1959) and Cramp & Perrins (1994) recognised three subspecies of Black-faced Bunting: briefly, personata from Japan, Sakhalin and the Kurils has a yellow throat; sordida from central and eastern China has a greenish-grey head and throat, with a black chin; nominate spodocephala from the Ob River to the Sea of Okhotsk, and south to northern Tibet, Manchuria and North Korea has a dull grey head, an ash-grey throat dappled white, and a dull grey chin. It was evident that the Pennington bird was of the nominate form, and also that it was a first-winter male. 'Thus, there was no disputing the identification; the problem always related to the origin of the bird, and its admission to and categorisation on the British List British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12, December 1997 557 depended crucially upon this. It is worth remembering that Category A is for species that "have been recorded in an apparently wild state", whereas Category Dl is for those for which "there is reasonable doubt that they have ever occurred in a wild state". Thus, the situation is clear: if there is reasonable doubt in the minds of BOURC members about whether the bird was of natural origin, it should go into D. If there is no doubt that a bird has escaped, it has no place on the British List at all, and the record should be rejected. 'This bird was the right age for a potential vagrant: it is well established that immature birds on their first migration use a "course and distance" orientation system that is error-prone (e.g. Berthold 1993). Consequently, the overwhelming majority of long-distance vagrants are birds in their first year. Vagrancy among adults is much less frequent, indeed of almost 100 eastern vagrants published in the BBRC reports for 1994 and 1995 whose age was reported, less than 20% were recorded as being adult, despite this age class being more easily recognised in many small passerines. It was also the "right" race; the nominate race breeds farther west than the other two, and is also a more long-distance migrant. 'The date of finding caused some initial concern. The "traditional" date for eastern vagrants is late autumn, and records outwith this period have always been examined more closely. There has, however, been a trend in recent years for vagrant Eastern Palearctic birds, particularly buntings, to be found in the winter months. Little E. pusilla, Rustic E. rustica and Bunting E. leucocephalos have all been found then, and there are records of Dusky Phylbscopus fuscatus, Yellow-browed P. inomatus and Hume's Warbler P. humei, Richard's Anthus novaeseelandiae and Olive-backed Pipit A. hodgsoni and Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni, all found in mid or late winter. Better coverage and heightened observer-awareness perhaps combine in promoting this, and frequently these birds stay for prolonged periods. The argument is being accepted that they may arrive in Europe during the autumn migration period, and slip unnoticed into the country. They find a suitable wintering habitat, and remain until the spring. Sometimes, they are located by ringers or "patch" workers; no doubt many more go unobserved. Whatever its origin, no member of the BOURC believed that this bird had arrived in Britain at the time that it was found and identified. There was general agreement that, whether naturally or in a cage, it had probably arrived at some time in the previous autumn. 'At the time that this bird was found, there had been five other West Palearctic records. A first-winter female was recorded on Heligoland on 5th November 1910 (Weigold 1911a, b); unaged males were recorded there on 23rd-26th May 1980 (Moritz 1984) and in Finland on 2nd November 1981 (Mikkola 1982). There are two more-recent records from the Netherlands: first-winter males on 16th November 1986 (van Ree & van den Berg 1987) and 28th October 1993 (Conings & van Loon 1994). Although the Dutch birds were admitted to their national list, it should be remembered that the Dutch do not have a Category D or equivalent, and they deliberately place birds into their Category A that in Britain would be put into Category D. Nevertheless, four of the five previous records were in October/November, and the aged birds were all first-years. 'So, what was the evidence that this bird might have been an escape? The popular literature abounds with vague and ill-substantiated comment on the subject of escape likelihood, but hard facts are rather thin on the ground. Kees 558 Alker: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland Roselaar (in litt. to DTP) reported on a visit to a single importer in the Netherlands. This man had several large aviaries, and (at least during the spring and autumn migration periods) imports 5,000-10,000 birds per week from China. He always has 30,000-100,000 live birds in store. Roselaar did not have time for an intensive count of the contents of the aviaries, but noted six species of bunting: Godlewski's E. godlewskii, Meadow E. cioides, Rustic, Yellow-throated E. elegans, Yellow-breasted E. aureola and Chestnut E. rutila, totalling hundreds of individuals. He did not see any Black-faced, although he suggests that this might have been a matter of chance since the visit was at the end of the spring migration period, and many of the aviaries were already empty. He also wrote that the quality of the birds was fine because the trade lines are short, and the birds arrive in the Netherlands within one week of being caught. 'Tim Inskipp (TPI) has maintained a record for many years of the number of birds offered for sale through the advertisements in Cage & Aviary Birds and their price. He also records the number of birds that are imported and reported to both the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). While these are not ideal sources of data, they do relate to the availability of, and traffic in, captive birds. TPI reported to the BOURC that Black-faced Bunting appears to be uncommon in captivity in the UK, and perhaps also in Europe, judging by the lack of import records and the paucity of advertisements. None was recorded as imported between 1980 and 1991 by the Department of the Environment (WCMC 1993), or between 1988 and 1992 by MAFF (1989-92). Unidentified buntings that were probably of Asian origin were, however, recorded in 1988 (70 from Germany, 11 from China, ten from the Netherlands) and 1989 (80 from Hong Kong). Black-faced Bunting has been advertised for sale only infrequently in the UK; TPI has records since 1975 as follows: 1981 £10; 1983 £13; 1988 £10; and 1990 £23. These prices are low in comparison with those for other small passerines, reflecting either abundance or (more likely) lack of desirability. TPI believes, however, that it is probably not identified correctly by many British dealers. The BOURC has reports of Yellow-breasted Bunting frequently being offered for sale, but it seems to be rare in captivity. Presumably, other buntings with yellow breasts are involved, such as Chestnut or Black-headed E. melanocephala. Information from Germany (Peter Barthel in litt. to Dr A. G. Knox 1994; Herkenrath 1994) reports a significant drop in price during 1993-94, suggesting that larger numbers had been imported than previously. Bradshaw (1992) reported that "many" are exported from Hong Kong to Germany, but that it is rare in captivity in the UK. Although he mentions that one escaped from the National Exhibition of Cage and Aviary Birds in Birmingham in December 1989, this seems to be an exceptional occurrence. 'Turning now to the likelihood of natural vagrancy, the species is abundant in the regions where it occurs, and the nominate race is a long-distance migrant. It also breeds rather far west. Vinicombe & Cottridge (1997) drew attention to the importance of the direction of migration upon patterns of occurrence. For example, Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis is widespread and common in eastern Europe, but is surprisingly rare in Britain, with less than 20 records up to 1992. Red-breasted Flycatcher F. parva, which also has an eastern breeding range, is much more common, with more than 2,000 British records over the same period. While autumn Collared may be harder to identify, there is another British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12, December 1997 559 big difference, since it winters in east Africa, whereas the majority of Red-breasted winter in the Indian subcontinent. Thus, the rare Collared Flycatcher migrates north to south while the commoner Red-breasted migrates northwest to southeast. 'Many years ago, Ian Nisbet proposed "reverse migration" as a possible cause of such events. He suggested that errors in the orientation behaviour of birds could result in them heading off in a direction 180° away from the "correct" direction. This is more likely to affect naive birds in their first autumn when migration is controlled by a course-and-distance regime. It would normally be of overwhelming evolutionary disadvantage, resulting in the bird finishing in completely the wrong part of the world, and dying from starvation, cold or simply falling exhausted into the sea. This abnormal orientation could, however, explain the differential pattern of vagrancy shown by Red-breasted and Collared Flycatchers in autumn. Reverse orientation in the former would result in birds being found in Britain, whereas the latter would head towards the Arctic Circle. Another example is provided by Yellow-browed and Pallas's Leaf Warblers P. proregulus, which normally migrate southeastwards from central Asia down towards coastal China. Both of these species have been proposed as possible reverse migrants to account for their occurrence in northwest Europe in late autumn (Rab0l 1969; Mead 1983). Reverse migration has long been an attractive hypothesis, but little else, albeit supported by circumstantial evidence that is very compelling. 'Experimental research has shown that adult and first-year birds translocated during their autumn migration behave differently upon release. Perdeck (1958) transported Common Starlings Stumus vulgaris southeast from The Hague, Netherlands, into Switzerland. He found that the adults reoriented towards their correct wintering grounds in southern Britain, whereas young birds did not: they continued on the "normal" bearing for the "normal" distance, finishing up in southwest France or northeast Spain and showing an inability to compensate for the lateral displacement. A similar displacement in spring found that most birds (of either age) returned to the "correct" breeding areas, implying that they were capable of true navigation. Some, however, did not, and established themselves as breeding birds in Switzerland. In an earlier series of experiments with "hooded" Carrion Crows Corvus corone comix, Riippell (1944) displaced spring birds 800 km west from Kurskiy Bay on the Baltic coast of Russia to Flensberg in the Danish peninsula. He found that the majority of both ages ended up in southern Sweden rather than the "correct" breeding areas in the eastern Baltic. Thus, both adult and juvenile birds showed the course-and-distance orientation typical of young Common Starlings in the autumn. The few birds that did return to the Baltic breeding area were, however, all adults. Alerstam (1990) suggested that these two series of experiments indicate that there might be a distance from the goal beyond which navigational migration does not function: the crows were displaced beyond this limit; the starlings were not. If there is a distance limit on navigational migration, then it differs between species: Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus were able to relocate to Skokholm, Pembrokeshire, from as far afield as Boston, USA, flying 4,800 km in only 12'/2 days (Matthews 1953). These, however, were adults, displaced from a breeding colony, and so may not be directly comparable. 'More-recent research has indicated that there may be more than a germ of truth in the idea of reverse migration. In his review of the control of bird 560 Alker: Black-faced Bunting: new to Britain & Ireland migration, Berthold (1996) reported that young birds show a wider scatter in their orientation preferences than do adults—i.e. they are more variable. This is probably because natural selection removes a proportion of the young birds that vary from the optimum direction to leave a less variable population of adults. The enhanced variability of juveniles might, if carried to extremes, result in individuals appearing with the complete reversal of north/south polarity proposed by Nisbet. An interesting suggestion from Alerstam (1991) is that such misdirected orientation may be commoner among birds breeding in areas of Russia and Siberia that are subject to magnetic anomalies. 'Whatever the biological mechanisms, evidence is perhaps beginning to accrue indicating that reverse migration might be a real phenomenon, and not just a neat way of explaining why we get rare birds in autumn. This caused the BOURC to look more closely at the species that do and do not occur as vagrants from the East Palearctic. Vinicombe & Cottridge (1997) showed how species such as Pallas's Leaf and Dusky Warblers that breed west of 100°E and typically winter in Southeast Asia might be regular vagrants in Western Europe. Species that are restricted to the east of this, by and large, have a north-south orientation towards their wintering grounds in south China or the Malay archipelago. Many of these have not been recorded in the West, or are strongly suspected of being escapes. At least part of the population of those species that breed farther west must have an easterly component to their autumn orientation. Thus, it seems that the farther west that a far-eastern species breeds, the more likely it is to be found in Western Europe should it fall victim to reverse migration on its first migration. Black-faced Bunting is such a species, breeding well west of 100°E. 'What does all this tell us about East Palearctic vagrants? If they are trapped on passage through coastal China and escape from captivity during the same migration season, the starling experiments suggest that the adults and juveniles should behave differently. In the autumn, the adults might attempt to reorientate back towards their wintering grounds in Southeast Asia, whereas the juveniles should continue in a broadly southward direction using their course-and-distance orientation. In either case, birds escaping from captivity in Britain or the near Continent should head southwards towards southern Europe, and not be found in Britain and Ireland. In spring, such escapees might all head northwards, possibly with an eastern bias, to pass through northern and eastern Britain. If, however, Alerstam (1990) is correct in his suggestion that there might be a "distance limitation" on displacement, then all artificially translocated birds will behave similarly, in some unspecified manner—but presumably heading generally south in autumn and north in spring. If ever there was a case for some experimental work, this is it. Orientation studies of newly arrived cage-birds will tell whether there is any degree of constancy in their behaviour that parallels the "typical" migration pattern from which they have been diverted. Unfortunately, similar studies of newly found vagrant individuals will be harder to undertake because of their scarcity and scattered nature. 'On the second circulation, a majority decision was reached. Members decided that the apparent scarcity of Black-faced Bunting in captivity combined with an unlikely orientation northwestwards from the main captive-bird concentrations in England and the near Continent mitigated against a non-natural origin. Conversely, the possibility that reverse migration is a real phenomenon combined British Birds, vol. 90, no. 12, December 1997 561 with the predominantly southeast migration route from the breeding grounds in central Asia meant that the species became a possible vagrant to Britain. It was recognised that, were the species as common in captivity as, say, Pallas's Carpodacus roseus or Long-tailed Rosefmches Uragus sibiricus, the conclusions would have been very different. Black-faced Bunting was admitted to Category A of the British and Irish List {Ibis in press). 'I thank Drs Kees Roselaar and Drs Arnoud B. van den Berg for advice during the preparation of these comments, and members of the BOURC for suggestions improving the text.'