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The Participation of Chief Plenty Coups at the Interment Ceremony of the WWI Unknown Soldier Arlington National Cemetery on November 11, 1921 by Daniel A

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The Participation of Chief Plenty Coups at the Interment Ceremony of the WWI Unknown Soldier Arlington National Cemetery on November 11, 1921 by Daniel A The Participation of Chief Plenty Coups at the Interment Ceremony of the WWI Unknown Soldier Arlington National Cemetery on November 11, 1921 By Daniel A. Stewart (Lozo), Former Sentinel of the Guard No. 214 (1979-1980), Tomb of the Unknown Soldier February 27, 2017 Chief Plenty Coups Chief Plenty Coups at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Public domain photograph November 1921 prior to 50 ton marble capstone being placed on crypt Used by permission of Putt Thompson, Little Big Horn Battlefield Trading Post Summary: Chief Plenty Coups (sometimes misspelled “Coos”) of the Crow Indian Nation of Montana was chosen by the United States government to represent his and other American Indian nations at the interment of the World War I unknown soldier at Arlington National Cemetery on November 11, 1921. During the four years of sustained combat from 1914 through 1918, eight million soldiers died. In 1921, the remains of 1,237 American soldiers buried in France rested beneath tombstones marked Unknown. This paper recounts Chief Plenty Coups’ participation in the burial services of the unknown soldier, including the aged chief’s spontaneous prayer at the solemn graveside ceremony. The American Indian artifacts presented to the unknown soldier will be eXamined. These highest of military honors are the war bonnet and coups stick. And an examination will be made of the historic and political rationale for why this great Indian leader was chosen to represent all Indian nations on this occasion. During World War I, Crow and other American Indian soldiers enlisted in the United States Army as proud Americans. Chief Plenty Coups was an Army Scout who fought with General Crook at the Battle of the Rosebud in Montana on June 17, 1876 only eight days and about siXty five miles southeast of the location of General George Armstrong Custer’s defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. A deeper understanding of the life of Chief Plenty Coups and his participation at the interment of the unknown soldier in 1921 reveals another dimension of the meaning of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Crow Indians Serving in World War I: Chief Plenty Coups strongly encouraged young Crow men to serve in the United States Army during World War I: “This is your chance to prove that you are warriors, just as your fathers and grandfathers were in the old days. This is a new day, with new challenges and opportunities. You are Americans – the first Americans! Be proud of your noble heritage. Prove your patriotism by fighting for America.” (1) A Crow tribal report lists the names of thirty-eight Crow men who fought in the war. (2) Crow Nation population was 1,826 in 1905 and 1,679 in 1930. In 1998 there were 9,814 enrolled members of the Crow Tribe. (3) Chief Plenty Coups’ Selection to Represent American Indians at the Interment of the Unknown Soldier: The process by which the United States government selected Chief Plenty Coups to represent all Indian nations at the grave side interment of the unknown soldier is obscure. Written documents of the process supporting authorization of Chief Plenty Coups’ participation in the ceremonies have not been located by scholars. However, 1 given Chief Plenty Coups’ status as Chief of the Crow Nation, his inter-tribal leadership role, and national reputation as cultural ambassador and shrewd statesmen likely all contributed to his emergence as the Indian Nations representative at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in 1921. Whatever the selection process was, Brigadier General William Lassiter informed Plenty Coups that he was to decorate the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Armistice Day (4). Chief Plenty Coups was then 73 years old. Chief Plenty Coups’ association with the United States government began when he was a senior military scout during the Indian wars of the northern plains in the late 1800s and continued in his role as a chief helping oversee the settlement of his tribe on the Crow Reservation in Montana. His diplomatic role to the United States government continued in the early 20th century. A 2001 research study sponsored by the Montana Committee For The Humanities states: “It is logical that given Plenty Coups’ national profile in the 1909 and 1913 Wanamaker projects, and his long association with leaders of the United States, including Presidents, Senators and Congressmen, Generals, and Bureau of Indian Affairs Agents, that this decision was easy to make, and was handled informally. The Native American leaders had accepted his influence and leadership at previous events.” (5) In the days associated with the burial of the unknown soldier in early November of 1921, President Warren G. Harding received the Indian delegation on the White House lawn. Chief Plenty Coups, attended by Reverend John Frost, Baptist Minister, gave the president a beaded and quilled tobacco pouch. Chief Plenty Coups and the Crow and SiouX chiefs present were photographed with Charles H. Burke, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. (6) Solemn Interment of the Unknown Soldier: The World War I unknown soldier was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on November 11, 1921. Nearly 100,000 people gathered among the rolling hills of the cemetery below trees festooned with the colored leaves of fall. 5,000 people were crowded into the Memorial Amphitheater for the funeral service. All aspects of the memorial ceremonies were transmitted to the multitudes present by loud speakers and across the country by telephone transmission. The focal point of the funeral service was the Memorial Amphitheater of white marble overlooking the Potomac River valley to the monumental skyline of Washington, D.C. beyond the river. In the elliptical shaped amphitheater, President Harding delivered his funeral address honoring the unknown soldier. During the solemn ceremonies at the burial of the unknown soldier, only President Harding was scheduled to speak. Following the funeral service in the amphitheater itself, the scene at the graveside ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on the east side of the amphitheater is described by the New York Times: “The burial ceremony around the sarcophagus facing the eastern entrance to the amphitheatre (sic) was just as impressive as the program inside the great ellipse. After the remains had been borne through the apse to the sarcophagus by the active pallbearers, the honorary pallbearers formed on either side of the sarcophagus which was faced by President and Mrs. Harding, Vice President and Mrs. Coolidge, the senior foreign delegates to the arms conference, Marshal Fock, Admiral Beatty, Generals Diaz and Jacques, General Pershing and staff and members of the Cabinet. Supreme Court and Congress, who stood with bared heads while Chaplain Brent recited the committal ceremony. To the right of the sarcophagus stood Mrs. R. Emmett Digney, President of the National American War Mothers, and Mrs. Juda McCudden, who came to this country with a floral wreath from the British War Mothers. To the left stood Chief Plenty Coos (sic) of the Crow Indian Nation, and five other Indian Chieftains in war bonnet and Indian ceremonial regalia, and Representative Hamilton Fish, Jr. of New York. Mr. Fish and the British and American War Mothers placed separate floral pieces on three corners of the grave, and then Chief Plenty Coos advanced, delivered a brief oration in the feeble voice of an elderly man overflowing with emotion and laid his war bonnet and coups stick upon the sarcophagus. 2 When the aged Indian, with finely chiseled profile, removed his own feathered war bonnet and placed it tenderly on the marble edge of the sarcophagus and then lifted his arms in supplication toward Heaven, it constituted one of the outstanding features of the whole remarkable ceremony. Many Indian served in the American forces in the World War, and General Foch has paid them high tribute. When Chief Plenty Coos deposited the war bonnet today he acted in the name of all American Indians.” (7) The ancient war bonnet and coups stick had been with his tribe for generations. The New York Times provides this record of Chief Plenty Coups’ comments: “I feel it is an honor to the red man that he takes part in this great event, because it shows that the thousands of Indians who fought in the great war are appreciated by the white man. I am glad to represent all the Indians of the United States in placing on the grave of this noble warrior this coups stick and war bonnet, every feather of which represents a deed of valor by my race. I hope that the Great Spirit will grant that these noble warriors have not given up their lives in vain and that there will be peace to all men hereafter. This is the Indians’ hope and prayer.” (8) In battle, the supreme act of bravery was to dash toward an armed enemy and physically touch his person with a coups stick or other war implement without inflicting a wound. This act of “counting coups” demonstrated the bravery and skill of the fearless warrior. each act of counting coups earned the warrior a golden eagle feather. The richly ornamented war bonnet was made of thirty-siX golden eagle feathers, elaborate beadwork, and dressed with four weasel furs. each feather represents an act of valor by the warrior in battle. (9) War bonnets were formal battle regalia. Most by far were fashioned from twenty-three to thirty-two golden eagle feathers placed in a circle around the skullcap and trailing down the tail which could be up to eight feet long. During battle, the streaming tail of was held aloft in the rushing air behind the horse mounted warrior racing across the battlefield in the face of the enemy.
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