The Soviet Space Research Program

THE SOVIET SPACE.RESEARCHPROGRAM

. MONOGRAPH III f ORGANEATION; PLANNING, AND CONTROL

CIA/SI 3759 27 August 1959

CENTPAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ,' OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE

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WARNING T'WJ material contoins information affecting the National Defense o! the Unlted State8 within the meaning of the espionaoe laws, Title 18, USC, Becs. 799 and 794, the trans- mindon or revelatim of which in any manner to an nnauthorlmd person la prahlbrted by law.

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Scientific Intelligence Report

THE SOVIET SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM

MONOGRAPH 111 ORGANIZATION, PLANNING, AND CONTROL

NOTICE._ The conclusions, judgments, and optnionS contained in this finished intelligence report are based on extensive scientipc intelligence research and n?pressnt the final and consid- et& views of the Ome of Scientijk Intelli- pence.

* CIA/SI 37-59 27 August 1959

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE CO 20 57 7.5 1

PREFACE

The intelligence information presented in this monograph covers the period from October 1057 to 15 May 1050 and is based on open literature and classified repor@. This study, which is made to determine the organization, planning, and control of the Soviet apace research program and to assess the impact of these factors on future Soviet space research,is one of 12 studies on the Soviet space research program. Monographs XI through XII are designed to support the conclusions found in Monograph I, an overall evaluation of the program, which will be published last. Monographs on the Soviet Space Resesrch Program: IEstimate 1050-74 VII Telemetry, Communica- tiom, and Reconnais- I1 Objectives sance Instrumentation

IV Space,Vehicles X Space Biology and As- trobiology V Propulsion Systems XI Astronomical Aspects XII Current Status of Prog- VI Guidance and Control ress CO LO5 7 7.5 1

CONTENTS

Page PREFACE...... iii SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIQNS ...... 1 DISCUSSION ...... 2 ..Organieatio.EngagedinSpaceResearch ...... 2 Early Activities ...... 2 2

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CONTENTS - Continued

FIGURES .

Fouototng Page 1. chart Organization and Coordination of Soviet Space Research.. . . . , . , . . , . . . . 2 2. Chart Probable Channels for Planning Soviet Space Research...... 2 THE SOVIET SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM

MONOGRAPH 111 ORGANIZATION, PLANNING, AND CONTROL

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

mere appears to be a division of responsi- National Economy (Sovnarkhozes), higher bility in the administration of the Soviet educational institutions (WZ's) ,* and minis- space research program between the civilian tries, but the major portion of this phase of and military authorities. the research is probably conducted in institutions under the Ministry of Defense and the Administration of the space scienflflc re- State Cbmmittees of the Council of Ministers. search program is apparently centralized in the Interagency Commission for Interplan- The formulation of policy and plans con- etary Communications (ICIC) of the Astro- cerning space research is probably highly nomical Council of the Academy of Sciences, centralfeed and coordinated to assure rapid USSR. Space research is probably conducted decision making and efacient allocation of in a variety of Soviet research institutioIis. resources. Responsibility for the formulation The Academy of Sciences, USSR, and higher of policy and planning of space research will educational institutions probably conduct the probably continue to be allocated as follows: major proportion of the theoretical research, The ICIC will continue to develop long- whereas the ministerial institutes and insti- range policy qdplans on space scientific re- tutes of the Councils of National Economy search in accordance with broad directives and of the State Committees probably conduct issued by the Central Committee of the Com- a considerable amount of the applied research munist Party and the Council of Ministers. that concerns space. The ICIC will probably review and coordinate The launching and space vehicle develop- the plans With the State Plsnning Committee ment phase is probably administered and con- (GOSPLAN), USSR, and assign rasearch trolled by a special scientiflc-technical com- projects to various scientfffc institutions con- mittee on guided missiles and space vehicles sidered most capable of fuwllng the plans. that is beueved to exist under the Council of . Ministers, USSR, and that probably works (2) I closely with the Ministry of Defense. Some scientilic research in support of the launching and space vehicle development phase of the WZ is a Russian term made up of the lnitial .propam is Probably conducted in letters of the words meaning higher educational under the Academy of Sciences, Councils Of institution -vyssheye uchebnoye zavedeniye.

1 Since space research is a priority project, the Soviet scientiflc and technical information system will continue to support the spsce research program by the exploitation of domestic and foreign literature on space re- (3) Other agencies, such as the Communist 1 Party and the Committee for State Security, exercise Vqhg degrees of control Over the Although there is no evidence of Sino-Soviet program. Bloc coordination in space research-except The Soviet space research program appears in the field Of satelute sa at ion -the to be well coordinated at the national level USSR space eftort P~o~Wwill benefit by &e ICIC. MU^ mow coordination is some extent from the overall coordination of probably facilitated by the presence on the Bloc SCientiflC research efrected through ICIC of eminent scientists, who represent a agreements COnchded between the Academy bro& a& mtion of the scien~ccornu- of Sciences, USSR, and national academies Of nity. Coordination is apparently also achieved Bloc Countries and through sCientifiC-techni- through problem confemnces, Head Insti- cal commissions organized between the USSR tubs, and interdisciplinary research groups. and Bloc countries.

DISCUSSION ORGANIZATIONS ENGAGED IN SPACE Academician A. N. Nesmey’anov, President RESEARCH of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, indicated the official existence of a Soviet space flight Early Activities program in hls speech to the World Peace Soviet scientiflc research connected with Council in Vienna on 27 November 1953. He rocketry and space flight was organized early stated that “science has reached a state when in 1929 by a pup of Soviet scientists who it is feasible to send a stratoplane to the called themselves‘the Wroup for the Study moon, to create an artificial earth satellite.” * of Reactive Motion” (GIRD). I. P. Fortikov, This statement was followed later by an an- Ya. Perel’man, and N. A. Rynin formally or- nouncement of the creation of an Interagency ganized the group with government encour- Commission for Interplanetary Communica- agement to hvatigate and systematically de, tions. velop new rocket devices. GIRD was a part of a larger organization called the Society for Administrative Organizations the Promotion of Defense and the Aviation Administrative responsibruty for the direc- and Chernical Industries (OSOAVIAKHIM). tion of the Soviet space flight research pro- ScienWc publications hued by GIRD in- gram appears to be divided between civilian cluded contributions by I. A. Markhulov, and military authorities. Civilians direct the M. K. Tikhonravov, and Yu. A. Pobedonostsev, broad scientiflc research program; and the who are still active in Soviet rocket propul- launching and space vehicle development pro- sion and space flight activities. gram is probably controlled by the military.” In 1934, the Soviet government recognized Interagency Commission Interplandam the military potential of the rocket and for launched a government?sponw>red rocket re- Communications -To bring the direction of search program, which apparently included a the space flight scientiflc research program special commission to direct and coordinate under the centralized authority of one organi- scientiflc research in aviation technology, zation on the national level, the Soviet gov- with special emphasis upon piloted rocket ernment established the Interagency Com- planes.’ -mission for Interplanetary Communications 2 -===I I * 4 2010,57751,‘’ ’ .

Figure 1

I ” ORGANIZATION AND COORDINATION OF ,SOVIET. SPACE RESEARCH uCOUNCIL OF MINISTERS, USSR

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Flguun 2 EII PROBABLE CHANNELS FOR PUNNlNb SOVl,Ef SPACE RESEARCH

FORMULATION OF POUCY AND REVIEW OF PUNS

PRO8LEM Hud Research Party Organs CONFERENCES Staff Components InatiMIs +

FORM ULATlON OF Pa* Organs DETAILED PUNS -+1

*. space vehicle development phase of the program is probably administered by staff components such as the Chief Artillery Direc- torate of the Ministry of Defense.6a6 Although a considerable amount of &en- tiflc research in support of the launching and vehicle development is probably conducted'in scientific research organizations of the Acsd- emy of Sciences, Councils of National Eqn- omy, higher educational institutions, and ministries, the major proportion of such re- except for launching and space vehicle devel- search and development is probably conducted opment, and has the responsibility and au- in institutions under the aninlstry of Defense thority to secure the active participation of appropriate scientific research institutions and the State Committees of the Counc&of Ministers for Defense Technology, Radio I&c- and individuals in the space research pro- tronics, Aviation Technology, Shipbuild&g, gram.' Chemistry, and Automation and Shipbuilding. The ICE,* headed by Dr. L. I. Sedov, is These Committees are responsible for the co- compokd of 30 members representing a cross ordination and administration of scientific section of the Soviet scientific community. research in their respective fields.10 Two ma- Included on the Commission are some of the jor installations that probably contribute to USSR's most eminent 8cientistq e.g., P. L. the launching and vehicle development as- Kapitsa, V. A. Ambartsumian, and N. N. pects are the ScientiAc Research Institute of Bogolyubov.**T Moreover, a number of the Factory 88 under the State Committee for members, such 88 A. A. Blagonravov, c). I. Defense Technology and Scientific Research Pokrovski, V. F. Bolkhovitinov and Yu. A. Institute 4 of the Ministry of Defense. Pobedonostsev, hold high ranks in the mili- number of research institutions that are tmy reserve and are with.the mili- A familiar subordinate to the 104 Councils of National tary facets of rocketry and space technology! The inclusion of eminent scientists who repre- Economy, which emphasize applied research, sent various SCienWc disciplines and who are are probably engaged in the vehicle develop ailliated with the Academy of Sciences, ment phase of the space flight program. In and higher educational institutions 1058, a number of workers of the Leningrad USSR, Council of National Economy, including a probably will facilitate efficient direction by specialist in optics, received awards for par- the ICIC of the Soviet space research pru- ticipation in the development and launching gram. of the USSR's artiflcial earth satellite.17 Launching and Space Vehicle Development OrganrZatrolrs - The administrative control Research Organizations of the launcm and space vehicle devel Since space research involves a large number of scientific disciplines, various facets of the program are probably conducted in a variety of the research institutions in the USSR. Academy Of Sctence~, USSR - Although I The there is little available information to indicate the extent to which the institutions of Bee appendix !or charter. the Academy of Sciences, USSR, are directly of the ICIC see appendix C engaged in space research, it is highly prob- Sovfet Space Research Pro- AsttOnotltfcaZ Asped8,15 May able that a large proportion of the space research is conducted in its institutions. Since

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the scientific institutions of the Academy of does not indicate the extent to which the 39 Sciences, USSR, are estimated to perform universities and estimated 352 specialbed sci- about 50 percent of all Soviet fundamental enwc and technical institutes are engaged research and much of the applied research, directly in space research activities, but a it is likely that they conduct a major propor- number of WZ’s are engaged in research that tion of the theoretical research and perform may be directly related to the Soviet space some applied resemh directly connected with program.2S In 1956, the Chair of Botany of the space program. I the Alma-Ata Pedagogical Institute imeni Abaia was conducting research on the problem of plant life on Mars.’ The WZ’s also play a signlflcant role in the optical observations of artificial earth satellites. The As- tronomical Council of the Academy of 8ci- ences, USSR, in collaboration with the IvIin- istry of Higher Education, USSR, and the .Ministries of Education of the Rwlan Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (MFSR), and the Cteorgian, Uzbek, Turkmen and SSR’s, Republic Academies of Sciences--The ex- organbed 66 stations for visual and 24 sb tent to which the Union Republic Academies tiom for photographic observation of the of Sciences are engaged in space research ar#- activitied but they flcial earth satellite8 at a number of univer- 1 ‘par- sities, astronomical observatories and peda- ticipate in the broacl scientltlj: research programs of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, and a number of th& institutions and scientific peraonnel are probably engaged in research on space flight problems. There are In addi€CD fragmentary bits of evidence to support this my and physics from thesls. In 1947, for example, a Department WZ’s were trained to become heads. and dep- of Astrobotany was established in the Acad- uty heads of observation stations.18 Aside emy of Sciences of the KbSSFi in which from their participation in the earth satellite astrobotanfCal and astrobiological research on observation program, the 13 astronomical problems relevant to space flight may be con- observatoriw associated with the universities ducted.# In 1958, this sector of the Depart- are probably also engaged in other aspects of ment reoriented its research toward the study space research. of the biological support of man in space.. Ministerial Institutes - Scientific research institutions under ministries perform both theoretical and applied research in support of the industrial, military or .other responsl- bilities of the mhistries.7 The Ministry of Defense probably controls a number of research organizations involved in research related to space vehicle development.

I Institutions under the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, which is under the Higher Educational Institutfons Accord- Ministry - of Health, probably conduct research on the . ing to the Ministry of Higher Education, the medical aspects of interplanetary travel. WZ‘s played a large part in the launching$ of the earth satellites and the successful ex- The Ministry of Communications[] periment# with the intercontinental bW~tic //themain organization responsible for missiles (ICBM).la Available information WJTing Soviet visual observation stations

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10 with accurate time signals submitted to it by i- the All-Union Institute of Physicotechnical d Measurements under the Committee on a Standards, Measures, and Measuring Ins eAmateur Radio Clubs -Amateur radio rt ments of the council of Ministers, :e clubs contribute to the Soviet earth satellite of The AU-Union Institute of ScierrtiJlc and tracking program.- III addition to, a large ai Technical Information- The All-Union In- number of professional radio observation sta- b stitute of Scientific and Technical Informa- tions, the USSR has a large amateur radio ob- . 50 tion (VINITI) is the USSR's main center for servation program. I a- the processing and dissemination of all scien- a- tiflc and technical Information, including d that on space research. This Instityte is the I n- world's largest SCientiAc and technical infor- I The Institute of Ra- he mation processing organization and is sub- dio Engineering and Electronics of the Acad- let ordinate both to the State Scientific-Techni- emy of Sciences, USSR, published a requeat nd cal Committee of the Council of Ministers, for radio amateurs to report their data. The :IS, USSR,and the Academy of Sciences, USSR.ll request included reporting instructions. !Chis participation stimulates interest and enthu- 8- Amateur scientific organhations ti- siasm on the part of the club members and er- Clubs and amateur scientific groups play serves as an instrument for the further popu- an important role in the popularhatdon of larization of space the Soviet space flight program by participat- ing in the observation and tracking program THE PLANNING FUNCTION FOR THE SOVIET for earth satellites, but probably do not con- SPAC€ RESEARCH PROGRAM

130 I tribute significantly to the space research Li Mort. Centralized planning of the Soviet space research program by the ICICl 3313 Central Air Club imeni Chkaloo-One of 1 eP the most important organizations that is ac- ide Ute .Gal includes. a number of leading scientists. I scientific and technical resources and man- des power in both the research and development I of phases of the space research program.' Overall planning of the broad scientific rch space research effort is carried out through 0th. the ICIC, which probably uses the following mrt procedures in the formulation of space re- Mi- search plans: ' of re- (1) The ICIC issues directives defining the re- problems to be solved. (2) Then problem conferences are con- vened under the auspices of the ICIC to facili- ical tate the coordination of plans on particular Jtry the problems.D (3) Plans made at the conferences are probably reviewed and coordinated with the State Planning Committee, USSR,after which J they become a part of the national science 10nS plan.

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(4) After approval by the Council of Min- to the Academy of Sciences, USSR; the State isters, USSR, the scient& projects on space Plannlng Committee, USSR; the Councils of research are probably assigned by the ICIC to National Economy; State Committees of the those institutions that possess the best facili- Council of Ministers, USSR; or the Ministry ties and sctentitlc personnel to perform the of Higher Education. The United Learned research. Council of a Head Institute has the authority to coordinate on a national scale all research National-Level Coordination activities related to the Institute’s specialty The presence on the ICIC of a large num- and to publicize pertinent information 011 re- ber of eminent scientists in various scientiflc search planning and progress in their par- disciplines and from a number of scientific ticular fields.ll The Institute of Physics of research institutions probably facilitates a me Atmosphere of the Academy of Sciences, high degree of informal coordination of the USSR, for example, is responsible not only for space wort on a national scale. Moreover, the study of the upper atmosphere, but also a number of the members of the Commission for the coordination of work of Institutes are reported to be politically influential and Working in the same field in order to prepare are apparently in positions to have their views data for special meetings on space rockets heard on the highest echelons of the Party and satellites attended by important Owcials and a0vernmentP Caordinatign is also and scientists from other InstituteS.l0 The achieved by problem conferences, Head Insti- Institute of Biological Physics of the Academy tutes, and interdisciplinary research group. of Sciences, USSR, is also a Head Institute that coordinates the biophysical research of Problem Conferences -The Soviets have other Institutes and laboratories on biophysi- held various conference problems under the cal problems, many of which are probably auspices of the ICIC to coo~dinatetheir space directly related to the space program.12 It is research program. In 1956, the first confer- quite possible that the Soviets have desig- ence of biologtsts and astronomers on the nated other Head Institutes to coordinate re- prognoaticetion of conditions of life on other search on particular problema in‘ the space planets was held at the State Astronodcal program. Institute imeni P. K. Shternberg. The conference elected a scientific council to coordi- Interdisciplinary Research Groups -The nate research on the problem of prognostica- solution of a number of scientific problems tion of conditiom of life on other planets. in the space research requires an interdisci- The council was also given the responsibility plinary or ‘tcomplex” research approach. Al- is I for developing a 5-year plan for scientj5c re- though there Little information on Soviet search on the problem.g At the same con- institutions engaged in interdisciplinary re- ference, a byear plan for astrobi0logica.l research specifically on space flight problems, search of the Institute of Biophysics of the statements of leading scientists connected Academy of Sciences, USSR, was also ap- with the Soviet space program emphasize the proved. importance of utilizing the interdisciplinary approach to solve many problems. Karpenko, Head Institutes - In some casea, the ICIC Scientific Secretary of the ICIC, for example, has apparently designated speciftc institute5 has stated that “it is necessary to get ready as-Head Institutes to coordinate particular for interplanetary travel by solving a wide facets of scienUc research related to the range of questions by joint efforts of astron- space pmgram.lo omers, biologists, geologists, geophysicists, Head Institutes, often referred to in the and many other specialists.@ P. A. Moiaeyev, Soviet press as “Head,”“Lead,” or “Central” of the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology Institutes, are those that have proved them- imeni Sechenova, has also stated that complex selves to be the most competent and best research on the problem of protecthg xian equipped scientific institutionS in a given dis- during his sojourn on other planets must be cipline. head institutes may be subordhate centered in one scientific well-equipped estab-

6 lishment that will encourage other research The Soviet space flight research ef!ort may establishments to work on the problem.g beneflt to some extent from the overall coordf- Available information does not indicate that nation of the Sino-Soviet Bloc scimtific and auch an institute has been created in the technical ef!ort achieved through agreements USSR for the study of space ilight problems. concluded between the Soviet Academy of Sci- ences and the national academim of the Bloc The Kirghiz Academy of Sciences has an- countries and through the organization of spe- nounced plans to establish a scientiflc post cial scientiilc-technical cooperation commis- in the Tien Shan Mountains which will prob sions. The Academy of Sciences, USSR, wn- ably engage in interdiscipllnsry research on cludes bilateral agreement+ with Bloc coun- problems directly connected with space flight. tries on scientific and technical cooperation The scientists at the post will probably con- that call for cooperation and coordination duct astronomical observations, and study with an emphasis on theoretical research. cosmic rays, atmospheric physics, radio tech- Such agreements provide for coordination of nology, astrobotany, and other subjects.18 plans on research topics of mutual interest, Spedal Sdentifi~-TechnicalCommittee exchange of scientific and technical publications, and the reciprocal exchange of invita- It is believed that 1 tions to important ScientfAc conferences.m The agreements concluded by the scientific- ’ 1 the Council of Ministers technical commissions provide primarily for and plans the space vehicle development and exchange of documentation, delegations, and satellite launching activities.** The Ministry coordination of research largely in applied of Defense probably exerts a direct influence scientific - in the planning of these phasea of the space program through its stafI components.81 THE CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR SOVIET S@o-Soviet Bloc Coordination SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM Spade research, like all research in the There is no evidence of Bloc coordination USSR, is subject to control exercised by the in the space march effort, but it is known Communist Party, the Committee of 8tab the that USSR coordinates the activities of Security, and the State Phnning Committee, observation stations of the Sino-Soviet Bloc ‘ USSR.ll and helps the countries organize and equip a number of stations in order to fncrease the The Communist Party volume of observations of Soviet artificial earth In 1957, the Astronomical The Communist Party exercises control Council of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, over the Soviet space research program Working through the Soviet IOY Committee through an elaborate netwark of Party ore& and the IOY Committees and Academies of zations on a territorial and institutional basis. Sciences of the Chinese People’s Republic, the A section for ‘‘&ience, Higher Educational German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czech- Institutions, and Schools” is reported to exist oslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria, within the apparstus of the Centra Com- suggested that visual observation stations be mittee of the Party. Simllnr sections exist established in their respective countries. As in the Union Republic Party Central Com- a result of the USSR’s suggestion, a total of mittees.*- These sections apparently main- 41 observation stations were set up in Bloc tain Party vigilance over all scient& re- countrieS.* Moreover, in 1957, the Academy search, including space research, through re- of Bciences, USSR, presented 500 AT-1 tele- gional Party administrative organa and pri- scopes to these statiod-J mary Party units which exist in all Soviet scientific institutions. The Party units are *The iollouh number of atations was estab- responsible for carrying out Party and Gcov- Imed in each ofthe Bloc countrles: Chlnese Peo- le’s Republic, 7; East Oermany, 10; Czechoalovalda, ernment policies, for maintaining a business- R Poland, 9; Hungary, 3; Romania, 2; Bulgaria, 1. like atmosphere and for assuring that re-

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ymch work is completed within the estab- ences, USSR, established the K. E. Tdolkov- lished time peri0d.N The units are also re- sky Gold Medal “tor outstanding work in the sponsible for (i) selection, assignment, and fleld of interplanetary communication8.” l9 education of cadres, scientific workers, and Compulsions that stem from the totall- engineers; (ii) the ideological indoctrination tarian nature of Soviet society will continue of personnel; and (iii) the development of to cause unhappiness in individual cam6 but 8elf-criticism.g’ are not likely to be sufacientiy widespread to result in serious loss of quality or momen- tum in space research. ’

If a Scientific hypothesis promises to be fruitful, it is relatively easy to reinterpret doctrine k, meet the ideological requhmenb of the Party. Party organizations have been warned to respect the opinions of the scientific community and not ta interfere with the planning and administration of scientdflc institutions, Nevertheless, party organs are encouraged to maintain a high degree of The State Plnnning Committee, USSR vigilance over compliance with state policles The State Planning Committee (aoS- and the fulflbent of research plan8 by mi- PLAN), USSR, probably exercises 801118 de- entdflc institutiOns.’l gree of control over the space research pro- The social and financial status of scientists gram, as it does over all other research, is high in relation to that of other elements through its authority to allocate resources.11 in Sovlet society. The scientists receive high Apparently after the ICIC, in coopemtbn salaries, are well paid for published work and with the State Planning Committee, deter- receive special awards for outstanding work mines the resource8 needed for the space re Scientists working in priority programs research program, the Minis- of Finance is ceive special incentive& In 1964, for exam- responsible for allocating the funds for the ple, the Presidium of the Academy of Sci- projects.

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APPENDIX

CHARTER OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMISSION FOR INTERPLANETARY

COMMUNICATIONS * ' i 1. The fundamental task of the Interagency e. The popularization of the tasks and commfssion for Interplanetary Communica- achievements in the field of astronautics. tions is to assist in every way the develop- 3. The Interagency Commission for Inter- ment of scientjflc-theoretical and practical planetary Communications inquires into work in the Soviet Union concerning ques- plans and reports concerning the activities of tions of studying cosmic space and the scientSlac research institutes that work on the achievement of interplanetary communica- program controlled by the commission. tions. 2. The Commission is charged with: 4. At its discretion, the Commission sum- mons coordinating meetings and scientific- a. Taking actions which secure the ac- theoretical conferences concerning the prob- tive participation of academic and branch of scientific research establishments in work for lems astronautics. the investigation of. cosmic space. 5. The Commission organizes competitions *b. Organization of work on drawing up and carries out the examination of scientific problems, plans, and programs of scientific research works submitted in the competition investigations on the fundamental trends of for the K. E. Tsiolkovskiy Gold Medal. astronautics. 6. The Commission, through the foreign 3- c. Broad attraction of scientific-research action of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, .e- establishments, universities, and individual maintains connections with scientific organi- o investigators to the solution of problems to zations in foreign countries that are working h, Becure the realization of flight into cosmic in the fleld,of investigation of cosmic space 11 sp-. and the achievement of interplanetary com- m d. The coordination of scientific activi- munications. 3r- . ties of individual research institutions on re problems of astronautics. 7. The Interagency Commission for Inter- is planetary Communications comes under the AE mbmitted by Academician L. I. Sedov'to the Council of the Academy of Sci- he International dstronautlcr Federation in October Astronomical 1957. ences, USSR.

9 UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES

1. Krieger, F. J., Sovet Astronautics, Rand Corp., Washington, D. C. 24 @b 58, P-1457, U 2. Tokayev, 0.A, Stalin Means War,Gutenberg Press, London, 1951, p. 117, U 7. Krieger, F. J. Behind the Soviet SputnW: A Survey of Space Sdence, D. Public Atlairs Rand Corp., Washington,‘ C., Press, Mar 58, Appendix a, U a. -, Soviet Ballistic Mbsile and Space Flight Program, Rand Corp., Washington, D. C. P-1388, 2 Jun 58, p 4-5, U 9. Suvorov, N. I., “Conference on the Problem of Prognostica- tion of Conditions of Life on Other Planets,” Alecrdaif Nauk Xcrzcrkhskoi SSR Vestnik, v. 15, no 2 (143), p. 63-70, U 13. FBI& USSR and East Europe, no 6Q-58,9 Apr 58, p. DD-11, -0FrWE-

17. Leningrdkaya &a&, 26 Mar 58, U 18. Vestnfk Vpshey Shkoly 12, Dec 57, p. 5, U 19. FBIS/FRB. USSR and East Europe, no 242, 16 Dec 57, p. cc-l,+FFwea- 25. CIA. FDD Summ 155, Survey of the Soviet Press, Apr 58, p. 14, U 27. VestnfkAkadernfi Nauk, no 2,1958, p. 49-54) U 28. Zzoestfya, 7 Jun 57, p. 2, U 32. Kql’ya Rodin#, no 4, Apr 56, p. 11, U 3s. Radio, no 7, iTul 57, U