DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of Phosphatidylinositol 5- Phosphate's Role in Insulin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigation of Phosphatidylinositol 5- Phosphate's Role in Insulin Investigation of Phosphatidylinositol 5- Phosphate’s Role in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in a Skeletal Muscle Cell Line A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the Degree of Physiology Ph.D. in the Faculty of Life Sciences 2010 Deborah Louise Grainger Words (excluding tables, legends and references): 35,000 1 Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................. 8 List of Tables ............................................................................................... 9 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................... 10 Abstract .................................................................................................... 13 Lay Abstract .............................................................................................. 14 Declaration ................................................................................................ 15 Copyright Statement ................................................................................... 16 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 17 Dedication ................................................................................................. 18 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 19 1.1 GLUT4 .......................................................................................... 22 1.1.1 Specialised subcellular storage of GLUT4 ...................................... 23 1.1.2 Increasing GLUT4 at the plasma membrane .................................. 24 1.1.3 The Insulin Receptor ................................................................. 26 1.1.3.1 IR structure and mechanism of activation ............................................ 27 1.1.3.2 IR splice variants ............................................................................. 27 1.1.3.3 Regulation of the IR ......................................................................... 28 1.1.4 Insulin receptor substrates ......................................................... 28 1.1.4.1 Downstream of kinase (DOK) proteins ................................................. 29 1.1.4.2 Mechanism of IRS activation .............................................................. 30 1.1.4.3 Regulation of IRS proteins ................................................................. 31 1.1.5 Class IA PI3-kinase ................................................................... 32 1.1.5.1 Regulation of Class IA PI3-kinase signalling by removal of its product, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 ............................................................................................. 35 1.1.6 Akt ......................................................................................... 37 1.1.6.1 Isoform specific Akt regulation ........................................................... 38 1.1.6.2 Akt activation .................................................................................. 39 1.1.6.3 Akt inhibition ................................................................................... 40 1.1.7 Signalling downstream of Akt ..................................................... 41 1.1.7.1 AS160 ............................................................................................ 41 1.1.7.2 TBC1D1 .......................................................................................... 43 1.1.7.3 PIKfyve .......................................................................................... 44 1.1.8 Atypical Protein Kinase C ........................................................... 46 2 1.1.9 PI3-kinase independent insulin signalling: the TC10 pathway .......... 47 1.1.9.1 The TC10 pathway and PtdIns3P ........................................................ 49 1.1.9.2 Debated importance of the TC10 pathway ........................................... 50 1.2 The phosphoinositides ..................................................................... 51 1.2.1 Phosphoinositide structure and metabolism .................................. 53 1.2.2 PtdIns5P ................................................................................. 54 1.2.2.1 Measurements of PtdIns5P levels ....................................................... 55 1.2.2.2 PtdIns5P production ......................................................................... 55 1.2.2.2.1 PIKfyve: Direct or indirect route to PtdIns5P? ................................. 56 1.2.2.2.2 The myotubularins ..................................................................... 58 1.2.2.2.3 PIP5KI: potential to phosphorylate PtdIns to PtdIns5P? ................... 60 1.2.2.2.4 4-phosphatases: dephosphorylation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to PtdIns5P ...... 60 1.2.2.3 Removal of PtdIns5P ........................................................................ 61 1.2.2.3.1 The role of PIP4KIIs in regulating PtdIns5P .................................... 61 1.2.2.3.2 PIP4KII regulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels: a role for PtdIns5P? ...... 63 1.2.2.3.3 PTPMT1 .................................................................................... 64 1.2.3 Potential roles of PtdIns5P ......................................................... 65 1.2.3.1 PtdIns5P in the Nucleus .................................................................... 66 1.2.3.2 PtdIns5P and intracellular trafficking ................................................... 67 1.2.3.3 PtdIns5P and T-Cell activation............................................................ 68 1.2.4 PtdIns5P has a potential role in the insulin signalling pathway ......... 69 1.2.4.1 PtdIns5P and insulin-induced actin reorganisation ................................. 69 1.2.4.2 Effect of PtdIns5P on GLUT4 translocation ........................................... 70 1.2.4.3 PtdIns5P and PI3-kinase/Akt activity. .................................................. 71 1.3 Summary ...................................................................................... 74 1.4 Aims ............................................................................................. 74 2 : Materials and Methods ........................................................................ 75 2.1 Materials ....................................................................................... 76 2.2 Cell biology techniques .................................................................... 77 2.2.1 Cell culture .............................................................................. 77 2.2.2 Overexpression of proteins in HeLa(S3) cells and L6 myotubes ........ 78 2.2.2.1 Nucleofection .................................................................................. 78 3 2.2.2.2 Calcium phosphate precipitation transfection ........................................ 79 2.2.2.3 Recombinant adenoviral transduction .................................................. 79 2.2.3 Fluorescence microscopy ........................................................... 80 2.2.3.1 Fixation .......................................................................................... 80 2.2.3.2 Immunofluorescence staining ............................................................ 80 2.2.3.3 Microscopy ...................................................................................... 80 2.2.4 Protein Isolation ....................................................................... 81 2.2.4.1 Cell lysis with SDS Sample Buffer ....................................................... 81 2.2.4.2 Cell lysis with RIPA buffer .................................................................. 81 2.2.5 SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) ............................ 82 2.2.6 Coomassie blue staining of polyacrylamide gels............................. 82 2.2.7 Gel drying ............................................................................... 82 2.2.8 Western transfer ...................................................................... 82 2.2.9 Western blotting ....................................................................... 83 2.2.10 Blot stripping and reprobing ....................................................... 83 2.2.11 Cell stimulation and phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation ............. 83 2.2.12 Carrier-mediated delivery of mono-phosphoinositides .................... 84 2.2.12.1 Lipid-carrier complex formation ...................................................... 85 ® 2.2.12.2 Delivery of BODIPY PtdIns5P-diC16 ................................................ 85 2.2.13 Plasma membrane lawn preparation ............................................ 86 2.2.14 Staining PM Lawns for microscopy ............................................... 86 2.2.15 Quantifying GLUT4 present on PM lawns ...................................... 87 2.3 Molecular biology techniques ............................................................ 87 2.3.1 Transformation ......................................................................... 87 2.3.2 DNA isolation ........................................................................... 88 2.3.3 Agarose gel electrophoreisis ....................................................... 88 2.3.4 Restriction digests .................................................................... 88 2.3.5 Gel purification ......................................................................... 88 2.3.6 Ligation ..................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Nurd Complex Cooperates with Dnmts to Maintain Silencing of Key Colorectal Tumor Suppressor Genes
    Oncogene (2014) 33, 2157–2168 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/14 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE The NuRD complex cooperates with DNMTs to maintain silencing of key colorectal tumor suppressor genes Y Cai1,6, E-J Geutjes2,6, K de Lint2, P Roepman3, L Bruurs2, L-R Yu4, W Wang1, J van Blijswijk2, H Mohammad1, I de Rink5, R Bernards2 and SB Baylin1 Many tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are silenced through synergistic layers of epigenetic regulation including abnormal DNA hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands, repressive chromatin modifications and enhanced nucleosome deposition over transcription start sites. The protein complexes responsible for silencing of many of such TSGs remain to be identified. Our previous work demonstrated that multiple silenced TSGs in colorectal cancer cells can be partially reactivated by DNA demethylation in cells disrupted for the DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3B (DNMT1 and 3B) or by DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi). Herein, we used proteomic and functional genetic approaches to identify additional proteins that cooperate with DNMTs in silencing these key silenced TSGs in colon cancer cells. We discovered that DNMTs and the core components of the NuRD (Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase) nucleosome remodeling complex, chromo domain helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) occupy the promoters of several of these hypermethylated TSGs and physically and functionally interact to maintain their silencing. Consistent with this, we find an inverse relationship between expression of HDAC1 and 2 and these TSGs in a large panel of primary colorectal tumors. We demonstrate that DNMTs and NuRD cooperate to maintain the silencing of several negative regulators of the WNT and other signaling pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Downregulation of the Let‑7 Family of Micrornas May Promote Insulin Receptor/Insulin‑Like Growth Factor Signalling Pathways in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
    ONCOLOGY LETTERS 20: 2613-2620, 2020 Downregulation of the let‑7 family of microRNAs may promote insulin receptor/insulin‑like growth factor signalling pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma EKENE EMMANUEL NWEKE1 and MARTIN BRAND2,3 1Department of Surgery, 2School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193; 3Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and The University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Received October 18, 2019; Accepted May 27, 2020 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11854 Abstract. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is may thus be an effective target for the development of INSR/ an aggressive cancer type characterized by dysregulated IGF pathway‑specific treatment strategies. cell signalling pathways and resistance to treatment. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathway has Introduction been identified to have a role in tumour progression and therapy resistance. However, its regulatory roles in PDAC According to 2018 GLOBOCAN statistics, pancreatic cancer have remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, had 458,918 new cases and 432,242 mortalities, which dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in PDAC were explored accounted for 4.5% of cancer-associated deaths world- with a focus on those that may be involved in regulating the wide (1,2). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the insulin/IGF signalling pathway. A total of 208 patients were most common type of pancreatic cancer, has a poor prog- recruited, comprising 112 patients with PDAC, 50 patients nosis with a five‑year overall survival rate of 5%, which has with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and 46 subjects as a control not significantly improved over the last two decades despite group (CG).
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Transcriptional Mechanisms Downstream of Nf1 Gene Defeciency in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Daochun Sun Wayne State University
    Wayne State University DigitalCommons@WayneState Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2012 Identification of transcriptional mechanisms downstream of nf1 gene defeciency in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors Daochun Sun Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Recommended Citation Sun, Daochun, "Identification of transcriptional mechanisms downstream of nf1 gene defeciency in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors" (2012). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 558. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. IDENTIFICATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS DOWNSTREAM OF NF1 GENE DEFECIENCY IN MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS by DAOCHUN SUN DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 MAJOR: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Approved by: _______________________________________ Advisor Date _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY DAOCHUN SUN 2012 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents and my wife Ze Zheng for their continuous support and understanding during the years of my education. I could not achieve my goal without them. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express tremendous appreciation to my mentor, Dr. Michael Tainsky. His guidance and encouragement throughout this project made this dissertation come true. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Raymond Mattingly and Dr. John Reiners Jr. for their sustained attention to this project during the monthly NF1 group meetings and committee meetings, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • For Personal Use. Only Reproduce with Permission from the Lancet
    Correlation to non-HGNT Accesion group 2 Description AA897204 1.479917 ESTs T85111 1.286576 null T60168 | AI821353 1.274487 thyroid transcription factor 1 AA600173 1.183065 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A (RAD6 homolog) R55745 1.169339 ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila)-like 4 (Hu antigen D) AA400492 1.114935 ESTs AA864791 1.088826 hypothetical protein FLJ21313 N53758 1.070402 EST AI216628 1.067763 ESTs AI167637 1.058561 ESTs AA478265 1.056331 similar to transmembrane receptor Unc5H1 AA969924 1.039315 EST AI074650 1.039043 hypothetical protein FLJ13842 R20763 1.035807 ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila)-like 3 (Hu antigen C) AI347081 1.034518 Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion R44386 1.028005 ESTs AA976699 1.027227 chromogranin A (parathyroid secretory protein 1) AA634475 1.026766 KIAA1796 protein AA496809 1.02432 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 1 H16572 1.013059 null H29013 1.002117 seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like AI299731 1.001053 Homo sapiens nanos mRNA, partial cds AA400194 0.9950039 EST AI216537 | AI820870 0.9737153 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ39674 fis, clone SMINT2009505 AA426408 0.9728649 type I transmembrane receptor (seizure-related protein) AA971742 | AI733380 0.9707561 achaete-scute complex-like 1 (Drosophila) R41450 0.9655133 ESTs AA487505 0.9636143 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 4 AA404337 0.957686 thymus high mobility group box protein TOX N68578 0.9552571 ESTs R45008 0.9422938 ELAV (embryonic lethal, abnormal
    [Show full text]
  • Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen Der Rho- Und Der Plexin-Proteinfamilien
    Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen der Rho- und der Plexin-Proteinfamilien Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Chemie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum vorgelegt von Dennis Franz-Josef Fiegen aus Kleve April 2005 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis .................................................................................................................... III Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ IX Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. XI Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..........................................................................................................XII 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 GTP-bindende Proteine als Elemente der Signaltransduktion ..................................... 2 1.2 Die Ras-Superfamilie ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Die GTPasen der Rho-Familie ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 Regulatoren und Effektoren der RhoGTPasen
    [Show full text]
  • TCF19 Impacts a Network of Inflammatory and DNA Damage
    H OH metabolites OH Article TCF19 Impacts a Network of Inflammatory and DNA Damage Response Genes in the Pancreatic β-Cell Grace H. Yang 1, Danielle A. Fontaine 1, Sukanya Lodh 1,2, Joseph T. Blumer 1, Avtar Roopra 3 and Dawn Belt Davis 1,4,* 1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; [email protected] (G.H.Y.); [email protected] (D.A.F.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (J.T.B.) 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA 3 Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; [email protected] 4 William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Transcription factor 19 (TCF19) is a gene associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in genome-wide association studies. Prior studies have demonstrated that Tcf19 knockdown impairs β-cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. However, little is known about its role in diabetes pathogenesis or the effects of TCF19 gain-of-function. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of TCF19 overexpression in INS-1 β-cells and human islets on proliferation and gene expression. With TCF19 overexpression, there was an increase in nucleotide incorporation without any change in cell cycle gene expression, alluding to an alternate process of nucleotide incorporation. Analysis of RNA-seq of TCF19 overexpressing cells revealed increased expression of Citation: Yang, G.H.; Fontaine, D.A.; several DNA damage response (DDR) genes, as well as a tightly linked set of genes involved in viral Lodh, S.; Blumer, J.T.; Roopra, A.; responses, immune system processes, and inflammation.
    [Show full text]
  • T8950dat Anti-TC10 MCT,PHC 03-05-1
    Anti-TC10 Developed in Rabbit, Affinity Isolated Antibody Product Number T 8950 Product Description Storage/Stability Anti-TC10 was developed in rabbit using a synthetic Store at -20 °C. For extended storage, freeze in peptide D(136)PKTLARLNDMKEKPIC(152) working aliquots. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing. corresponding to amino acid residues 136-152 from Storage in “frost-free” freezers is not recommended. If human TC10 as the immunogen. The antibody was slight turbidity occurs upon prolonged storage, clarify affinity isolated on immobilized immunogen. the solution by centrifugation before use. Working dilution samples should be discarded if not used within Anti-TC10 detects human and mouse TC10 protein in 12 hours. transfected cell samples and endogenous levels in tissue extracts. By immunoblotting this antibody detects Product Profile an ~24 kDa protein representing TC10 in transfected The recommended working dilution is 1 mg/ml for COS cells and a non-specific, unidentified band at ~50 immunoblotting. kDa. Anti-TC10 is specific for isotype TC10a and demonstrates slight cross-reactivity with TC10b. Note: In order to obtain best results and assay sensitivities of different techniques and preparations, TC10 has been classified as a member of the Rho determination of optimal working dilutions by titration family of GTPases and possesses characteristics most test is recommended. closely related to Cdc42. This family of proteins regulates a wide variety of cellular activity including References cytoskeletal rearrangements, motility, proliferation and 1. JeBailey, L., et al., Skeletal muscle cells and apoptosis. TC10 is predominately localized to the cell adipocytes differ in their reliance on TC10 and Rac membrane and TC10 mRNA was most highly for insulin-induced actin remodeling., Mol.
    [Show full text]
  • G- 1200 W Mirna Treatment GD VT 1000 & 5 800 -C E 600 =5 5 400 Q) © 200 Patent Application Publication Jul
    US 20090175827A1 (19) United States (2) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2009/0175827A1 Byrom et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 9, 2009 (54) MIR-16 REGULATED GENES AND (30) Foreign Application Priority Data PATHWAYS AS TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION Dec. 10, 2007 (US) ....................... PCT/US07/87038 (76) Inventors: Mike W. Byrom, Austin, TX (US); Publication Classification Lubna Patrawala, Austin, TX (51) Int. Cl. (US); Charles D. Johnson, Austin, A61 K 35/76 (2006.01) TX (US); David Brown, Austin, TX CI2N 5/06 (2006.01) (US); Andreas G. Bader, Austin, A61 K. 3 1/7088 (2006.01) TX (US) CI2O I/68 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: A6IP 3 I/00 (2006.01) Fullbright & Jaworski L.L.P. A61R 31/7/05 (2006.01) 600 Congress Avenue, Suite 2400 A61 K. 3 1/7 II (2006.01) Austin, TX 78701 (US) (52) U.S. Cl. ............... 424/93.2; 435/375; 514/44; 435/6 (21) Appl. No.: 11/967,663 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Dec. 31, 2007 The present invention concerns methods and compositions for identifying genes or genetic pathways modulated by miR Related U.S. Application Data 16, using miR-16 to modulate a gene or gene pathway, using (60) Provisional application No. 60/882,758, filed on Dec. this profile in assessing the condition of a patient and/or 29, 2006. treating the patient with an appropriate miRNA. 1400 g- 1200 W miRNA treatment GD VT 1000 & 5 800 -C E 600 =5 5 400 Q) © 200 Patent Application Publication Jul. 9, 2009 Sheet 1 of 2 US 2009/0175827 A1 i i .
    [Show full text]
  • The Activation of TC10, a Rho Small Gtpase, Contributes to V-Rel-Mediated Transformation
    Oncogene (2007) 26, 2318–2329 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE The activation of TC10, a Rho small GTPase, contributes to v-Rel-mediated transformation S Tong, AS Liss, M You1 and HR Bose Jr Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA v-Rel is the oncogenic member of the Rel/NF-jB family of Introduction transcription factors andtransforms hematopoietic cells andfibroblasts. Differential display was employedto v-rel is an acutely transforming oncogene that belongs identify target genes that exhibit altered expression in to the Rel/NF-kB family of transcription factors v-Rel transformedcells. One of the cDNAs identified (Hrdlickova´ et al., 1999). Rel/NF-kB proteins are encodes the chicken ortholog of TC10, a member of the involved in multiple cellular processes including immune Rho small GTPase family. The expression of TC10 was and inflammatory responses, cell growth control, increasedin v-Rel-transformedchicken embryonic fibro- embryonic development, stress responses and apoptosis blasts (CEFs) 3 to 6-foldrelative to control cells at both (Pahl, 1999; Perkins, 2000).In most cell types, Rel/NF- the RNA andprotein levels. An elevatedlevel of active, kB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by associa- GTP-boundTC10 was also detectedinv-Rel-transformed tion with IkB inhibitory molecules.Appropriate cells relative to control cells. Expression of a dominant- extracellular signaling leads to the proteolysis of IkB negative TC10 mutant (TC10T32N) decreased the colony resulting in the translocation of Rel/NF-kB complexes formation potential of v-Rel-transformedcells.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: from Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities Carla Liaci 1 , Mattia Camera 1 , Giovanni Caslini 1 , Simona Rando 1 , Salvatore Contino 2 , Valentino Romano 3 and Giorgio R. Merlo 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (S.R.) 2 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432 Abstract: Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharma- cological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and Citation: Liaci, C.; Camera, M.; functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • TC10 Is Required for Membrane Expansion During Axon Outgrowth
    ARTICLE Received 24 Jul 2013 | Accepted 25 Feb 2014 | Published 25 Mar 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4506 Local translation of TC10 is required for membrane expansion during axon outgrowth Neilia G. Gracias1, Nicole J. Shirkey-Son1,w & Ulrich Hengst1,2 The surface of developing axons expands in a process mediated by the exocyst complex. The spatio-temporal regulation of the exocyst is only partially understood. Here we report that stimulated membrane enlargement in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons is triggered by intra- axonal synthesis of TC10, a small GTPase required for exocyst function. Induced membrane expansion and axon outgrowth are inhibited after axon-specific knockdown of TC10 mRNA. To determine the relationship of intra-axonal TC10 synthesis with the previously described stimulus-induced translation of the cytoskeletal regulator Par3, we investigate the signalling pathways controlling their local translation in response to NGF. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of the Rheb-mTOR pathway triggers the simultaneous local synthesis of TC10 and Par3. These results reveal the importance of local translation in the control of membrane dynamics and demonstrate that localized, mTOR-dependent protein synthesis triggers the simultaneous activation of parallel pathways. 1 The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. w Present address: Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to U.H. (email: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Treatment Efficacy and Molecular and Cellular Outcomes In
    Analysis of Treatment Efficacy and Molecular and Cellular Outcomes in Mouse Models of Congenital Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability. Karagh Loring BSc. (Biomedical Science) Hons. Intellectual Disability Laboratory Primary Supervisor: A/Prof Cheryl Shoubridge External Supervisor: A/Prof Quenten Schwarz Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Discipline of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide 2020 2 Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 8 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 11 Thesis Format ....................................................................................................................... 13 Thesis Declaration ................................................................................................................ 14 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ 15 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 18 Chapter One: The Aristaless-related homeobox gene: understanding its role in intellectual disability and
    [Show full text]