Bul.inf. Entomol., 16: 35-54, 2005 ISSN 1221 - 5244 Data about butterflies (Ord. , S.ord. Rhopalocera) of Zlaşti Valley (Poiana Ruscă Mountains, Romania)

Silvia Burnaz

Rezumat

Date privind fluturii de zi (ord. Lepidoptera, S.ord. - Rhopal ocera) din Valea Zlaşti (Munţii Poiana Ruscă, România)

Zona calcaroasă a Văii Zlaşti este situată în partea estică a Munţilor Poiana Ruscă (Carpaţii Occidentali, România). Râul Zlaşti, afluent al râului Cerna, străbate calcare spectaculare, dolomitice, cu înălţimi cuprinse între 400-500 m. Valea, străjuită de formaţiuni fitocenologice diverse, a fost puţin cercetată din punct de vedere lepidopterologic. Studiile sistematice privind fauna de lepidoptere diurne (Ord. Lepidoptera, Sord. Rhopalocera) s-au efectuat între anii 2004 - 2005. Pe baza colectărilor s-au identificat în total 80 de specii. Lista sistematică a speciilor este însoţită de date privind sursa trofică a lar- velor, adulţilor şi cerinţele ecologice faţă de habitat. Dintre speciile rare şi locale se menţionează Neozephyrus quercus, Brintesia circe pannonica, Chazara briseis, Maculinea arion şi Maculinea alcon. În lunile iulie-august ale anilor 2003 şi 2004, caracterizate prin temperaturi de peste 280C s-au evidenţiat populaţii abundente ale speciilor Satyrus dryas, Brintesia circe pannonica, şi Hipparchia semele.

Key words: Macrolepidoptera, Zlaşti Valley, Poiana Ruscă Mountains

Introduction

The lepidoptera fauna of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains remains still rather little known. On the one hand, a lot of interesting sites have not been researched by lepidopterists, on the other hand, only a small part of the exist- ing species has been reported. The limestone area of Zlaşti Valley is situated in the eastern part of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains (Western Carpathians, Romania) (Oancea et al., 1987). The affluent of Cerna, Zlaşti river cross spectacular calcareous hills

35 reaching 400 m-500 m altitude. The carbonated rocks are generally repre- sented by massive dolomites with a granular, fine texture and various colours: white-gray, gray, gray-purple and black. A series of quarries were opened for the exploitation of these rocks on the Zlaşti Valley (Savul 1959). These area is less known from a lepidopterological point of view. Only Fotescu (1972) published a short checklist of the species. Burnaz Silvia & Marcela Balazs (2002) published a checklist of the vasculary plants and but- terflies of Runcu and Govăjdie Basin. For collecting Lepidoptera species various habitats were researched: deciduous mixed forests, especially beech forests (As. Carpino-Fagetum sil- vaticae), forest edges and shrubs (As. Coryletum avellanae Soó 1927 and As. Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum monogynae (Soó 1927) Hueck 1931), grass- lands (As. Agrostio tenuis-Festucetum rupicolae Csüros-Kaptalan (1962) 1964, As. Medicagini-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1940, Festuco rubrae- Agrostetum tenuis Csüros-Kaptalan 1964). On the hillocks of Zlaşti area, the principal phytocoenose is represented by As. Thymo comosi-Festucetum rupicolae (Csüros & Gergely 1959) Pop et Hodişan 1985, a xerothermophy- lous association. As. Aegopodio-Alnetum glutinosae Kárpáti & Jurko 1961, As. Alnetum incanae (Borckman 1907) Aichinger et Siegrist 1930 and As. Salici capreae- Sambucetum racemosae Soó 1960 are the principal associations wich build up the ripparian forests (Sanda et al. 1993).

Material and Methods

By the help of the entomological net we collected butterflies in some principal natural habitats of the zone. In the same time we observed the flow- ery plants which represent the trophic niche of the adults of the Rhopalocera species. We identified the species afterS puler (1910), Bergmann (1952), Nicu- lescu (1961, 1963, 1965), Still (1996), Chinery (1996), Feltwell (2001).

Results and Discussion

The various habitats with different phytocoenoses and climate offer fa- vourable conditions for lepidoptera fauna, especially for butterflies. Our researches were carried out, especially in the superior part of Zlaşti Valley which is less disturbed by the antropic activities. The species were col- lected especially in grasslands (hayfields and pastures), valley of the rivers and the edge of the forests. As a result of our studies, a number of 80 species of Rhopalocera were recorded from the studied site. The distribution of the Rhopalocera species from the Zlaşti Valley is shown in Table 2.

36 Data about the larval host plants, nectar sources of the adults and eco- logical exigencies are presented. For each reported species, the plant flowers - nectar sources we have observed in this area. The checklist of the species is according Székely (1999), Rákosy (2002) and Feltwell (2001) classification of Rhopalocera (Tab. 2). The majority of species, collected in this area, are (45 species – representing 56,25 % of total recorded species) followed by Lycae- nidae (19 species – representing 23,75% of total recorded species) (Tab. 1).

Tab. 1. The repartition of the species on the families of Macrolepidoptera (S. ord. Rhopalocera)

Family Number of species Hesperiidae 7 Papilionidae 2 Pieridae 7 Lycaenidae 19 Nymphalidae 45 Total 78

The preferred habitats of the species are the grasslands, the edge of the forest and the damp habitats situated along the streams and rivers, character- ised by a high diversity of plants. Residents who remain in the immediate area were the larvae are developed represent the majority of the species. They rest their entire life in the habitats in which they emerge as adults. Other species are migrants like Vanessa cardui and Vanessa atalanta. Concerning the ecological exigencies of the species, our study pointed out the predominance of the mesophylous species followed by mesohygro- phylous and mesothermophylous species. Mesophylous species from shrubs and grasslands are: Clossiana dia, Coenonympha pamphilus, Erynnis tages, Hesperia comma, Lycaena phlaeas, Maniola jurtina, Melitatea athalia, Meli- tatea didyma, Ochlodes venatus faunus, Pyrgus malvae, Issoria lathonia, Lep- tidea sinapis, etc. Xerothermophylous species are Neozephyrus quercus, Scoliantides orion, Polyommatus daphnis, Pironia tithonus, Brinthesia circe pannonica. Hygrophylous and thyrphophylous species are Thersamolycaena dispar rutila and Everes argiades. Some species are ubicviste: Colias crocea, Cynthia cardui, Pieris ra- pae, Vanessa atalanta. The analysis of the larval food points out that all the butterfly’s species feed on plants in their larval stage. The larvae of the identified butterflies feed, according to literature data, on at least 12 plant families. Of great importance are Poaceae followed by

37 Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. Few species are very broad in their host choice (polygophagous), but must are specific, feeding on only a plant species (monophagous) or different species of a family (oligophagous). The monophagous species are Neptis sappho aceris-Latyrus vernus, Brenthis daphne-Filipendula ulmaria, Satyrium spini- Rhamnus catharticus and Neozephyrus quercus-Quercus cerris. They are often limited to particular habitats and form local colonies were their host plants occur. Oligophagous, more flexible and less restricted by habitat, are the ma- jority of the species. Monocotyledonata plants as Poaceae are the host plants for some Hes- periidae and all (Nymphalidae). The Pieridae and some Lycaenidae prefer Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. Different species of Polygonaceae are the host plants of Lycaenidae as Thersamolycaena dispar rutila, Lycaena phlaeas and Lycaena virgaureae. Apatura iris, Apatura ilia and Limenitis populi bucovinensis are related to Salicaceae. Rosaceae are the preferred food of Iphiclides podalirius while Gonepteryx rhamni meridionalis is specialized on Rhamnaceae. The polyphagous species as Pyrgus malvae, Polygonia c-album, Meli- taea cinxia, Melitaea athalia, etc. exploit a variety of plants from this area. The adult resources, especially the flowering plants (dycotyledonata) are studied. Because of the high diversity of the plant associations, the butterflies exploit a great number of flowers to procure the nectar. 86 flowering plants- adult resources were noticed. The most visited plants are Sambucus ebulus, S. racemosa, S. nigra, Telekia speciosa, Aster amellus, Inula hirta, Leucanthe- mum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Cirsium arvense, Carduus nutans, Galium verum, Trifolium campestre, Lotus corniculatus, Hypericum perforatum, Linaria vul- garis, Filipendula ulmaria, Dianthus carthusianorum, Mentha longifolia. The Romanian fauna with 209 species of Rhopalocera is one of the richest of Europe. 38,28 % of the species recorded from Romania were found in this small area of Zlaşti Valley (Poiana Ruscă Mountains). This situation is due to the favourable climate and vegetation as well as to the diversity of the habitats. Some of the species have abundant populations in all the habitats, as: Erynnis tages, Pieris rapae, Pieris napi meridionalis, Lycaena virgaureae, Polyomma- tus icarus, Argynnis paphia, Clossiana dia, Clossiana euphrosyne, Clossiana selene, Melitaea cinxia, Melitaea athalia, Melitaea didyma, Coenonympha pamphilus, Coenonympha arcania, Maniola jurtina, Aphantopus hyperan- thus, Melanargia galathea scolis. Other species, especially the residents, were found only in the calcareous habitats: Polyommatus daphnis and Polyomma- tus coridon. In the summer of 2004 - 2005, especially in Jun - July, a great number

38 of individuals of the species Hipparchia semele, Hipparchia fagi, Minois dr- yas, Brinthesia circe pannonica has been observed. The situation is due prob- ably to the high values of the temperature in the spring and summer, which influenced the development of the vegetation, especially the flowering plants. In the same time, the preferred habitats of these species, the edge of the forests end the clearings occupy a large surface. Other species, rare in the fauna of Romania are: Charcarodus floccifer- us, Neozephyrus quercus, Neozephyrus quercus and Maculinea alcon, Macu- linea arion. The most important species we have collected in this area are: Charcarodus flocciferus Zeller, 1847 Flight period: Jun-August Habitats: It prefers dry, flowery grasslands and scrubby areas of the lowlands and mountainous zone. Adult nectar sources: Especially Linum flavum, Lamium album, Origa- num vulgare and Malva officinale Larval food: Stachys sp. and Marrubium sp. Geographical distribution: Euroasiatic species. Maculinea alcon (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Flight period: Jun-July Habitats: It prefers dry grasslands, edges, and sunny, flowery limestone hillsides. Adult nectar sources: Especially Teucrium chamaedrys, Thymus serpyl- lum, Aster amellus, Centaurea scabiosa, Cardamine pratensis and Arabis hir- suta. Larval food: Gentiana pneumonanthe, Gentiana asclepiadea in the early stages. The development of larvae is completed in the nests of Myrmica species. Geographical distribution: Euroasiatic species Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758) Fly period: June-August Habitats: Grasslands, sunny rocks Ecological exigencies: Species strictly bound of grasslands with Thy- mus serpyllum, the larvae host plant. Larval food: Thymus serpyllum. The development of larvae is complet- ed in the nests of Myrmica species. Adult nectar sources: Filipendula ulmaria, Agrimonia eupatoria, An- thyllis vulneraria, Galega oficinalis, Linum flavum, Galium purpureum, An- chusa officinalis, Onosma arenaria, Stachys recta and Potentilla reptans. Geographical distribution: Euroasiatic species Neozephyrus quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fly period: July-August Habitats: It occurs at the openings of the oak forests Ecological exigencies: Mesothermophylous, xerothermophylous spe-

39 cies typical for oak forests Adult food: Sambucus ramenosa, Sambucus ebulus (fruits) and sticky honey-dew from aphids Larval food: Quercus sp., rarely on Fraxinus ornus Geographical distribution: Westpalearctic species Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764) Flight period: Jun – August Habitats: The species prefers at the edges and openings in deciduous forests. Adult nectar sources: Sambucus racemosa, Sambucus ebulus and Sca- biosa columbaria Larval food: Various grasses (Poaceae) Geographical distribution: Palearctic species Most of the species of butterflies, collected in the summer of 2004 – 2005, have preferred the edge of the forests and the vegetation developed across the valleys with a great variety of plants characteristic for humid habi- tats. Other preferred habitats are the flowering meadows and the stony rocks with xerothermophylous and thermophylous vegetation. The analysis of the larval host plants shows that the majority of the species are Polyphagous species on Dicotyledonata. Some of them are oli- gophagous on Poaceae: Satyrinae and some of Hesperiidae species (Carte- rocephalus palaemon, Hesperia comma, Ochlodes venatus faunus). Vanessa atalanta, Inachis io, Araschnia levana select Urticaceae; Clossiana dia, Clos- siana selene, Clossiana euphrosyne prefer Violaceae. Brassicaceae are host plats for Anthocharis cardamines meridionalis, Leptidea sinapis, Pieris napi meridionalis, Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae. Colias hyale, Colias crocea pre- fer Fabaceae. The species of Primula are the host plants of Hamearis lucina. Polygonaceae are preferred by Lycaena dispar rutila and Lycaena phlaeas. Gonepteryx rhamni meridionalis is oligophagous on Rhamnaceae. Monophagous species are: Satyrium spini - Rhamnus catharticus, Bren- this hecate - Filipendula ulmaria and Neozephyrus quercus - Quercus cerris. A distribution of the feeding plants in plant formations shows the im- portance of grassland communities for the butterflies fauna. Flower-visiting , including butterflies, play an important- eco logical role in natural and agricultural landscapes. This behaviour depends of external factors like flowering density, plant diversity, climatic conditions, habitat isolation and landscape complexity (Hirsch Michaela & Wolters 2003). Adults visit different flowering plants for nectar. The bivoltine and trivoltine species utilise a succession of nectar plants throughout the year. For example, the first generation of Colias hyale prefers Taraxacum officinale, Cardamine pratensis, Crataegus monogyna, Fragaria vesca, Lamium album, etc. The second generation prefers different species of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, etc. Pieris rapae rapae and Pieris napi meridionalis visit an extremely wide variety of flowering plants, in each season. In the sum-

40 M M M M Tab. 2. Tab. Mt E.E. Valley Valley - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic HESPERIIDAE (Poiana Ruscă Mts.) Salvia nemorosa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Potentilla reptans, Senecio vulgaris, Galium verum, Solidago virgaurea, Silene vulgaris, Cardamine pratensis, Hesperis tristis, Cardaminopsis Alyssum alyssoides, Fragaria vesca arenosa, campestre, Leucanthemum vulgare, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium Anthyllis Agrimonia eupatoria, Medicago lupulina, Hieracium pilosella, vulneraria, Galega officinalis, Linum flavum, Solidago virgaurea Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, Cichorium intybus, Filipendula ul maria, Silene vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Potentilla recta, Medicago lupulina, Aster amellus, Erigeron canadensis, Lamium album, Genista tinctoria Agrimonia eupatoria, Medicago lupulina, Melilothus officinalis, Trifo Agrimonia eupatoria, Medicago lupulina, Melilothus officinalis, sylves Rorippa vulgaris, Linaria perforatum, Hypericum campestre, lium tris, Bunias orientalis, Hesperis tristis, Cardamine pratensis, Cardaminop Alyssum petraeum, Dianthus carthusianorum, Arabis turrita, sis aren osa, Leucanthemum vulgare Linum flavum, Lamium album, Origanum vulgare, Malva officinale - larvae Trophic Trophic source of Potentilla sp., Althaea sp., Malva sp. Poaceae Fabaceae Polyphag (Dicotyledo nata) Marrubium sp., Stachys sp. Taxa , 1758) , 1758) 1771) , , 1847) , 1761) Systematic list of the Lepidoptera species (S.ord. Rhopalocera) recorded from calcareous zone Zlaşti innaeu s eller innaeu s o da alla s P P L L Pyrgus fritillarius Pyrgus ( Carterocephalus palaemon ( Carcharodus flocciferus ( Z Erynnis tages ( malvae Pyrgus (

41 M M M E.E. Mt, Mxt - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic PIERIDAE PAPILIONIDAE Leucanthemum vulgare, Galium verum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus Leucanthemum vulgare, Galium verum, Origanum Erysimum odoratum, Epi tricolor, Viola Thymus comosus, serpyllum, lobium hirsutum, Geranium robertianum, Erigeron canadensis, Rorippa Arabis turrita, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Alyssum petraeum, silvestris, Aster amellus, Inula coniza, Scabiosa Thlaspi arvense, Silene album, ochroleuca Thymus serpyllum, Dianthus Origanum vulgare, Solidago virgaurea, carthusianorum, Genista tinctoria, Lotus corniculatus, Cytisus nigricans, Lysimachia vulga chamaedrys, Linum flavum, Teucrium Galium verum, ris, Leucanthemum vulgare speciosa, Mentha longifo Telekia Cirsium canum, Carduus acanthoides, lia, Leucanthemum vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis, Lamium purpureum, Agrimonia eupatoria, , Epilobium thapsus, Verbascum Aster hirsutum, Sambucus racemosa, ebulus, nigra, amellus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Berberis vulgaris, Rubus caesius, Rubus fruticosus, Dianthus carthusianorum speciosa, Hieracium pilosella, Mentha Telekia Dianthus carthusianorum, Aster amellus, Dipsacus fullonum, Cytisus Thymus serpyllum, longifolia, vulgare, Sambucus racemosa, nigra, Tanacetum nigricans, Rubus fruticosus, Berberis vulgaris, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogy Verbascum na, Inula hirta, Hypericum perforatum, Epilobium hirsutum, phlomoides, Hypochoeris uniflora, Sonchus arvensis larvae Trophic Trophic source of Poaceae Poaceae Umbelliferae Rosaceae Taxa , 1758) , 1758) , 1763) , 1905) innaeu s urati innaeu s c o p li L T Hesperia comma ( Ochlodes venatus faunus ( Papilio machaon ( L Iphiclides podalirius (S

42 M M Eu Eu E.E. - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Silene vulgaris, Senecio nemorensis, Salvia pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Fragaria vesca, Bunias orientalis, Rorippa sylvestris, Erysimum odora Valeriana Lathyrus vernus, tum, Stachys sylvatica, Solidago virgaurea, Aster amellus, Centaurea scabiosa, Trifolium pratense, officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Senecio jacobaea, Ranunculus Filipendula vulgaris, vulgare Tanacetum repens, Cytisus nigricans, speciosa, Telekia Dipsacus fullonum, Carduus candicans, Galium verum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Linum hirsutum, Sambucus ebulus, Epilobium Valeriana angustifolium, Fragaria vesca, Inula hirta, Ranunculus repens, Aster Thlaspi arvense, Arabis glabra, officinalis, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Agrimonia eupatoria amellus, Saponaria officinalis, Silene vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Impatiens noli- speciosa, Mentha Telekia tangere, Stachys sylvatica, Hieracium pilosella, Aster amellus, Potentilla recta, Lotus corniculatus, Scabiosa aquatica, ochroleuca, Geranium robertianum, Erigeron canadensis, Cardamine Taraxacum pratensis, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Erysimum odoratum, officinale, Linum hirsutum, Ranunculus repens, acris, Sam Verbascum bucus racemosa, Mentha longifolia, Eupatorium cannabinum, phlomoides Cirsium arvense, Cardamine pratensis, Hippocrepis comosa, Lotus cor vulgaris, Hie arvense, Lathyrus vernus, Lysimacha Trifolium niculatus, racium pilosella, Hesperis tristis, Centaurea cyanus, Sambucus ebulus, Eupatorium cannabinum, Erysimum odoratum, Sysimbrium officinale, officinale Taraxacum larvae Trophic Trophic source of Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae - in ( L , 1758) , 1758) , 1895) , 1758) Taxa eyne innaeu s innaeu s naeu s (H L L ( ( Pieris rapae Leptidea sinapis Pieris napi meridionalis Pieris brassicae

43 M M M Tf Mt E.E. Eu - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic LYCAENIDAE Salvia pratensis, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Lamium purpureum, Mentha Aster amellus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, aquatica, Knautia arvensis speciosa, Men Telekia Epilobium montanum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Arabis hirsuta tha longifolia, Mentha aquatica, Sambucus ebulus, Viola tricolor, Taraxacum officinale, Fragaria vesca, Galium verum, Taraxacum tricolor, Viola Genista tinctoria, Erysimum odoratum, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Hesperis Arabis Ranunculus acris tristis, Rosa canina, Sambucus racemosa, ebulus, Euphorbia cypa rissias, Galium silvaticum, Centaurea cyanus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Verbascum Aster amellus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Solidago virgaurea, officinale, Taraxacum phlomoides, Urtica dioica, Lamium purpureum, Hypericum perforatum, Cardamine pratensis, Fragaria vesca, Crataegus monogyna Thymus serpyllum, Mentha longifolia, M. Campanula persicifolia, aquatica, Dianthus carthusianorum, Galium verum, Solidago virgaurea, Trifolium pratense officinale, Prunella vulgaris, Taraxacum Carduus nutans, Origanum vulgare, Impatiens noli-tangere, Solidago phlomoides, Sysimbrium officinale, Verbascum Aster amellus, virgaurea, Erysimum odoratum, Rosa canina larvae Trophic Trophic source of Fabaceae Fabaceae Primula sp. Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Rhamnaceae , - o urcr y , 1758) F , 1864) in

Taxa 1785) , 1761) , 1758) innaeu s , 1909) ( L Colias hyale e off r o y erne b urg Colias crocea ob er innaeu s innaeu s ( G W L L Thersamolycaena dispar rutila ( Gonepteryx rhamni meri dionalis ( R Hamearis lucina ( phlaeas Lycaena (

44 M M Xt Xt Xt Mt Mt Mh E.E. - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Leucanthemum vulgare, Eupatorium cannabinum, Epilobium angustifo lium, Epilobium hirsutum, Mentha aquatica, longifolia, Inula hir Thymus serpyllum, Melampyrum nemorosum, Lamium purpureum, ta, Aster amellus, Galium mollugo, Prunella vulgaris, Sambucus racemosa Sambucus racemosa, nigra chamaedrys, Stachys Teucrium Linum hirsutum, Solidago virgaurea, officinale, Taraxacum chamaedrys, Veronica recta, Salvia nemorosa, Centaurea scabiosa, Inula helenium Sambucus ebulus repens, Hieracium pilosella, Urtica dioica, Galega T. pratense, Trifolium officinalis, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, Genista tinctoria, chamaedrys Veronica Alyssum petraeum, Centaurea scabiosa, tricolor, Viola Genista tinctoria, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, repens, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium Thymus serpyllum, Urtica dioica, officinalis Veronica Hieracium pilosella, Minuartia verna, Helianthemum canum, Sedum vulgare Tanacetum hispanicum, Inula hirta, Senecio jacobaea, Anthylis vulneraria repens, Trifolium Lotus corniculatus, - nata) larvae Trophic Trophic source of Fabaceae Fabaceae Rhamnus Fabaceae; Sedum sp. catharticus (Dicotyledo Polyphagous Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Polygonaceae Quercus cerris

, c h i ff er m üller Taxa , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1775) , 1771) , 1913) 1761) & S , erity eni s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s ue ss ly alla s o da L L V D F P Lycaena virgaureae virgaureae Lycaena ( Neozephyrus quercus ( Callophrys rubi virgatus ( Satyrium spini ( Cupido minimus ( Celastrina argiolus ( L Scoliantides orion ( P Glaucopsyche alexis ( 1775)

45 M M M Xt Xt Xt Mh Mht E.E. - - - Teucrium Teucrium Trophic source of the adults Trophic NYMPHALIDAE Leucanthemum vulgare, Geranium pratense, Hypericum perforatum, Anchusa officinalis, Bunias orienta Galium mollugo, verum, lis, Rorippa sylvestris, Ranunculus acris, Hesperis silvestris, chamaedrys, Lamium purpureum Aster amellus, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Medicago Dianthus carthusianorum, vulgare Tanacetum sativa, Filipendula ulmaria, Agrimonia eupatoria, Anthyllis vulneraria, Galega Agrimonia eupatoria, Filipendula ulmaria, Anchusa officinalis, On oficinalis, Linum flavum, Galium purpureum, osma arenaria, Stachys recta, Potentilla reptans, Mentha longifolia Aster amellus, Centaurea Thymus serpyllum, chamaedrys, Teucrium Arabis hirsuta scabiosa, Cardamine pratensis, Medicago lupulina, tricolor, Viola Lotus corniculatus, Potentilla recta, Mentha aquatica Alyssum cracca, Inula helenium, Vicia repens, Potentilla recta, Trifolium alyssoides, Synapis arvensis Poten tricolor, Viola Aster amellus, Genista tinctoria, Lotus corniculatus, vulgare Tanacetum tilla recta, Leucanthemum vulgare, Leucanthemum vulgare, Dianthus carthusianorum, Hieracium pilosella, Aster amellus Inula conyza, - - larvae piadea; comosa Trophic Trophic Gentiana source of Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae; Thymus sp. Hippocrepis pneumonan the, G. ascle Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil Myrmecophil

- , , - o t o t ( R

( R , 1775) c h i ff er m üller c h i ff er m üller Taxa , 1758) , 1758) , 1775) , 1775) & S & S , 1761) eni s eni s o tte mb urg innaeu s innaeu s o da P Maculinea arion ( L Maculinea alcon ( D Plebejus argus ( L Cyaniris semiargus Polyommatus icarus Polyommatus daphnis ( D Polyommatus bellargus ( R Polyommatus coridon ( 1775) te mb urg te mb urg 1775)

46 M M M M M Xt Mt E.E. - - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Dipsacus fullonum, Cirsium arvense, Carduus candicans, Telekia spe Telekia Dipsacus fullonum, Cirsium arvense, Carduus candicans, Aster amellus, Mentha ciosa, Galium verum, Leucanthemum vulgare, aquatica, Epilobium angustifolium Origanum vulgare, Leucan Senecio nemorensis, Solidago virgaurea, Aster amellus, Mentha aquatica, Scabiosa ochroleuca, themum vulgare, Galium verum, Linum austriacum Aster amellus, Sambucus ebulus, Leucanthemum Senecio nemorensis, vulgare, Epilobium montanum, Dianthus carthusianorum, Galium verum, speciosa Telekia Hypericum perforatum, Aster amellus, Cirsium Leucanthemum vulgare, Hieracium pilosella, speciosa, Hypericum perforatum, Erigeron canadensis Telekia arvense, Aster amellus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Hyper Leucanthemum vulgare, officinale, Inula helenium, Taraxacum icum perforatum, Galium verum, Epilobium hirsutum, Erigeron canadensis thap V. phlomoides, Verbascum Aster amellus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Cardaminopsis arenosa, sus, Digitalis grandiflora, Solidago virgaurea, Arabis hirsuta, Inula helenium, Epilobium hirsutum, Geranium rober tianum Aster Linum flavum, Hypericum perforatum, Leucanthemum vulgare, speciosa, Galium verum, Filipendula ulmaria, Silene Telekia amellus, vulgaris larvae ulmaria Trophic Trophic source of Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Rubus sp. Rosaceae: Filipendula , , , c h i ff er m üller c h i ff er m üller c h i ff er m üller Taxa , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) & S & S & S eni s eni s eni s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s L L D Argynnis paphia Argynnis ( L Speyeria aglaja ( L Fabriciana adippe ( D 1775) Fabriciana niobe ( Issoria lathonia ( Brenthis daphne ( D 1775) Brenthis hecate ( 1775)

47 M M M M M E.E. U, Mg U, Mg - - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Silene vulgaris, Veronica spicata, Filipendula ulmaria, Chamaecytisus Veronica Silene vulgaris, campestre, Lo Trifolium Arabis hirsuta, leiocarpus, Hieracium pilosella, Inula helenium, tus corniculatus, Centaurea cyanus, Solidago virgaurea, Senecio vernalis, Hieracium pilosella, Hypericum perforatum, Leucan themum vulgare Saps flows on trees, fermenting fruits. Seldom visits flowers like Carduus speciosa Telekia acanthoides, Cirsium nutans, arvense, Centaurea cyanus, Carduus nutans, Cirsium arvense, Leucanthemum speciosa, Sambucus ebulum, Epilobium angustifolium, Telekia vulgare, Epilobium montanum speciosa, Berberis vulgaris, Telekia Carduus nutans, C. candicans, Sambucus ebulus, racemosa, Galium verum, Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare, Carduus candicans, Cirsium arvense, Sambucus speciosa, Mentha longifolia, Hyperi Telekia ebulus, Sambuculus nigra, cum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Saponaria officinalis, Cardamine impatiens, Fragaria vesca, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla recta, Chamaecytitus leiocarpus, Alyssum petrae Arabis hirsuta, Medicago lupulina, Origanum vulgare, Aster amellus, Melilotus officinalis, Lotus campestre, Trifolium um, Galium verum corniculatus, Linum flavum, Solidago virgaurea, campestre, Inula helenium, Lotus cornicu Trifolium Linaria vulgaris, latus, Lamium album, Centaurea cyanus, C. scabiosa, Galium mollugo, Arabis hirsuta, Lychnis Hypericum perforatum, Cardamine pratensis, Anchusa officinalis, Myosotis arvensis flos-cuculi, - larvae dicans, Trophic Trophic source of Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urtica dioica Carduus can , 1775) Taxa 1767) , 1758) , , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758)

c h i ff er m üller eni s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s L L L L L Clossiana euphrosyne ( Clossiana selene ( D Clossiana dia ( L atalanta Vanessa ( cardui Vanessa ( Inachis io ( Aglais urticae ( & S

48 M M Mt Mt Mh Mh Mxt E.E. - - - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Hieracium pilosella, Centaurea cyanus, Telekia speciosa, Dianthus Telekia Hieracium pilosella, Centaurea cyanus, Thymus serpyllum, Erigeron ca carthusianorum, Origanum vulgare, nadensis, Epilobium hirsutum, Geranium robertianum tricolor, Viola Carduus nutans, Salvia pratensis, Eryngium campestre, Anchusa officinalis, Sambucus nigra, S. racemosa, Linaria vulgaris, Achillea millefolium, Solidago Salvia pratensis, Pulmonaria officinalis, officinale Taraxacum virgaurea, Aster amellus, Sca Carduus nutans, Cirsium arvense, Origanum vulgare, Thymus comosus, Lotus cornicu Thymus serpyllum, biosa columbaria, Achillea millefolium, latus, Centaurea cyanus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Chamaecytisus leiocarpus, Medicago lupulina, Senecio vernalis, Hyperi cum perforatum, Erigeron canadensis, Scabiosa columbaria Saps flows on trees, Telekia speciosa, Epilobium angustifolium Saps flows on trees, Telekia speciosa Saps flows on trees, Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Mentha aquatica, M. longifolia, Telekia Aster amellus, Eupatorium cannabinum, Leucanthemum vulgare, speciosa Saps flows on trees, Telekia speciosa, Epilobium angustifolium Saps flows on trees, - - - - sp. nata) nata) nata) larvae Trophic Trophic source of Salix sp., Salix sp., Alnus sp. Betula sp., Urticaceae Ulmus sp., Populus sp. Populus sp., (Dicotyledo (Dicotyledo (Dicotyledo Polyphagous Polyphagous Polyphagous cea, Plantago Centaurea ja Polyphagous: , ) ) c h i ff er m üller Taxa 1758) 1758) , , , 1758) , 1758 , 1758 1779) , & S eni s s per innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s D E L L L L L Melitaea phoebe ( 1775) Melitaea didyma ( Nymphalis antiopa ( Melitatea cinxia ( Polygonia c-album ( Araschnia levana ( Nymphalis polychloros (

49 M Mt Mh Mh Mh Mh Mh E.E. - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Rarely on Eupatorium cannabinum Aster amellus, Leucanthe Rarely on Sambucus ebulus, nigra, mum vulgare, Eupatorium cannabinum Rarely on: Sambucus ebulus, Eupatorium cannabinum Taraxacum officinalis, Tanacetum vulgare, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus Thymus serpyllum, Tanacetum vulgare, officinalis, Taraxacum repens, Trifolium comosus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Melilothus albus, Alyssum Arabis hirsuta, Galium mollugo, Lamium album, pratense, T. petraeum, Cardamine amara, Hesperis tristis, Potentilla recta, Genista tinctoria, Erigeron canadensis, Geranium robertianum, Sambucus nigra, Sambucus racemosa Taraxacum Thymus serpyllum, Lotus corniculatus, Origanum vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare officinale, Stachys recta, Melissa officinalis, Rarely on Sambucus racemosa speciosa, Telekia Rarely observed on Mentha longifolia, M. aquatica, Crataegus monogyna - - nata) larvae vernus Trophic Trophic Lathyrus source of Salicaceae Salicaceae Hieracium Spiraea sp. Populus sp. taurea nigra (Dicotyledo Polyphagous Polyphagous (Plantago sp., pilosella, Cen - , - ep L , 1897 ) 1775) , ) c h i ff er m uller Taxa 1758) , , 1847 , 1763 o r m uzac h i & S H , 1770 eni s o tte mb urg innaeu s c o p li ssm ann L D S R Apatura iris ( Apatura ilia ( 1775) Melitaea britomartis A Limenitis populi bucovin ensis Neptis sappho aceris ( ec h in Neptis rivularis ( Melitaea athalia (

50 M M M M M M M M M Xt E.E. - - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea cyanus, Galium purpureum, Dianthus thaapsus, Eryngium campestre Verbascum carthusianorum, Aster amellus, Inula hirta, speciosa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Telekia Senecio jacobaea, Scabiosa ochroleuca Taraxacum officinale, Viola tricolor, Telekia speciosa, Tanacetum vulgare Telekia speciosa, Viola tricolor, officinale, Taraxacum Cardamine pratensis, Geranium pratense, Silene vulgaris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Erigeron canadensis Dianthus carthusianorum, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Leucanthemum vulgare, Thymus serpyllum, Prunella vurgaris Urtica dioica, Alliaria petiolata, Cardamine impatiens, Rubus idaeus, Urtica dioica, Rosa canina, Symphytum officinale, Senecio vernalis, tricolor, Viola Urtica dioica, Taraxacum officinale, grandiflora, Fragaria vesca, Vicia Galium mollugo, Achillea millefolium, Salvia nemorosa vulgare, Tanacetum Anthylis vul campestre, Salvia nemorosa, Trifolium Sinapis arvensis, Tanacetum Thymus serpyllum, Inula helenium, neraria, Stachys recta, vulgare Digitalis grandiflora, Solidago virgaurea, Inula helenium, Primula veris, Digitalis grandiflora, Solidago virgaurea, Impatiens noli-tangere, Lotus corniculatus, Linum flavum, Galium mol lugo, Lamium album Cardamine impatiens, Fragaria vesca, Filipendula ulmaria, Rosa canina, repens, Urtica dioica, Potentilla recta, Trifolium Melilothus albus, Tanacetum farfara, Hypericum perforatum, Tussilago Medicago lupulina, vulgare, Linaria vulgaris larvae Trophic Trophic Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae source of - in L , 1788) Taxa 1771) 1758) 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , 1758) , , , , 1867) 1777) , 1761) , o rk h au s en utler innaeu s s per innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s innaeu s E L L L B L L B L Erebia aethiops ( Maniola jurtina ( Pironia tithonus ( Aphantopus hyperanthus ( Coenonypha arcania ( Coenonympha glycerion ( Coenonympha pamphilus ( Lasiommata maera ( naeu s Pararge aegeria tircis Pararge ( Lasiommata megera (

51 - M M Xt Xt Mt Mt Mt E.E. - Trophic source of the adults Trophic Rarely on Telekia speciosa, Sambucus ebulus Telekia Rarely on Leucanthemum vulgare, Aster amellus, Centaurea cyanus, Lotus cornicu Leucanthemum vulgare, latus, Scabiosa columbaria Verbascum thapsus, Solidago Melilothus officinalis, Linaria vulgaris, virgaurea Rarely on Sambucus ebulus, S. racemosa vulgare, Sambucus ebulus Tanacetum speciosa, Telekia Rarely on Sambucus ebulus, S. racemosa, Scabiosa columbaria Sambucus ebulus, Telekia speciosa, Inula hirta, Hypericum perforatum, Telekia Sambucus ebulus, Senecio jacobaea larvae Trophic Trophic Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae source of - ) EE= Ecological Exigencies: M= Mesophylous species; Mh= Mesohygrophylous species; Mt= Mesothermo 1909) , 1917 , , 1903 , 1911 Taxa , 1758 , 1764) 1763) , o r f er o r f er o r f er innaeu s innaeu s c o p li ru hs t ru hs t ru hs t ru hs tr o r f er S L F Hipparchia fagi ( Hipparchia semele ( L Minois dryas drymeia F Chazara briseis ( Brintesia circe pannonica F Melanargia galathea scolis Melanargia F Erebia ligea carthusiano rum ( Abbreviations: phylous species; Mxt= Mesoxerothermophylous Xt= Xerothermophylous specie

52 mer, a variety of Menta, Stachys, Prunella, Urtica, Epilobium, Eupatorium, Sambucus and large composites (Asteraceae) species are visited. More than 90% of visits to flowers occurred to violet, blue and red flow- ers, but Asteraceae flowers especially yellow flowers like Telekia speciosa, Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum officinale, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Tanacetum vulgare, etc, are also preferred by the majority of the butterflies.

Conclusions

The calcareous zone situated in the eastern part of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains has a rich flora and fauna. Especially the butterflies are represented by a diversity of species. Numerous individuals of these species were col- lected in the summer of 2004-2005. Of the total of 80 species, 5 species are rare or protected Romanian fauna.

References

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53 Acad. Rom., Bucureşti, 11(7). Oancea D., Velcea V., Caloianu N., Dragomirescu S., Dragu G., Mihai E., Ni- culescu G., Sencu V. & Velcea I. 1987. Geografia României. III. Carpaţii Româneşti şi Depresiunea Transilvaniei. Edit. Academiei, Bucureşti, 303- 306. Rákosy L. 2002. Lista roşie pentru fluturii diurni din România. Bul. Inf. Soc. Lepid. Rom., 13(1-4): 9-26. Spuler A. 1908-1910. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Bd. I - lV, Stuttgart. Still J. 1996. Butterflies & Moths. Collins wild Guide. Harper Collins Publishers. London. Székely L. 1999. Actualizarea sistematicii fluturilor diurni din România (Lepi- doptera, Rhopalocera). Bul. Inf. Soc. Lepid. Rom., Cluj-Napoca, 10(1-4): 225-226.

Silvia Burnaz The Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization, 39, “1 Decembrie” street, Deva – Romania

Received: 8.12.2005 Accepted: 20.12.2005 Printed: 28.12.2005

54