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Notes NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 1. Several studies detail US-Iranian relations, Iranian foreign policy, and Iran's internal politics for the period 1941-46, and especially helpful are: Bruce Kuniholm, The Origins ofthe Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); Mark Hamilton Lytle, The Origins of the Iranian­ American Alliance, 1941-1953 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1987); George Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, 1918-1948 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1949); Rouhollah K. Ramazani, Iran's Foreign Policy, 1941-1973: A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations (Charlottes­ ville: University Press of Virginia, 1975); Richard W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964); Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton Univer­ sity Press, 1982); Barry Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980). 2. Nikki R. Keddie, 'Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective', American Historical Review, 88 (1983): esp. 586, Donald Wilber, Riza Shah Pahlavi, 1878-1944: The Resurrection and Reconstruction of Iran (Hicks­ ville, NY: Exposition, 1975), Hasan Arfa, Under Five Shahs (London: John Murray, 1964), L. P. Elwell-Sutton, 'Reza Shah the Great: Founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty', in George Lenczowski (ed.), Iran under the Pahlavis, Hoover Institution, number 164 (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), andJosephM. Upton, The History ofModern/ran: An Interpretation, Harvard Middle Eastern Monograph Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965) 36-80. Brian Lapping's anecdotal study, End of Empire (New York: St. Martin's, 1985), contains an interesting chapter on Iran. 3. Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country (London: Hutchinson, 1960) 66-81, Ashraf Pahlavi, Faces in the Mirror (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980) 1-43. These memoirs are not generally reliable, but they reveal the relationship between Reza Shah and has children. 4. Peter Avery, Modern Iran (London: Ernest Benn, 1965) 350-67, Lenczow­ ski, Russia and the West in Iran, 167-92; Ann K. S. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study ofLand Tenure and Land Revenue Administration (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953) 274, Abrahamian, 375-82, Herbert H. Vreeland, Iran, Country Survey (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, 1957) 3, 84-5, 128. 5. Upton, 108, Lambton, Landlord and Peasant, 263, idem., Persian Land Reform, 1962-1966 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969) 20, 35. 6. Abrahamian, 187, Cottam, 33-50, 101, Vreeland, 84-5. 7. Papers of Harry S. Truman, Box 569, Official File, Folder 134 (1945-49), 10 September 1945, Shah to President Truman, Harry S. Truman Library [hereafter HSTL], Independence, Missouri. The shah's observations find 112 Notes 113 support in a memorandum from Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Burton Y. Berry to Averell Harriman. Record Group [RG] 59, 888.401/18 April 1951. Julian Bharier, Economic Development in Iran, 1900-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) 49, 67, 170-8; Abrahamian, 347-71, Habib Ladjevardi, Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran, Contemporary Issues in the Middle East (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985) 28-69. 8. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, 383, Upton, 117-19. 9. For United States relations with the Middle East before World War II, see John A. De Novo, American Interests and Politics in the Middle East, 1900-1939 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963); for American missionary activity, Joseph L. Grabill's Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971); for US relations with Iran, see Abraham Yeselson, U.S.-Persian Diplomatic Relations, 1883-1921 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1956). For a recent view of the impact of Palestine on Anglo-American relations, see Roy Jenkins, Truman (New York: Harper & Row, 1986) 115-17. 10. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-51 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983) 118, 241-6, 348-51. 11. Strobe Talbott (ed.), Khrushchev Remembers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970) 329-39, Svetlana Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (New York: Harper & Row, 1967) 196-7. NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 1. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, 129; Record Group 59, 891.00/14 February 1947, Marshall to Allen, National Archives; William 0. Douglas, Strange Lands and Friendly People(NewYork: Harper, 1951)45-50; RG 891.00/21 August 1947, Spivack to Marshall; Foreign Office 371/Persia, 61978, File 13, Diary ofTabriz Consul, Public Record Office, London; Papers of Harry S. Truman, President's Secretary's Files (PSF), Intelligence File, Central Intelligence Group, 'Developments in the Azarbaijan Situation', 4 June 1947, Harry S. Truman Library. 2. British and American diplomats in 1947 questioned Razmara's honesty and raised the issue of his suspected dealings with the Soviets. Paradoxically, in later years the diplomats praised him as one of the few honest officials in Iran. FO 371/Persia, 61982, 19 January 1947, Military Attache's Intelligence Summary no. 3. Prime Minister Musaddiq removed General Shahbakhti, but Prime Minister Zahedi returned him to command in Azarbaijan in 1953, RG 59, 891.00/15 April1947, Allen to Marshall; RG 59, 891.00/9 May and 30 September 1947, Monthly Political Review. 3. RG 59,891.00/26 April1947; RG 59, 891.00/7 June 1947, Monthly Political Review; RG 59, 891.00/24 September 1947, Allen to Marshall. 114 Notes 4. RG 59, 891.00/7 November 1947, Allen to Marshall; RG 59, 891.00/24 December 1947, Allen to Marshall. 5. The ulama in the holy cities ofQum and Mashhad opposed the reinterment ofReza Shah at either of these two sites because of his harsh actions against them during his reign. See Wilber, Riza Shah Pahlavi, 127, 166-7. Qavam refused to press them, and the royal family decided to wait until a tomb could be built at Rey a short distance south of Tehran. F037l/Persia, 61976, 20 March 1947; RG 59, 891.00/9 May and 30 September 1947, Monthly Press Review. 6. RG 84, Tehran Post Files, Box 17, Confidential File: 1948, 800 Internal Political Affairs- General, 21 January 1948, Allen to Jernegan, Washington National Records Center Suitland, Md.; RG 59, 891.00 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi/7 June 1947; RG 59, 891.001/16 January 1947; Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1947 (Washington: Govern­ ment Printing Office, 1971) 5: 938, 958, 960. (Hereafter FR); RG 59, 891.00/12 May 1948, Wiley to Marshall; FO 371/Persia, 61990,24 July 1947, Pyman Minute; RG 59, 891.00/13 January 1947, Allen to Byrnes; RG 59, 891.00/17 January 1947, Allen to Byrnes; RG 59,891.00/26 December 1947, Allen to Jernegan. For an interesting editorial linking Qavam and the United States, see Sada-yi Mardum [The Voice of the People] 2 Mehr, 1326 (1947). 7. RG 59, 891.00/26 March 1947; 3 and 22 February 1947; 5 February 1947; Papers of George V. Allen, Box 1, 'Mission to Iran', unpublished manuscript, chapter 2, HSTL. Dooher left Iran in autumn 1947. He was reassigned in March 1948 to the consulate at Tihwa in Sinkiang province, China. He returned to Tehran to wait for a Soviet visa to travel overland through Central Asia, and meanwhile offered to do political reporting for the embassy. Ambassador Wiley arrived in early April. The new ambas­ sador had no experience in the region and thus urged the State Department to allow Dooher, the only Persian-speaking officer, to stay in Iran. In November the department cancelled his China assignment. RG 59, File 123, Gerald F. P. Dooher. For discussion of CIA activity in Iran from the late 1940s, see Mark Gasiorowski, 'The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran', International Journal of Middle East Studies 19 (1987) 261-86. 8. The British military attache referred to Dr Musaddiq on this occasion as 'the hysterical and demented demagogue', a characterisation repeated by many British diplomats throughout the period. FO 371/Persia, 61982, 19 January 1947, Military Attache's Intelligence Summary no. 3. 9. FO 371/Persia, 61970, 1 April 1947; FR, 1947, 5: 929-30, 934, 953. 10. FR, 1947, 5: 965, 968. 11. FO 371/Persia, 61971, 7 July and II August 1947, 61972, 14 August, 12 and 13 September 1947, and 61973, 13 October 1947. Ambassador Allen had assured Prime Minister Qavam that Bevin and Stalin could not discuss Iran at the foreign ministers' meeting in Moscow without Secretary of State Marshall's knowledge. Bevin did inform Marshall the day following his commitment to Stalin, but the Americans had not been consulted before­ hand. RG 59, 891.00/10 April 1947, FO 371/Persia, 61973, 22 September 1947; FO 371/Persia, 61974, 31 October 1947; RG. 84, TPF, Box 13, Confidential File: 1947, 800 Iranian Political Affairs, 12 September 1947, Marshall to Allen. Notes 115 12. FO 371/Persia, 61972, 12 September 1947, 61973, 29 September 1947; RG 84, TPF, Confidential File: 1948, 700 British-Iranian Relations, 15 March 1948, Dooher to Dunn; FR, 1948, 5: 97; RG 59, Records of the Military Advisor to the Office of Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, Box 3, State-War-Navy Co-ordinating Committee 360, Correlation Com­ mittee (FACC), 24 April 1947. 13. FR, 1947,5: 951; Papers of George V. Allen, 'Mission to Iran', unpublished manuscript, chapter 8, 139. The nationalistic newspaper, Khavar [The East], appreciated Allen's 'reaffirmation of Iranian independence', 14 September 1947. Marshall and Lovett wired belated approval. 14. Robert A. Pollard, Economic Security and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985) 113. During the war years, 1943-44, Tehran witnessed Soviet-American competition for oil concessions, and the State Department wanted to avoid a recurrence in 1947.
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