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SICSA SPACE ARCHITECTURE SEMINAR LECTURE SERIES PART II : HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SAFETY IN SPACE www.sicsa.uh.edu LARRY BELL, SASAKAWA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SPACE ARCHITECTURE (SICSA) GERALD D.HINES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, HOUSTON, TX The Sasakawa International Center for SICSA routinely presents its publications, Space Architecture (SICSA), an research and design results and other organization attached to the University of information materials on its website Houston’s Gerald D. Hines College of (www.sicsa.uh.edu). This is done as a free Architecture, offers advanced courses service to other interested institutions and that address a broad range of space individuals throughout the world who share our systems research and design topics. In interests. 2003 SICSA and the college initiated Earth’s first MS-Space Architecture This report is offered in a PowerPoint format with degree program, an interdisciplinary 30 the dedicated intent to be useful for academic, credit hour curriculum that is open to corporate and professional organizations who participants from many fields. Some wish to present it in group forums. The document students attend part-time while holding is the second in a series of seminar lectures that professional employment positions at SICSA has prepared as information material for NASA, affiliated aerospace corporations its own academic applications. We hope that and other companies, while others these materials will also be valuable for others complete their coursework more rapidly who share our goals to advance space on a full-time basis. exploration and development. HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SAFETY IN SPACE PREFACE The SICSA Space Architecture Seminar Lecture Series is divided into two general Lecture Groups : GROUP ONE: GROUP TWO: Part I : Space Structures and Part V : The History of Support Systems Space Architecture Part II : Human Adaptation and Part VI : The Nature of Space Safety in Space Environments Part III : Space Transportation, Part VII : Natural and Artificial Propulsion and Pathways Life Support Part IV : Space Mission and Part VIII : Habitats in Extreme Facility Architectures Environments The SICSA Seminar Lecture Series HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SAFETY IN SPACE PREFACE This lecture series provides comprehensive information, considerations and examples to support HUMAN ADAPTATION & SAFETY IN SPACE planning of human space missions and facilities: & PROPULSION SPACE TRANSPORTATION, Part II (this report) discusses human adaptation ACCOMMODATIONS and safety influences and requirements that are & LOGISTICS governed by special mission and environment conditions which relate to topics that are elaborated more in the other three parts : PART II PATHWAYS TRAVEL TIME & RADIATION - Habitat accommodations and logistics support PART III determined by crew size and activities must be correlated with functionality and life support requirements/ constraints imposed by Space PART I PART IV PART Structures and Support Systems (Part I). LIFE SUPPORT FUNCTIONALITY & - Crew accommodations and logistics as well as safety will be directly impacted by travel time and SUPPORT & radiation exposures related Space Transportation, OPERATIONS Propulsion and Pathways (Part III). SPACE STRUCTURES & SUPPORT SYSTEMS & SUPPORT SPACE STRUCTURES - All human facility and operations will be driven by ARCHITECTURES FACILITY & MISSION SPACE planning for Space Mission and facility Architectures (Part IV). Key Relationships to Other Lectures SICSA SEMINAR SERIES PART II EMPHASES We are very grateful to Dr. James F. “Jim” Peters who has generously made a large body of material he has developed and collected available to us. This report draws extensively from his work. Much additional material can be obtained from his book, “Spacecraft Systems Design and Operations”, which can be obtained from the Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 4050 Westmark Drive, Dubuque, Iowa 52202. This excellent publication is used as a primary text for the SICSA MS-Space Architecture curriculum, and is highly recommended as a valuable reference document for students and professionals at all career stages. Key Reference Book HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SPECIAL CREDITS SAFETY IN SPACE “Human Space Flight: Mission Analysis and Design” is a comprehensive and substantial book that should be in the library of any organization and individual involved in space project management, research, design or operations. The document was edited by Wiley J. Larson of the US Air Force Academy and Linda K. Pranke of LK Editorial Services as part of a Space Technology Series through a cooperative activity of NASA and the US Department of Justice. Text materials were contributed by 67 professional engineers, managers and educators from industry, government and academia. It is available through the Higher Education Division of McGraw- Hill. Important Resource Book HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SPECIAL CREDITS SAFETY IN SPACE It would be difficult or impossible to find anyone more knowledgeable about the subject of his book, “Space Stations and Platforms”, than Gordon Woodcock from Boeing. “Gordy” has enormously broad experience and expertise, and we are all fortunate he has made the effort to share it. As noted by Edward Gibson in the book’s forward, “Over the coming years, this work should become a classic space station reference. It has high value for those who desire to understand, appreciate or contribute to our first permanent settlement in New Earth”. It can be obtained through the publisher: Orbit Book Company, Inc., 2005 Township Road, Malabar, Florida 32950. Important Resource Book HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SPECIAL CREDITS SAFETY IN SPACE Section A : Background Section C : Artificial Gravity Spacecraft Concepts The Nature of Space...........................................A-2 and Considerations : Why go to Space?.............................................. A-4 Living in Space……………………………………A-7 Key Issues and Considerations The Human Factor…………………...………….. A-12 - Perceptions of Weight………………...…….……..…C-2 References and Other Sources……………..… A-15 - A-g Conditions Depicted in Movies…………………C-3 - Artificial Gravity Experiments………………………. C-4 Section B : Influences of Weightlessness - Unresolved Research Issues………………………. C-5 On Design and Adaptation: Governing Principles Design Considerations - Cross-Coupled Acceleration Through Head….……C-6 - Operational Influences….……………………..…B-2 Movement Sensations - Neutral Buoyancy Posture….…..……………….B-4 - Radial and Tangential Coriolis Forces……………..C-7 - Functional Advantages/ Constraints……………B-5 - Gravity Gradient Influences………………………… C-8 - Crew Adaptation and Safety…………………… B-6 - Projected Comfort and Performance Ranges……..C-9 - Restraint Systems………………………………. B-7 - Gravity / Radius /RPM Chart……………………….. C-11 - Physiological Influences………………….…….. B-8 - Rate of Rotation vs. Radius for various A-g levels..C-12 - Importance of Exercise……………………..……B-9 - Artificial Weight Change vs. Rotation Radius……...C-12 - Cognitive Influences………………………..……B-10 - Ratio of Coriolis Acceleration vs. Rotation Radius..C-13 - Summary Requirements……………………..….B-11 - Interior Spacecraft Design Strategies………….….. C-14 References and Other Sources HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SAFETY IN SPACE CONTENTS • Spacecraft Concepts - Variable-g Life Science Facility..............................C-37 - History and Issues…………..……………..….. C-15 - Artificial-g Excursion Vehicle (AGSEV)….…….….C-39 - Ganswindt and Tsiolkovsky……………...……C-16 - Rotationally Induced Gravity (RING) Vehicle….…C-41 - Noordung, “Wohnrad”, 1928…………………..C-17 Centrifuge Devices - Von Braun and Les Dorr……………………….C-18 - Centrifuge Devices…………………...……………. C-43 - Oberth and Payne…………………….………..C-19 - Artificial Gravity Sleeper…………………...............C-44 - Lockheed (Kramer and Byers)……………….. C-20 - Human Exercise Module……………...….........…..C-45 - NASA Langley and North American, 1962…. C-21 - Space Research Approaches/ Limitations……….C-46 - NASA Langley and Douglas,” MORL”, 1966.. C-22 - Research/ Equipment and Operations……………C-47 - Space Station V (Kubrick and Clarke)………. C-23 References and Other Sources - Gilruth and German …………………….…….. C-24 - O’Neill, “Model 1”, 1974………………………. C-25 Section D : Partial Gravity Lunar/ Planetary - Driggers, 1975………………………………… C-26 Environments: - Stanford Torus, 1975…………………………. C-27 Human Influences - O’Neill, “Island 1”, 1977………………………. C-30 - Human Influences……...…………..….…....………D-1 - Vaik, Engel and Shettler, 1977…………….… C-32 - Benefits and Limitations…...……...…… ..…….….D-2 - Welch, 1984………………………………….… C-33 - Locomotion on Lunar Gravity……………...………D-4 - Schultz, Rupp, Hajos and Butler, 1987……... C-34 - Body Posture in Reduced gravity………………… D-5 - Staeble (1987) and Lemke (1988)……….….. C-35 - Surface Traction……………………………...….….D-6 - Lockheed Martin Manned Mars Spacecraft… C-36 HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SAFETY IN SPACE CONTENTS • Design Influences - Individual Differences and Responses………..….E-5 - Ceiling Clearances in Lunar Gravity.................D-7 - Human vs. Machines….……………………..……..E-6 - Stairs in Lunar Gravity...................................... D-8 Analog Influences - Seated Posture and Support.............................D-9 - Common Extreme Environment Issues…………..E-7 Site Development/ Operations - Small Antarctic Stations as Analogs………………E-8 - Advantages and Disadvantages.......................D-10 - Nuclear Submarines as Analogs…………………. E-9 - Mobility and Support Systems………………… D-11 - Controlled Isolation Experiments………………….E-10 Summary Comparisons Human Factors - Planning
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