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Interacciones Químicas Entre Hypsipyla Grandella Y Sus Plantas Hospedantes

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Interacciones Químicas Entre Hypsipyla Grandella Y Sus Plantas Hospedantes Manejo Integrado de Plagas (Costa Rica) No.60 p. 1 5 - 2 1 ,2 0 0 1 Interacciones qumicas entre Hypsipyla grandella y sus plantas hospedantes Jorge E.Macas-Smano* RESUMEN. Hypsipyla grandella, el barrenador de los brotes de las Meliceas, es probablemente el principal factor limitante en el establecimiento de plantaciones de caoba (Swietenia spp.) y cedro (Cedrela spp.) en Amé- rica. Para del comercio internacional,estos árboles son las especies maderables tropicales más importantes de este continente. Recientemente, S. macrophylla, ha sido propuesta como una especie en peligro de extinción. Algunas publicaciones documentan aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de H.grandella, lo que incluye varios tra- bajos sobre el control químico y silvicultural de esta importante plaga. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre las interacción del insecto y sus hospedantes. En este trabajo se analizan estas interacciones, presentando la infor- mación disponible sobre la especificidad de hospedantes, así como los principales patrones de comportamien- to del insecto. Se enfatiza la necesidad del estudio de estas interacciones, enfocando toda la familia Meliaceae y no solamente en las especies de valor comercial.Esas otras especies podrían proveer no sólo información im- portante acerca de las interacciones insecto-planta,sino que también podrían ser buenas alternativas como una fuente de maderas preciosas. Se discuten las evidencias que sugieren la existencia de feromonas involucradas en el apareamiento de H. grandella y en la atracción de las hembras a los compuestos volátiles de los hospe- dantes. El conocimiento de estos fenómenos dirigidos por sustancias químicas, fundamentaría el diseño de prác- ticas de manejo sólidas, que serían específicas para cierta especie, y de impacto ambiental prácticamente nulo. Se presentan varias tácticas de manejo, que involucran el uso de sustancias semioquímicas, y que han probado ser exitosas con otras especies de lepidópteros plagas. Palabras clave: Hypsipyla grandella, Ecología química, Swietenia spp., Cedrela spp., Meliaceae, América tropi- cal,Plagas forestales. A B S T R AC T. Chemical interactions between H y p s i pyla gr a n d e l l a and its host plants. H . g r a n d e l l a, t h e mahogany shoot borer, is probably the main limiting factor in the establishment of mahogany (S w i e t e n i a s p p.) and cedar ( C e d r e l a s p p.) plantations in A m e r i c a . For international commerce,these trees are the most important tropical timber species of this continent. Recently, it has been proposed that Swietenia macrophylla is a species in danger of extinction. Some publications document biological and ecological aspects of H. grandella, including several papers on the chemical and silvicultural control of this important pest. However, very little is known about the interactions between the insect and its hosts. In this work,these interactions are analysed, the available information about the specificity of host is presented as well as the main behavioural patterns of the insect. The need to study these interactions is emphasized, focusing on the entire Meliaceae family and not only on the species of commercial value. These other species may provide not only important information about the insect plant interactions, but they may also be good alternatives as a source of valuable timber. Evidence suggesting the existence of pheromones involved in the mating behaviour of H.grandella a n d in the attraction of females to the volatile compounds of hosts, is discussed. Knowledge of these behaviour patterns directed by chemical substances, could provide a basis for the design of robust management practices, that would be specific for each species and of practically no environmental impact. Several management prac- tices are presented, which incorporate the use of semiochemicals and that have been successfully used with other Lepidopteran pest species. Key words: Hypsipyla grandella, Chemical ecology, Swietenia, Cedrela, Meliaceae, American tropical, Forest pests. * Grupo de Ecología Química. Colegio de la Frontera Sur,Tapachula,Chiapas, México. Correo electrónico:[email protected]. 15 Introduccin bilidad de la misma especie y C. odorata al ataque de En el trpico, las especies Hypsipyla grandella (Zell.) H.grandella (Newton et al. 1998, 1999).Estos estudios y H.robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),deno- concluyen de manera general que:1) existe una mayor minadas comnmente como barrenadores de los bro- incidencia del insecto en sitios con deficiencia de agua tes de las Meliaceae, son un factor bitico muy limi- durante el establecimiento de la plantación; 2) existen tante para el establecimiento de plantaciones de variaciones genéticas significativas, en cuanto a altu- especies maderables importantes, como las caobas ras de crecimiento, dentro y entre diferentes poblacio- (Swietenia spp., Khaya spp.) y los cedros (Cedrela spp., nes de caobas, y 3) en términos de su susceptibilidad a To o n a s p p.) (Entwistle 1967, N e w t o n , et al. 1 9 9 3 , H. grandella, existen variaciones genéticas significati- Mayhew y Newton 1998). Las caobas son las maderas vas dentro de S. macrophylla y C. odorata. tropicales mejor conocidas y con mayor valor en el co- Con excepción de dichos estudios, prácticamente mercio internacional.En el mbito mundial se conoce no existen trabajos que contemplen la interacción del que existen,sin contar las plantaciones privadas, apro- insecto con sus hospedantes.Un enfoque de esta natu- ximadamente 200000 ha plantadas de esta especie raleza permitirá una visión más integral del sistema (Mayhew y Newton 1998). El desarrollo de estas insecto-planta y por ende, del desarrollo de medidas plantaciones no slo permite abastecer la amplia de- ecológicamente más sólidas para su manejo. manda del producto, sino que adems reducen la pre- La ecología química es un área del conocimiento sin ejercida sobre los bosques naturales (Mayhew y que estudia las interacciones ecológicas entre organis- Newton 1998). mos, mediadas por compuestos químicos. Este enfo- Desde hace varias décadas y en varias partes del que permite un mejor entendimiento de cómo los ba- mundo, incluyendo Latinoamérica,las plantaciones de rrenadores del género Hypsipyla detectan y aceptan Meliaceae se han abandonado o bien se han interrum- sus plantas hospedantes. De igual manera, permite di- pido en su totalidad, debido al ataque de las dos espe- lucidar los mecanismos de comunicación química exis- cies de Hypsipyla mencionadas. En México, como en tente entre los insectos mismos, ya sea a través de sus el resto del trópico americano, H.grandella ha sido in- feromonas (intraespecíficamente) como entre los in- formada como una plaga crónica que limita el estable- sectos y sus hospedantes (interespecíficamente) me- cimiento exitoso de plantaciones de cedro, (Cedrela diante compuestos kairomonales. Ambos mecanismos odorata L.) y caoba, (Swietenia macrophyla King), en podrían ser explotados para el manejo del insecto y la los estados de Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana manipulación de sus hospedantes, como ya ha sido Roo,Tabasco,Veracruz y Yucatán (Cibrián et al. 1995). ampliamente comprobado con otras especies de insec- Quizá por la importancia económica de esta pla- tos que son plagas (Grant 1991, Borden 1993). ga, la información generada se ha centrado en méto- dos de control,ya sean estos químicos, biológicos o sil- Ecologa qumica del sistema H.g r a n d e l l a – Meliaceae viculturales (Mayhew y Newton 1998), aunque han Incidencia del insecto segn las especies de Meliaceae. habido varios trabajos sobre su biología (Ramírez- La gran mayoría de los trabajos que describen la inci- Sánchez 1964, Grijpma y Gara 1970a, Roovers 1971, dencia de H. grandella lo hacen principalmente sobre Holsten y Gara 1975, Holsten 1977, Whitmore 1976) y S.macrophylla y C. odorata como sus hospedantes.Es- ecología básica (Grijpma y Gara 1970a,1970b, Gara et to quizá se deba a que la mayoría de los informes pro- al. 1973, Whitmore 1976, Fasoranti et al. 1982) que se viene de plantaciones comerciales y son esas dos las han desarrollado. Hasta ahora el único método prácti- especies más utilizadas. Sin embargo, hay otros hospe- co y eficaz de control sigue siendo el uso de insectici- dantes nativos en América, que no son utilizados co- das sintéticos. El uso de insecticidas biológicos, basado mercialmente. en hongos entomopatógenos está en proceso de eva- En general, existe una gran especificidad de los luación y parece prometedor (Dr. David Cibrián,com. insectos del género Hypsipyla por las especies de la fa- pers.). Sin embargo, ambos métodos requieren ser milia Meliaceae (Entwistle 1967) y por ello es impor- aplicados constantemente y que los productos estén tante un análisis de todos los hospedantes potenciales en contacto directo con el insecto. del barrenador en el trópico americano. Recientemente, se han realizado estudios de aná- La familia Meliaceae tiene una distribución prác- lisis de procedencia para S.macrophylla (Newton et al. ticamente pantropical.Entre sus miembros se encuen- 1993 y 1996), así como pruebas genéticas de suscepti- tran especies maderables importantes en el comercio 16 i n t e r n a c i o n a l , todos ellos dentro de la subfamilia Ja c q . y C e d r e l a c i l i o l a t a S. Wa t s o n , de origen neotro- Swieteniodeae, tribu Cedreleae (Pennigton y Styles pical (Lavie et al. 1 9 7 1, López-Olguín et al. 19 9 7 ) , S. 1975). Los ms importantes comercialmente son: S. mahogany L. Jacq. y Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. macrophylla y C. odorata en el trpico americano y Juss. de origen hindú (Govindachari et al. 1999). Toona ciliata M . J. R o e m , y K h aya ivorensis A . Aunque H. grandella ataca a C. odorata y S. Ch e v.
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