Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Wien, am31. Oktober 2019 A comparative study ofthe developmentof jointing techniques Institut fürArchitektur undEntwerfen, Gestaltungslehre undEntwerfen ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades zum Zwecke akademischen des derausgeführt Erlangung eingereicht der Technischen an Universität Wien Ao.Univ.Prof. Mag.art. Dr.phil. Zwerger Klaus eines FakultätArchitektur für undRaumplanung Diplom-Ingenieurs /Diplom-Ingenieurs Diplom-Ingenieurin countries in Europe and East Asia DIPLOMARBEIT DIPLOMARBEIT Stefanie Schramel unter derunter Leitung 1225667 E 253 von

in log construction across Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. of shaping the enabled which techniques, jointing of progress architectures. the on lies focus Its countrie Asian East and European different across construction log technique building the countrie specific t analyses in and knowledge existing the of overview construction an gives thesis this regions, log discussing literature of body substantial a upon Building observed. be can developments regional Moreover, openings. at joints tight build t of stability the ensure to instance, for – achieved been have tasks different for rmrl ifune te eeomn ad s o lg osrcin s bidn method. building a as construction although Interestingly, log of use and availabilit development the the influenced and primarily conditions Climatic limited. remained usage overall In times. earlier in already used also was technique the Asia East In E in tradition long a follows which technique, construction wood a is construction Log Abstract verschiedenen Verbindungstechniken, die die vonArchitekturen Ausformung ermöglichen. ausge in Bauweise der o und Elemente europäischen die analysiert und Wissensstand bestehenden Überblic einen Arbeit diese gibt bespricht, Region einer oder Land regionale bestimmten auch in meist Blockbau entstanden den die Literatur, hinaus bestehenden der auf Darüber Basierend Entwicklungen. erreichen. zu Öffnungen bei lösen Verbindungen zu Bauaufgaben verschiedene Ländern um sic Wände der Stabilität die um Maßnahmen, Beispiel zum – entwickelt verschiedenen Grundprinzipien, in dieselben von individuell wurden Auftreten Bauweise das entstand, haben die Region, Obwohl jeweiligen beeinflusst. der Blockbauten in Klima und Waldvorkommen das unter Faktoren, Verschiedene verbreitet. weit weniger Allgemeinen im Europa zu si ist Jedoch angewandt. Zeitaltern frühen in bereits auch Bauweise die wurde O In folgt. Tradition langen einer Europa in die Holzbautechnik, eine ist Blockbau Der Zusammenfassung

stasiatis it has been developed independently in many regions, similar solutions similar regions, many in independently developed been has hn ädr. e Fks ire let u dr nwcln der Entwicklung der auf liegt hierbei Fokus Der Ländern. chen comparison to Europe its Europe to comparison herzustellen oder feste oder herzustellen o wo have wood of y e im Vergleich im e he elements of elements he he walls or to or walls he üe den über k anderem wählten stasien urope. urope. einem or s s. s. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3 2 1 CONTENTS 4 TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUE JOINT AND DECORATION ELEVATION, SECTION, PLAN, CATEGORIES: 5 8 7 6

3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 3.2 1.2 1.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 LOG CONSTRUCTION LOG CONSTRUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW REVIEW LITERATURE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION CROSS COMPARISON OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO THE ACCORDING ELEMENTS OFCOMPARISON ARCHITECTURAL BIBL LIST OF FIGURES LIST CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 4.1.1 4.1.3 4.1.2 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.2.1 4.2.2 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2.1 5.2.2

The building material woodandthe buildingdependence methods’ of its availability 7 uligmtra n t hrce’ nlecso te atr 5 Building material andits character’s influences onother factors Typologies Structure Region Log buildingLog tasks Significance of the study Background research question and Europe East Asia Europe East Asia IOGRAPHY

CUTYSUYB EEEC OSLCE XMLS 25 EXAMPLES TO SELECTED REFERENCE BY STUDY -COUNTRY Climatic influences Field ofapplication ue hl onaybtenteotieadteisd 12 Outer shell– boundary between the outside and the inside Incorporation ofinterior walls Border to the– roof top Wall Northern Europe– secular buildings Central Europe– secular buildings Northern Eastern Europe– secular buildings Eastern Europe– sacral buildings China Japan Northern Europe Central Europe Eastern Europe China Japan

Apertures – doors and windows andApertures windows – doors Eu

rope –sacral buildings ING 111 101 10 11 16 17 21 25 37 26 43 49 56 72 72 79 83 83 83 87 89 95 95 97 96 7 9 4 4 3 3 1 1 1

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h bidn tss te eeomn o bidns il e nlsd codn t five to according analysed be will buildings architectural elements– of development the tasks, building the enlarge ans to addition was In respectively. Asia, East and Europe to China and Austria covering field study the construction, log in built tasks mentioned before the t according solutions and usages different of variety a show to able be to Consequently, integrated?Finally, which building types orconstructions have been orare built? 1.1 xmls tee oty ou o cmaig European- comparative comparing bring on focus do mostly authors these examples, some While countries. Asian East and European across t construction log in built specifically structures of studies cross-country been not date, To regions. or countries specific on focuses mostly literature the However, 1.2 1 walls built as part of the construction? the of part as built interior walls are how Second, inside? the and out- the between boundary outer a an provide and building shell of task the solve construction log does how First, defined. t been building have the of tasks building main thesis, the structure and these address been To construction log has where (2) and developed furthest. region each in developed cross-country building been the a has technique far give How not (1) emerged: does have questions but research two regions Thus, comparison. or countries specific in method building discus commonly literature existing Furtherthe that unveiled circumstances. construction log which on research under and developed method building the how on arose the seemed it question the Consequently, Yet, China. in than Austria in developed further been had construction. technique log is studied, comparatively be could thus a structured equally countries both in occurs that technique construction wooden solid tradit only The China. Shanghai, in studying while architecture Chinese Aust traditional traditional compared researcher the when evolved thesis this for idea The As at sa te hss ojcie s o rvd mr vrain o hw h c the how of variations more technique developed as comparedanalysing to Europe only. provide to is objective thesis’ the Asia, East European-

mentioned earlier, a substantial body of literature that discusses log construc log discusses that literature of body substantial a earlier, mentioned

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Background and research question research and Background Significance ofthe study to -East Asian ones. As log construction developed independently in Europe and Europe in independently developed construction log As ones. Asian -East plan, section, elevation, decoration Th ird, how have roofs, doors and windows been windows and doors roofs, have how ird,

to Erpa eape ad barely and examples -European and jointing technique. onstruction there have there tion exists. tion echnique echnique in and rian building

from d ses the ses wering ional nd 1 o

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2 fi the along elements architectural selected categories: analyses 5 are Chapter tasks 4. prese building is Asia chapter how East and on Europe in study regions or countries cross-country different in a accomplished before material, building its and techni building a as construction log outlines 3 Chapter construction. log on literature reviews briefly 2 Chapter follows. as organised is thesis this of remainder The European log construction examples. is focus l more hence of limited, very availability is language the English in that Asia East noting regarding worth currently is extends It study knowledge. this scientific building literature, fragmented the secondary on on overview based an Being gives usage. and technique’s construction log of development the as well appli of fields of across variety a solved discusses thesis this differently Therefore, regions. or or countries similarly are tasks different how and method building the influen factors different how show will examples tasks, building and background the to introduct an giving After Asia. East and Europe in countries across construction log of analyse and knowledge existing the combine to is thesis this of aim The rsnscnldn osdrto. presents concluding consideration.

ln scin eeain decoration elevation, section, plan,

and onig technique jointing Te ia chapter final The . the development the the relevant the cations as cations lcd on placed e focal ve iterature td in nted que ion ce

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. materials are scattered and over thousands ofbooks journals. 2.1 past century with few exceptions. conduc been has research broa most result, generated a As not literature. recent has more in method coverage construction traditional a as construction log Lastly, Scandinavian language. English in Engli in coverage neither exist, not does limited history complete a seen that stating literature, only had instance architecture for Scandinavian (1958) Paulsson why century, wonders, mid-twentieth the in Already surprising. not is China in construction log about literature of lack the China, in developed more been have techniques, other in interest common the to due that notes (2011) Zwerger scarce. Asian East regarding literature English s result, a when As countries. particularly specific language, local in written been often has literature Second, and materials building of variety a outlines construction types forone particular region. (1971) Hansen others. among wooden Norway many in of churches stave one discusses prominently as (1990) Holan instance, technique For techniques. construction building log discuss only studies most First, l the reviewing when apparent become characteristics overarching three Overall, t this with line in consolidate existing research. chapters, subsequent the in done is literature existing in-depth research, existing the of overview brief a factors. presents chapter other this While on influences property’s its and material (4) and typologies (3) structure, region, (1) categories: four along literature of body existing the reviews chapter This 2 Noble (2007) st (2007) Noble buildings. Norwegian on (1990) Holan and Russian on focus (2015) Brumfield Craft and (1989) Lissenko example, For 2010). Dangel, 1959; Weiss, (e.g., frequently less covered is Europe Central while 1989), Lissenko, 1981; Buxton, 2004; Baboş, 2015; Brumfield, Craft (e.g., Europe Eastern and 1969) Norberg-Schulz, & Bugge 1981; Bresson, 1992; Donnelly, Scandinavia in construction log discussing research of amount vast a is There only. countryparticular a in construction log on focuses reviewedliterature the of Most

LITERATURE REVIEW REVIEW LITERATURE Region ates in reference to studying traditional vernacular architecture that source that architecture vernacular traditional studying to reference in

log construction is construction log sh nor any other any nor sh ei’ i to aim hesis’ analysis of analysis ted in the in ted or region or iterature. iterature. tudying which (e.g., (2) 3 d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4 work carpentry of quality high the to due that states (2004) Baboş Europe. of European parts Scandinavian other from examples other includes and to countries in those comparison to Norway in in buildings brackets compares (1990) Chinese Holan examples. mentions (1981) Buxton and Europe in joints wooden and wood about survey his Nevertheless, to China and regions. Japan includes (2011) or Zwerger countries Asian East and European between compared being commonly is construction log Thus, approach. holistic more a taking rather countries European other to European compare mostly they given, are examples comparative When 2.2 to the construction ofsacralbuildings. knowl their applied mainly referenc carpenters Poland, and in Scandinavia from evidence that earlier states further He possible. pre-eminently is counterparts European 2.3 of the buildings as he rather gives an overview ofthe typologies. questionstechnicalthe on focus not does however, (1971) Hansen Norway. in architectures great a he such to led construction log Furthermore, and stave of combination the Ages. only that notes Middle the in architecture traditions folk its from of deriving quality Norway, in high occurring unusual the emphasize also (1969) Schulz Norberg- and Bugge joints. simpler used have buildings vernacular contrast In joints. corner flush of sealed and plain constructed been have Walls architecture. vernacular in than architecture church in achieved woodwork of quality higher the highlights (2004) Baboş the three formerpossesses and the latter five cupolas. wherea plan, cruciform or longitudinal a include churches wooden Ukrainian all for nearly states He technique. timber-frame in built churches discusses also but technique, construction log in built churches to mainly work his dedicates (1981) Buxton comparison to floor plans ofchurches, forinstance. secular mentions also but towers, bell and chapels churches, depicts mainly (1981) Buxton bridges. as such construction log using built been other have that mentions constructions he Additionally, etc. circumstances, social typology, climate, condit regional varying on depending sacra exist, architecture church in as well as houses and secular both types, building available built buildings, all about talks instance for (1989) Lis extent. large a to construction log of typologies different covers research Most

Structure Typologies

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2.4 buildings but also furniture. of context the in only not material the discusses but wood on focuses (2006) Green wood. the involve that techniques construction and two tasks building of former kinds (1971) all the discusses Hansen Similarly, to wood. material comparison building the in on but focus they constructions, authors mentioned of provide variety both great (1971) a Hansen of and examples (2011) Zwerger materials. building and other use techniques also but technique, construction log in or wood from types, built only building not of are varietywhich large a examine (1992) Donnelly as well as (1958) Paulsson to other building materials as well. scope his extends but architecture vernacular on focuses (2007) Noble carpentry. of level repres types building two these in used technique jointing the that states he Accordingly, churches. prominently, more and, buildings vernacular covers (2004) Baboş in buildings the of shape the influenced Norway. material building and people typology, the survey. state he his Nonetheless, construction. stave in in built churches are latter the and However, farms on located buildings mainly includes (1990) buildings. Holan vernacular as well as churches about write (1988) Sjömar and (1942) Phleps fe al atos ie utn 18) r ol (07 rfr o pnar museums open-airwa fires, maintenance, proper of lack a to due to condition, bad in or anymore existent not refer alrea (2007) are buildings Many Noble vanishing. from buildings or traditional preserve (1981) to established Buxton like authors all, After to shift the to led also that techniques, forinstance the timber frame technique. centuries later in wood of limitation the materi building the to regards with topic discussed frequently Another technique. the advance and countries many around travelled they as influences Vikings’ the mentions ofte (1990) Holan example, an As literature. by covered are techniques schools people’s carpentry specific of influences as such influences, and circumstances Moreover, with a single material. achieved be can solutions structural and designs different many how emphasizes (1981) characteris the and trees cutting of process the instance for as well as itself material building the about talk also (2011) Zwerger or (1942) Phleps elem (2006), Green particular a for used is it why reason and characteristics i specific including sometimes mentioned, is construction the for used wood of type the Often

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 6 a role in the occurrence oflog construction (Buxton, 1981). ha circumstances political Furthermore, century. eighteenth to the in churches stone shift a with ended churches wooden of construction the that concludes (2004) Baboş example For preferences. construction shifting outdoor in lies of vanishing their establishment for reason the Another to led that factor decisive a was turn in public which their of appreciation late very the from derives This decay. or dismantling

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3.1 of incorporation (2) inside, the and out- interior walls, (3)border to the top and orroofand (4)doors windows. the between boundary a as walls exterior or of field the the oute Moreover, (1) categories: four along examined generally be will discussed. tasks technique’s building technique, be will building buildings of types a the of as overview an construction and application log of occurrence the influence climatic as such factors, overview how outlining an After gives regions. different and in availability wood material building the with deals first chapter This 3 provides dry interior if the building’s structure building’s the if interior dry provides It 1990). (Holan, electricity or sound coldness, heat, of transmission bad relative elasticity, and strength great both to due processing easy an for allow construction, house suita particularly material this make which wood, of characteristics The and is used in log construction as the as construction log in used is and 1942 (Phleps, construction log well as used been has elm, or oak as such wood, deciduous processed However, best. aspec these meets wood coniferous dressing, Without construction. log for them using dresse been not have logs the if especially true holds This straight. neede grown are were trees technique, construction log in wall even an build to able be To i differ sapwood process ofshrinking (Phleps, 1942). and heartwood Similarly, it. to perpendicular or fibre the its attack either of in fungal direction load bearing to when differs prone wood less of reaction and the such, sapwood, As 2011). the (Zwerger, part, outer the than tighter and harder ae o e osdrd Te ne pr o mn seis f re rns te heartwood, the trunks, tree of species many of part inner The considered. be to have sapwood and heartwood between differences the material, building as wood using When shape of variety a building components facilitating the carpentry (Holan, 1990; Noble, 2007). process to processed easily be also can wood Nevertheless, branches. t of removal after already shape original their in construction for used be can trunks wo u as fr h cntuto o lg al i aalbe n eesr (straight) necessary in available if walls wel as buildings, important most the for used been has oak Russia, in Likewise, log of construction the for also but

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. common (Zwerger, 2011). be have traditions building other elsewhere material, building common a as regions i used been just has wood Italy, In building. traditional in used were materials other present, as not are forests where Europe, Southern in example for countries, other In instance,For Iceland driftwoodused andimported 1971). (Hansen, from wood Norway (Carver, tasks building forests in rich as not of countries in purposes building for used been also has wood However, variety great a for used still is and been has it wood, is Japan as example, For Thus Asia. in Ocean. as Pacific well as the Europe, as in occurs far construction as nearly Asia, to on spread fir These and 2005). pine (Pryce, mainly abundance, great in occur forests coniferous Sweden, and Norway F in especially Europe, Northern In occurrence. climatic common a is rain where Al the of part northern the among spread widely is construction log material, building used initially the been, has wood (1971), Hansen to according where Europe, Central In Fenno-Scandinavia, and Sea Baltic the largestpossesses concentration ofbuildings built in log construction acrossthe world. the to further and Siberia northern to Carpathians Acc 1990). (Holan, common been has techniques both of mix a example, for Scandinavia In 1989). Lissenko, Europe, 1981; (Buxton, technique building main the as construction log Northern seen have and Europe, Central Europe, Eastern in like wood, coniferous in rich regions contrast, In buildings. their construct to technique post-and-beam the used mainly people England, and France Switzerland, Germany, in as occur, forests deciduous regions where European in (1990), Holan to According 2005). Pryce, topographi 1981; (Buxton, and position region specific the in availability its or on deciduous depends of primarily regardless coniferous, construction, log in used wood of species the Nonetheless, most important building material forlog construction. t spruce common and fir white or fir silver claims (1959) Weiss resin. of amount No and Bugge contrast, In building. the inside cladding or frames window shingles, for used al be can it but construction, wall for used be should larch that argues (1982) Klöckner construction. log for suitable most is conifer which controversy is there However, 1942). (Phleps construction log for conifers used frequently most the are pine and spruce Larch, commonly in log in houses Wallis in Switzerland (Pryce, 2005). 8 wh rberg-Schulz (1969) note that fir suits best as building material as it posses it as material building as best suits fir that note (1969) rberg-Schulz r cnfru frss xs (utn 18) Em s lo fe ue a the as used often also is Elm 1981). (Buxton, exist forests coniferous ere

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. from trees, which were not able to grow fast due to their location, as for insta for as location, their to due fast grow to able not were which trees, from resistant most the Nevertheless, work. of to easy construction is for wood the used as readily dwellings, are place, sunny a on grow which trees, Furthermore, compare resistant less and softer much becomes location mentioned first the in growing Wood slopes. on forests dense in or environment vegetation-friendly a in it be w the of quality the for determinant important an is grows wood where location The building material. As an example, when the abundance of wood got wood of abundance the when example, an As material. building a used been has wood whether influenced have factors other conditions, natural Besides felled been have trees the spot same the on built been has building a that churches. of construction might it the forests, the to close up in built been often have used villages as However, instance proper for logs, site large for construction difficult the rather been to F quality. forest material’s the sustaining the in role crucial from a plays transportation logs the moving when Moreover, of the hills, orduesevere to climatic conditions 2004). (Baboş, these regions presents a similarly difficult ch difficult similarly a presents regions these logs the transporting Furthermore, climate. local the of result a – floors root-covered waterlogge often the and forests dense very in growing types tree of variety great the by caused was this (2007), log Noble to According of used. been has construction adoption log evidence and development the imply there not but wood of abundance large a feature areas tropical example, For construction. does wood of presence sheer The 3.1.1 authorities regulated and accordingly limited the 1971). usage (Hansen, ofwood Zwerger (2011) gives the example of the Chinese settlement area of the Dong mino Dong the of area settlement Chinese the of example Holan, the gives 2011; (2011) (Zwerger, Zwerger hot constantly rather is climate the if needed are stone, floors and walls with buildings, insulated less and winters long especially climate the if needed are buildings insulated more Therefore, weather. of kinds belongi and residents its protect to have buildings the conditions, climate the Re continent. the across lot a differ types building of needs the north, the in cold humid or dry to countries southern in hot and dry from varies Europe in climate the As warm consistently and dry a with but wood climate, in rich region a in Thus, 2007). (Noble, temperature pre are methods construction lighter the and needed not are buildings fitted tightly warm, as However, climate. the as timbers, heavy the carry can

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 10 the load, own their under together pressed further getting humidity, logs the With property. rainfall, sunshine, insula good its is construction of log of advantages the of One dwellings. the of form and amount the the further and as used materials building the influence speeds such wind and temperatures conditions climatic sum, In log construction technique (Zwerger, 2011). in building a constructing for condition optimal the not thus – land sloping on constructed dwel the and areas mountain the in rice wet cultivating for created been have Te construction. log inhibits cultivation agricultural construction, log good for a as material serve also would which fir, Chinese of richness existent an Despite occur. that humidity and floods monsoon, annual the to due technique building ideal the be not would construction log hand other the on wood, in rich hand one the on is region This Hunan. and Guangxi Guizhou, province the of regions border the in located is area This its usage reaches from resident from reaches usage its Therefore, constructions. or buildings of variety great a for used been has construction Log 3.1.2 1987). Jame 2010; (Dangel, occurred forests where regions cold in technique this of usage the buildings than the l probably others among benefits constructional These cement. or brick stone, of made heat to are easier and are wood quality of mounted constructed buildings their Moreover, on impervious. depending weathers all against sealed get otws Cia rde, hs pes r bit n o cntuto, per s well as appear construction, log has it in region, a in technique building common a was construction built log if Interestingly, are piers whose bridges, China Southwest and South In construction. log using constructed been have piers whose bridges wooden of examples to refers also (1981) Buxton 1989). (Lissenko, west further and Ukraine in mills we as Russia in mills post and fortifications in found be can construction log of appearances More 1981). (Buxton, towers bell and chapels churches, as such background, re a with buildings for used been has construction log Europe, Eastern in Especially of region the Wallis, one can also find dwellings with three (Artaria, orfourstoreys 1947). in remarkably Switzerland, in but storeys, two or one just have buildings residential common Most 1990). (Holan, living and storage both combine which buildings, or houses dwelling storehouses, barns, grain cookhouses, barns, cow stables, as buildings, serving for used been has construction log Norway in Furthermore, 1989). Lissenko, Brumfield, (Craft Russia northern in as well as Scandinavia in saunas or bathhouses

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 1 shows examples1 shows ofdifferent corner joints. 1942 (Phleps, wall the to alignment in ends flush to cut were logs Furthermore joints. corner complicated and simple of variety huge a developed were The cm. 25 the for stress less to and mounting stable more their to led 10 This side. lower and about upper the from for treatment logs’ the connection to led the technique jointing the beyond of development out jut heads beam the joints t in Besides, underside. the on logs the cut to developed people issue, this prevent 3.2 been moved to open-air museums, to preservethem cultural as property. new in logs dismantled ha location, original their the of regardless buildings, traditional many Today, constructions. re-using or afterwards storeys more incorporating allows right a const log ensured flexible the fact, of matter a which As 2011). (Zwerger, logs the of exterior, reassembling the on logs the of numbering the by recognized be can bee has practice this Thus, location. another at again up set and dismantled can buildings that is application its to referring construction log of advantage An rich are which regions, in that claims coniferous log construction woods has been forall used and houses tasks. (1971) Hansen tasks. different all for used side. Initially, the lower log has been cut on cut been has log lower the Initially, side. t cut to is place in kept were logs the that ensure to method oldest The firstly at the corners, and secondly at the incorporation (Zwerger, ofthe 2011). inner walls t w meet, they where stability, points the at jointed structural be to have logs stacked its horizontally construction the give To horizontally. other each upon stacked are one, geometrical other or rectangular a to hewn or shape round original in left logs technique, construction log in wall a build To wood. than material building other any need not does which method, construction solid a is construction Log was put on top. However, water could easily get inside the joint. Accordingly, i Accordingly, joint. the inside get easily could water However, top. on put was Figure Figure

1 Log building tasks : Examples: differentof corner jointing

te chniques (Phleps, 1942 (Phleps, chniques its

top according to the shape of the log that log the of shape the to according top ) ; Zw ; erger, 2011). Figure 2011). erger, he log on just one just on log he single log. There log. single n common and common n hich happens hich o al of walls wo either their either n order n be easily be he first he ruction , the , the 11 ve in to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. as ass their on depends construction whole the such, As part. important most the are cons stable a for responsible mainly are building log a of corners the as First, another, as well as when a roofis added ontop (Zwerger, 2011). s log further every with increases which load, heavy the to due settlement the and drying when logs the of shrinking the to due occur construction log in problems Many no matter ofits location, has been one simple rectangular room in plan (Buxton, 1981). construction log in built commonly been has which building, initial the Overall, have tasks outside of variety a shell solid and compact a create to the order In inside. between border a creates construction log shell, outer an as Acting 3.2.1 androofs apertures. inner walls, outer into structured chapters; following the in discussed be to going ta These 1988). (Sjömar, task own its construction, and function its to reference in Log inside. has, construction or building the of part every Accordingly, 2011). Zwerger, 1984; (Carver, the and outside the between boundary well as construction bearing load the concerning issues all solves construction a as acting providing by and housing storage for or construction stable shelter a as serve to is construction log of task overa The bearing. load dwelli of situations different as with cope to such has it buildings, constructions, sacred of variety great a for used is construction log As (Phleps building to prior chosen and 1942). seasoned well wood. hew be deciduous to get hewn has used not by wood did followed the Overall, only they best, if aspects especially these manner, meets wood steady Coniferous a in and straight grown have trees trunks, tree using wall even an build to able be to Furthermore, horizontal. 12 top, the to narrower become trunks tree as layer, by layer log di the switch to important is it shape, round original their in used are logs If stability ofthe walladditional and constructive actions get. t about concern the greater the is, log the old longer the in general, In Norway. 11m in farmhouses measuring logs to refers (2011) Zwerger and in Maramureş (1942), 14m in to churches Phleps up some measuring to logs according of examples construction, mentions (2004) log Baboş 6m. for about used measures log a of length average The a huge amount of the building’s weight has an impact on these parts of the buildi the of parts these on impact an has weight building’s the of amount huge a

Outer shell – boundary between the outside and the insi and the outside between Outer shell– boundary

so de ht h lyr stayed layers the that

to be considered. be to rection of the of rection truction, they truction, as insulation as tacked upon tacked technique, emblage, n the and g and ngs need to need ll main ll sks are sks walls, walls, ng. he n. n. ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. stayed in their place (Zwerger, 2011). ends met, ends were wh t ensure to used also be could construction additional this Besides, wall. outer buil was timbers short very just of “wall” a wall, inner an have to desired it If walls. inner or pole retaining a instance for walls, higher and longer build and t of stability the ensure to developed been have solutions structural many date, To a small as kept be ensure that allthe logs of wall stay in their place (Zwerger, 2011;2004). Baboş, to has wall the supported, not If wall. the support to is elements i other important more the are, or walls the higher the roof and longer the overhanging general, In 2011). (Zwerger, an by protected are logs the whether and wall the the method, jointing corner the characteristics, its and wood of type selected are wall the of stability the in role important an play that factors Further twists or bends buckles, wall the that risk constant a bears self-load and tension inner exaggerated An 2004). (Baboş, joints corner the by only secured be to long l the if walls, the after support to especially made load, were considerations imposed Additional the settling. under away slide or buckle to start not stay corners the between in logs the that ensure to crucial is it Second, in dwellings 2004). (Baboş, impervi and plane achieve to after looked more was it architecture church in gaps the As H impervious. eventually walls. and sealed get the walls the load, of heavy the of consequence angle and location the characteri and the logs the size, of buildings’ dimensions account into taking others, carefully be among to have calculated, These 2004). (Baboş, logs of layer each within incorporated were settleme solution, a As considered. be to have load, the to due secondly and drying happens which settlement, their as t well as prevent logs To the of construction. shrinking the the event, damage severely but easily could instance for storm A open. will corners constructi the the at joints of the corners logs, stacked the horizontally the at between place take not does bearing load the case In argue that the cornersstructurally are comparable pillars. with p their in stay logs the that ensure to have and Thus, corner joints have to be executed tight executed be to have joints corner Thus, en lengthening the wall. In this case each layer of the wall consisted of consisted wall the of layer each case this In wall. the lengthening en

laid lengthwise, with their grain ends facing each other. At the point the logs’ logs’ the point the At other. each facing ends grain their with lengthwise, an additional shorter wall was jointed in between the logs to ensure that ensure to logs the between in jointed was wall shorter additional ly lace ( lace and rigid and

Baboş, 2004). Consequently, one could one Consequently, 2004). Baboş, ly , ideal through an indented form, indented an through ideal , in their place and do and place their in out of its position. its of out , for instance, the instance, for , t to reinforce the reinforce to t ous walls than walls ous dimensions of dimensions g wr too were ogs two logs that logs two firstly due to due firstly psil to possible s a eut a result, a s rig and drying he stability he n u in but on tc and stics was not was he walls he ls in close owever, nt gaps nt these grain his 13 t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. In churches, another method another churches, In walls as well as the roofis in place 2004). (Baboş, loa the that ensure and walls higher building for allow to wall the of levels 14 consoles inner of incorporation the was buildings sacred in method common A prue, oe oes ae o e sd se iue ) Eey w lyr o lg w logs of layers two Every 4). Figure (see used be to have dowels more of incorporation apertures, the to due weakened been has wall the If shrinkage. of process natural t dowel through the logs than deeper the made were into holes inserted these Nonetheless, are holes. predrilled logs) the of length the on dependent is amount (the dowe Several walls. the strengthening for used dowels depicts 3 Figure 1988). (Sjömar, sliding or buckling the resist to used were dowels place, the in stayed logs e and walls the strengthen to built elements structural further no were there If the(Zwerger, Figure church 2011). 2shows at Lemi, which has a cruciformplan. pl cruciform a was which walls, church the to angles right with in structure additional an putting church the building was piers, buttress the to architecture similar church worked in spaces large create to helped which development, further A serve as a tie beam to the and thus, respond outward thrusting roof(Buxton, 1981). func their extended So, buttress. timber pairing its be to church the of could space inner the across buttress timber this of top very the often on quite log the wall Furthermore, the enough. constituting logs the of to jointing possible invisible further the it strengthen made this Besides, 2011). Zwerger, 1981; (Buxton, corners their joi the to given was attention High church. the of interior the in half and exterior visible being wall, the into put were i They inside. layout hollow Their are they 1971). and square (Hansen, logs short with buttresses or piers built They roof. the

Figure 2: Church at Lemi, Finland (Niera, 2018) (Niera, Finland Lemi, at Church 2: Figure was used to strengthen the walls as well as to bear the load of load the bear to as well as walls the strengthen to used

d bearing of the of bearing d out of the wall the of out square in plan in square nsure that the that nsure o allow the allow o tion was to was tion at half at the at half different o long not nting of nting n or an and ere ls s s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. cold and heat as solid as heat and cold building, snow, or the wind water, block to and itself of construction the to necessary is which imperviousness the to according made be to has consideration Further (Baboş, 2004; Sjömar, 1988). wall straight a fulfilled, precisely were tasks these if Only dowel. the t log lower the of centre the into log upper the through hole a drilling by stabilised are the filling for used materials Further walls. dense provide to order in moss daub with of strips filled were gaps These process. settling and drying the during grow even that logs adjacent between occurred gaps logs untreated of surfaces uneven to Due purpose. religious with because a certain amount ventilation of is desired inside the building (Phleps, 1942). buildings from distinguished seal completely with constructed not are be barns or sheds storage some Furthermore, to have housing for used instance, it was common to common was it instance, h ls eta material extra less the ma in them hewing to due together fit logs the exact more the Nevertheless, building 2004; (Baboş, Noble, 2007; Sjömar, 1988). of imperviousness the increase and logs the protect to method used frequently another sides, both on or outside or inside either boards, wooden with walls the Covering logs. join tightly to used was log the of underside the on groove a cutting of invention The varying thermally conductive characteristics ofeach material 2007). (Noble, etr insulated better

small mortar, stones, bark, narrow pieces and earth. ofwood

Figure Figure Figure Figure if ee adtoa mtras ae o e sd o il h gp de o the to due gaps the fill to used be to have materials additional fewer 4 3: Dowelling and nailing of walls (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, walls of nailing and Dowelling 3: : Location: dowelsof in as s possible (Baboş, 2004). Concerning this task, buildings, which are which buildings, task, this Concerning 2004). (Baboş, possible have to be used to fill the gaps. In Scandinavian countries, for for countries, Scandinavian In gaps. the fill to used be to have prepare logs fitting very precisely very fitting logs prepare thepresence of apertures

(Sjömar,1988) .

Additionally, the building is building the Additionally,

could be achieved be could tching shapes, tching but also the also but o insert o ed logs ed could gaps was was the the 15 or

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Interior walls have two main functions. First functions. main two have walls Interior wall to an outer (Phleps, 1942). one joini when well as of thought be to have corner, a at walls two jointing when (Zwerger, 2011). t inside privacy more even create and house the of space specific a ins to building functions different the allocate to help they Thus, rooms. smaller into building walls are connected to the outer wall. outer the to connected are walls out an form to corners the at walls two of jointing the as way similar a In 3.2.2 madeor pillars. ofstones 16 to natural the on directly built not cases most in were walls log Overall, 2004). a roof above the of construction the for base accurate an as serve to is walls t of task Another 1988). (Sjömar, construction the of interior the in pressure air the from ext material’s the on pressure air the the as occurs latter The to movement. capillary of property due log the through transported further gets and cracks small ente through to able is first The damp. and water of occurrence the is issue Another Noble, 2004; (Baboş, 2007; Sjömar, 1988; Zwerger, 2011). achieved were walls fitting tightly and pressed together were logs the logs, upper the and roof the of load the logs, the of weight own the to Due side. upper the on cut was groove the if joint the insid invading rainwater to due occurred problems joints corner first the of development the in already as 5), Figure (see log each the of side along bottom cut gets groove The positioning. precise each guarantee of and top other on perfectly fit logs the that ensure to log the of underside the on groove a carving of process the with up came carpenters Therefore, walls. joints corner the of construction the on laid was focus main Thus, solution. desired of insulation good a ensure was shingles or to boards with walls the covering area the on depending Yet, building. factors strai important the are walls architecture, the church of to imperviousness comes it when especially Nevertheless, topographical reasons as well as to prevent the logs from rotting. A base was base A rotting. from logs the prevent to as well as reasons topographical

Incorporation ofinterior walls All important aspects, which have to be considered be to have which aspects, important ly , they are used to divide the inner space of a of space inner the divide to used are they ,

ground. This was due was This ground. e er shell, interior shell, er ( Figure Figure Sjömar, 1988 Sjömar, bove (Baboş, (Baboş, bove hns and ghtness r the timber the r ng an inner an ng he building he erior varies erior commonly 5: Groove Groove not the not d a ide ) and the

he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. al ( walls top of a log building. Often, these are not built in the same construction techni construction same the in built not are these Often, building. log a of top the closing for construction appropriate an find to used been have solutions different Many them (Phleps, 1942). eaves, and gables the at overhang walls log the off big far drained be can water melt as well as rainwater a provides roof the If space. interior an define Up to a certain degree a roof has roof a degree certain a to Up 3.2.3 1942 (Phleps, 6) (figure shapes figurative even Deininger, 1897). or geometrical in carved often are neednl o te neir al’ ucinl n srcua tss ter em hea beam their the with flush end tasks, or out jut either which structural and functional walls’ interior the of Independently have been jointed to build a longer wall (Zwerger, 2011). osbe Bbş 20) Frhroe te ae lo sd o reinforce to used also are they Furthermore, 2004). (Baboş, a possible space inner the interrupting while wall the stabilising for allows Open-work away. sliding from cl logs completely be can their reasons structural for or built are that buckling walls Interior from them prevent to help and walls outer Second

ao, 04. n o te an usin i hw o ov te osrcin f the of construction the solve to how is questions main the of One 2004). Baboş, ly Border –roof top tothe , they are used as structural elements. Thus, they help to reinforce and support the support and reinforce to help they Thus, elements. structural as used are they , Figure Figure walls and decorative elements (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, elements decorative and walls 6 : Exa: similar mples of jointing inner inner jointing of mples tasks as the walls. That is, to serve as shelter and shelter as serve to is, That walls. the as tasks wall , are often used as decorative element. They element. decorative as used often are ,

walls to oute to walls

r and accordingly protect accordingly and osed or open-work. open-work. or osed wall a hr logs where que que ltl as little s as the ds, ds, 17 ;

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. uln, s hw i fgr 7. figure in shown as purlins, figure 9. in found be can roofs hipped and gabled of Examples 1988). Sjömar, 1981; (Buxton, roofs hippe or gabled by either defined be can dwellings of appearance exterior The together. t pressing by tighter even joints the make the to walls, log if the on equally spreads help, can roof heavy a that, assume can We building. whole the of elements n motn rl fr h la o the on load the for role important an considere be to has roof the of weight the beneath, walls log the mind in Bearing planks (Noble,More primitive 2007). frames use solutions orlatticework (Phleps,1942). easie is it hand, other the On planks. to compared elements the against re more therefore and heavier are logs horizontal Nonetheless, sides. its on grooves through pillar the to fixed been have planks Furthermore, purlin. ridge the of load the bear to helps pillar a how shows 8 Figure 1942). Phleps, 2011; (Zwerger, construction beam and origina which gable, the fill to planks vertical use to is possibility Another They are not longer than meter one (Phleps, 1942; Zwerger, 2011). but outside visible are they walls interior many Like triangle. gable the to perpendic wall interior an creating beams short of incorporation the is method Another be corners the to similar jointed be (Buxton, 1981; Noble, 2007). could logs gable-sided the direction upward 18 interconnect the was triangle gable the stabilise to method One hold? find logs the should Where gable. the closing triangle log the of stabilisation the was gable the of shape triangular the achieve to layer each with shorter bit a got l horizontal with gable the complete to desired was it If 2011). (Zwerger, gable 1981) 1981) Figure Figure

7 : Purlins: used stabilizeto gable wall (Buxton, As h dsac bten ah uln ar o sotr in shorter got pair purlin each between distance the walls n cneunl ifune al structur all influences consequently and

(Zwerger,2011) Figure Figure 8 : A: pillarsupports the ridge beam

r to replace vertical replace to r tes from column from tes always shorter always , the difficulty the , ifr inside. differ hem stronger hem ogs, which ogs, d. It plays It d. ion ion sistant load with ular low low al d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a im was i as slightly, only pitched built been have roofs the regions some In 2004). (Baboş, area known steepest the is and example good a marks sanctuary, the of width the as us twic commonly approximately are rafters whose Maramureş, in is Ses Ieud church The storage. space the Carpathians, Soviet the in houses Lemk some at done a steep, built been have dwellings of roofs the If churches. as well as buildings farm and dwellings to both applied been have roofs Steep steepness. their in vary Roofs reinforcing as well as (Baboş, 2004). ceiling the inside support to Additionally, used sides. was four beam all main a on building purlins eave to load the lead therefore and st executed are slopes four All Mountains. Carpathian the of area the in commonly in dwellings for used been has slopes smaller two and larger two with roof A ae a lk te al. h lnt o te hreig eie te al’ curva vault’s the defined shortening the of length The walls. the like way same corners the in them jointing while sides all on logs the shortening continuously by vaul The technique. same the in vault a creating by construction log the close wa it area, Carpathian the and Maramureş in especially architecture, church In iron prices iron nails became affordablefor ordinary farmers (Baboş, 2004). nails. wooden with fixed were longest they the For time costly. was shingles of preparation The cheap. very thus and harvest of wa This straw. grain’s often quite was material to Thatching roof. common the thatch more was it houses, comm dwelling were farmers’ For and houses. Ages manor Middle nobles’ covering the since use in been have shingles instance, for Maramureş in Furthermore, 2004). (Baboş, dwellings than valuable more considered were buil these as churches for shingles use to common more was it However, buildings. al for shingles use to or roof the thatch to been has method One building. a of top completely and construction roof the cover to used been have materials Several 1958). Figure Figure

portant to keep the snow on the roof for further insulation in winter (Paulsson, (Paulsson, winter in insulation further for roof the on snow the keep to portant 9 : Examples: gabledof b)(a,and hipped d)(c,roofs (Liss On y ih nutilsto cuig decreasing causing industrialisation with ly

enko,1989)

s a side product side a s Europe, most Europe, s common to common s ts were built were ts roof in the in roof s has been has s l kinds of kinds l h joists the close the close e as long as e in the in n for on d for ed dings eeply ture. the 19 t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. and used forbuildings with sacral (Zwerger, purpose 2011). E in widespread most is which tower, onion-shaped the is construction this developed more Another shaft. ventilation a with top the at ends roof pyramidal the 10), (figure example shown the In 1981). (Buxton, amount same the in stepwise logs the 20 pyramid a to led gable filled horizontal the with roof the mounting of method similar a using invented were which forms, roof Other dwellings. and churches types, were the most important part tostability ensure the ofthe 2004). roof(Baboş, building both t for of consoles the between in located were which purlins, eave the Consequently, used commonly was purlins, the lead which rafters, and purlins eave jetted of construction the Nonetheless, were commonly finishedstraight with elements onthe 2004). sides (Baboş, churches of roofs the dwellings, of roofs sloped with churches basilican the of raftering the Comparing vault. the of inside the of covering a enable to helped further base and raftering a as served purlins eave however of frame vault, jetted the a of Furthermore, it. top touching on without rests roof raftered steeper and larger The one. of instead Maramureş in churches wooden Basilican vault. the stabilise to construction (Baboş, pegs to fixed sometimes was with construction the boards, with top built was vault the the If 2004). on logs the and notching by fixed were logs the Commonly

(Buxton,1981) Figure 10 : Pyramidal: roof with ventilation shaft

al roof, which gets achieved when shortening when achieved gets which roof,

astern Europe astern had two roofs roofs two had load to the to load he gables, he the roof the type of type f the of

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in their place 2005; (Pryce, Sjömar, 1988; Zwerger, 2011). l the ensure to opening the of side each on incorporated were jambs or posts result, of o cuc twr o fe-tnig efis ee fe bit sn pr log pure using built often were stac exclusively built belfries roofs of advantage the gables, free-standing the with As construction. or towers church of Roofs ik f ons pnn ad o rvn frhr osqecs curn due occurring consequences further prevent to and opening joints of risk place their in stay logs the that rea ensure to important is it if Furthermore, needed. only incorporated were and possible as logs few as cutting by beginning the in bui been have apertures small Therefore, 1990). (Holan, opening an get to logs the cutting the of weakening the is building the in apertures incorporating in issue main The allow forventilation and bring light the inside building (Phleps, 1942). Additi building. the inside rooms the connect as well as interior and exterior betwe walls log the of border the overcome to serve thus and building, the access are Openings care. and attention highest the with solved be to has construction considered be to have tasks constructive important apertures, to comes it When 3.2.4 figure 11. as inside the to more shifted but walls log the of top on placed directly not the Here, belfries. free-standing 1989). of roofs the examining when seen (Lissenko, be can challenge weight more bear to have underneath walls log the that implies materi more use to having of cost the at comes advantage This towers. the importa especially is This elements. the against resistance high the

Ape rtures – doors and windows windows and rtures– doors construction with a raftered roof (Lissenko, 1989) (Lissenko, roof raftered a with construction Figure 11 : Example: aofbelfry loginbuilt

nt for the high roofs of roofs high the for nt

al which in turn in which al to to reduce the reduce to illustrated in illustrated ap A a As damp. necessary to necessary onally, they onally, king logs king ogs held ogs n the and wall by wall roof is roof en the en This lly 21 is lt

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 22 around way other the worked connection This sufficiently. and easily at tongue a with executed logs the connect to order in well as grooved been have the Thus, jambs. the to logs the secure to used been has groove, a of help the using gable the at planks vertical of fixing the as technique similar a Furthermore, bv ws u dee ta te egh f h tnn n re t alw re settli free allow to order in tenon the of length the than deeper cut was above in mortice matching The tenons. as executed were ends upper jambs’ the doorposts, conne tight a achieve to as well as above logs the and opening the of sides along logs cut the between in gaps prevent To opening. the above log uncut first the doorpost the where part connecting the at provided be to need space settling Thus, above. logs horizontal the from coming jambs the on pressure prevent to considered be to grea horizonta much the of settlement the is Consequently, lengthwise. in than wood direction radial the of shrinkage the that considered be to has it Nonetheless, wal the Figure sho 12 to fitted doorposts the and grain end logs’ the into hewn also be could groove or ue t b apoiaey af mtr oe ta dos oaas Ti measure This nowadays. doors than lower meter a half approximately be to used doors Phl to According building. the enter to light allow to source main the been also has thus and windows the than earlier much developed been has door the of opening The inc was gap large a logs the between the doorframe and theabove log (Holan, 1990; Phleps, 1942). of settlement the of consideration in but above, log the to doorposts the join to anymore necessary not was it Consequently, to doorframe. jambs the above placed was which lintel, a included development further A anddoorposts the logs have been completely sealed after the settlement. the that been way exact has an such mortice in the settlement the of to depth according calculated the (1942), Phleps to According 1988). (Sjömar, gaps produce would jambs window and door- of insertion the Otherwise elements. horizontal

ws various connections ofdoorjambs and logs ofthe wall. Figure Figure thejambs were fixed to the logs with wooden nails secondrow groovethejambsthein built andis t thein i n the first row a groove is cut into the ends of the logs, in the the in logs, the of ends the into cut is groove a row first the n 12 : Examples: howof jambs

can be can

attached to the logs the to attached ( Phleps, 1942) Phleps, hirdrow – as well as ons ewe the between joints

ction with the with ction of the roof, the of , meaning a meaning , eps (1942), eps their ends their l logs has logs l g f a of ng ue in luded rae a create the log the jambs meets e in ter the ll l. l.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. cut the mor the cut were logs more The logs. several through cutting of challenge enormous the from derived all used were they Subsequently cheap. became windowpanes industrial before not widely beca glasses Window openings. t these close until to century used twentieth the been of beginning have bottles glass framed or bladders ox Shutters, used. been have battens gap, the insulate To building. the of insulation the guarantee to was proble One appeared. solutions demanded that tasks of variety a bigger got windows as stabil the ensured sufficiently dowel a cut, was log one just as long As sliding elements (see first illustration from the right in figure 14). openings the Later, through. clos executed were They developed. cut were scuttles small and completely bigger became been has log no therefore and 14) figure i three first and 13 figure (see cut partly just got logs two or one either Thus, be slots small cut to common was highly it windows first the to Prior roof. been the in had doors when sm former the replace to common built were chimneys and ceiling a when and only developed became windows of incorporation The 1990). 1942; (Phleps, doorposts included methods two other The walls. the of settlement the inside Ge “climb” somehow to had Celtic- and one Celtic Nordic, into differentiate both (1990) Holan and (1942) Phleps so building. high, extremely and massive been have three to four windows have been incorporated. Such an amount of rather large windows windows large rather of amount an Such incorporated. been have windows four to three church in leas at but building, to building from differed windows of amount In the especially architecture, church onward. century eighteenth openings, the of bigger half second the into of beginning the developed from architecture been have doors time, Over rman or Bavarian door construction. The Bavarians incorporated the doors only after the after only doors the incorporated Bavarians The construction. door Bavarian or rman types ofbuildings (Phleps, 1942

smallwindows (Klöckner, 1982) Figure e t e 13 : Partly: cut logs create he structure lost its stability. Furthermore, Baboş (2004) states that the si the that states (2004) Baboş Furthermore, stability. its lost structure he

; Baboş, 2004). Baboş, const Figure Figure ruction

14 : Development: ( Pöttler, 1985 Pöttler,

stages )

of windows of ity of the wall. But wall. the of ity tween two logs. two tween

used in log log in used able by adding by able llustrations in llustrations or top boards boards top or oke outlet oke me used used me Holan, 23 lls he m in t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 24 over the oradditional window gutter have boards to be attached1981). (Phelps, proj it that way a in constructed be to has parapet the windowpanes, the down running from rain prevent to order In frame. window and window a building when considered be settling a opening, door a at lintels and jambs of incorporation the with line In in both building types, churches and 2004). dwellings (Baboş, windows. be to started three windows larger century to eighteenth the in two than later not had Overall, usually which houses, ordinary for necessary been not has

incorporated space has to has space ects

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. examples of buildings and constructions describe either one or more tasks dis tasks more or one either describe constructions and buildings of examples intentionall was categorisation Further functions. other with buildings as well s and dwelling purpose: their to according split further be will buildings Secular b will categorized buildings the Moreover, Europe. Eastern and Europe Central Europe, Northern Asia. int structured geographically further be East will Europe in construction log and analysing chapter Europe in countries different across examples selected using e be will beginning the at discussed tasks building the chapter, following the In 4 4.1 be able to clearly define the locations ofthe examples selectedfor this study. t chapters next the throughout used be will regions official and borders national Today’s 2004). (Baboş, developed further been have methods and the types andbuilding different traditions living, as well as conditions topographic or climatic varying to due way. same the in developed been has technique construction basic the countries, As East and European in independently emerged assumingly has construction log While l detailed view onlog construction. a offers sub-chapter corresponding the countries, these regarding literature English Japan. and China into split be will Asia East describing sub-chapter The previous chapter and as such, will be analysed in their entirety. In Europe log construction is mostly common in Northern and E and Northern in common mostly is construction log Europe In wood. As compared to Northern Europe, the more common building technique was timber was technique building common more the Europe, been Northern to compared As wood. has (1971), Hansen to according material, building earliest the Europe, Central In construction technique has been commonly (Holan, used 1990). insula well be to have not did building the if or areas some in construction church especial Nonetheless, 1981). (Buxton, conditions climatic the to due and Scandinavia, especial forests, coniferous of occurrence great the to due buildings secular other and dwellings for technique building main the been has construction log Europe Northern In Central in region Alpine Northern Europe (Weiss,1959). and Carpathians the of region well-forested the in w is construction log Additionally, areas. Russian north and Baltic Scandinavian,

CROSS Europe Europe in -COUNTRY STUDY BY REFERENCE TO SELECTED EXAMPLES EXAMPLES TO SELECTED REFERENCE BY STUDY -COUNTRY to secular and sacral buildings for easier navigation throughout the chapter. the throughout navigation easier for buildings sacral and secular to

as tern regions, especially regions, tern Due to the lack of lack the to Due cu y omitted as omitted y ssed in the in ssed However, idespread ted, stave ted, h sub- The torage as torage xamined a of way ly for ly ly in ly ess ian 25 o o e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. several buildings that resemble a small village. se including farm a shows 35 15 Figure 1958). Paulsson, to 1990; Holan, (Bresson,1981; up buildings possesses farmstead big A regions. Alpine in seen severa often comprising as houses functions build to enough big terrain flat provide not does sometimes topogra countries’ These landscape. the been has houses small of development the for reason further A 2005). Pryce, 1971; Hansen, 1969; leas Schulz, Norberg- & (Bugge at buildings into separated were storage and cattle as the such sheltering Functions dwelling, buildings. elongated used formerly the of instead di functions for of houses kinds smaller many build to Norway especially and Scandinavia East in c became it material, building main its as – length limited naturally 26 – timber of usage the and construction log of development the With 4.1.1.1 4.1.1 more Europe increase their stability 1989). (Lissenko, Eastern the of side bottom in the on out developed cut was groove a further and used were joints was complicated method construction the As 1981). (Buxton, bark the remove to was treatment only The shape. round original their in used com was practice longe even different sometimes century, eighteenth late the until where A Russia, northern shape. rectangular a to generally the or on side just either interior logs the cut to common was it area, Carpathian whole the we as Romania, or Ukraine like countries the In wood. in rich were which Serbia, and Slovenia Bosnia, of regions the in buildings among method building used mostly the was it (1971), Hansen to According spread. widely is construction log Europe, Eastern In can be frequently foundin Austria orSwitzerland 1971). (Hansen, construction log why explain, that differences geographical are there However, framing.

Northern Europe –secularNorthern Europe buildings Dwellings and storage buildings storage Dwellings and Figure Figure 15 : Small: buildings servin g different functions ( functions different g

Holan, 1990) Holan, ommon in some regions some in ommon

t three individual individual three t a aeil with material r, logs were logs r, building’s logs to logs o in mon ll as in as ll fferent parate phy phy l

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ae f aea wls rtce te nrne Ltr we te oc ws i was porch the when Later, entrance. the protected walls lateral of made roof projecting A insulation. the increase to walls ea the of with three filled along placed benches wooden Hollow hide. animal transparent a with closed the beginning, the in available not was glass window As source. si a as severs gable opening This vent. the smoke a for opened on was roof the fireplace, entrance the Above the and fireplace the comprising room, main one included door. The main dwelling is located north to the other buildings, which are placed c placed are which buildings, other the to north located is dwelling main The door. each on out jut they as heads log the by recognisable easily is room, main and an into dwelling main the of space inner the dividing wall, separating the of location The openings. no nearly show walls outside The 1992). (Donnelly, court a around locate are that buildings several includes 1891, in museum open-air Skansen to brought house has played the most important role on the farmstead (Holan, 1990). Originally, i Originally, 1990). (Holan, farmstead the on role important most the played has house the buildings, separate small build to common was it where Norway, in regions In the given topography and climate ofthe site as well as the different of living. ways on depends houses the of arrangement The roof. single a under functions all with building fewe be will damages fire, of case in that is houses small separate farm Norwegian a of building main are They important shelter. most the (1990), Holan animal to According farm. the of or processes the with concerned storage for used buildings constitute hand, other on Outhouses, family.the concern tasks maintheir such, as and cooking or dwelling for buildings to refer Norberg- Inhouses and outhouses. and Bugge inhouses as between differentiate well (1969) as Schulz (1990) Holan built, houses of number the from Apart on heavy (Donnelly, stones 1992). mount is construction log the rodents, and rotting from timbers the protect To together. Another example, Mora farmstead (see figure 16), built 16), figure (see farmstead Mora example, Another

Figure Figure 16 : Mora: farmstead theinbuilt is h lf o soae ulig A avnae f having of advantage An building. storage or loft the

16 th

century (Donnelly, 1992) (Donnelly, century at the end of the 16 the of end the r compared to having one having to compared r wall openings could be could openings

cue t the to ncluded entrance room entrance th century and century and a porch a and side of the of side dwelling t were rth lose t jus t light the de. 27 ed ly ly d t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 28 Sweden In wooden floors and a greaterare amount clear ofwindows that signs a built housewas later. chimneys, like features (1992) Donnelly to According 1971). Hansen, 1992; (Donnelly, incorporate the against Houses protection for topics. boarding additional as became well as windows mullions and transoms larger or symmetry centuries later In rec enclosing of shape the in courtyards, and two-room houses linedup creating a row. appeared Farms materials. other with filled be ha between in gaps no that tight so mounted were joints corner Finnish (2007) Noble to According buildings. farm for common were logs sectioned square and round Finland In famil a with farm courtyard the on lefthand side and a farm-courtyard onthe righthand side. double typical a Norway, Heidal, in farm, Kruke shows 17 1958). Figure (Paulsson, it allowed topography where regions in other also all sides and four Scandinavia or South three enclosing courtyard inner an around the located All were 1990). buildings (Holan, wide and flat was topography if common, was courtyard, the of eac on buildings large structures single by created large was which courtyard, usually of type closed-square were farms Norway of valleys Eastern and Northern the In a as entrance and small bedchamber 1971,Pryce, (Hansen, 2005). served rooms These inside. appeared rooms secondary two or one either interior, and sections ofa hearth Swedish house. plans illustrates 18 Figure 1958). (Paulsson, porch a formed walls and roof extended The s gable the of middle the in located was door the Furthermore, yet. windows no been there as source, light only and vent smoke a as applied was roof the in opening an the of middle the in located was hearth a farmstead, Norway’s of house dwelling

erh houses hearth Figure 17: 17: Figure perd n h nnh etr (rso, 91. iia t the to Similar 1981). (Bresson, century ninth the in appeared Kruke double f double Kruke arm inHeidal, Norway (Holan, 1990)

room and room tangular weather h side h have d to d ide. . A A . y- n d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ute lyr f ors Te ic br md te roof the made bark birch The boards. of and layer bark birch further with covered then side, by side set narrowly been have which boards, laid horizontal laid was which log, a by formed been has construction roof the regions, northern in Especially However at the same time, the time, same the at However Commonly, splitting. its hindered wooden brackets at the eavesprotruding supported 1958). the (Paulsson, boards and bark the of position the secure to served boards the building, which led to a gallery attached to an eave’s side. There There side. eave’s an to attached gallery a to led which building, the stair a using accessed be to had storey second The developed. been had storeys, formed a complex: either one or two gallery houses had been built next to a hearth a to hous next built been three had houses gallery to two or one either Two complex: a formed Scandinavia. West and South in used mainly was which 21), and the gallery house – have been combined to the to combined been have – house gallery the the – types building two these century, thirteenth the in development, later a In sli an exampleFigure 19shows ofa typical gallery house. by closed be (Paul staircase indoor could an of integration the which was development later A windows, shutters. small had already type This indication. a were hearths Incorporated primarily. dwelling for used was it Norway in storage, and dwelling for regions some in used been had building of type this While connection.

Figure Figure 18 : Swedish: hearth house (Paulsson, 1958) ly onto the gables and thus served as a ridge. The roof was formed by sawn sawn by formed was roof The ridge. a as served thus and gables the onto Figure Figure 19 : Gallery: house (Paulsson, 1958) gallery house gallery

, which had a rectangular floor plan and two and plan floor rectangular a had which ,

South Scandinavian house Scandinavian South

water ro. h upr ae of layer upper The proof. (see figures 20 figures (see was sson, 1958). sson, o indoor no hearth and hearth outside of outside house. house. clear ding 29 es a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 30 specific to according transformed constantly been had buildings of sides Generally, three on house. gallery the build to common was it Norway, Setesdal, in exampl For regions. varying in different slightly developed been have buildings Overall, contraste This similar room. main the via directly accessed was house The 22). figure t of back the at located being storeys two included which part, a was there inside and roof one just by covered was building This appeared. types house Scandinavian Sout and house gallery the of combination a Ages, Middle the in Later, 1958). (Paulsson, fireplace the also which in room, larger the into led entrance The rooms. two just with building a was time, that at emerged which type, building Another which covered all buildings together has been developed 1958). (Paulsson, Denm and Sweden in Nonetheless, building. walls the inside the tapestries draughts, with covered against walls the of insulation further For snow. shed not did low-pitched. only were house Scandinavian South i as insulation, for used been has roof of type this regions, Northern colder in Accordingly, the of buildings the of roofs The between the facades ofthe hearth and the gallery 1958). (Paulsson, house i room inner additional an of development the to led this Consequently, house. gallery by protected was side, gable the at still house, hearth the of entrance The

Figure Figure South Scandinavian house Scandinavian South type providing only one storey and a separate entrance 1958). (Paulsson, room 20 : Elevation and Sou and Figure Figure

and

floor

(Paulsson,1958) 22 thScandinavian house (Paulsson, 1958) : Axonometry: and

plan of plan a

floor Figure Figure (Paulsson,1

plan of a combination of the gallery gallery the of combination a of plan

21 : South: Scandinavian house in 958)

Set the gallery of the of gallery the he building (see building he esdal, Norway esdal, one storey but storey one was located was h gallery the ark, a roof a ark, d with a a with d were e, h n t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. requirements and circumstances of their locations their of circumstances and requirements n atr ad oten ein i Nra delns r cmol bit ih two with built commonly are and types courtyard closed-square or dwellings open- the of Farms storeys. Norway in regions Northern and Eastern In and Norway. stave- in Finland Sweden, builtin plans floor of development the shows 23 Figure Porches 1981). Bresson, 1969; floor. first its Schulz, Norberg- & (Bugge on buildings the of sides room two or one on small added were construction a or room entrance the of top and wind agai protect to created was room entrance separate a Initially, buildings. three-room to single-room from development a observe can we countries Scandinavian In loft 1958;(Paulsson, Holan, 1990). h eegne f h cre hat cue a oiiain f h ro construction. roof the of Norway, modification Western in especially built, a been have roofs Raftered caused hearth corner the of emergence The storey with equipped t kept buildings outlet smoke providing chimneys of installation the Despite 1990). freely more plan floor the using allowed position This house. the of centre the in a seventeenth the around corne the in located often was hearth only the plans floor later In century. eighteenth used been have they Nonetheless, Ages. Middle the in known been already have chimneys with provided stoves (1971) Hansen to According than in Southern and Western areas (Holan, 1990). ntal ue i Esen owy bt eae lo omn n etr regions Western in common also became but method Norway, This Eastern in other. used the initially to gable one from horizontally laid logs, with constructed roof purlin The rafters. the between in incorporated be could outlet smoke The hearth.

was to added to the building (Bugge & Schulz, Norberg- 1969; 1958). Paulsson, keep warmth inside the main room. Later developments included a tower on tower a included developments Later room. main the inside warmth keep an opening in the roof. This opening provided light. Sometimes, a second a Sometimes, light. provided opening This roof. the in opening Finland and Norway (Bresson, 1981) (Bresson, Norway and Finland Sweden, in plans floor of development The 23: Figure

. A striking example is the Norwegian the is example striking A .

in th buildings eir buildings are larger are buildings eir nst rain, snow or snow rain, nst with r instead of instead r a central a we it when , (Holan, be o was was 31 nd

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 32 thatch how illustrate 25 figure in shown roofs Swedish of Examples t used were cover the (Holan, roof 1990). bark birch and Turf 24. figure in shown are described elements structural inclinati roof the expressing thus and them of top on laid crown wall the and beam conne rafters The ends. gable the connected beam ridge The areas. central the in developed was It purlins. and rafters combines roof ridge-beam the type, Another 1969). Schulz, Norberg- & (Bugge chimney a and hearth corner a integrate to common became end of the log was laid on that end as the next log. This method was used used was method This log. next the as end that on laid was log the of end located, was timber the of the end root the of side one on direction If changed. was the above stacked layer each within Furthermore, layer. each in used been have dowe oak logs, the stabilise To shrinking. and settling while position their of out The allows. material the as much as together pressed get logs connected foll joints the inside planes cut the As affected. mostly are joints corner elem structural of twisting unpredictable to leads inevitably process drying The than the jointed corners (Holan, 1990; Zwerger, 2011). hi facing corners the between in logs the to due occurs settlement Unequal l was space additional settlement, unequal the compensate To logs. the sett denser a to led This log. the of underside the on cut was groove a Norway, In replace branch (Phleps, 1942). ends pegs wooden developments, later In material. thatching the hold to served t the on left ends branch Short rafters. as used were trees young Very constructions. aes f wl wr sil oiotl fe srnig Wo srns uh greate much shrinks Wood shrinking. after horizontal still were wall a of layers

Figure 24: 24: Figure roofs(Holan, 1990) Differe nt types of of types nt

1942) (Phleps, roof Swedish a of Example 25: Figure

was eft inside the joints. the inside eft ow the rotation two rotation the ow fixed to fixed to logs might twist might logs ensure that the that ensure gher pressure gher cted the ridge the cted steep ls or pegs or ls lement of lement ents. The ents. on. The on. i its in r the top the d the the d roof logs rees o

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. To sided orirregular oval (Holan, 1990). forms shape either were logs the of ends The centuries. following the in common stayed Phleps, 1942). Figure 27 shows Phleps, 1942).Figure 27shows resistant heartwood” – heartwood” resistant motn bidns Ti icue bidns f h aitcay a wl a st as countries other In regions. well in buildings as farm century seventeenth aristocracy, and sixteenth the the in or of dwellings buildings, buildings included This buildings. important common to cover the walls of the lofts the of walls the cover to common form means that the most sensitive exposed part – the corner joint – joint corner the – part exposed sensitive most the that means form “t that states, 318) (1988: Sjömar shape. oval an to processed were logs Norway In between the logs (Holan, 1990; Zwerger, 2011). fil to used been has material woollen or oakum Moss, length. its in than width 1990). More widespread this protection measure was introduced introduced was measure protection this widespread More 1990). of one of the Rygnestad lofts, shown in figure 28, was built was 28, figure in shown lofts, Rygnestad the of one of floor first the example, an As 1969). Schulz, Norberg- & (Bugge dimensions thick very of six sec cross in round and small were used logs the Norway, in times earlier In the logs’ end grains defined were due tostructural needs (Holan, 1990). where region Northern the in c countries were other in logs unknown the was execution of This ends decorated. the Sweden, in as such countries, and areas some In boards industriallyboards (Bugge & Schulz, Norberg- 1969). industrialisation protect the log walls from the elements and especially temporary humidity temporary especially and elements the from walls log the protect teenth and seventeenth centuries buildings in all Scandinavia were constructe were Scandinavia all in buildings centuries seventeenth and teenth Figure 26: Illustrations o Illustrations 26: Figure

at the end of the eighteenth century. century. eighteenth the of end the f ovalf cut logs (Sjömar, 1988) see figure 26. The oval shape of the logs was reserved for the most the for reserved was logs the of shape oval The 26. figure it w it as rarely used to form the logs to oval shape (Holan, 1990; (Holan, shape oval to logs the form to used rarely as at a loft pronouncedhow the oval shape could be executed. wi th boards in Western regions of Norway (Holan, Norway of regions Western in boards th

Sawmills (Holan,1990) storagebuilding, Setesdal,Norway a of logs shaped Oval 27: Figure with only three logs. This habit This logs. three only enabled to cut protective cut to enabled with

co nsists primarily of primarily nsists h bgnig of beginning the tion. But in the in But tion. , it became it , d with logs with d l the gaps the l ommonly d to six- to d he oval he orage some 33

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 34 goods. stored the of durability the e also floor the beneath ventilation The durability. structure’s the extending thus ve better was building elevated the that from Apart reserves. food mainly storing building the entering rodents prevented primarily They respectively). 31, and pos 30 (figures one only by carried also Lapland, sometimes in poles, high located four on buildings elevated storage are They are Finland. 31, and 30 figures in shown examples, The Phleps, 1942). not did this the 1969; Schulz, Norberg- Norway & (Bugge centuries when eighteenth In and seventeenth the before and developed. happen highly used already be was to doorframe the started of chimneys construction when built, only (Holan, were source light Windows as 1990). served doors windows, t of possible incorporation became the it to space Prior settling openings. a of incorporation the and logs the to t connecting methods diverse of development the Alongside possible. as little c wall the weaken to possible as small as built were doors beginning the In Austria (Holan, 1990). la the countries Switzerla Scandinavian in used also is method In this Nonetheless, common. more is logs. method the along groove a into inserted be will and doorposts the on left is tenon a Then, around. way other the or doorpost the at groove a into with fitted either are logs The 29. figure in shown Norway, Telemark, in buildings of one is doorposts the log of doors of of examples some gives shape (1942) Phleps architecture. wooden matching of performances the as well as logs the of section cross oval Norwegian the (1942) Phleps to According 1969). Schulz, Norberg- & (Bugge through-c the of element stabilizing as doorjambs of introduction the discussed I

1600 (Holan, 1990) (Holan, 1600 ca. Norway, farm, Rygnestad on Loft 28: Figure

A ladder

was u (Phleps,1942) Norway Telemarken, logs, and doorposts co the of Examples 29: Figure sed o ces h bidn, but building, the access to

nnection of of nnection nd or Tyrol in Tyrol or nd onstruction as onstruction ct higher cut o he doorposts doorposts he ntilated, xtended h top the a tenon a ut logs logs ut was tter t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. idea. However, they were often not often were they However, idea. same the following stumps on constructed commonly were buildings storage on century eighteenth the From 1992). Donnelly, 1981; (Bresson, needed longer no if again removed at f ulig rm h wahr Epcal sls wtr ol b prevented be could water splash reaching the Especially weather. the from building of part low the protect better now could roof overhanging the that was building the elevating of the buildingfor about two meters (Bugge & Schulz, Norberg- 1969). sides three on floor ground the projects floor first the on gallery Its 33. figure in shown metres, 6,5 x 6,5 measures plan floor Its Norway. the Nesbyen, at at Hallingdal located of Museum now Ål, from Loft Stave the is example large remarkably A place another to transported assembled again (Holan, 1990). dismantled, be could building construction’s the the that of is One advantages brides. for gifts wedding customary were buildings Storage 1990). weathers all to exposed logs to If compared than boards. longer much new persists construction with replaced easily be can elements vertical that is obnto o te w cntuto mtos s eakbe hn ern i mn that mind the much shrinks in wood bearing (2011), when remarkable Zwerger is to methods construction According two the 2005). of combination Pryce, 1969; Schulz, Norberg- & the (Bugge against stairs, the and entry the including storey, lower the protects storey upper The 32. figure in shown gallery, the support logs Projecting plan. floor’s ground the from cantilevered planks, and frame wooden a or boards wooden vertical of made gallery, floor first the In construction. log in built was floor ground The sleeping. or dwelling for later in but storage, for used originally type building a loft, the is example An construc stave with combined often been has construction log Norway, in Especially (Donnelly,1992) Stockholm Skansen, museumin air open the in now poles, high four on elevated storehouse Lapp 30: Figure

walls

(Bugge & Schu Norberg- less in its height than width. The advantage of this mixed construction mixed this of advantage The width. than height its in - (Guidoni,1976) pole single oneon elevated storehouse Lapp 31: Figure as high as in the shown examples. A further advantage further A examples. shown the in as high lz

, 1969; Holan, 1990).

Norway (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, Norway supportupperthe s logs projecting The 32: Figure rtce, h log the protected, torey,Telemark, ke Folk Skien times also times

elements (Holan, from tion. and 35 as of er a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bxo,18) iue3 hw otos oae nPhaaei iln. service Sunday a boathouse(Buxton, 1981).Figure located shows 37 in Pihjalavesi, Finland. the to people the carry to distributed very living community church the collecte that boat church the housed They houses. boat were Finland in typology Another multifunctionally.used w They well. as malt and grain drying for served huts tiny These Norway. and Sweden A.D. Saunas or steam bath steam or Saunas A.D. century first the since use, in was building of type another (1981), Bresson to According 1992). (D structure log the of erection the enable to order in terrain sloping the in base creates base stone A logs. squared with built is construction Norway, log Hardanger, The 35. in figure century eighteenth the in built sawmill a is example Norway (Donnelly, 1992) (Donnelly, Norway Museum, Folk Norwegian 36 18 the from Sawmill 35: Figure of example an shows 34 Figure Other building types built types building Other 4.1.1.2 to and entrance the protect gallery in the first floor stave construction has been used. To construction. log in built is structure main The Figure 33: 33: Figure th

century, now located in the the in now located century,

Buildings with other functions Stave Loft from from Loft Stave

Ål

(Holan,1990) in (Bresson,1981) F s as s igure36: Sauna, Norway log construction in Scandinavia are for instance sawmills. One sawmills. instance for areScandinavia in construction log shown in figure 36 were a building type used in Finland, in used type building a were 36 figure in shown a two a

-storey dwelling house located in Telemark, Norway. Norway. Telemark, in located house dwelling -storey

Figure 34: Two 34: Figure built in stave construction, around 1775 around construction, stave in built

(photographedby Klaus Zwerger) Figure - storeydwelling withentrance and 37: Boathouse, Pihjalavesi, Finland Finland Pihjalavesi, Boathouse, 37: - 1825 (Holan, 1990) (Holan, 1825

hw in shown a planer a onnelly, om a form

gallery gallery ere d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hrhs ul i lg osrcin appeared construction log in built Churches 4.1.2 thrust (Buxton, 1981; Pryce, 2005). from house long the retrieve aisles side the churches, both In room. central the in central the as high as almost are which aisles, incorporates first The 39-41. figures the in shown 1780, in built Petäjävesi, and the 1758, in as built Keuruu, churches such Finland, in occur buildings cruciform beautiful most the that argues (2005) They possess most commonly only one nave and either no or one W one or no either and nave one only commonly most possess They pla floor rectangular a have Sweden, and Finland in Ages Middle the in built Churches, techni construction log in than construction stave in churches build to common rather Pryce (2005) takes the Swedish church of Seglora, now located in the open- the in located now Seglora, of church Swedish the takes (2005) Pryce portal 1971). (Hansen, to the longhouses and the churches now seemed inside to be to inside seemed now churches the and longhouses the to aisles side additional Consequently, pulpit. the to range hearing in possible as the at as with part equipment the enable to take developed be to to had plans floor wanted new services, who people of number increasing the of result a As The ceiling is built as a barrel 1971;(Hansen, Pryce, 2005). roof construc roof the of thrust outward the bear to walls the help 38) (figure Beams darker. to used side Northern the Therefore, temperature. interior of loss the reduce i to others order the on than churches of side northern the on smaller built been have windows a gene In conditions. light for account with to church the of side southern the on 1729 located pulpit in built was church The 38). (figure example an as Stockholm, in Skansen

Norther n Europe –sacralEurope buildings bear the load from the outward thrust (Pryce, 2005) 2005) (Pryce, thrust outward the from load the bear beams Skansen, in today 1729, Seglora, 38: Figure in

Finland and Sweden. In Norway it was was it Norway In Sweden. and Finland

a cruciform building. Pryce building. cruciform nave and are integrated are and nave est tower above the above tower air museum in museum were added were many seats many the roof’s roof’s the church tion. que. que. ral, 37 be n. n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. located in the southeast of Oulu, the top timbers form a tie beam, as show as beam, tie a form timbers top the Oulu, of southeast the in located This roof. the of the In pairs. in built thrust are buttresses timber the if outward possible only is method the of load the bear to serve they roof, the of base the jus beam, tie a form to extended are buttress timber the of timbers top the If Fi in invented were buttresses fifteenth century. timber that believed is it Accordi (1971), building. the Hansen of interior the in half and exterior the at half remained they 38 buttress walls the reinforce to used been have buttresses timber Finland, of North the In wall log were commonly covered (Buxton, with 1981; boards Hansen, 1971). the Outside, developed. been have shape cruciform a with walls churches the therefore reinforce to built been have projections Perpendicular metres. 10 x 30 to mea which churches, Lutheran Finno-Swedish the as long as are churches the when considere be to has bracing lateral the longhouses, as built are churches the If Utajärvi, 1762 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1762 Utajärvi, church Interior, 42: Figure 2005) 1785(Pryce, Keuruu,church aisle, South 39: Figure

es

ar e square e in

plan, hollow inside and located around the walls in such a way, that way, a such in walls the around locatedand inside hollow plan, Utajärvi (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, Utajärvi church pier, Buttress 43: Figure and Petäjävesi Church 40: Figure to it, 1763to it,

its freestandingits belfry next - 65 (Pryce, 2005) (Pryce, 65

(pho Figure Figure

tographedby Klaus Zwerger)

44 : Interior,: Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Petäjävesi church of view Interior 41: Figure

church Kristiinankaupunki Kristiinankaupunki church

church at Utajärvi, at church n in the figures the in n d. Especially, d.

ln i the in nland t underneath underneath t . The timber The . sure up sure g to ng and s s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. os eo te i ba wr ct f a a age o serve to angle an at off cut were beam tie the below logs wall the along extended Kristiinankaupunki, also at are timbers church top the the Additionally, 44. of figure in construction shown the for true is same The 43. and 42 buttress construction instead is built on top of the outer the of top on built is instead construction ce vaulted the of base the build walls, the to parallel run which beams, the There are also churches with three pairs of timber buttress timber of pairs three with churches also are There the section ofthe church located at Tervola, in figure shown 48. of the 1680s in Finland. The church at Tervola at church The Finland. in 1680s the of end the around built example been have Both respectively). 52, 51, and 49 48, another (figures church small as serves Sodankylä in church the Tervola in church the Besides 50 figure and Kempele at interior view. church the of plan the shows 47 Figure 1981). (Buxton, Tervola at 46. church figure the instance for as bays, three and buttress timber of two pairs only include mostly churches and common that not is type this However, building. i projecting is tower Its 45. figure in shown Tornio, at located church the serves (Pettersson,1992) Tornio at church plan, Floor 45: Figure

1987) F Tervola, Figure es allow to separate the vaulted ceiling from the eaves sides’ walls. A walls. sides’ eaves the from ceiling vaulted the separate to allow Smaller

48: Section of the church at at church the of Section 48:

inland(Pettersson etal., churches only needed one pair of timber buttress to reinforce the walls walls the reinforce to buttress timber of pair one needed only churches Tervola (Pettersson et al. et (Pettersson Tervola at church plan, Floor 46: Figure 1981) Figure 49: Church at Tervola, Finland, 1687 Finland, Tervola, at Church 49: Figure

is walls covered on the outside with red painted red with outside the on covered , 1987) (Buxton, 1981). This can be seen in seen be can This 1981). (Buxton, es

and four bays. As an example an As bays. four and s a as Kempele (Pettersson, 1992) (Pettersson, Kempele at church plan, Floor 47: Figure uprig rce. The bracket. supporting - 89 (Buxton, (Buxton, 89 iling. The roof The iling. ccordingly, hw in shown nside the nside s. The The s. f a of

39 its

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 40 building the and ground the between space enough was there that so stones on mounted been have Churches church. the of foundation the see figure in shown section the in Furthermore, recognised. easily be can buttresses churches. all for common initially maybe was This boards. wooden were added perpendicular added were The transepts. by crossed were naves whose churches from derives cruciform the that states He predecessor. of king a has typology cruciform the (1981) Buxton to According timber buttress church less high. Consequently, timber buttress timber Consequently, high. less 54 show the54 show exterior interior and ofthe church. Figure church. the inside space the extend transepts, and nave of In junctions the at 1971). (Hansen, appeared plan attached parts protruding cruciform square, the and outwards layer transepts the (1794) Lappeenranta double with church In a Finland. in Finland, plan floor Eastern cruciform a with constructed also were churches 1660, After to reinforce the walls. Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Kempele Figure

in 50 Sodankylä does not have any boarding on the outside and has only one pair of pair one only has and outside the on boarding any have not does Sodankylä : Interior,: church at es

(Buxton, 1981). ly to the nave, commonly on the north and south side, but remain but side, south and north the on commonly nave, the to Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus Finland Sodankylä, at church Figure Figure es 51: Interior view Interior 51: are not needed in this case as the transepts serve transepts the as case this in needed not are

, to nue go vniain The ventilation. good a ensure Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus F Sodankylä, at Figure 52 Also

: Buttress: pier, church , two of the timber the of two , inland 48 one can one 48 s 53 and 53 s se se

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. shorter logs. Figure 55 shows differentshorterFigure logs. 55shows floor plans ofcruciform churches in Finland. the was advantage material A 135°. of angles to flattened were angles 90° were outside acoust and visually preacher looking the to distance churches the minimize to cruciform order in modified of corners the that believes (1981) Buxton t support logs corner the beams holding against the thrust ofthe roof. buttresses the Following churches. rectangular simple the buttres the of task the undertake transept and nave of junction the at inside protruding cases these In 1981). (Buxton angles stabilizing created they as themselves the buttresses timber of Instead priest. the to distance hearing in seated be to people of number large a enabled and arms equal four incorporated These Finland. in churches Lutheran for used commonly was plan cruciform the century, eighteenth the In Figure 55: Floor plans of cruciform churches in Finlan in churches cruciform of plans Floor 55: Figure

Figure 53: Church Church 53: Figure by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by

at Lappeenranta, 1794 Lappeenranta, at (photographed d (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, d

(photographedby Klaus Zwerger) 1794 Lappeenranta, at Figure

54 : Interior: view, church walls reinforced walls possibility to use use to possibility h corners the

ically. The ically. ses in ses 41 he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 42 construction can be seen inmodel the ofthe belfryof Petäjävesi, in figure56. shown s skeleton a as constructed was above part the whereas technique, construction bui commonly is part lower the buildings, stand-alone as constructed are belfries If

Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Petäjävesi of belfry the of Model 56: Figure

tructure. The tructure. lt in log in lt

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. protectthe log walls from the elements(Dangel, 2010). especi shingle wooden with covered been have walls log times, the industrialisation, the of beginning later In conditions. weather bad of case in elements wooden be can and summer in space living additional as used be can veranda The floor. t in occurring type, ground the on roof dwelling the beneath veranda a includes 59), (figure Bregenzerwald the of region specific A construction. the tighten to used been have Additionall flush. cut were they later Only ends. projecting with prepared joints were corner beginning the In buildings. farm for technique construction main the has been construction log Vorarlberg, In respectively. 58, and 57 figures in shown direction, In Vorarlberg and some parts of Tyrol, Austria, Tyrol, of parts some and Vorarlberg In Generally, thewere built roofs projecting onthe gable (Deininger, sides 1897). na with fixed been have shingles or thatch with covered either been have They roofs. wit covered are types building Other stones. with them weighing by place in held They shingles. with covered are roofs The backside. the on farm the and building the located is dwelling for space The pitched. slightly only built is roof the farm, and dwelling combines building the If storeys. more even have buildings some Vorarlberg in Bregenzerwald the of region the In roof. the underneath storey another and storey first a floor, ground a include usually They multi-storeyed. commonly are Italy Tyrol, in South and Austria, both Vorarlberg, and Tyrol in construction log in built houses Dwelling 4.1.3.1 4.1.3 h bidn cud e eaae int separated be could building The roof. one beneath outhouse and dwelling as such functions, all combine to common was

Klaus Zwerger) Klaus Stübing 57: Figure

Central –secular Europe buildings Dwellings and storage buildingsDwellings and

, Austria (photographed by er nally in lengthwise direction or in crosswise crosswise in or direction lengthwise in nally (photographedby Klaus Zwer Switzerland Diemtigen, Meniggrund, 58: Figure

as well as in as well as some parts of Switzerland it Switzerland of parts some ger)

in the front of front the in ly ih the with ally closed with closed y, dowels y, h steep h s to s are ils. ils. 43 he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 44 building the Initially, a and cellar hearth, open an with room a or are features two buildings’ commonly The gables. includes three building of type a Austria, Styria, Western of region the In Several more buildings located on th on located buildings more Several beneat located are storage and sleeping for Rooms stable. as used originally been has and construction masonry in built is floor ground The building. existing the to angle nl o aot 0 and 50° about of angle h eape son n iue 0 i lctd n gatbr, tra Asra Its Austria. Styria, added Eggartsberg, been has structure a 1728 in and century sixteenth the in to back dates building located is 60, figure in shown example, The people changed shingles. to oe ta te an ulig Te of f hs buildings these of roof The building. main the than lower commonl constructed was It building. the to perpendicular added been has structure the top, which proje which top, the forme are brackets The construction. log a in manageable easily was or console bracket a of construction The eaves. the underneath support needed roofs Protruding etc. gab eave building’s the support walls the of timbers top projecting The 62). (figure Styria bracket of a house near Graz, Styria Graz, near house a of bracket (Veronik, 2016). les Wor Bregenzerwald Fi

Figure Figure tosupport the upper storey or roof (Buxton, 1981) gure 59: Building located in the region of region the in located Building 59: gure t (Böllstorf, 2014). und Bild und 61 : The: exte , 1893) ( Die öst Die nded logs of the walls form a console console a form walls the of logs nded

ct erreichische Monarchi erreichische stepwise beyond the wall. The first example (figure 61) shows the shows 61) (figure example first The wall. the beyond stepwise s l is was niuia i pa. oee, f oe pc ws edd a needed, was space more if However, plan. in ongitudinal omny hthd ni 15. hn al gt affordable got nails When 1850. until thatched commonly

(Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, the e site e e in

serve Styria, Austria Styria, Figure

Figure Figure (Böllstorf,2014) 60: Farm building located in Eggartsberg, Eggartsberg, in located Farmbuilding 60: as a st a as .

The 62

: Consoles: support the roof (Veronik,2016) orage, pigsty or for drying fruits, drying for or pigsty orage, second example is also located in located also is example second was

ul vr sep wt an with steep, very built

, Styria, Austria d by logs on logs by d h the roof. the h at y a bit a y porch. right s and s main

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. log construction. According to Weiss (1959), log construction log (1959), Weiss to According construction. log In Switzerland, especially in the region of Wal of region the in especially Switzerland, In in figure The 65. sticks are held in place bywooden pegs. also been have sticks wooden logs the 1897). between gaps the (Deininger, fill to removed Otherwise, bark the only with shape round original their in used were sake for pegs angular with fixed logs buildings, farm of construction the For 1942). (Phleps, were execution cheaper significantly examples shown the in jambs The ignites. perfe not as long as up heats grass dried Stored building. the inside ventilation varying the to due 66, figure dimensions ofthe storeys. in recognised be can storey additional extra include The time. to over uncommon storeys not was it (2011), Zwerger to According region. this multi-storeyed usually are Buildings trunk. tree one from produced be can logs several 64, are sometimes loosely constructed. Gaps are left in between the logs the between in left are Gaps constructed. loosely sometimes are 64, figures in shown Austria in Hofgastein in located examples as buildings, Storage date (Zwerger, 2011) (Zwerger, date incorporatedat a later whichstorey, was inWallis, including a Figure Figure Figure Figure 1942) (Phleps, logs the between in gaps

66: 66:

63: Storage building with building Storage 63: Dwelling house house Dwelling

with poles (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, poles with gableits wall reinforcedis building, Storage 67: Figure

(Phleps,1942) theposts have been fixed with pegs Figure Figure 64 :

Storage building where where building Storage

lis,

pincer construction (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, construction pincer Figure Figure larch was the main building material for material building main the was larch 68 : The: walls theof log building ar was Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Austria Stübing 65: Figure preferably used because used preferably to achieve to

used, as shown shown as used,

ctly dry and dry ctly e reinforced with with reinforced e , 63 and 63 a good of 45 in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. serves as a dwelling house. Another special form of roofing of form special Another house. dwelling a as serves located also is example shown The nails. wooden with ridge the to connected As shown in figure 75 the roof catches attention for its unusually deep outreach. A A outreach. deep unusually its for attention catches roof the 75 figure in shown As (Klöckner,1982) stability its ensure to wall log the of sides both on attached 46 th In 74. figure in shown used, also were roofs Monopitched w drilled vertically through all inserted logs and ato pole stabilize was the gable. hole a but logs the of sides both on fixed not the are poles to 73 figure Contrary in shown Italy. example in located poles retaining featuring example an shows 72 Figure Figure All’ buildings far protruding show consoles to the support roof. side eaves’ the on poles identical shows Wallis, in located also 68, figure upper the i on rooms storage Wallis, and floor ground in the on stable located building, The poles. by reinforced are walls gable whose bui storage a shows 67 Figure 67-72. figure in shown walls, the stabilise to heights togethe fixed and walls the of sides both on attached been have poles Retaining

69 : Poles are are Poles

Zwerger (photographedby Klaus Obro Jean St. Gressoney 72: Figure Switz Figure Zwerger) Lomato, Italy Italy Lomato, erland erland )

70: Retaining poles, Evolène, Evolène, poles, Retaining 70:

(photographedby Klaus

Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus Obro Jean St. Gressoney 73: Figure Figure 71: Figure (photographedby Klaus Zwerger) Lomato, Italy Italy Lomato,

st

was Retaining poles, Evolène, Swi Evolène, poles, Retaining oreys. The building shown in in shown building The oreys. is construction the rafters are rafters the construction developed in Switzerland. in developed (Phleps, 1942). (Phleps, in Wallis and Wallis in

r at several at r cue a ncludes tz special erland erland lding, as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. qua t of because combined been have techniques two The framework. timber in built are further all exceptions few very from Apart storeys. upper the affect not does the walls of settlement the Therefore, above. storeys the of load the bear log to the helping in front, placed are columns Additionally, floor. ground the on walls the build to used is construction Log construction. beam and post and construction log combined ae t te o ed f h lg Hne, 91 Köke, 92. iue 7 hw an shows 77 Figure 1982). Klöckner, 1971; (Hansen, example ofan log the of end top the to taper In the border region of Germany, Poland and Slovakia a building type called type building a Slovakia and Poland Germany, of region border the In post (Artaria, 1947). to fixed was and logs the of end the at formed helped was tenon A post those. stabilise the wall, gable the form to used been have logs horizontal if hand, other the On purlin. ridge the support to hand, one the on helped, post This 76. figure in shown at post vertical a include to was Switzerland in method used frequently A boa have often been painted in colour(Weiss,1959). afterwards or shingles with covered were walls log the Switzerland in regions some In lot a Showing weather. the to vulnerable end the grain wood vertical had boards to protect them. exposed severely double are needs They roof corners. the the outreach at exceptional consoles the to Due reason. functional a has also Its 2005). (Pryce, it shape But reasons. representative are (1959), Weiss and (1982) Klöckner curved to according purpose, a showing gable the of front in boarding the is feature lit

y of the regional wood. The wood could not be jointed tightly caused by its extreme its by caused tightly jointed be not could wood The wood. regional the of y Wallis, Switzerland (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, Switzerland Wallis, monopitchroo a with covered Figure Figure 74: 74: Dwelling building building Dwelling “Umgebinde” f, f, bidn. building.

on the gable sides in curved shape (Pryce, 2005) (Pryce, shape curved in sides gable the on Figure 75: Dwelling house with massive roof, including boarding boarding including roof, massive with house Dwelling 75:

a groove in the in groove a “Umgebinde” h gbe as gable, the d and rds storeys he low low he walls’ log of to 47 d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. once ihdvti ons are logs The roof. overhanging the connected with dovetail joints. support beams Projecting respectively). 79 and 48 new a and Tyrol in located chapel a documents (1982) Klöckner However, research. the of most in mentioned they are nor avail hardly is Europe central in churches wooden about Literature region. Alpine the from disappeared” have churches wooden the all “nearly 1) (1989: Buxton to According 4.1.3.2

Central –Sacral Buildings Europe 1982) (Klöckner, Austria Carinthia, 78: Figure (Artaria,1947) wall gable the at posts Figure

76: Examples of of Examples 76: Newly built church, church, built Newly

ly built church in Carinthia, both in Austria (figures 78 (figures Austria in both Carinthia, in church built

Austria (Klöckner, 1982) (Klöckner, Austria Tyrol, in Chapel 79: Figure 2011) logconstruction (Zwerger, post combines Figure

77: Dwelling, which which Dwelling, 77: and beam and beam and

able,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. roof(CraftBrumfield, 2015) one under covered are barn and Dwelling 80: Figure odto (rf Bufed 21; ol, 07 Pye 20) Acrig o Lissenko to According 2005). Pryce, 2007; weathe Noble, or 2015; season the Brumfield, of (Craft regardless condition work his continue to farmer the enables building the rooms (Noble, 2007). Lissenko (1989) mentions on the one hand, a hou a hand, one the on mentions one-room (1989) Lissenko been 2007). (Noble, rooms also the have buildings first one in stove a the had again They buildings. two-room to Europe developed later which buildings, Eastern of areas Slavic the In 4.1.4.1 4.1.4 o tr hy gan and grain hay, store to m used is and 68) (figure spaceconstruction bridge-like a through accessed be can farm The the and yard inner an protects side gable belonging to the farm(Lissenko, 1989; CraftBrumfield, 2015). longer The dwelling. for space the cove side gable shorter The length. in vary sides gable whose roof, a features 81, figure shown building the example, Another building. the of side rear the on barn the for space a front the in located is dwelling for space the 80, figure in shown example, the In lengthwise separated often is space functional the Europe central in buildings to Similar roof. one beneath combined are barn and Dwelling storeys. two and layout rectangular a includes Russia, Northern in others among buildings, dwelling of type One been built high. was it Russia central In 1971). (Hansen, developed were plans floor U-shape parts, more Western as such regions other In 1989). (Lissenko, used commonly were structures closed Russia Northern in whereas courtyard, open an included buildings farm Russia, central In incl rooms with hearths andsmaller one room in between. which walls”, “six with house a about talks he hand other the On interior. smalle one and larger one with type building a describes which walls”, “five

omn o ny ul lw aeet, hl i Nrhr rgos h bsmn has basement the regions Northern in while basements, low build only to common

Eastern Europe –secularEastern buildings Dwellings and storageDwellings buildings and

to hle te ate Te noprto o te ad nie the inside yard the of incorporation The cattle. the shelter can be accessed via a ramp (Noble, 1958) ramp(Noble, a via accessed be can s right the on barn left, the on Dwelling 81: Figure

r room in the in room r or crosswise. crosswise. or se including udes two two udes ide, which which ide, nd the nd ainly the 49 of in rs rs r

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. wlig at h ros ee iie it sme ad itr om acrig o the used. method to heating the and according rooms the rooms the of orientation winter Inside and summer winters. into during divided were windows rooms the its part through dwelling lightened and accessed be can floor 50 becaus upper the on located is part dwelling The building. the acce of is outside the floor on first stairway The living. for used is floor first the and stalls cattle and tasks farming for developed. space provides floor been ground the types, has mentioned before the storeys, Unlike two which on type, barn building and dwelling a of region functions both this incorporated In 2011). (Zwerger, buildings log of for shape construction round original their in trees pine of logs use to common was it Karelia In have been commonly pitched (Craft Brumfield, 2015). region Northern the in Roofs 1989). (Lissenko, Kishi It in 83. museum open-air figure the in in located shown Saoneshje, in Serjodka village the in located Jelisarow, chimney. a possess not did usually buildings The added is barn the for space the 82, figure in shown perpendicular to the longitudinal dwelling building. as building, of type buffe thermal another a as works floor ground The cattle. the sheltering or storage for well or warmth, the obtaining for but living, for used been not has floor ground the (1989), added to reinforce the gable walls, as shown in figure 84. In Southern regions it was it regions Southern In 84. w figure in shown Short as walls, top. gable the reinforce the to added to layer each with decreased lengths whose logs, with filled gables the type, this In nails. of usage the without rafters with roof gabled a of the was task challenging A roof. purlin the use to common more was it times, earlier In form. hipped or gabled in built been have roofs The roofs. rafter or purlin into categorized be can Russia in buildings dwelling of roofs (1989), Lissenko to According gable 1971; (Hansen, Pryce, 2005). eaves the on rather located was entrance main the and staircase individual (Pryce,2005) Kizhi in located today Oshewnewo, Building 82: Figure

e large amounts of snow bury the ground floor in winter. Therefore, also the first the also Therefore, winter. in floor ground the bury snow of amounts large

locatedin Serjodka, Figure

83 An : Section: aofdwelling without chimney, Each example part is accessible through an through accessible is part Saoneshje, 1889 (Lissenko, 1989) (Lissenko, 1889 Saoneshje, is the dwelling house house dwelling the sbe hog a through ssible side than at the at than side construction have been have ls were alls is now now is storey also . In r. the as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. etr (wre, 01. nte Rsin hrceitc etr ws ba t c to beam a was feature characteristic sevent Russian the Another until 2011). (Zwerger, used century were long, metres 12 to up measuring logs, buildings some w construction the of gaps the filling while again reassembled was building settl and dried been had logs the after dismantled were buildings log Russia, In between the openings (Lissenko, 1989). wa the reinforced dowels Additionally, dimensions. log the of calculations precise walls. l The lintel. extra an the cut to common was it times earlier In instead. lintel as served have not did farm the to belonged that Buildings lintel. a and doorposts including shape, rectangular a commonly had houses dwelling for Doors other. which Larger already windows, included a frame,were developed li get above lying were which logs, two To of out cut were hatches” “booby building the inside houses. dwelling in incorporated were windows small only or no Initially, covered and thus protected byanother grooved beam(Buxton, 1981;Pryce, 2005). were They beam. eaves the of ri the at meeting boards the ends upper their At purlins. intermediate by supported groove the in stood roof the covering beams The roof. beams were fixed to the purlins. purlins. the to fixed were beams such be had which logs, of incorporation the was feature special A purlins. with built comm were roofs These 1989). (Lissenko, preferred been has logs massive with gable construction the Russia, Northern in buildings the of dimensions large the to Due side gable triangle ofthe gable thenwas filled with laths. the on logs the of instead rafters of pairs strengthened use to common

a Later way that the curved bottom end of the log could be used as a hook (figure 84). The 84). (figure hook a as used be could log the of end bottom curved the that way , the apertures have been planned prior to the construction. This required more required This construction. the to prior planned been have apertures the , South Karelia (Buxton, 1981 (Buxton, Karelia South bui dwelling traditional of structure Roof 84: Figure A grooved beam was laid into the hook on the eaves of the of eaves the on hook the into laid was beam grooved

) opening after building the building after opening lding, lding, later . ed. Then the Then ed. ith moss. In In moss. ith en felled in felled en g above og dge were dge onnect . The s. of the of eenth l in lls each only ght 51

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h deln o te aiy Dunca family the of dwelling the ce seventeenth the of end the at built Maramureş, in house manor a of example An 2004). thatched usually were roofs the and material building common most the was wood Romania, in Maramureş, of region the In 2011). Zwerger, 2007; (Nobel, blank left were walls 52 house dwelling a 85) (figure example shown the In other. each to structures log two ik ht ie ped aiy rm n bidn t te te. trg buildings Storage other. the to building one from easily spread fire that risk pre to house dwelling the to distance some in built been have buildings Storage connected tofarm a building (Lissenko, 1989; Zwerger, 2011). In Romania, a building type including two rooms rooms two including type building a Romania, In of earth 1971). (Hansen, wit rainwater against protected were living for parts building The straw. with thatche roof hipped a had houses The separated. were type buildings agricultural Karelian and Living the where than region this in favourable more is Climate region. In Ukraine a type of building, the Volhynian house, similar to the Karelian type, type, Karelian the to similar house, Volhynian the staircase a have not building, did commonly of type a Ukraine In between the logs, like gaps everywhere(Buxton, else 1981). broad leaving – “airy” mounted were Barns 1989). (Lissenko, regions Northern in found be can roofs projecting and N room one including barns Nonetheless, built. in were barns than middle in better are agriculture for conditions climatic the As on poles orpillars, in figure shown 86 (Lissenko, 1989). w buildings storage Initially, added. were ceilings sub or balconies sometimes Additiona constructed. been had storeys two or one either and rooms three or two one,

were daubed and finished with coloured limewash. The protruding heads of the logs the of heads protruding The limewash. coloured with finished and daubed were structures(Lissenko,1989) log two connect to Beam 85: Figure at

in the exterior as a result of the climatic condition in the in condition climatic the of result a as exterior the ăb, hw i fgr 8. t for ln measures plan floor Its 87. figure in shown Sărbi,

on pillars (Lissenko, 1989) 1989) (Lissenko, pillars on elevated building Storage 86: Figure was commonly built. Usually, the log the Usually, built. commonly

rhr Russia, orthern h walls made walls h ere mounted ere with (Baboş, (Baboş, vent the vent ntury, is is ntury, occurs. occurs. either was lly, d

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. wlig, s o e en n h mnr os o te ol fml Bfe (iue 89). (figure Buftea family noble the of house However, in former times this type ofjoint the reserved construction was for churches. of manor the on j seen dovetail be flush to use as to dwellings, common increasingly became it time, of course the In were interlockedlogs cut with onboth 2004). (Baboş, sides Traditi construction. the for used were shape round original their in left logs Fir is porch a entrance, the of front In back. the at pantries three and front the in room a rooms; two by organised is and metres 13 x 9 about measures It example. an as be can 88, figure in shown Borşa, in located Timiş, Găvrilă priest noble the of house The building. the of backside the on rooms more incorporated development Progressing the 2004). (Baboş, roofs meaning and became optional. Thatch or reed were the common the were reed or Thatch optional. became and meaning i lost porch the century eighteenth the with Beginning pantry. a including rooms, three or room entry an and room main one rooms, two just had either It centuries. eighteenth and seve the in servants and nobles both of buildings for used most the was layout This lengthen the building. hasOne beenas a used at doorpost the same time (Baboş, 2004). the stone a incorporate to common was It building. the of sides two on placed was porch A pantry. a and room entry an room, main a included house the Commonly, topside. s bottom their both, on cut were logs The joints. projecting by connected were and large have logs The logs. oak of erected is it and metres 13 x 7 approximately Găvrilă Timiş Găvrilă of house Dwelling 88: Figure Figure 87: Exterior view, corner joint and door of th of door and joint corner view, Exterior 87: Figure

main room. ( Baboş , 2004) As the natural length of the logs was too short, posts have been used to used been have posts short, too was logs the of length natural the

( Figure 89: Figure Baboş , 2004)

Exterior view and corner joint of the house of the Bu the of house the of joint corner and view Exterior

e manor house of the family Dunca in in Dunca family the of house manor e

ly used material to cover to material used Sărbi ( Sărbi ftea family family ftea Baboş , 2004) cellar under cellar dimensions onally they onally it for oints ide and ide nteenth

n entry n placed. used used 53 ts ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 54 stabilised were side entrance the at logs the because possible was This above. lying timber the to directly fixed were doorjambs The 90). (figure constructed was door the how see can one Babbi, Palaga Moldovan of house the example, another In main 2004) room(Baboş, a entry small one rooms, two includes only building The joints. dovetail flush with corners the at jointed been have logs round Furthermore, corner. house the by flanked was the of side other The doorjamb. the to next directly room main and entry separating

Figure 90: House of Moldovan Palaga Babbi (Baboş Babbi Palaga Moldovan of House 90: Figure

, 2004)

y h priin wa partition the by nd one nd door door ll

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. windmills were built in log construction technique. construction log in built were windmills Nowgorod, and Wologda Archangelsk, of regions the in Russia, Northern in Karelia, In (Buxton,window 1981). low a were features Other chimney. a include not did they Russia, Northern in Initial boulders. or poles on them elevating water, the above directly erected Som lakes. or rivers to close possible if and houses dwelling the near built base the of interior the in other each cross logs four Additional technique. construction log of the to according jointed are which outside, the on logs four of made is windmill idil n otfctos(utn 91 isno 99. windmills and fortifications(Buxton, 1981; Lissenko,1989). bri of construction the of for Ukraine as piers such countries Eastern other and in and 93, watermills figure in shown build to used also been has construction log Besides, 1981) fortification,Khar’kov, Ukraine (Buxton, wooden of Reconstruction 91: Figure construction log Russia, In 4.1.4.2 latter emerged in the ninth century. Also saunas were built were saunas Also century. ninth the in emerged latter ce fifth or fourth the as far as back dates type first The 91). (figure fortifications

to

reinforce the structure. The base tapers to the top. Buildings or constructions with constructions other functions Buildings or was sd o osrc srcue fr eedn proe and purpose defending for structures construct to used Brumfield, 2015) Brumfield, (Craft Windmill 92: Figure

As seen As built in log construc log in built are bridge the of piers The 93: Figure as

log construction. These were These construction. log in figure 92, the base of the of base the 92, figure tion(Buxton, 1981) e saunas were saunas e ly, especially ly, principles ntury, the ntury, door and door dges, dges,

55

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 56 Overa one, two orthree-room buildings (Lissenko, 1989). separat be can Both elements. structural or layout plan floor of terms in churche resemble and chapels However, tower. bell freestanding a include sometimes Churches been have dim greater has church 94), a chapel, a to comparison In figure Russia. over all spread widely (see houses storage and dwelling to similar very being Chapels, Additiona steep. and high frequently a bulbous dome is put ontop ofthe roof(Buxton, 1981). extremely built were roofs the century eighteenth the In tall a by covered are and narthex wider a possess often churches Russia Northern In 2015; Lissenko, 1989). are tower bell a vestibule the to west and altar, the including apse, the of east Occasionally, the vestibule. for a part as one functioning into another and divided service is interior The a house. and dwelling plan a floor to rectangular similar simple roof, a pitched has Russia in church wooden of type basic The 4.1.5 commonly covered the apse. Otherwise, the main roof has been often built high and st and high built often been has roof main the Otherwise, apse. the covered commonly been has vestibule the barre or above gable A barns. or houses dwelling roof of roofs the to similar constructed, simply The 95. figure in shown as parts three into divided Similar steeper than ofdwellings roofs (Buxton, 1981). built been have which churches of roofs gable the are aspect differing Another buildings. differed easily be could churches dome, the of Because dome. small a features resemble and high is part central the Furthermore, located. is porch a west east the On it. of side west and east the on parts additional lower the dimensions Its part. main the as serves and plan in rectangular is structure 2015) Figure 94: Chapel, 19 Chapel, 94: Figure

ll to the division of the floor plan into three parts, the roof has also been someti been also has roof the parts, three into plan floor the of division the to , in Russia, the most common floor plan division includes three parts. The centra The parts. three includes division plan floor common most the Russia, in , Eastern Europe –sacral Europe Eastern buildings

th

century (Craft Brum (Craft century field,

(Buxton,1981) Figure 95: St. Nicholas, Tukhola, 17 Tukhola, Nicholas, St. 95: Figure

added (Craft Brumfield, (Craft added the altar and on the on and altar the th are larger than larger are an om an room main century century s a tower that tower a s from secular from ensions. ed into ed roof. roof. l roof l mes eep lly, s s l

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Frequently, but especially common especially but Frequently, the in walls. The entranceis usually placed onthe west side ofthe building (Buxton, 1981). incorporated were door entrance an and windows small including apertures, few only Besides, importance. greater of buildings for only but century, eighteenth the of half s the from used were joints corner flush and logs Hewn joints. the beyond far project all to and shape original their in logs use to common was it Russia, Northern In log for used been have joints simple construction in(Zwerger, Russia 2011). rather Overall, 2015). Brumfield, (Craft used o tmes f h lg al fr a rce o cnoe o upr te ae o the of created eaves are brackets the The 96). support (figure to console or bracket a form walls log the of timbers top oeal on. o civ a ihe ad oe tbe on te atr joi latter the joint stable more and a tighter a with achieve connected To were joint. dovetail logs squared or round either and notched commonly were logs Round one. squared a to processed or shape round original their in used either were Logs thatchand in later times orshinglesboards were 1971; (Hansen, used Lissenko, 1989). icse ltr n hs hpe. nte wdsra ro fr oeig churches covering for roof widespread Another chapter. this in later discussed constructio the of description detailed more The construction. complex a on based roofs with two barrels, which intersect which barrels, two with roofs a remarkable Especially roof. purlin a as constructed commonly was which roof, barrel wall or more, projec more, or wall and the dimensions of the inner space. A further factor was the quality and dimens and quality the was factor further A space. inner the of dimensions the and structure main the to according defined been have roofs the of dimensions The region. to varies roofs steeple the of view external The churches. of part main the cover Ste against rainwater (Buxton, 1981; Craft Brumfield, 2015; Zwerger, 2011). pe of hv be ue t cvr el oes n prmdl r et of otn to often roofs tent or pyramidal and towers bell cover to used been have roofs eple

t beyond the wall. The overhanging roof in turn protects the log walls log the protects turn in roof overhanging The wall. the beyond projecting logs at a church in Poland (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, Poland in church a at logs projecting by formed console, or bracket a of Example 96: Figure at the orthodox churches in the eastern Carpathians, the Carpathians, eastern the in churches orthodox the as the timbers, either only the ones on the top of the of top the on ones the only either timbers, the at right angles. To cover the roofs of the churches the of roofs the cover To angles. right

tn method nting

from region from ow them to them ow n will be will n was ion of ion econd roof the was 57 re

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. reinforcements, had to be incorporated to bear the wind load. The type built type The load. wind the bear tower to the incorporated be of to had middle reinforcements, the in post a s instance skeleton for a elements, by additional However, replaced was construction log the weight the decrease further ma steady a in inwards slightly staggered were they Additionally, building. the increas within used were logs shorter construction, log in top the to alternation oes wih ee ul i lg osrcin ae be o er eee id loa wind severe bear to able material are building construction, much Nonetheless, log in built were which Towers, the oldest(Lissenko, 1989). tha states Lissenko (d). structure skeleton a as built completely is type u ke te id eitn aiiy te o wls ee ul loose built were walls log the ability, resisting wind the keep but reduc To underneath. walls log the to related considered be to had deadweight from vertical wall to roof often includes often roof to wall vertical from chapels. small of top on towers or towers bell cover to used was structure second one is built partly in log construction and partly and construction log in partly built is one second logs of the vertical wall were extended and placed in such such in placed and extended were wall vertical the of logs th pillars in the centre and additional posts and beams (Lissenko, 1989). 1989). (Lissenko, with beams and posts constructed additional and are centre the church, in pillars the of part main the cover which roofs, tent or Pyramidal very rarely to used cover large church structures. 58 lattice- or (a) walled built fully constructed is either type construction, first log The with 97. entirely figure in shown types, main three into divided be can Roofs nee the stability. achieve to was roof a such building when problem One available. wood the outward direction. The result was a slightly curved shape of the top part of the of part top the of shape curved slightly a was result The direction. outward e walls from rain. (Zwerger, 2011; Craft Brumfiled, 2015) To achieve a “poval” the top the “poval” a achieve To 2015) Brumfiled, Craft 2011; (Zwerger, rain. from walls e

Figure 97: 97: Figure d) rafters (Lissenko, 1989) (Lissenko, rafters d) Construction of tower roofs with a) and b) horizontal horizontal b) and a) with roofs tower of Construction

was a “poval” or valley cornice. This feature protected feature This cornice. valley or “poval” needed for the construction and the tower’s tower’s the and construction the for needed

logs, c) partly logs and rafters and and rafters and logs partly c) logs, as skeleton structure (c). The third The (c). structure skeleton a a ta te icie in inclined they that way t the first method is method first the t ly Th T ahee the achieve To . e transition zone transition e In Russia i Russia In lik e the weight, the e ing height of height ing w in () The (b). e all skeleton nr To nner. tructure. r other or (figure t was t ded ds. ds.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. oprbe o oten uoe cuc acietr i Es Erp ws challeng was Europe East in architecture church Europe, northern to Comparable covering ofthe transition zone from square to (Buxton, octagon 1981). de structures shaped arch keel smaller addition, In other. each upon placed were elements roof these of three total in 100), (figure Varzuga in Assumption the of Church gable the on logs the to connected were purlins The shape. arch keel the case roof, the of shape the determined side gable the on logs The construction. the shows o isno 18) te el rh hp ro hs en built been has roof shape arch keel the (1989), Lissenko to the covering roofs The shape. shape. arch keel in onion executed were structure core the around to extensions attached more and more turned and size in grew roofs t of pinnacles The shapes. roof impressive of fond have to seem carpenters Russian five tent It towers. has a cruciform floor plan possess Nyonoksa, at located 98), (figure Trinity the of church The slightly. varied or stabil of equal either were arms terms the of length The in 1981). (Buxton, plan floor cruciform, the for shape optimal the made and buttresses as worked the to These added were space. arms Four square. or octagonal either was plan the of centre the of shape The earlier. even or century fifteenth the from known been have plans floor Cruciform domes. additional and plan cruciform a have churches development further In Especially in Russ in Especially the at participate to people of amounts large enabled which plan, floor a provide Nyonoska, 1721 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1721 Nyonoska, Fig placed ontop ofthe last log ofthe vertical wall, as can be construct roof the However, part. this covered attachment like roof shed small A 97). ure 98: Church of the Trinity, Trinity, the of Church 98: ure

ia octagonal floor plans were used. With this type of plan bigger inner bigger plan of type this With used. were plans floor octagonal

keel arch shaped roof (Lisseko, 1989) (Lisseko, roof shapedarch keel a of section Perspective 99: Figure with

an octagonalcentre. also

Varzuga, 1674 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1674 Varzuga, Assumption, the of Church 100: Figure seen infigure 97. s a as uln of Fgr 99 Figure roof. purlin side. At the At side. According fined the fined service. service. t, the ity,

he tent he central in this in ion is ion ed to 59 es

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. cao i te ete n fu wns n h sds Bsds fv wls urud the surround walls five Besides, sides. the on sanctuary, which is located the in one wings. of wings four and centre the Craft in an 1981; octagon possesses one (Buxton, first 102 the of and plan floor 101 cruciform The figures 1971). Hansen, see 2015; Brumfield, – 1764 the in of built Church the was called and is Intercession church winter The 1714. in built was and Transfiguration room small easier a as latter, the than bigger was first The winter. in one other c summer as used commonly was church One pair. a as cemetery, a to next locate be to used Churches Onega. lake the of part northwest the in Island Kizhi Two with churches in reached been multiple cupolas. has churches wooden of construction the in carpentry lnug” n cnieig usa cretr’ feto t epesv a w as expressive to affection sy carpenters’ Russian considering and “language” in tower Russia onion the of development the 141), (2011: Zwerger to according Nonetheless, is an advantage oflog construction. Logs donot have to be connected octagonal instance for also but rectangular only not create to possibility The 1981). buildings secular from sacral distinguish to helped and chapels small for used Green, 2006). According to Hansen (1971), this type of church of type this (1971), Hansen to According 2006). Green, 60 main w west, the to exonarthex and east the to sanctuary the as such Further elements, 89). (figure octagonally shaped was now narthex the plan, rectangular a having Inste logs. the of length limited naturally the despite created be could rooms and mtia apaac. isno 18) tts ht h hget eeomn s development highest the that states (1989) Lissenko appearance. mmetrical

(CraftBrumfield, 2015) towerand churc be 1714, Transfiguration, the of Church 101: Figure was remarkable examples of wooden church architecture are the two churches located churches two the are architecture church wooden of examples remarkable

str Bxo, 91 Cat rmil, 05. h sme cuc i te hrh f the of Church the is church summer The 2015). Brumfield, Craft 1981; (Buxton, was ucture. On top, a roof including a tall pyramidal spire was placed (Buxton, 1981; (Buxton, placed was spire pyramidal tall a including roof a top, On ucture. built in Northern Russia in many variations. The octagonal floor plan floor octagonal The variations. many in Russia Northern in built h ol “oia cnlso” o ls a o cntuto i is structural its in construction log a close to conclusion” “logical only the h of the Intercession, 1764, Kizhi Kizhi 1764, Intercession, the of h

ll

Transfiguration (Lissenko, 1989) (Lissenko, Transfiguration the of church the of section the of Part 102: Figure was the most popular one popular most the at right angles.

ere added to the to added ere a b heated be can ad of formerly of ad hurch and the and hurch

d on a on d was also was (Buxton, ae of tage shapes shapes l as ell site on ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The central octagon tapers to the top in three in top the to tapers octagon central The the higher part. On top nine domes are placed, where placed, are domes nine top On part. higher the oct an into develops which plan, square a has church, winter the church, second The Pryce, 2005). (Lissenko, below lying octagons the cover which roofs barrel shaped arch keel eight Purlins above. wh further incorporated is octagon smaller again third, i A top. octagon its smaller on but placed another, and incorporated is construction log square a structure have been commonly exchanged with new ones in earlier churches and the roof the and churches earlier in ones new with exchanged commonly been have logs old or broken (2015), Brumfield Craft to According 1971). Hansen, 1981; (Buxton, existent not mostly are examples older as century, eighteenth and seventeenth dat Europe Eastern in churches existent still the of part major the Overall, thecentre (Buxton, 1981). main part. The first example carries on the square structures, whereas the whereas structures, square the on carries example first The part. main square a have churches Both 104. and 103 figures in shown Paul, and Peter St. Church the and Elijah’ Prophet the of Church the are Examples 1981). (Buxton, structure square main t on put was element smaller but octagonal, or square another either Thus, like. tent the replacing roof storeyed or stepped a by characterized is church of type Another in goodcondition. o qaie h duld netd eln’ trs a w as thrust ceiling’s inserted doubled the equalize to be to assumed was construction The outside. the to inside from stepwise it l structure’s core the of thrust the withstand They buttresses. as work octagon, t surrounding wings, four The wit shape. pyramidal topped a has are silhouette the latter all, The After towers. roofs. arched keel attached by strengthened are and stacked are which elements, octagonal or square stepped are features Further interior (Craft Brumfield, 2015; Hansen, 1971; Pryce, 2005). visibl not is construction the consequence, a As structure. the of part main the a incorporated was (“heaven”) ceiling a Russia, northern in churches tall in common etlto system ventilation cupol the cover to shingles silver and construction the for used were logs pine Again on each sideon top the of (Buxton, 1981; fourwings Hansen, 1971). steps four in other each above placed appear domes the Accordingly, dome. shaped onion i arch keel a of shape in roof a time every and steps two in rise arms The ich belong to the barrel roof, help to reinforce the structure and at the same tim same the at and structure the reinforce to help roof, barrel the to belong ich

was noprtd o rvn te osrcin rm decay. from construction the prevent to incorporated step

s, one of them including corbelled arches. corbelled including them of one s, as eight domes surround the ninth in ninth the surround domes eight ell. bv te an octagon main the Above s topped with an with topped s steps above the above steps strong enough strong es back to the to back es upon another upon oad carrying oad e from the from e As op of the of op was anymore onion h

agon at agon e form e t was it 1989; as. A A as. bove kept 61 he al s s - ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. (Buxton, 1981; Craft Brumfield, 2015; Lissenko, 1989). locat is 105 figure in that shown Laurus, and 1658 Florus Saints to from dedicated church the belfry to next Tsyvozero the is structure octagonal entire an with example 62 1989). Lissenko, 2015; Brumfield, Craft 1981; (Buxton, construction log the above rise i located are which wal pillars, the reinforce transversal activities These bracing. the further above inserted been has joints, notched with construction log in built box, a Furthermore, floor. ground the in incorporated been have walls addit transversal high, exceptionally is belfry the As part. higher square its is in base octagon an Its to 101). develops (figure church winter the and summer the between in site wa and roof tent a features It Kizhi. at tower bell freestanding the example met mentioned first the in built commonly were belfries constructed Later 1989). (Lissenko, plan floor octagonal an had construction entire the or base square a of top on st octagonal an Either towers. bell of types two between distinguish can One erect were towers spectator’s eyes behind the visible walls. bell Therefore, top. the at hung t to hidden structure carrying bell independent an with equipped usually and freestanding bell heavy a of vibrations the withsta to weak too were walls log of top on erected towers Pyramidal 1981). (Buxton, were towers church existing load maximum the exceeded which bells, heavier integration the to due the needed were from They century. especially eighteenth constructed the of be half second to started towers bell (2004), Baboş church. the to to According next built were belfries, freestanding church, of type the of Independent main structurethe of second example are octagonal in shape. 1690 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1690 Belozersk, Elijah’, Prophet the of Church 103: Figure

(Buxton,1981) 1722 Ratonavolok, Paul, and Peter St. Church 104: Figure

Tsivozero, 1658 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1658 Tsivozero, thechurch St.Florus and Laurus, Figure 105: Bell 105: Figure

towerbelonging to n the corners and corners the n s added to the to added s orey was put was orey able to ring to able hod, for hod,

f new, of s for ls d at ed ional and An nd he ed

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sanctuary on its east side. east its on sanctuary wes its on narthex the than broader is nave or space central The Poland. of corner South the and Ukraine the of corner South-western the in mainly located were Boyks parts. three into division the include also Boyks, the by built were which Churches, be can churches of types several Carpathia, and Galicia Ukrainian of region the In are an additional square element on element square additional an are commonly these of are features Further meters. 20 of windows length maximum a with buildings, Coupled small dominant. most rather are churches The room. main the the of side southern and northern the on is incorporated one middle the whereas are also built in tiers. in built also are built in timber frame technique, are whereas roofs the built other in two log construction. cnrl wdr at n nal eul diin o te at n Ws (utn 1981). (Buxton, West and East Fi the on additions equal nearly and part wider central, a w rectangula entirely is plan all Its wall. log uncovered against the protects roof pent structure lowest the protect to shingles with covered are church the lowest the above wall the bracket also roofs on the from lies Apart timbers. roof wall projecting its and eaves multiple possesses It 1648. in built was An early example of this type is the village church at Cherche, shown in figur in shown Cherche, at church village the is type this of example early An were builtroofs alternating within several to steps the top. t four-sided later In domes. the as formed sometimes and were roofs the octagonal and eight-sided roof became pyramid shape square the the Furthermore, was apse. side east polygonal the on element square former the of development later A buildings with shingles (Buxton, 1981). the covered and technique construction log with church the of part every built commonly Boyks The posts. upright on or wall, the beyond project which logs, of top on either built gure 107 shows the church of St. Nicolas at Krivka, which includes octagonal towers towers octagonalincludes which Krivka, at Nicolas St. of church the shows 107 gure

(Buxton,1981) 1648 Cherche, at Church 106: Figure

At this church the belfry is incorporated above the narthex. Its roof is roof Its narthex. the above incorporated is belfry the church this Each part of the building is covered with a wide cupola or dome, or cupola wide a with covered is building the of part its east side and galleries. The roofs of the galleries are galleries the of roofs The galleries. and side east

1763 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1763 Krivka from Nicholas St. Church 107: Figure

e fre by formed s ahr. The eathers. pent roof of roof pent r, including r, aee or faceted 106, which 106, churches t or the or t , found. imes, east The that 63

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. oe r ie oe. h lte ocr i eey r i cvrd ih n dm (Buxt dome one 1981). with covered is arm every if occurs latter The domes. five or dome shape. eit with churches are There polygonal. end or square either are cruciform part, central the in to added been plan have which arms, The gallery. a a of roof the support and bracket or has console logs Projecting always parts. three of almost instead five into churches divided appears it Hutsul Consequently, the of type The th stabilise to help and construction pincer construction. a as function beams The dome. spire the stabilise to stabilis primarily serve to elements diagonal and helps Beams the church. of but part central interrupted the above get construction like not dome the shows does 112 Figure space construction. inner the that way a in reduced such been has wall interior The church. the of interior the shows 111 Figure 111. it on roof ridged a and part central the above roof dome-like a features type Another eaves. features It square. are side west and east the on parts the whereas plan, 64 part central a has 109 and 108 figures in shown Równia, at church The s eastern and western side. As an example serves the church located a located church the serves example an As side. western and eastern s Klaus Zwerger) Klaus Figure 110: Ch 110: Figure

Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Równia at Church 108: Figure urch at Ulucz at urch

(photographedby Klaus Zwerger) Klaus at Równia (photographed by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Równia at churc dome, central the of view Interior 109: Figure Figure 111: I 111: Figure

nterio

r, church r, Uluat t Ulucz, figure 110- figure Ulucz, t cz (photographedby cz with as well multiple well as on top of the of top on an octagonal an her only one only her

dome e om a form h h the e on,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. incorporated in the construction (Buxton, 1981). windows level, each at Furthermore, one. octagonal an to layout square a from change cupola the of construction the see can one church the Inside meters. 30 measures the than higher is middle the in one the whereas towers, five Weste possesses church the in included was space, central the overhanging is which gallery, with churches three-part from developed They plans. their in vary churches cruciform Ukrainian or are entirely builtas a skeleton structure (Buxton, 1981). t of construction log the of top the on placed either are technique frame timber in buil towers Overall, structure. the surrounds posts, on supported gallery, a and technique n h vlae f hlsoe n i nw oae a Uhoo. h cuc hs bee has church The Uzhgorod. at located now plac another to taken and is dismantled and Shelestove of village the in bui was It Michael. archangel the of church the – church Lemk a of example an F side. west the on located tower tall a is churches Lemk of feature A ul nroe ta te other the than narrower built rhbt t lo t te oes tp te osrcin f the of construction the top, towers’ the to look to prohibits tall presents Plains, Ukrainian the in 114), (figure Paraskeva St. of church The 1981). (Buxton, we windows large cupolas the of level every at and walls main the In arms. shown in figure 115. It was built in 1710 and has a cruciform floor plan plan floor cruciform a has and 1710 in built was It 115. figure in shown An interior(Buxton, 1981). Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Ulucz thecentral of view Interior 112: Figure te eape s h cuc o te rnt, oae i Pkl i te hrio area Chernigov the in Pakul’ in located Trinity, the of church the is example other

additional arms on the North and South side to a central square or octagon with octagon or square central a to side South and North the on arms additional eaae oes Ueul o oten usa cuce, hr a inr ceiling inner an where churches, Russian northern to Unequal towers. separate dome, church at at church dome,

1981) (Buxton, 1777 Uzhgorod, Michael, archangel the of Church 113: Figure

two Common . e twice. e The tower was constructed with timber frame timber with constructed was tower The

to alr hrhs a upr try ih a with storey upper an churches, taller air museum, 18 museum, air open Kiev the at located now boarding, wooden without Paraskeva St. Church 114: Figure se oes s iil fo the from visible is towers th

century (Buxton, 1 (Buxton, century igure 113 illustrates 113 igure re incorporated re wi n r. The arm. rn th t th 981) others and others he narthex he lt in 1777 in lt s and the and s wo

arms four are - 65 n t ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. domes are covered with shingles 1971). (Hansen, placed. is dome onion-shaped an towers the of top very the at and roof curved a layer upwa tapering steps in built are towers The shape. octagonal or square a either whi towers, five or three of instead nine possess churches the Therefore, tower. and roof a with covered been eventually and plan cruciform the of corners the at added been element Additional cupolas. nine created type cruciform the of development Further indeed anywhere in Europe”. “ is building this 171) (1981; Buxton to According side. west the on arm the covering are tower inste two and levels three at windows features church The height. remarkable ecie te hrhs xeir perne s ciflk” s hy r built are they as “cliff-like” as appearance exterior church’s the describes 171) (1981: Buxton building. the of part every in height same the almost possesses room 66 In Church, Pakul, 1710 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1710 Pakul, Church, Trinity the of view interior and Exterior 115: Figure st

n o te ot usadn aheeet i tme cntuto i te kan, or Ukraine, the in construction timber in achievements outstanding most the of one ill another example, the church of the Ascension at Berezna (figure 116), the interior the 116), (figure Berezna at Ascension the of church the example, another Figure 117: Church of the Trinity, Novomoskovsk, 177 Novomoskovsk, Trinity, the of Church 117: Figure

Ascension, Berezna, 1759 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 1759 Berezna, Ascension, Church the of view interior and Exterior 116: Figure

5 - 78 (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, 78

ad of just one just of ad rds. On each On rds.

ch have ch with with s have s of the the of The a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. tpcl hrh n alci hs t inr om separated room inner its has Wallachia in church typical A porches the narthexis shaped polygonal 1971). (Hansen, Serbia, In a side. possess not does church Western a if Moldavia, in the and shape polygonal a on have sometimes located commonly are porch and entry The 1981). (Buxton, narthex the than broader built often is nave the group third the In church. pa main the than narrower built is apse the Transylvania,) and Wallachia in found walls fixed are that planks with built is vault the 118, figure in church shown the Drăganu-Olteni, At room. inner highest the has nave the and height in vary parts different three parts. Underneath the roof, each part has a ceiling created by by created ceiling a has part each roof, the Underneath parts. three covers but technique, construction log in built not is roof The side. west the to added as) aee and faceted (apse) rooms at the corners, the at rooms ac To space. continuous large, one be to seems room the so high rather and levels a There are beams The arms. attached cupolas. the and part central the between in openings the the of stability Inside the arms. reinforce cruciform to the help beams of horizontal ones church, the than lower remain corners the on cupolas corne the at structures additional on located are four and plan cruciform the above are cupolas five whereas total, in cupolas nine was includes but It 1775-78 1887. to in back reconstructed dates church The 117. figure in shown Trinity, the of church the 174), (1981; Buxton to according is, churches’” ‘Cossack all of ambitious “most The eeoe idvdal. h frt ru apas s sml rectangle simple a as appears group first have The they individually. where developed of regions, main styles three to three assigned between be can distinguish These can churches. wooden one regions surrounding its and Romania In 1981). Figure 118: Interior view of the barrel roof u roof barrel the of view Interior 118: Figure neath the roof, roof, the neath

with Additionally, wooden pegs. semi-circular reinforce ribs the planks at the inside. Drăganu is - Olteni small on i Wlaha n Taslai. n h scn gop (also group, second the In Transylvania. and Wallachia in found

(Buxton,1981) er openings in the shape of an arch were incorporated (Buxton, incorporated were arch an of shape the in openings er nder

- S Figure Figure alajului (photographed by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed alajului

119: Consoles or b or Consoles 119: in racketschurctheat o he prs n a porch a and parts three to a with arl al. The vault. barrel arranged on two on arranged

h at at h its at end east Poarta Poarta rt of the of rt e large re cess the cess placed rs. The rs. porch to the to been all 67 at

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ny sn oe pce o wo, ifrn tps ae en sd codn t their to 68 according sills used the for oak been and walls log have the for used types been has Fir different features. individual wood, of species one using ins only possible, If trees. lime or beech of wood the with built were which churches, Oak roof construction above ofthe church Josani Din Bancan. the and vault the shows 120 Figure 2005). Pryce; 2004; (Baboş, narthex the of top on put was tower a Besides, built. was roof simple a above and nave the covering was well. as rectangular or polygonal either nave, the to added was which sanctuary, plan the and rectangular been has plan main church’s The walls. inner by women for and men for parts into divided was room inner Its roof. one and included centuries, thirteenth fourteenth the from Maramureş and Transylvania in common was which church, of standa former The roof. main the beneath just roof smaller second a include eaves two with churches eave one with churches Unlike 2004). (Baboş, roof or eaves two or eave one with churches wooden between differ can one Maramureş of region the in Romania, In the of with each other. shape the describes are or intersect top (1981) the on logs Buxton the example this In wall. “wings”. as part protruding the of top the to manner extending in protruding are logs The joint. the beyond projecting are walls the of logs all eaves, the support To 1981). (Buxton, side west its on porch turret bell a possess churches the of most Overall, church. the to t next freestanding sometimes Only, vaulted. or flat built is belfry the underneath ceiling The i is dimensions, its in vary can which turret, bell a nave, the or porch the Above

a cmol ue fr h cntuto o cuce. u tee r as some also are there But churches. of construction the for used commonly was Figure Figure Bancan (photographed by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Bancan 120 : Roof construction, construction, Roof

Josani Din Josani as

shown in figure 119, nearly 119, figure in shown to achieve a achieve to e efy is belfry he sometimes connected rd model rd ncluded. a steady a A vault A tead of tead of the of and a and

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h upr at f h wls f h nv (ao, 04 Bxo, 91 Pye 2005). t As rainwater. against walls the Pryce, beneat protect to ability its located is roof, 1981; main is which Buxton, roof, smaller 2004; second (Baboş, the of nave advantage main the the However, of walls the of part upper the a built be could windows larger whereas windows, of rows two total in of incorporation allowed two into 122) (figure roof the of partition The buckling. from walls high the the diameter of the church and thus the load of the vault the of load the thus and church the of diameter the re to built were 121, figure in shown as consoles, inner The porch. the above gallery a of incorporation the and rooms, church larger of construction the enable to consoles, inner incorporate two roofs or eaves and a tower. tower. a and eaves or roofs two incorporate starte churches wooden parish new centuries, eighteenth and seventeenth the During s (Baboş, 2004). still was it where parish, another in reassembled and dismantled been somet replacement, churc total some Otherwise, one. existing a the to added been of have structures additional Instead growth. population the of because mostly Maramureş, in built been have churches wooden bigger and new century, eighteenth the In varies slightly from each other 2004). (Baboş, of orientation the solstice, summer or winter the to according placed either tagtes n ipriuns o te al. eie, h oinain f h c the of orientation the sun the Besides, to according walls. the of imperviousness and straightness rae edrne Ok and Oak endurance. greater well buildings profane for used be to started joints corner flush Then, century. nineteenth carving the wood decoratively was intended. An example where example An intended. was decoratively wood the carving ons n ws hrfr peerd o te osrcin f church of construction the for preferred therefore was and joints proje simple, of construction the than higher ranked was execution This Maramureş. south and central in joints corner flush with constructed been commonly have Churches Those bore the load roof’s 2004). (Baboş, stabil for role important most the played purlins eaves lateral the However, prepa were rafters of base the The as served purlins eaves of built frame A shape. roof’s considered. the to according be to important was dimensions the the church, a of building relation When 1981). (Buxton, skeletons wooden with built Tow roofs. were purlin spires as built were roofs Poland, catholic in as well as Romania In tower ofthe church ofIeud Deal (Baboş, 2004).

Wo o bs quality best of Wood . was considered prior to the construction. As the churches have been have churches the As construction. the to prior considered was ash ee sd o te otl; h lte epcal when especially latter the portals; the for used were sd n fcs a ue ad ou ws ad n the on laid was focus and used was focus and used Th

faue o ti tp ae obe eaves, double are type this of features e as well as . This measure prevent measure This . as he main roofs were very were roofs main he es h has been used is the is used been has h ni te un f the of turn the until fiinl large ufficiently ising the roof. roof. the ising ah church each hes have hes the roof. the r and ers hurch imes, the h cting duce d to d red the 69 ed as t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ih w ros Plas n h itro hle t rifre h srcue These structure. the reinforce to helped separated central a navefrom two aisles interior the in Pillars roofs. two with covered is which nave, the describes plank-box term The plank-box.’” a ‘with churches wooden “aisled 294), (2004; Baboş to according called, are they There Poland. southern i found be can eaves two including type, the of remarkable most the are which Churches, highest building builtaround with the oak wood world. high and as such, triple the height of the church itself. According to Pryce (2005), Pryce to According itself. church the of height the triple such, as and high 70 Surdeş loc is 124, figure in shown Gabriel, and Michael St. archangels the of church The reused foranother structure 2004; Buxton, (Baboş, 1981). the of beginning logs some destruction the its After once. transferred in been has and century built sixteenth was It 123. figure in shown Romania), Cuhea, (formerly Bogdan in built originally church the is eaves two included which church, first The Deal in figure 2004;122 (Baboş, Pryce, 2005). the in shown tower, the of stability the ensure to structure the inside added Diagonal built. is tower the narthex the of top On side. west the on porch a and which apse, an includes plan floor basic The weathers. t exposed been have would construction log the of part lower the consoles inner with if Especially rainwater. against protected not were walls high the high,

ti Rmna ad a be bit n 71 I psess twr hc i 5 mete 54 is which tower a possesses It 1721. in built been has and Romania, , (Babo Deal Ieud Section, 121: Figure ş , 2004)

to the sides (Baboş, 2004). is five-sided and narrower than the main nave, nave, main the than narrower and five-sided

(Babo Deal Ieud Axonometry, 122: Figure ş , 2004)

the church was built was church the example of Ieud of example timbers are timbers have been have it is it ated in ated pillars Vodá o all o the rs rs n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. on-going need of bigger churches, new churches, bigger of need on-going with Overall, 2005). Pryce, 2004; (Baboş, of meters eight span almost the measures vault as barrel centuries two about for Maramureş in building the sacral known of largest limits rema and the 1643 in built shows was It (2004) Josani. Budesti of Baboş church the is to model, traditional according which church, a of example An built, the greater is the risk thatthe walls orthe eaves purlins bend. is nave the of structure the longer and higher the Furthermore, width. nave’s the on depend the and vault the of weight the thus and size w The churches. walls, wooden larger lateral building the and roof vault, the concerning occurred problems Nonetheless, aealbe ae ono etoe nWrdWrI Bxo,18) have all been taken ordestroyed down in World(Buxton, 1981). War II they Unfortunately, 1971). Hansen, 1982; (Klöcker, roofs steep with commonly covered been have The century. eighteenth the in built mainly been have synagogues Poland, In “almost unrelated to the earlier traditional have been ones” developed.

originally lo originally eaves, two with Church 123: Figure century ( century Baboş cated in in cated , 2004) Bogdan Vodá Bogdan

, 16 th

ty p es , which are, which ,

(Pryce,2005) Surdesti 1721, Gabriel, and St.Michael archangels the of Church 124: Figure acc

ording to Baboş (2004; 138), (2004; Baboş to ording ined the ined roof roof hen the 71 its

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. r ue ete i ter rgnl on sae r ee rnfre t a etnua or rectangular a to transformed were or shape round original their in either used are are less mostly Buildings are diameters whose countries. logs, with way or simple a regions in constructed other to comparison in developed highly been not it China, in used widely been has construction log although that notes, (2011) Zwerger 2018; odtos Ciae s re i cmaio t ohr ein (uze, 1980; (Dunzhen, regions other to comparison in drier is Climate conditions. been used in these regions is the occurrence of coniferous forests as well as well as forests coniferous of occurrence the is regions these in used been meters and do not possess any windows or windows any possess not do and meters storeys. tw have and larger are buildings provinces other the in common, are storey one only with Inner Mongolia. and Inner Heilongjiang Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Xinjiang, of provinces the in China in found techni construction log in built are which barns, and stables sheds, Dwellings, 4.2.1.1 4.2.1 2006; (Green, ones European the Zwerger, 2011). to similar roofs besides used a been with has roof hip shape four-facet curved A buildings. the of roof the of shape the is construction, log from distinguishable feature, special A Europe. in used logs those than diameter and outhouses in log construction as well. In the first two provinces, single- provinces, two first the In well. as construction log in outhouses and exists, forest 72 4.2 trg bidns Te os wih ae en sd o cntuto, ae small a have construction, for used been have which logs, The buildings. storage dwelli build to China in and Korea Japan, in used also been has construction Log Figure 125: Single story dwelling (Dunzhen, 1980) (Dunzhen, dwelling story Single 125: Figure

East AsiaEast Ssu

China Th Dwellings and storage buildings storage Dwellings and -che’eng, 1984; et Que al., 2017). e single-story buildings (figure 125) are very small, measuring often just 5 x 2.5 x 5 just often measuring small, very are 125) (figure buildings single-story e in –secular buildings the provinces in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet used to build their dwellings their build to used Tibet and Sichuan Yunnan, in provinces the Mi norities located in the mountainous area, where a great abundance of abundance great a where area, mountainous the in located norities

a chimney. The reason why log construction has construction log why reason The chimney. Figure 126: Construction of Chinese dwelling (Zwerge dwelling Chinese of Construction 126: Figure

than 15cm. Logs 15cm. than cell the cli the que can be can que Xu European buildings ngs and ngs

t al. et matic r, 2011) r, has er o ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. (Zwerger,2011) incorporationof a dividing wall, Lijiazui and wall log a of Lengthening 127: Figure log a If dwelling. log Chinese a of details shows 126 Figure shape. hexagonal y oun. This columns. by are which supported buildings, are and building the the of of sides eaves the roofs on project courtyard, the a around arranged 131, and 130 figures in shown examples the In ones, one can easily recognize them as Chinese buildings due to their roofand porch. European to compared be can constructions log although that, noted (1984) Sicheng 128. figure in shown construction, skeleton of way a in constructed or solutions European the of simil are Roofs detail. a such shows 127 Figure elements. singular the weakens m structurally reinforces wall outer the to perpendicular log a of integration The cont the fact In weakening. increased expect should we member third a meeting s reduced are they If diameters. halved their to due weak is elongated are logs first at strange appears This stability. wall’s the increase to was it short, construction. The roof protects the log walls from the element the from walls log the protects roof The construction. people,belongs to Mosuo the building in figure shown 131to people. Yi was (Zwerger,2011) Figure

lsd ih odn ors Zegr 21) Te ulig hw i fgr 130 figure in shown building The 2011). (Zwerger, boards wooden with closed was 130: Four buildings surrounding a courtyard courtyard a surrounding buildings Four 130:

jointed with another one at the junction with a separating wall. The int The wall. separating a with junction the at one another with jointed

lead t te osblt o hvn a ordr n rn o te log the of front in corridor a having of possibility the to s (Zwerger,2011) Zepo construction, Roof 128: Figure

Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Cun Bian He 131: Figure

s. sight. The point where two where point The sight. In figure 129, the corridor the 129, figure In (Zwerger,2011) Yunnan wall, protecting a and wall log the between Figure 129: A corridor in in corridor A 129: till more by more till rary is true. is rary ar to some to ar ore than it than ore

was ention too 73

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 74 two- a shows 132 Figure ul i lg osrcin a son n iue 3. n otat sm gaais nie the inside granaries structure were built in log construction.granariesFigure 137shows as large as b some contrast, In 136. figure in shown as construction, log in built The live. to used families big where existed structures building large Fujian In structure eitherused as granary oras house altar. log These safety. their ensure to storeys uppermost the of one at inbuilt const log these Usually towers. defensive the inside buildings log as erected func special with rooms boarder Tibetan the to close Sichuan in areas some In in churches in forinstance Finland orRomania. to level floor ground on minimum its structura similar to compared be can measure This space. inner the interrupt to reduced is wall interior The wall. outer stabil to wall interior an features 133, figure in shown building The logs. horizontal it Besides, structure. attached an stabilise to used been has construction

by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Dabao Sichuan, tower, Defensive 134: Figure Figure 132: Yunnan (photographed by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Yunnan 132: Figure

sto e bidn, oae i Yna. n hs ulig log building this In Yunnan. in located building, rey Figure 135: Sichuan (photographed by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Sichuan 135: Figure

Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus Cun Bian He in building Figure 133

: Interior: view aof s gable is built with built is gable s

l elements used used elements l ructions were ructions se were not were se ig tions were tions rooms. were s ise the ise not

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. pc fr ri. n ale tms lg osrcin a be as ue t build to used also been has construction log times, earlier In grain. for storage space as used were barns These 140). (figure A.D.) (25-220 dynasty Han Eastern and B.C.) (475-221 Period States Warring between time the to back dating Province, Yunnan Shizhaishan at excavated containers or drums on pictures engraved of remains the on roofed barn, which looks like looks which barn, roofed

codn t te xaain eot rm hzasa i Yna (1959), Yunnan in Shizhaishan from report excavation the to According tri gable the build second example, the is post cutcompletely and is fixed in the corner. to used inte their in is stay logs post horizontal the that the ensure to Thus, had it Additionally, post. the into side right and left which groove, a into fixed are logs the part upper the At logs. the on partly stuck w a such in vertically cut is post a example first the In 139. and 138 figures corners the as well as walls the stabilise to measures Structural Z b (photographed structure building Large 136: Figure werger)

Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus Yunnan wall, gable the at Post 138: Figure

it was built y Klaus Klaus y in log construction technique, can be recognized be can technique, construction log

Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus thelogs at thecorner on stuck Post 139: Figure Klaus Zwerger) Klaus 137: Figure

Granaries, Fujian (photographed by by (photographed Fujian Granaries,

can be found in Yunnan, in found be can nded place. In the In place. nded ay that it can be can it that ay a al saddle- tall h outer the was cut was angle. angle. 75 in

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. logs but are not tightlyjointed as well.In the latter example, are gaps the filled with stone with built are pillars the 145, and 144 figures in shown bridges the In opening. from logs connec the prevent to weight as worked pillars stone the of top on structure like The pillars. stone the above grain end other’s each faced they where that way a such logs top The between. in gaps feature but jointed tightly not are logs The representative example. The construction above the stone pillar is built is pillar stone the above construction The example. representative a shows 143 Figure Sanjiaacun. in bridge a 142 figure and Lijiazui in located bridge shows 141 Figure Tibet. and Sichuan provinces the in constructions these find can one Furthermore, Guizhou. and Guangxi Hunan, of region border the in area mountainous the cons log in built been have bridges of abutments the and piers Russia, to Similar 4.2.1.2 evidence that it has beena real logconstruction. 76 (Que tombs Dynasty Shang in coffin by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by Figure 141: Bridg 141: Figure

Buildings or constructions with constructions other functions Buildings or Figure 140: Engraved images on a bronze drum found in found drum bronze a on images Engraved 140: Figure r eport from Shizhaishan in Yunnan, 1959)Yunnan, in Shizhaishan from eport e located in Lijiazui (photographed Lijiazui in located e

t al. et

(photographedby Klaus Zwerger) 142 Figure 21) Nvrhls, hr i n proven no is there Nevertheless, 2017). ,

Yunnan (taken from the excavation excavation the from (taken Yunnan : Bridge: located Sanjiacunin

in log construction. log small house- small tion of the of tion truction in truction laid in laid more a s. s.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. by Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by Figure 146: Sichuan 146: Figure is built ofstone. example shown the However, wells. of walls the build to used been also have constructi cons log of principles The inside. beams lay probably to logs the log of holes one in cut were rectangular 147, in figure in built example shown been the In 147). also and 146 have (figures technique mills water for buildings the Furthermore, Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed Zhengyang Figu

re 143:re Bridge,

, Lijiazui ( photographed photographed Zwerger) (photographedby Klaus valley Rong’an Aba Sichuan, Bridge, 144: Figure

Klaus Klaus by (photographed Yunnan 147: Figure Zwerger)

Zwerger) Sichuanstones, (photo with filled are pillars log Bridge, 145: Figure

Zwerger) logconstruction (photographed by Klaus of principles the features it stone in built is it although Fujian, Well, 148: Figure graphed by Klaus Klaus by graphed

, figure 148, figure , truction 77 on

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 78 in figureshown 152. the of construction the stabilise to used been has construction log Similarly, stabili to serves construction detailspagoda.149-151 show Figures ofthe construction. log in built part The fixed. are roofs protecting the which on technique “doudong” the third, and construction log second, braces, radial and construction skeleton a first, elements: structural three of consists them Ea storeys. five features pagoda The Yingxian. of pagoda the serves example an As pa of constructionthe at parts some for China in used also been has construction Log 4.2.1.3

(photographedby Klaus Zwerger) Figure 149: Interior view, pagoda of of pagoda view, Interior 149: Figure Sacral buildings Figure 151: Axonometry, construction, pagoda of Yingx of pagoda construction, Axonometry, 151: Figure Figure Figure

Yingxian Yingxian 152 : Chin: Temple (Fu, 1984) Figure 150: Figure (Chen,2001)

ian (Chen, 2001) (Chen, ian

Interiorview, pagoda Yingxianof

including diagonal including Chin temple, Chin godas. godas. e the se ch of ch

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ntal bit o te osrcin f o bidns n aa. aaee rwns of drawings Japanese Japan. Chogosonshi- the in scroll engi Shigi-san in buildings log of construction the for built initially been have joints how show 156 Figure movement. outward against anyway in secured not were They 2011). (Zwerger, rings in variation single one only with jointed s were and very edge a on met only logs the as corners, the to added be to had columns 155), additional (figure buildings log first the In off. actual cut is has corner latter every as The shape, shape. cross hexagonal triangular or squared in used been have logs Japan In respectively (Zwerger, 2011). figures in shown as likewise, side eaves and side gable the on common was Therefore, incorporating doors or windows was not possible. The possible. not was windows or doors incorporating Therefore, longitudina in walls the stabilise to necessary was reinforcement further and to be applied to the log buildings to buildings log the to applied be to additional several Initially, Nagano. in regions forests, and snow in in rich were which used was it Furthermore, Nikko. or Toshodai-ji Todai-ji, the instance for as temple in located houses treasure build to used was technique construction A.D.). The B.C.-300 (300 period Yayoi the in storage used of already was construction construction the Log for buildings. others among used been has construction log Japan, In 4.2.2.1 4.2.2 logs are stacked oneachother’s edge instead their of face.

Japan Japan Storage buildingsStorage Klaus Zwerger) Klaus by (photographed sides gable the of oneon located is entrance its building, Storage 153: Figure

en sure the sure Figure 154: Figure Figure 154: Figure Klaus Zwerger) Klaus locatedon one of t ji (figure 157) show log buildings, whose squared whose buildings, log show 157) (figure

ir stability. Corner joints have been added been have joints Corner stability.

he he 1 : Storage: building, entrance its is eave sides (photographedby sides eave access to a storage house house storage a to measures had measures 153 and 154, and 153 complexes, direction. l mall y a ly the 79 ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 80 8 the in Shoso-i built was the Shoso-in The is Nara. in Temple construction, Toda-ji the log of house in treasure built storehouse Japanese a of example One infill was used instead of extending the logs (Henrichsen, 2003). For a long a For 2003). (Henrichsen, logs the extending of instead used was infill constructi beam and column a them, between in space the fill To other. each next placed are structures log Two construction. log with boarding, wooden thick with fi is which construction, beam and column combines building The kept. were regalia th c climatic constant the to due condition original their in stayed maybe have oe raue oss t s, hc ae uh mle ta te hs-n u are 2011). but Zwerger, Shoso-in 1984, (Carver, the regularly than construction smaller log in much reconstructed are which Ise, at houses treasure Nevertheless some construction. log in built storehouses more were there Initially canstorehouses be foundat Toshodai-ji and several more temple and shrine complexes. construct log in built also site, the at buildings small more two are There According to Zwerger (2011), the treasures kept in the Shoso- the in kept treasures the (2011), Zwerger to According moved been have they as anymore, known (Henrichsen, 2003). not are buildings log many of positions tothe Iron Age (Zwerger, 201 back dating building, log Japanese a of Reconstruction 155: Figure e log construction independent of the season. Inside the Shoso-in, the Emperor Shomu’s Shomu’s Emperor the Shoso-in, the Inside season. the of independent construction log e

Figure 158: Todai 158: Figure 1)

inJapan (Zwerger, 2011) joints corner Initial 156: Figure - ji (photographedji by Klaus Zwerger)

1 sanChogosonshitheengiin scroll Shigi the of scene a of Drawing 157: Figure 959)

in

, shown in figures 158-163, figures in shown , ion. Quite similar Quite ion. onditions inside onditions time, on with plank plank with on

h original The tee are there , th scientists - century. ji (Seckel,ji , the n, still lled - to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. levels (Carver, 1984; Henrichsen, 2003). s for used only is space interior The roof. hipped shell single a as built is roof purl eaves the support beams the or walls the of building. top the the on logs of projecting Either parts three the of each in beams support posts four building, the Inside a zigzag pattern as can be seen in comparison to the163. wooden in boards figure proved that thebuilding whole erected was in 8 years few before Not later. closed was part central the that convinced were Hnihe, 03. h lg hpe t hv a ery raglr hp ad r stacked and flat are interior the in results wall the that way a such and in other each upon shape triangular nearly a have to happen logs The 2003). (Henrichsen, of made are which walls, log the for base a as serves turn in sill The boulders. Above boulders. with rows four on rests which base, the of construction the of details show 162 and 161 Figures storagebuilding (Carver, 1984) thecolumns underneath the Figure 16 Figure Figure 159: Shoso 159: Figure

each 1: Shoso 1: e clms Tee r mr ta to ees ih n rs o unprocessed on rest and high meters two than more are These columns. ten - in - lies instorehouse (Henrich , detail of

a c a onstruction of beams, which connects the columns and a broad sill. broad a and columns the connects which beams, of onstruction

1984) (Carver, detail construction Shoso 162: Figure

sen, 1971)sen, - in,

th century as itappears today. th Shoso 163: Figure e log construction (Carver, 1984) (Carver, construction log e (Carver,1984) 160: Figure Shoso - in,wooden boards next to

twenty layers of logs logs of layers twenty - instorehouse on the exterior the on ago it could be could it ago torage on two on torage

ins. The ins. 81 as

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. figure164. example, Chinese the to similar is construction The construction. log in build 82 exhibited fan, A 4.2.2.2

Constructions with other functions Constructions at (photographedby Klaus Zwerger) M Albert and Victoria bridge, a of Drawing 164: Figure the Vic toria and Albert Museum in London, shows a Japanese bridge Japanese a shows London, in Museum Albert and toria

useum useum hw in shown

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. agr om icuig hat i te onr ad n salr om Te nrne is entrance The room. smaller one and located corner, the in hearth a including room, larger a is There floor. ground the on rooms two has 165, figure in shown house, dwelling The can be also Motifs have found. been forinstance circles, lines, ordiamonds. stars flowers, mot native with combination in styles Gothic and Baroque Renaissance, Romanesque, Overa symbols. animal are era Viking the to reference in motifs Common portals. door especiall been have Carvings churches. on as well as buildings farm on used been have ric carvings wood and Christian and long Pagan developed. a been has Norway carving wood in of Overall, tradition ornaments. small with carved are doorposts The the room.The room inthe a small first floor possesses window. floor. first floor first the the in gallery a form on also which planks, wooden vertical room by protected small a to leads which placed, is stair a sides 5.1 refe available of literature ornon-applicability ofthe category. lack a to due completely covered be cannot some discussed, categorie all them of most c for While the joint. to and decoration according elevation, section, discussed be will examples selected chapter, this In 5 Dwelling 5.1.1

CATEGORIES: PLAN, SECTION, ELEVATION, DECORATION AND JOINT JOINT AND DECORATION ELEVATION, SECTION, PLAN, CATEGORIES: THE TO ACCORDING ELEMENTS ARCHITECTURAL OF COMPARISON

Europe Europe No at

one of the eave sides and a porch is attached in attached is porch a and sides eave the of one house rthern Europe 0 own drawing based on based drawing own dw a of plan floor and section Elevation, 165: Figure

, Norway 5m 5m

Holan (1990) Holan Elevation Section

Ground Floor

elling house, Norway, Norway, house, elling

its front. On one of the gable the of one On front. h sarae is staircase The tgre plan, ategories ae being are s in front of front in y used on used y ecs in rences 83 ifs ll, h h

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 84 countries, Scandinavian among techniques jointing Regarding against mystical creatures & Schulz, Norberg- (Bugge 1969; Holan, 1990). protection for put were faces masklike or lions doorposts the of top On used. been architecture have stone from motifs or forms animal plant, a geometric and rhythmic portals Accordingly, stone to reference in doors the carve to desired was it Furthermore, ulig a wl. n owy cre joint corner Norway, In well. as buildings sec for used were they century nineteenth the from but buildings, sacral of construction use only been have joints dovetail flush Initially, joints. dovetail and logs squared 166 differentshows Norwegian corner joints. Figure 2011) Zwerger, 2006; (Green, throat. a of incorporation the to due off drain

Figure Figure 166: Examples of Norwegian corner joints (Phleps, 1942) (Phleps, joints corner Norwegian of Examples 166: s ee osrce i a a ta wtr could water that way a in constructed were

it was it rather to use round or round use to rather d for the for d rches. ular

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Loft in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Holan, 1990). its famil the protect to carved instance, for been, have lions lofts of doorposts the Above closed far so that were birds closed out. t necessary if size their on Depending 2006). (Green, rectangular just or circles sha the in built sometimes were openings Ventilation storey. upper the support the beyond projecting were which logs, the instance for as elements, structural h lf is loft The unlike the main construction, for which log construction log which for construction, main the tec unlike stave in built is gallery The floor. ground the beyond projects which gallery, a with surrounded is storey upper The storeys. two includes 167) (figure example shown Lofts were usually richly decorated richly usually were Lofts to keep out birds. w the into cut windows no were there Likewise building. the entering from rats hindere that way a in prepared were pillars The pillars. or stones on elevated Figure 167: Elevation, section and floor plans of a s a of plans floor and section Elevation, 167: Figure Norberg goods from mythical creatures (Holan, 1990). The most developed lofts have been built been have lofts developed most The 1990). (Holan, creatures mythical from goods Elevation

or storagebuilding, - Schulz

a

(1969) ulig ye curn o Nrein am ad s sd o soae The storage. for used is and farms Norwegian on occurring type building

Section

Norway

with

torage building, Norway, own drawing based on Bugge Bugge on based drawing own Norway, building, torage

wo oden carvings. These were cut onto supporting onto cut were These carvings. oden

Ground floor was used. The storage building storage The used.

First floor pe of hearts, of pe alls in order in alls

d mice and mice d hey were hey an al to walls hnique, d y and y 85 is

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 07.Fgr 6 hw neapeo ins ons any needed Therefore, not an example2007). Figure 169shows joints. ofFinnish was connections. logs the jointed between gaps tightly the fill very to material with additional provided were houses log Finnish N eastern Finland, buildings arepainted not 1971). (Hansen, and Eastern of villages in as the areas, other In in nobility. the to ochre belonging houses for red in painted commonly were were colours light century nineteenth the In centuries. eighteenth and seventeenth buildings manor Finland, Western In its western side. att is tower church’s The walls. the reinforce to help which piers, buttress plan the In rectangular. also are wi latter The structures. attached some plan floor rectangular a has 168, figure in shown Finland, Utajärvi, at church The 86 Church at Utajärvi

0 Figure 168: Elevation and floor plan of the church at church the of plan floor and Elevation 168: Figure Buxton (1981) Buxton

5m 5m

, Finland, Elevation 1762 corner joint (Buxto joint corner Finnish a of Example 169: Figure

n, 1981) n, Ground floor Utajärvi, Finland, own drawing based on on based drawing own Finland, Utajärvi,

one can clearly see the see clearly can one ached in front to front in ached oe (Nobel, more preferred orth- th

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. l aon te ulig Poetn tmes wih u ot h wl on wall the out jut which timbers, Projecting building. the around all alm surrounds back n o, sto top, On roof. the support to balcony the on put are pillars turn In balcony. the support floor, timbers is decoratively carved. Further carvings are used on the door and wi and door the on used are carvings Further carved. decoratively is timbers sar lctd n h hlwy i bten h roo the between in hallway, the in located stair, A rooms. main the to next side one on included are storage, for used are which rooms, the are located are frames and as wellonthegable. structure. On structure. h deln house dwelling The nlds w storey two includes Dwelling housein Alpbach, 5.1.2

rear ie f h bidn, ed t te pe storey. upper the to leads building, the of side

Central Europe

of 0

Austria, d a of plans floor and section Elevation, 170: Figure behind the facade the behind e scr te oeig f h roof. the of covering the secure nes h gon for s gi dvdd no two. into divided again is floor ground the

both main storeys, the ground floor and first storey first and floor ground the storeys, main both ost three sides of the building and in the first floor a balcony is placed is balcony a floor first the in and building the of sides three ost

own drawing based on Deininger (1897) Deininger on based drawing own s, lctd n lbc, yo, uti, hw i fgr 170 figure in shown Austria, Tyrol, Alpbach, in located , 5m 5m

n ti sae n a tn bsmn underneath basement stone a and space attic an

Tyrol and two in the in two and

Elevation Section , , Austria

, 1608

rear

welling house in Alpbach, Tyrol, Tyrol, Alpbach, in house welling . .

First Floor Ground Floor

Non h udrie f h projecting the of underside The s n the on ms n h gon for porch a floor ground the In etheless, one of the rooms in rooms the of one etheless,

utemr, w smaller two Furthermore,

, , rn ad n the on and front two main rooms main two

its h ground the

wooden ndow , ,

87

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. he xmlstelg r rcse oarcaglrsae three examples the logs are processed to a rectangular shape. halved use examples two first The joints. corner Swiss of examples some show windows or birds or simulate or birds or windows show pai illusionary sometimes Accordingly, painted. decoratively were buildings some The cornice. the or frames window on cut even were Ornaments Switzerland. in construction log for used been has decoration richest the (1942), Phleps to According (Klöckner, 1982). a side front between in incorporated is corridor a rooms the access To chimney. rear side, a kitchen, another room and a pantry are located. The kitchen is equipped is kitchen The located. are pantry a and room another kitchen, a side, rear width in 5m measure which front, the to rooms three includes storey first The includes rooms forsleeping. Furthermore, an atticlocated floor is beneath the roof. the as high as not is which storey, second the living, for serves floor first The (figure technique construction log in built storeys three and masonry, in built storey, Th 88 Dwelling Hous Klöckner (1982) Klöckner plan floor and Elevation 171: Figure e example of a dwelling house located in Oberberg, Switzerland, includes a bas a includes Switzerland, Oberberg, in located house dwelling a of example e 1 (Phleps, joints corner Swiss of Examples 172: Figure 0

5m 5m e inOberberg,Erlenbach,Simmen of a dwelling in Erlenbach in dwelling a of an Elevation additional storey (Pryce, 2005). Figure 172 shows shows 172 Figure 2005). (Pryce, storey additional

942)

, Simmental, Switzerland, own drawing based on Ground Floor tal

, , Switzerland

logs, in the other the in logs,

each. On the On each. nd rear side side rear nd facades of facades first floor, first with ntings ement 171). a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ons joints. corner Romanian of examples shows 174 Figure 2004). (Baboş, used was joint dovetail place. its in stayed above lying log the that ensure to wall the beyond projecting be have logs the of ends the techniques jointing both in Nonetheless, sides. bottom steep and high relatively built is roof The façade. house’s the the emphasizing protect porch to intends beneath construction log the to irregularly roof the of positioning The added. is porch a building the of front In other. each of opposite arranged are and sides Dwelling houseinMaramureş,Romania 5.1.3 as well as t on door one is There pantry. a side left its to room, main the is there side To room. entrance the as serves one central The rooms. three into divided is room inner Its storey. one just and plan floor rectangular a has house The 2004). (Baboş, village nobl a in located house, dwelling a of example an is 173, figure in shown building, The codn t Bbş 20) poetn ad ls cre jit hv be ue for used and shape semi-circular a in topside been the have joints we logs round century corner twentieth the of middle flush the Until architecture. vernacular and projecting (2004), Baboş to According covered with straw. drawing based on based drawing Figure 173: Elevat 173: Figure 0 Section

Eastern Europe Eastern

on the rear side of the building to access the building. Both doors are located are doors Both building. the access to building the of side rear the on 5m 5m Baboş ion,section and floor plan of a dwelling house in Maramure

(2004)

Figure 174: Romanian corner joints (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, joints corner Romanian 174: Figure Elevation sq

uare logs were cut on two sides, the top and the and top the sides, two on cut were logs uare

ş , Romania, own Ground Floor

he front and one and front he Later, the Later, re cut on cut re its right its en left en longer and 89 is e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. wlig oss ee omny eoae. odn avns eoae dos and doors decorated carvings gabl or boards end frames, Wooden window decorated. commonly were houses Dwelling on groundfloor level. access to doors some are there Assumingly, floor. first the to leading ramp a spac The living. for via accessed be reserved can building The farming. for used is roof the of part longer the underneath is roof gabled the of part shorter the beneath space The under farm the for space as well as dwellings for rooms includes It structure. is Russia, Oschewnjewo, in located 175, figure in shown building residential The centurie common plant motif plant common cre mythical as such figures, and forms geometric ornaments, plant include Motifs much simpler (Craft Brumfield, 2015; Hansen, 1971; Lissenko, 1989). 90 Dwelling in Figure 175: E 175: Figure Lissenko (1989) Lissenko

0

s were folk orurban architectural motifs. levation,section and floor plan of a dwelling in Oschewnjewo, Ru 5m 5m Oschewnjewo,

was the acanthus leaf. In Northern Russia, the decoration used to be to used decoration the Russia, Northern In leaf. acanthus the Saoneshje, Section Elevation es

. Common patterns in the eighteenth and nineteenth and eighteenth the in patterns Common .

Russia

Ground Floor

ssia,own drawing based on the same roof. same the the building the atures. A A atures. a large a e

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a s additional an as used is roof the beneath but room the above space the Inside, overhanging roof,which gets supported byadditional pillars. inside the building. In front of the doors a porch is added. The porch is covered is porch The added. is porch a doors the conne of front not In are building. the and inside outside the from separately accessed be can These rooms. large equally two into divided is 176, figure in shown building, storage the of floor ground The Storage Russ In elements. mostly logs have been in used their original (Zwerger, roundshape 2011). decorative or windows any possess not does building storage This building. ttic 0

Elevation Lissenko (1989) Lissenko st a of plan floor and section Elevation, 176: Figure

floor can be accessed via a stair, which is located in one of the two room two the of one in located is which stair, a via accessed be can floor

building

5m 5m

in Serjodka,Saoneshje Section

orage building in Saoneshj in building orage , , Russia

e, Russia, ownondrawingbased Russia, e, Ground Floor

s inisde the inisde s torey. This torey. with cted

91 an ia

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 92 Church fromWallachia rectangular figure in shown church, The central partishighe odn avns ae en sd n otl ad idw rms a wl a porches, as feature special well A as churches. of frames, consoles or window galleries and portals on used been have carvings Wooden hc hs en lcd oiotly rud h woe ulig I de nt tp t the at stop not windows and does doors surrounds also but openings It building. whole the around horizontally placed been has which nrne otl a be a iprat lmn fr h cretr s t was it as carpenter include personal patterns to be able to recognized be ( the for element important an been has portal entrance o te osrcin f church of construction the For hs r h oetjit(iue19,tetbe on n h oealjit These are the covert joint (figure179), the tabled joint and the dovetail joint. used. been have which joints, flush of types three to refers (2004) Baboş used. been have Figure 177: Section and floor plan of a small church small a of plan floor and Section 177: Figure 0

Section

pr from apart thechurch at Mor F 5m 5m igure178: Rope moulding around the door of r thantheothert

five a , Romania ă re ş 177, is located in Wallachia, Romania. Its ground floor is floor ground Its Romania. Wallachia, in located is 177, ti, Arges ti, (Buxton, 1981) - es ie as. t s iie it tre at, hra the whereas parts, three into divided is It apse. sided ls cre jit, hc icue a eteet space settlement a included which joints, corner flush

wo. Atowerisbuiltontopoftheporch. in Wallchia, Romania, own drawing based on Buxton (1 Buxton on based drawing own Romania, Wallchia, in

as

shown in figure 178. The design of the of design The 178. figure in shown joints( 179 Figure was Baboş Ground Floor the carving of a moulding rope, moulding a of carving the Baboş, 2004) Baboş, , 2004; Buxton, 1981). : Examples: covertof

omn to common

981)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. beennot common as onchurch have carvings Wooden above. and floor ground the on incorporated are Windows acc stairs. and elevated is entrance The technique. construction log in built entirely shaped roofs and the tent tower are topped with onion shaped cupol shaped onion with topped are tower tent the and roofs shaped smalle The church. the of part central the covers tower tent A placed. is roof a keel smaller another tops whose on roofs, shaped arch keel the are church this of Features plan. floor cruciform a possesses 181, and 180 figure in shown Una, church The Church Una

Figure 180: Section and floor plan of the church the of plan floor and Section 180: Figure 0

5m 5m , Russia, 17 , Russia, Figure 181: Elevation of the church Una, Russia (Buxton Russia Una, church the of Elevation 181: Figure th

century es

as ondwellingbuildings in Russia(Lissenko, 1989).

Section

Una, Russia, own drawing based on Buxton (1981) Buxton on based drawing own Russia, Una,

Ground Floor

, 1981) ,

as . The tent tower is tower tent The .

r keel arch keel r sil via essible rched

93

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 94 St. church the of plan floor and Section 182: Figure St Nicholasat Vinnitsa with covered is structure inboards order to protect the log construction. The can boards be exchanged easily. the outside a the window, On rectangular one. one cross-shaped a is and There circular shapes. different show windows the section, the t its on cupola a and tower a with covered is church the of parts main three of Each 183. galle figure in seen open partly be an can as completely, features building the church surrounds which The added. been has porch a side one On parts. three into divided is church The 154). 1981: (Buxton, side” each on two junctions, the at formed angl re-entrant that so octagonal rigorously is “section each as Buxton, to according 182, figure in shown Ukraine, Vinnitsa, at Nicholas St. church the of plan The

0

5m 5m Ukraine (Buxton, 1981) (Buxton, Ukraine Nicholas St. church the of view Exterior 183: Figure , Ukraine, Elevation 1746

Nicholas at Vinnitsa, Ukraine, own drawing based on based drawing own Ukraine, Vinnitsa, at Nicholas

Ground Floor at Vinnitsa, Vinnitsa, at

op. Regarding op. Buxton (1 Buxton is wooden unusual es are es 981) the ry, ry,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ml nso h is lo. small ones onthe first floor. some but floor, ground the on windows no are There pillars. by supported is which roof, addi an by protected gets porch The located. is hearth a where entrance, the of front pl is porch A building. the inside stair a through accessed be can storey upper level. The each on rooms two including storeys, two has 185, figure in shown building, The evn a a isy Tee r n ohr pnns hn h dos nr r ay decorative any are nor elements included. doors, the than openings other no smalle are a There includes pigsty. a chamber, as as serving used is which rooms, main the of One building. Two its ground floor. Both can b can Both floor. ground its rooms main two has It building. small very a shows 184, figure in shown example, The 5.2 Single 5.2.1

-

storey dwelling,China Eas - China storey dwellings t Asia

own drawing based on Ssu on based drawing own Figure 185: Elevations and floor plans of a two a of plans floor and Elevations 185: Figure China, own drawing based on Dunzhen (1980) Dunzhen on based drawing own China, Figure 184: Elevation and floor plan of a single a of plan floor and Elevation 184: Figure 0

Ground Floor Elevation Elevation , , Yunnan, China e

accessed from the outside but are not connected inside the inside connected not are but outside the from accessed

5m 5m

- che’eng (1984) che’eng

First Floor Ground Floor Elevat

ion

-

- storeydwelling, China,

storeydwelling, Yunnan,

aced in aced room r tional on 95

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 96 storageTwo-storey 5.2.2 Two-storey storageTwo-storey is door The roof. located onone ofthe gable sides. Above a is incorporated window to the construction. the underneath floor first additional an and floor ground the on room one only possesses 186, figure in shown Japan, in located building, log a of example The pent roof. Figure 188 shows, how the how pent logs are roof.Figure 188shows, jointed. addi an by protected gets and building the of sides eaves the of one on placed is door entrance its Nonetheless, floor. first a and floor ground the on room one only has also exampl shown previous the to similar very is 187 figure in shown example, second The

own drawing based on Ando (1995) Ando on based drawing own Figure 187: Section and floor plans of a two a of plans floor and Section 187: Figure Japan Japan Section

building building (1995) stora Figure 186: Section and floor plans of a two a of plans floor and Section 186: Figure Section ge building, Japan, own drawing based on Ando on based drawing own Japan, building, ge

, Japan , Japan , Japan , Japan

Ground Floor First Floor - storeystorage building, Japan,

Ground Floor First Floor

- storey

(Ando,1995) joint corner Japanese a of Example 188: Figure

tional small tional

e. It e.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. as examples. churches, Russian and Finish for true holds This included. been have beams rooms, larger To piers. the of function the took – arms the – elements additional the plan, floor cruciform the of development the In building. the inside partly and out- partly remained a wa a in pairs placed been have They construction. the in strengthen to walls lateral placed been have piers hollow small architecture, church Finnish In a of logs the between in gaps additional material has been such as moss commonly countries and across used regions. occurring any fill To etc. poles, retaining walls, by stabilised further been have Walls Russia. in as well as Scandinavia countri among used been has practise This log. the of underside the on cut was groove res firmly more together pressed were and tighter closed logs the that ensure To logs have been to processed a nearly triangular shape. exampl Japanese some In shape. round original their retained commonly logs the China, Russ in whereas time, of for period a for Norway form oval an In to processed were region. logs instance, to region from – slightly only sometimes – varied development to led furt Nonetheless, region. European many development in used been have joint, Further dovetail the instance side. as joints, one Corner side. bottom on and top the on log cut were logs one where joints, interlocking just cut to was – geographically w it where matter no – method initial the techniques, jointing to regards With entrenched posts. by decay supported prope houses to construction compared as examinations any log future for remains in any lack leaving without used entirely logs we horizontal that Firstly, fact reasons. the Secondly, two documentation. for possible not is first appeared constructi log where and when of dating exact An logic. inherent an follows building log t logs Mounting everywhere. same the remain methods construction the of principles basic the independently, regions different very in developed has construction log Although construct simpler methods have been preferred that allowed faster building. building, of type a such require not did climate the but abundance availa was wood case In shelter. impervious and robust solid, a for asked conditions clim the if and wood in rich regions in used commonly most been has construction Log 6

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

dowels, partition dowels, y such that they that such y as executed as pectively, a pectively, og the long stabilise ia and ia wall, ble in ble es in es for atic o a o ion her 97 on es r

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. oet. n owy a eakbe trg bidn hs en eeoe. t etrs two features It developed. been has building storage remarkable a Norway, and In moisture rodents. against protection for stumps on raised been have and room one included buil storage Japan, or Russia Austria, in instance for countries, most in Furthermore, amounts ofsnow. enclos and secluded was it when accessible remained building The floor. first ent main the of location the was feature outstanding locally Another winters. roof. large cold and long one during work farm by the with continue covered to able been were farmers the have Accordingly, courtyard, a scale. including larger farm, a the on and but functions, Dwelling needed all combined which developed been has type a Russia in Similarly, roof. single one under stables and dwelling merged cases i but well, as small rather been have buildings log China, In others. among stable, stora dwelling, as function, different a served building Each surfaces. flat large offer not did landscape the as occurred, This farm. a form to constructed been have buildings 98 small example, an as Norway, In traditions. local and living of ways the on as wel as conditions, climatic and topography the development. on dependent of were developments stage Further first the at was building one-room one-storey, a regions, Across nearly achieve a completely roundshape. whic towers, onion build to used been has construction log Russia, in only Nonetheless, cupolas. and domes featured often which architecture, church in constructed been often stee contrast, In layer. insulation thermal a as roof the on kept was snow The pitc slightly just built were roofs regions Scandinavian some In tradition. of out expect grown aesthetic and material covering the climate, region’s the on depended roof of steepness nails The Europe. iron across used when widely later, been have and shingles boards affordable, became wooden thatch, roof, the cover To or etc. gabled roof, as and hipped technique construction log in or rafters and/or purlins with built been have Roofs building. a of top on roof the cover and build to emerged have options Several l was space extra Some posts. between and post the the orwindow door- next log above the opening. window or door fitting tightly achieve to feature i bec opening the of Moreover, side each on space settling a including countries, several occurrence. geographical their of regardless date, later a started at Windows only light. included of source a as and ventilation building, the accessing for have Doors beginning. the in possible as small as generally been have Openings

ame a common a ame p roofs have roofs p rance in the in rance ed by large by ed individua been used used been dwelling n some n ations f in eft dings o be to ge or ge hed. the n h l l

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. on traditional building techniques. educate to generations future for them preserve and decay been from them protect to have Ukraine, Kie or buildings Sweden, Skansen, log in instance for traditional as museums, of open-air different to Examples transferred construction. log from away shift techniques and tools materials, building new of rise the material, building core construc log thus and forestry of regulation the decades, and centuries last the Over Poland are rarely documented. The same is true forlog construction in East Asia. as well as instance, for Europe, central in buildings sacral Nonetheless, Japan piers and abutments ofbridges have been built in log construction as well. and China of regions some In bridges. of piers or towers fortification include been to extended wa have application method’s windmills construction the Europe Russia, In Eastern construction. In log with method. constructed building log using by solved were tasks building most region a in method building common the been has construction log If the at paintings Switzerland, In façade ofdwelling buildings sometimes simulate additional storeys. moulding. rope a by surrounded been sometimes has buil whole the Maramureş, of churches the of case the In emphasized. ornamentally been often have frames window and portals Furthermore, be galleries. or roofs support projecting which the of underside the instance for elements, structural on placed often are Carvings used. been has colour also but carvings wooden buildings, the decorate a To were houses store Japanese requirements. frequently. the fitted space interior its if pari another in reassembled were They parish. their down for small too become had they taken been have Romania, Maramureş, in churches Similarly, farm. husband’s her to moving when her with building the took who bride, the for gifts wedding as used comm been have lofts or storehouses Norwegian The countries. several in used also ha buildings the reassembling and dismantling of possibility the of advantage The is storey upper The one. lower the surrounded with a gallery built inconstruction. stave of out projects storey upper the whereas storeys,

the synagogues in synagogues the s moved lso caused a caused sh where sh s been s tion’s ams, ding only 99 v, s s

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 100

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Figure 20: Elevationfloor and plan of a Scandinavian South 1958) house (Paulsson, ...... 30 Figure 19: Gallery 1958) (Paulsson, house ...... 29 Figure 18: hearth Swedish 1958) (Paulsson, house ...... 29 Figure 17: Kruke double farm in Heidal, (Holan, Norway 1990) ...... 28 Figure 16: Mora farmstead built in the 16 Figure 15: Small buildings serving different functions (Holan, 1990) ...... 26 Figure 14: Development used in log stages construction ofwindows (Pöttler, 1985) ...... 23 Figure 13: Partly cut logs create small (Klöckner, windows 1982) ...... 23 ele decorative and walls outer to walls inner jointing of Examples 6: Figure Figure 5: Groove (Sjömar, 1988) ...... 16 Figure 4: Location ofdowels in the presenceapertures (Sjömar, of 1988) ...... 15 Figure 3: Dowelling and nailing ofwalls (Phleps, 1942) ...... 15 Figure 2: Church at Lemi, Finland (Niera, 2018) ...... 14 Figure 1: Examples ofdifferent corner jointing techniques (Phleps, 1942) ...... 11 7 Figure 12: Examples of how jambs can be attached to the logs – in the first the in – logs the to attached be can jambs how of roof Examples 12: Figure raftered a with construction log in built belfry a of Example 11: Figure Figure 10: Pyramidal roofwith ventilation(Buxton, 1981) shaft ...... 20 Figure 9: Examples ofgabled (a,b) and hipped (c,d) (Lissenko, 1989) roofs ...... 19 Figure 8: pillar A the supports ridge beam (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 18 Figure 7: used to Purlins stabilise the gable wall (Buxton, 1981) ...... 18

h jms n i te hr rw h jms ee ie t te os ih wooden with logs the to fixed nails (Phleps, 1942) ...... were 22 jambs the row third the in and jambs in the built is groove the row second the in logs, the of ends the into cut is groove OF FIGURES LIST (Lissenko, 1989) ...... 21 (Phleps, 1942) ...... 17 th century (Donnelly, 1992) ...... 27

ments row a row 101

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Figure 37: Boathouse, Pih Figure 36: 1981) Sauna, (Bresson, Norway ...... 36 102 construct stave in built gallery and entrance with dwelling Two-storey 34: Figure Figure 33: Stave Loft from Ål (Holan, 1990) ...... 36 (Phleps, Norway Telemark, storey, upper the support logs projecting The 32: Figure Figure 31: Lapp storehouse elevated onone single (Guidoni, pole 1976) ...... 35 museum open-air the in now poles, high four on elevated storehouse Lapp 30: Figure Norway Telemarken, logs, and doorposts of connection the of Examples 29: Figure Figure 28: Loft onRygnestad farm, ca. Norway, 1600(Holan, 1990) ...... 34 Figure 27: Oval shaped logs ofa storage building, Setesdal, (Holan, 1990) Norway ...... 33 Figure 26: Illustration ofoval cut logs (Sjömar, 1988) ...... 33 Figure 25: Example 1942) roof(Phleps, ofa Swedish ...... 32 Figure 24: Different types (Holan, ofroofs 1990) ...... 32 (Bresson, Norway and Finland Sweden, in plans floor of development The 23: Figure South and gallery the of combination a of plan floor and Axonometry 22: Figure Figure 21: South Scandinavianhouse in Setesdal, 1958) (Paulsson, Norway ...... 30 iue 5 Swil rm h 18 the from Sawmill 35: Figure Figure 39: South aisle, church 1785(Pryce, Keuruu, 2005) ...... 38 outward the of load the bear beams Skansen, in today 1729, Seglora, 38: Figure

Museum, Norway (Donnelly, Norway Museum, 1992) ...... 36 1942) ...... 35 in Skansen, Stockholm (Donnely, 1992) ...... 35 (Phleps, 1942) ...... 34 1981) ...... 31 Scandinavian 1958) (Paulsson, house ...... 30 around 1775-1825(Holan, 1990) ...... 36 thrust (Pryce, 2005) ...... 37 jal avesi, Finland (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 36 th etr, o lctd n h Nrein Folk Norwegian the in located now century,

ion,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Figure 60: Farm building located in Eggartsberg, Styria, Austria (Veronik, 2016) ...... 44 Figure 59: Building located in the region of the Bregenzerwald (Die österreichische (Die Bregenzerwald the of region the in located Building 59: Figure Figure 58: Meniggrund, Diemtigen, Switzerland (photographed Zwerger) by Klaus ...... 43 Figure 57: Stübing, Austria (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 43 Figure 56:Model ofthe belfry ofPetäjävesi (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 42 Figure 55: Floor plans ofcruciform churches in Finland (Buxton, 1981) ...... 41 Klaus by (photographed 1794 Lappeenranta, at church view, Interior 54: Figure Figure 53: Church at Lappeenranta, 1794(photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 41 Klaus by (photographed Finland Sodankylä, at church pier, Buttress 52: Figure Klaus by (photographed Finland Sodankylä, at church view, Interior 51: Figure Figure 50: Interior, church at Kempele (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 40 Figure 49: Church at Tervola, (Buxton, Finland, 1981) 1687-89 ...... 39 Figure 48: Section ofthechurch at Tervola, Finland (Petterson et al., 1987) ...... 39 Figure 47: Floor plan, church at Kempele (Pettersson, 1992) ...... 39 Figure 46: Floor plan, church at Tervola et (Pettersson al., 1987) ...... 39 Figure 45: Floor plan, church at Tornio (Pettersson, 1992) ...... 39 Figure 44: Interior, church Kristiinankaupunki(photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 38 Figure 43: Buttress pier, church Utajärvi (Buxton, 1981) ...... 38 Figure 42: Interior, church Utajärvi, 1762(Buxton, 1981) ...... 38 Figure 41: Interior view ofthe church Petäjävesi Zwerger) byKlaus (photographed ...... 38 (Pryce, 1763-65 it, to next belfry freestanding its and Petäjävesi Church 40: Figure

Monarchie in WortBild, und 1893) ...... 44 Zwerger) ...... 41 Zwerger) ...... 40 Zwerger) ...... 40 2005) ...... 38

103

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 104 a incorporated was which storey, a including Wallis, in house Dwelling 66: Figure Figure 65: Stübing, Austria (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 45 Figure64: Storage buildingwhere the have posts been fixed (Phleps,1942) with pegs .... 45 Figure 63: Storage building with gaps in between the logs (Phleps, 1942) ...... 45 Figure 62: the Consoles support roof,Styria, Austria (Böllstorf, 2014) ...... 44 storey upper the support to console a form walls the of logs extended The 61: Figure iue 9 Pls r atce o bt sds f h lg al o nue its ensure to wall log the of sides both on attached are Poles 69: Figure construction pincer with reinforced are building log the of walls The 68: Figure Figure 67: Storage building, its gable wall is reinforced with poles (Phleps, 1942) ...... 45 Figure 80: Dwelling and barn are covered under one roof(Craft Brumfield, 2015) ...... 49 Figure 79: Chapel in Tyrol, Austria (Klöckner, 1982) ...... 48 Figure 78: Newly built church, Carinthia, Austria (Klöckner, 1982) ...... 48 (Zwerger, construction log and beam and post combines which Dwelling, 77: Figure Figure 76: Examples at ofposts the gable wall (Artaria, 1947) ...... 48 sides gable the on boarding including roof, massive with house Dwelling 75: Figure Switzerland Wallis, roof, monopitch a with covered building Dwelling 74: Figure Figure Lomato, Jean St. 73: Obro Gressony Italy (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 46 Figure Lomato, Jean St. 72: Obro Gressony Italy (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 46 Figure 71: Retaining poles, Evolène, Switzerland (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 46 Figure 70: Retaining poles, Evolène, Switzerland (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 46

or roof(Buxton, 1982) ...... 44 later date (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 45 (Phleps, 1942) ...... 45 (Klöckner, 1982) ...... 46 2011) ...... 48 in curved shape (Pryce, 2005) ...... 47 (Phleps, 1942) ...... 47

stability t a t

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Figure 81: Dwelling on the left, barn on the right side, which can be accessed be can which side, right the on barn left, the on Dwelling 81: Figure Figure 95: St. Nicholas, Tukhola, 17 Figure 94: Chapel, 19 Figure 93: The piers ofthe bridge are built in log construction (Buxton, 1981) ...... 55 Figure 92: Windmill (Craft Brumfield, 2015) ...... 55 Fi Figure 90: ofMoldovan House Palaga Babbi 2004) (Baboş, ...... 54 (Baboş, family Buftea the of house the of joint corner and view Exterior 89: Figure Figure 88: Dwellling house ofGăvrilă Timiş (Baboş, 2004) ...... 53 family the of house manor the of door and joint corner view, Exterior 87: Figure Figure 86: Storage building elevated onpillars (Lisenko, 1989) ...... 52 Figure 85: Beam to connect two log structures (Lissenko, 1989) ...... 52 (Buxton, Karelia South building, dwelling traditional of structure Roof 84: Figure Saoneshje, Serjodka, in located chimney, without dwelling a of Section 83: Figure Figure 82: Building today in Oshewnewo, located at Kizhi (Pryce, 2005) ...... 50 Figure 100: Church ofthe Varzuga, Assumption, 1674(Buxton, 1981) ...... 59 Figure 99: Perspective section ofa keel arch shaped roof(Lissenko, 1989) ...... 59 Figure 98: Church ofthe Trinity, 1721(Buxton, Nyonoska, 1981) ...... 59 and logs partly c) logs, horizontal b) and a) with towers of Construction 97: Figure in church a at logs projecting by formed console, or bracket a of Example 96: Figure gure 91: Reconstruction ofwooden fortification, Khar’kov, Ukraine (Buxton, 1981) .... 55

2004) ...... 53 Dunca in Sărbi (Baboş, 2004) ...... 53 1981) ...... 51 1889 (Lissenko, 1989) ...... 50 ramp (Noble, 1958) ...... 49 rafters and d)rafters (Lissenko, 1989) ...... 58 Poland (Buxton, 1981) ...... 57 th century (Craft Brumfield, 2015) ...... 56 th century (Buxton, 1981) ...... 56

via a via 105

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 106 Kiev the at located now boarding, wooden without Paraskeva St. Church 114: Figure Figure 113: Church ofthe archangel Michael, 1777(Buxton, Uzhgorod, 1981) ...... 65 by (photographed Ulucz at church dome, central the of view Interior 112: Figure Figure 111: Interior, church at Ulucz (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 64 Figure 110: Church at Ulucz (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 64 by (photographed Równia at church dome, central the of view Interior 209: Figure Figure 108: Church at Równia (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 64 Figure 107: Church Nicholas St. from Krivka, 1763(Buxton, 1981) ...... 63 Figure 106:Church at Cherche, 1648(Buxton, 1981) ...... 63 Tsivozero, Laurus, and Florus St. church the to belonging tower Bell 105: Figure Figure 104: Church Peter St. and Paul, Ratonavolok, 1722(Buxton, 1981) ...... 62 Figure 103:Church ofthe Prophet Elijah’, Belozersk, 1690(Buxton, 1981) ...... 62 Figure 102: Part ofthe section ofthe church ofthe Transfiguration(Lissenko, 1989) ...... 60 the of church and tower bell 1714, Transfiguration, the of Church 101: Figure Figure 119: Consoles or brackets at the church at Poarta Salajului (photographed by (photographed Salajului Poarta at church the at brackets or Consoles 119: Figure Drăganou-Olteni roof, the underneath roof barrel the of view Interior 118: Figure Figure 117: Church ofthe Trinity, (Buxton, 1981) 1775-78 Novomoskovsk, ...... 66 1759 Berezna, Ascension, the of Church the of view interior and Exterior 116: Figure (Buxton, 1710 Pakul, Church, Trinity the of view interior and Exterior 115: Figure

open-air museum, 18 Zwerger)Klaus ...... 65 Klaus Zwerger) ...... 64 1658 (Buxton, 1981) ...... 62 Intercession, 1764,Kizhi (Craft Brumfield, 2015) ...... 60 Klaus Zwerger)Klaus ...... 67 (Buxton, 1981) ...... 67 (Buxton, 1981) ...... 66 1981) ...... 66 th century (Buxton, 1981) ...... 65

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue 4: nrvd mgs n boz du fud n unn tkn rm the from (taken Yunnan in found drum bronze a on images Engraved 140: Figure Figure 139: stuck Post onthe logs at the corner (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 75 Figure 138: at Post the gable wall, Yunnan (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 75 Figure 137: Granaries, Fujian(photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 75 Figure 136: Large building structure (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 75 Figure 135: Sichuan(photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 74 Figure 134: Defensive tower, Sichuan, Dabao (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 74 Klaus by (photographed Cun Bian He in building a of view Interior 133: Figure Figure 132: Yunnan (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 74 Figure 131: He Bian (photographed Cun Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 73 Figure 130: buildings Four a surrounding courtyard (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 73 Yunnan wall, protecting a and wall log the between in corridor A 129: Figure Figure 128: Roofconstruction, Zepo (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 73 Lijiazui wall, dividing a of incorporation and wall log a of Lengthening 127: Figure Figure 126: Construction ofChinese dwelling (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 72 Figure 125: Single storey dwelling (Dunzhen, 1980) ...... 72 (Pryce, Surdesti 1721, Gabriel, and Michael St. archangels the of Church 124: Figure Figure 123: Church with two eaves, originally located in Bogdan Vodá, 16 Vodá, Bogdan in located originally eaves, two with Church 123: Figure Figure 122: Axonometry, Ieud Deal (Baboş, 2004) ...... 70 Figure 121: Section, Ieud Deal (Baboş, 2004) ...... 70 Figure 120: Roofconstruction, Josani Din Bancan (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ..... 68

excavation report ofthe Shizhaishan 1959) in Yunnan, ...... 75 Zwerger) ...... 74 (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 73 (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 73 2005) ...... 71 (Baboş, 2004) ...... 71

th century 107

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue 5: rwn o a cn o te hg-a eg srl i te Chogosonshi- the in scroll engi Shigi-san the of scene a of Drawing 157: Figure Figure 156: Initial corner joint in Japan (Zwerger, 2011) ...... 80 Age Iron the to back dating building, log Japanese a of Reconstruction 155: Figure sides eave the of one on located is entrance its building, Storage 154: Figure sides gable the of one on located is entrance its building, Storage 153: Figure Figure 152: Chin Temple 1984) (Fu, ...... 78 Figure 151: Axonometry, construction, pagoda of Yingxian (Chen, 2001) ...... 78 Figure 150: Interior view, pagoda ofYingxian (Chen, 2001) ...... 78 Figure 149: Interior view, pagoda ofYingxian (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 78 Figure 160: storehouse Shoso-in (Henrichsen, 1971) ...... 81 Figure 159: storehouse Shoso-in (Henrichsen, 1971) ...... 81 Figure 158: Todai-ji (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 80 108 Figure 144 Figure 143: Bridge, Zhengyang (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 77 Figure 142: Bridge located in Sanjiacun (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 76 Figure 141: Bridge located in Lijiazui Zwerger) byKlaus (photographed ...... 76 Fig Figure 148: Well, Fujian, although it is built in stone it features the princi the features it stone in built is it although Fujian, Well, 148: Figure Fig Figure 146:Sichuan, Lijiazui (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 77 r 15 Big, o plas r fle wt soe, iha (htgahd by (photographed Sichuan stones, with filled are pillars log Bridge, 145: ure ure 147:Yunnan (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 77

(Zwerger, 2011) ...... 80 (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 79 (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 79 construction (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 77 (Seckel, 1959) ...... 80 Klaus Zwerger)Klaus ...... 77 : Bridge,Sichuan, Aba Rong’an valley (photographed Zwerger) byKlaus ...... 77

ples of log of ples ji

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Figure 178: Rope moulding around the door of the church at Morăreşti, Arges Arges Morăreşti, at church the of door the around moulding Rope 178: Figure own Romania, Wallachia, in church small a of plan floor and Section 177: Figure Saoneshje, in building storage a of plan floor and section Elevation, 176: Figure Russia, Oschewnjewo, in dwelling a of plan floor and section Elevation, 175: Figure Figure 174:Examples Romanian of corner joints (Buxton, 1981) ...... 89 Maramureş, in house dwelling a of plan floor and section Elevation, 173: Figure Fig Simmental, Erlenbach, in dwelling a of plan floor and Elevation 171: Figure Tyrol, Alpbach, in house dwelling a of plans floor and section Elevation, 170: Figure Figure 169:Examples Finnish corner ofa joint (Buxton, 1981) ...... 86 drawing own Finland, Utajärvi, at church the of plan floor and Elevation 168: Figure own Norway, building, storage a of plans floor and section Elevation, 167: Figure Figure 166:Examples Norwegian of Joints (Phleps, 1942) ...... 84 own Norway, house, dwelling a of plan floor and section Elevation, 165: Figure by (photographed Museum Albert and Victoria bridge, a of Drawing 164: Figure Figure 163: next wooden boards Shoso-in, to the log construction (Carver, 1984) ...... 81 Figure 162: construction Shoso-in, detail (Carver, 1984) ...... 81 (Carver, building storage the underneath columns the of detail Shoso-in, 161: Figure ure 172:Examples corner jointsSwiss of (Phleps, 1942) ...... 88

(Buxton, 1981) ...... 92 drawing based on Buxton (1981) ...... 92 drawingRussia, own based onLissenko (1989) ...... 91 drawing basedown onLissenko (1989) ...... 90 Romania, drawing own based onBaboş (2004) ...... 89 Switzerland, drawing based own onKlöckner (1982) ...... 88 drawingAustria, own based onDeininger (1897) ...... 87 based onBuxton (1981) ...... 86 drawing based onBuggeand Norberg-Schulz (1969) ...... 85 drawing based onHolan (1990) ...... 83 Zwerger)Klaus ...... 82 1984) ...... 81

109

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 110 Figure 188:Example Japanese ofa corner joint 1995) (Ando, ...... 96 own Japan, building, storage two-storey a of plans floor and Section 187: Figure: own Japan, building, storage two-storey a of plans floor and Section 186: Figure drawing own China, dwelling, two-storey a of plans floor and Elevations 185: Figure China, Yunnan, dwelling, single-storey a of plan floor and Elevation 184: Figure (Buxton, Ukraine Vinnits, at Nicholas St. church the of view Exterior 183: Figure Ukraine, Vinnitsa, at Nicholas St. church the of plan floor and Section 182: Figure Figure181: Elevation ofthe (Buxton, Russia church 1981) Una, ...... 93 on based drawing own Russia, Una, church the of plan floor and Section 180: Figure Figure 179: Examples ofcovert joints (Baboş, 2004) ...... 92

drawing based (1995) onAndo ...... 96 drawing based (1995) onAndo ...... 96 based onSsu-che’eng (1984) ...... 95 drawingown based onDunzhen (1980) ...... 95 1981) ...... 94 drawing basedown onBuxton (1981) ...... 94 Buxton (1981) ...... 93

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Donnelly, C.(1992). M. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in undBild; Wort Band 13:Tirol und Deininger, W. (1897). J. Dangel, (2010). F. Carver, (1984). F. N. (1981). Buxton, D. Fu, X. (1984).Survey: X. ChineseFu, Traditional Architecture. Steinhardt, S. InN. Dunzhen, L. (1980). Ando, K., Naokiho, I.,& K., Ando, Koichi, (1995). Y. 8 Craft Brumfield, W. (2015). &Bugge, Norberg-Schulz, G., C.(1969). Artaria, (1947). P. Bresson, T., & Bresson, J.-M. (1981). T.,Bresson, & J.-M. Bresson, (2004). Baboş, A. Chen, M. (2001). Chen, M. Böllstorf, (2014,0608). M.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Vorarlberg. Verlag Kunstantstalt. Priv. der K.u.K. Russian North.Russian York: CambridgeNew University Press. Byggekunst Arkitekters Norske Landsforbund. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Beton-Verlag GmbH. Traditional Architecture Shiryo Kenkyusha. Shiryo Kenkyusha. University Publications. untiland Founders in the Maramureş of the Turn Century. 18th https://www.gat.st/news/vom-umgang- Yingxian muta: The timber pagodaof Yingxian. Tracing aSacred Building Tradition. Wooden Churches, Carpenters Schweizer Holzhäuser. Nachhaltige Architektur in Vorarlberg. (1893).Vienna: undStaatsdruckerei, k.k.Hof- Alfred vonHölder. The wooden churches of Eastern Europe. An Indroductory Survey. La Maison Chinoise.La Japanese Folkhouses. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries. Das Bauernhaus in Tirol und Vorarlberg. Das www.gat.st Architecture at the end of the Earth. Photographing the (pp. 9-33). New York: China (pp.9-33).New Gallery. House Frühe skandinavische Holzhäuser. . Retrieved 0703,2019,from www.gat.st: Basel: Wepf & Co.Verlag Basel. Paris: Editions Berger-Levraut. Early Wooden Architecture in Norway. Michigan: Documan Ltd. Press, Sumai nodento gijutsu. mit

- alten -bauernhaeusern Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag AG. Beijing. Vienna: Druck und Tokyo: Kenchiku Cambridge, Sweden: Lund Düsseldorf: Chinese Oslo:

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