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Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
SUMERIAN LITERATURE and SUMERIAN IDENTITY My Title Puts
CNI Publicati ons 43 SUMERIAN LITERATURE AND SUMERIAN IDENTITY JERROLD S. COOPER PROBLEMS OF C..\NONlCl'TY AND IDENTITY FORMATION IN A NCIENT EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA There is evidence of a regional identity in early Babylonia, but it does not seem to be of the Sumerian ethno-lingusitic sort. Sumerian Edited by identity as such appears only as an artifact of the scribal literary KIM RYHOLT curriculum once the Sumerian language had to be acquired through GOJKO B AR .I AMOVIC educati on rather than as a mother tongue. By the late second millennium, it appears there was no notion that a separate Sumerian ethno-lingui stic population had ever existed. My title puts Sumerian literature before Sumerian identity, and in so doing anticipates my conclusion, which will be that there was little or no Sumerian identity as such - in the sense of "We are all Sumerians!" outside of Sumerian literature and the scribal milieu that composed and transmitted it. By "Sumerian literature," I mean the corpus of compositions in Sumerian known from manuscripts that date primarily 1 to the first half of the 18 h century BC. With a few notable exceptions, the compositions themselves originated in the preceding three centuries, that is, in what Assyriologists call the Ur III and Isin-Larsa (or Early Old Babylonian) periods. I purposely eschew the too fraught and contested term "canon," preferring the very neutral "corpus" instead, while recognizing that because nearly all of our manuscripts were produced by students, the term "curriculum" is apt as well. 1 The geographic designation "Babylonia" is used here for the region to the south of present day Baghdad, the territory the ancients would have called "Sumer and Akkad." I will argue that there is indeed evidence for a 3rd millennium pan-Babylonian regional identity, but little or no evidence that it was bound to a Sumerian mother-tongue community. -
The Unknown Abraham
6 The Unknown Abraham Neglected Evidence Until now, all discussions of the authenticity of the Book of Abraham have been based on the assumption that we have to deal with only two really important sources of infor- mation: the Book of Abraham and the papyri.1 Everyone, it would seem, has taken for granted that if we know what the papyri really say, we are in a position to pass judgment on the authenticity of the Book of Abraham—a proposition dili- gently cultivated by some who have assumed that a knowl- edge of Egyptian qualifies one to pass judgment on matters that lie completely outside the field. Such a case might stand up if Joseph Smith had specifically designated particular papyri as the source of his information, but he never did so. Professor Klaus Baer begins and ends his exceedingly valu- able study with the assertion that Joseph Smith thought he was actually translating the so-called “Breathing Permit.” 2 Such testimony would not hold up for three minutes in any “Part 7: The Unknown Abraham” originally appeared in the series “A New Look at the Pearl of Great Price” in IE 72 (January 1969): 26–33; (February 1969): 64– 67; (March 1969): 76, 79–80, 82, 84; (April 1969): 66–72; May 1969): 87–89. 1. See above, in this volume, CWHN 18:49–68. 2. Klaus Baer, “The Breathing Permit of Hôr,” Dialogue 3/3 (1968): 111, 133. 375 376 AN APPROACH TO THE BOOK OF ABRAHAM court of law. The only evidence for what the Prophet thought is the arrangement side by side of very brief Egyptian sym- bols and some lengthy sections of the Book of Abraham, which has led some to the hasty conclusion that the one col- umn is a would-be translation of the other. -
Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf: a Critical Review
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.10, No.4, 2020, 87-110 ISSN: 1792-9040 (print version), 1792-9660 (online) Scientific Press International Limited Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf: A Critical Review 1,2 3 Varoujan K. Sissakian Nasrat Adamo Nadhir Al-Ansari4, Mukhalad Abdullah5 and Jan Laue6 Abstract The Mesopotamian Plain is a vast almost flat plain which descends in elevation towards southeast until it reaches the sea level along the Gulf shore. The plain covers the central part of Iraq; it is covered totally by different type of Quaternary sediments. Among those sediments, the fluvial flood plain sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with their distributaries are the most prevailing. The two river merge together to form the Shatt (River) Al-Arab which drains into the Gulf. The extensions of the Gulf are a matter of debit, especially between two groups of researchers: geologists and archeologists and even within the same group. We have presented different opinions which have dealt with the Gulf extensions, since the beginning of the last century and until most recent studies. From the presented and discussed data, it is clear that there is no clear and sound data which confirms the actual extensions of the Gulf during Holocene and even Late Pleistocene. Keywords: Arabian (Persian) Gulf; Pleistocene; Holocene; Sea level changes. 1 Lecturer, University of Kurdistan Hewler 2 Private Consultant Geologist, Erbil 3 Consultant Dam Engineer, Sweden 4 Professor, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 5 Private Engineer, Baghdad, Iraq 6 Professor, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 88 Sissakian et al. -
The Mortal Kings of Ur: a Short Century of Divine
3 THE MORTAL KINGS OF UR: A SHORT CENTURY OF DIVINE RULE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA PIOTR MICHALOWSKI, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Assyriologists are at a disadvantage whenever the subject of divine kingship comes up. The issue is not an old one, but it has its lingering ghosts, James Frazer and Edward Evans Prichard, and it has its favorite haunting ground, the continent of Africa and the island of Mad agascar. Ever since Frazer delineated the problem in 1890, the focus of investigation has been on Africa, and the definition has encompassed three central components: duality, regicide, and the mediating role of the king. Of the three, regicide has been the most contentious issue, but it is one that is hardly important outside of the Africanist debates. Moreover, as Kasja Ekholm Friedman (1985: 250) has written, some have viewed divine kingship as "an autonomous sym bolic structure that can only be understood in terms of its own internal symbolic structure." Writing about the Lower Congo (Friedman 1985: 251), she undertook to demonstrate that "it is a historical product which has undergone transformations connected to the general structural change that has turned Africa into an underdeveloped periphery of the West." Here, I follow her example and attempt to locate the eruptions of early Mesopotamian divine kingship as historically defined phenomena, rather than as moments in a developmental trajectory of an autonomous symbolic structure. Most studies of the early history of Mesopotamian kingship concentrate on the develop ment of a specific figure in text and art; the underlying notions are social evolutionary, and the methodology is philological, often relying on etymology and the study of the occurrence and history of lexical labels, as summarized well in a recent article by Nicole Brisch (forth coming). -
The Islamic State the Islamic State
The Islamic State The Islamic State The Islamic State By: Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Hizb ut-Tahrir Start of Dowla m.p65 1 09/08/00, 15:33 The Islamic State Al-Khilafah Publications Suite 298 56 Gloucester Road London SW7 4UB email: [email protected] website: http://www.khilafah.com 1419 AH / 1998 CE ISBN 1 899574 00X AH - After Hijrah CE - Christian Era Translation of the Qur’an The scholars of Islam are agreed that the Qur’an is only authentic in its original language, Arabic. Since perfect translation of the Qur’an is impossible, the term “Translation of the Meaning of the Qur’an (TMQ) has been used throughout the book, as the English wording presented is only a crude meaning of the Arabic text. Qur’anic ayat and the Arabic words have been italicised Printed and Bound by- De-Luxe Printers, London NW10 7NR. website: http://www.de-luxe.com email: [email protected] ii Start of Dowla m.p65 2 09/08/00, 15:33 The Islamic State iii Start of Dowla m.p65 3 09/08/00, 15:33 The Islamic State Contents Introduction 1 The Starting Point 4 Building the Sahabah 6 The Launching of the Da’wah 8 Hostility Against the Da’wah 10 The Interaction of the Da’wah 17 The Two Stages of the Da’wah 22 The Expansion of the Da’wah 26 The First Pledge of Al-Aqabah 28 The Da’wah in Madinah 29 The Second Pledge of Al-Aqabah 33 Establishing the Islamic State 41 Building the Society 43 The Preparation for Jihad 48 The Jihad Begins 51 Life in Madinah 55 Debating the Jews and the Christians 57 The Battle of Badr 62 Dealing with Banu Qaynuqa’ 65 Managing the Dissension 66 The -
KARUS on the FRONTIERS of the NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE I Shigeo
KARUS ON THE FRONTIERS OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE I Shigeo YAMADA * The paper discusses the evidence for the harbors, trading posts, and/or administrative centers called karu in Neo-Assyrian documentary sources, especially those constructed on the frontiers of the Assyrian empire during the ninth to seventh centuries Be. New Assyrian cities on the frontiers were often given names that stress the glory and strength of Assyrian kings and gods. Kar-X, i.e., "Quay of X" (X = a royal/divine name), is one of the main types. Names of this sort, given to cities of administrative significance, were probably chosen to show that the Assyrians were ready to enhance the local economy. An exhaustive examination of the evidence relating to cities named Kar-X and those called karu or bit-kar; on the western frontiers illustrates the advance of Assyrian colonization and trade control, which eventually spread over the entire region of the eastern Mediterranean. The Assyrian kiirus on the frontiers served to secure local trading activities according to agreements between the Assyrian king and local rulers and traders, while representing first and foremost the interest of the former party. The official in charge of the kiiru(s), the rab-kari, appears to have worked as a royal deputy, directly responsible for the revenue of the royal house from two main sources: (1) taxes imposed on merchandise and merchants passing through the trade center(s) under his control, and (2) tribute exacted from countries of vassal status. He thus played a significant role in Assyrian exploitation of economic resources from areas beyond the jurisdiction of the Assyrian provincial government. -
The Mothers of the Believers -Wives of Prophet Muhammad (Saw)- About Halime Demiresik
İSTANBUL, 2012 1. Baskı İstanbul, Agust- 2012 Sultantepe Publications / Yabancı Eserler Serisi, 1 Transleted/Recadtor : Elif Kapıcı Editing : Melek Zeynep Oyludağ/Aslı Tarası Publishing : Ömer Faruk Demireşik Typeset-Cover : Songrafik Tasarım Printed by : Erkam Matbaası (+90 212 671 07 00) İnkılap Mahallesi Küçüksu Cad. Parıltı Sokak No: 18/A Ümraniye/İSTANBUL Tel&Faks: 0216 630 01 07 www.sultantepeyayincilik.com/ [email protected] Halime Demireşik The Mothers of the Believers -Wives of Prophet Muhammad (saw)- About Halime Demiresik She was born in Denizli, Turkey in June of 1978. She finished Imam Hatip High School in 1995. While completing Divinity Seminary, she worked as an educator for the the schools sponsored by the Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Wakf (Foundation) for 15 years. During this time, in both Turkey and other countries, she made conferences and seminars about the life of the Prophet Muhammad (saw); increasing affection for him; and the family life in Islam. In the year 2011, she was given the “Service to the Prophet’s Life” Award by the Surayya Anne Foundation in America. She has written many articles and interviews which were printed in the “Altınoluk”, “Yuvamız”, “Bahçevan” and “Şebnem” Magazines in Turkey. She has seven books published in Turkey: “Vakıflara Hayat Veren Vâlide Sultanlar (2003)”, “Hanım Gözüyle Mü’minlerin Anneleri” (2008), “Muhab- beti, Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.)’e Adamak” (2009), “21. yüzyıldan Cennete Koşan Hanımlar” (2009), “Ben, O’nu Sevmeye Muhtacım” (2009), “Dostun Divanına” (2009), “Kalbimiz Aşk Ateşinde” (2012). The book “Muhabbeti Hz. Muhammed’e Adamak” has been translated into the Azeri language. The book “The Mothers of the Believers” is her first book translated into English. -
Università Di Torino
UNIVERSITÀ DI TORINO XLVI 2011 LE LETTERE FIRENZE Rivista fondata da Giorgio Gullini. Direttore:CARLO LIPPOLIS Redazione:GIORGIO BUCCELLATI STEFANO DE MARTINO ANTONIO INVERNIZZI ROBERTA MENEGAZZI ROBERTA VENCO RICCIARDI «Mesopotamia» is an International Peer Reviewed Journal. Proprietà letteraria riservata Iscritta al Tribunale di Torino n. 1886 del 20/6/67. Si prega di indirizzare la corrispondenza diretta alla Redazione e i manoscritti al dott. C. Lippolis, Redazione di Mesopotamia, Dipartimento di Scienze Antropologiche, Archeologiche e Storico-territo- riali, Via Giolitti 21/E, 10123 Torino. ISSN: 0076-6615 MESOPOTAMIA XLVI 2011 Proceedings of the International Conference NEAR EASTERN CAPITAL CITIES IN THE 2nd AND 1st MILLENNIUM B.C. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Torino, May 14-15th, 2010 SOMMARIO CARLO LIPPOLIS, BRUNO MONOPOLI, PAOLO BAGGIO, Babylons urban layout and territory from above ................................................................................................................................... p. 1 OLOF PEDERSÉN, Work on a digital model of Babylon using archaeological and textual evidence .... » 9 GIOVANNI BERGAMINI, Babylon in the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period: the changing landscape of a myth ................................................................................................................................... » 23 MARIA GIOVANNA BIGA, Babylon and beyond Babylon in the first half of the 2nd Millennium BC ... » 35 SIMONETTA GRAZIANI, Babylon caput mundi. What city is like unto this great -
People and Things in the Qur'an
People and things in the Quran Compiled by Sohail Qasim, Principal, Sunday Madrassa Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran In the name of) ﺑِ ْﺳ ِﻡ ﱠ ِ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ْﺣ َﻣ ِﻥ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ِﺣ ِﻳﻡ The total number of verses in the Quran is 6348. This includes 112 unnumbered Allah the most Compassionate, most Merciful ), also known as Basmalahs, which occur at the beginning of the Suras. Without the unnumbered Basmalahs, the total number of verses in the Quran is 6236. ﺑِ ْﺳ ِﻡ ﱠ ِ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ْﺣ َﻣ ِﻥ starts all Suras, except Sura Tawba (Chapter 9) (which does not contain ﺑِ ْﺳ ِﻡ ﱠ ِ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ْﺣ َﻣ ِﻥ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ِﺣﻳﻡ Note that at all, but this Basmala occurs within Sura Al-Naml (Chapter 27) in verse 30, where it prefaces a letter ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ِﺣﻳﻡ from Prophet Solomon to Bilqis, the Queen of Sheba. Furthermore, Sura Al-Fatiha (Chapter 1) is the only Sura is mentioned in the Quran is 114 (112 times unnumbered at the ﺑِ ْﺳ ِﻡ ﱠ ِ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ْﺣ َﻣ ِ ﻥ ﱠﺍﻟﺭ ِﺣﻳﻡ So, the total number times beginning of 112 Suras + 1 time numbered at the beginning of Sura Fatiha + 1 time inside Sura Al-Naml). External links Al-Quran, open source multi- language Quran project Online Quran Learning People and things in the Quran Characters God in Islam (Allah) Names of God found in the Quran Israfil Izra'il/Azrael (Malak al-Mawt) Jibra'il/Gabriel (Al-Ruh al-Amin) and Holy Spirit (Al-Ruh al-Qudus) and Al-Ruh (The Angels Maalik Mika'il/Michael Harut and Marut Iblīs/Devil or Shaitan/Satan Jinns Ifrit Ghilman and Wildan In Heaven (Jannah) Houri Prophets Ādam/Adam -
In the Company of the Prophet (PBUH)
© 1434 AH/ 2013 AC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without a written permission. In the Company of the Prophet (Peace and blessings be upon him) - 1 - Contents Introduction ................................................................................. 4 The Prophecies of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) ..... 6 The Prophet’s Birth and Rearing .................................................. 8 The Ripping of the Prophet’s Chest ............................................. 9 The Prophet’s Names ................................................................. 10 Allah’s Care about the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ... 12 The Period of the Prophet’s Growing up until his Mission ........ 13 The Revelation ........................................................................... 16 Da`wah to Allah .......................................................................... 17 The Immigration to Abyssinia .................................................... 20 The Conversion of Hamzah and `Umar to Islam ........................ 21 Negotiations ............................................................................... 22 The Boycott ................................................................................ 22 The Year of Grief ........................................................................ 23 The Journey to At-Ta'if .............................................................. -
The Firsts • Notes
Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (ra) Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (ra) was one of the ten promised Paradise. He was from the tribe of by his grandfather Wuyayb, who was the ﷺ Banu Zuhra. He is related to the Prophet ,would say ﷺ s maternal grandfather). The Prophet’ﷺ brother of Wahab (the Prophet “This is my maternal uncle (when he’d look at Saad (ra)), so let one of you show me his khaal (maternal uncle).” Though he’s a maternal uncle in that sense, he is at least 20 years .began preaching ﷺ He was a teenager when the Prophet .ﷺ younger than the Prophet His kunya was Abu Ishaaq. Saad (ra) used to make bows and arrows, and he was known for his skill in archery. His physical appearance is described as a lion: short, very hairy, dark, strong. He had a sharp eye. He was someone who didn’t have power in society, but was honest and known for his archery. Accepting Islam Saad (ra) describes when he accepted Islam: "I saw a dream before becoming a Muslim. I was in a dark place where I could see nothing; then a moon was illumined in front of me and I followed it. I was looking for people who preceded me in seeing the moon and they were Zayd ibn Harithah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abu Bakr as-Siddeeq (ra). I was asking them: when did you come here? They said: Just a short while ago. When I woke up, I ,was calling to Islam privately, so I went quickly to the streets of Ajyaad ﷺ heard that the Prophet and I found Abu Bakr (ra), and Abu Bakr (ra) called me to Islam, and I accepted Islam.” And he was amongst the first to accept Islam.