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From Local to Global B5 V2 hřbet 12,85 mm COMMUNITY • IDENTITY • SMART CITY COMMUNITY • IDENTITY SMART Download Facebook the issue 1 • 2020 From Local to Global Cities, Global Governance, Food & More CEJISS 2020 2020 CEJISS is a non-profit open-access scholarly journal. Published by Metropolitan University Prague Press ISSN 1802-548X 66 1 9 771802 548007 current events at cejiss.org © CEJISS 2020 cejiss acts as a forum for advanced exploration of international and security studies. It is the mission of cejiss to provide its readers with valuable resources regarding the current state of international and European relations and security. To that end, cejiss pledges to publish articles of only the highest calibre and make them freely available to scholars and interested members of the public in both printed and electronic forms. editor in chief Mitchell Belfer associate editors Imad El-Anis, Jean Crombois, Bryan Groves, Jason Whiteley, Muhammad Atif Khan executive editor and administrator Jakub Marek book review editor Zuzana Buroňová Outreach and Development Lucie Švejdová web and support Metropolitan University Prague language editing Sheldon Kim editorial board Javaid Rehman, Ibrahim A. El-Hussari, Efraim Inbar, Tanya Narozhna, Michael Romancov, Marat Terterov, Yulia Zabyelina, Natalia Piskunova, Gary M. Kelly, Ladislav Cabada, Harald Haelterman, Nik Hynek, Petr Just, Karel B. Müller, Suresh Nanwani, Benjamin Tallis, Caroline Varin, Tomáš Pezl, Milada Polišenská, Victor Shadurski, Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., Mils Hills, Marek Neuman, Fikret Čaušević, Francesco Giumelli, Adriel Kasonta, Takashi Hosoda, Prem Mahadevan, Jack Sharples, Michal Kolmaš, Vügar İmanbeyli, Ostap Kushnir, Khalifa A. Alfadhel, Joost Jongerden, James Warhola, Mohsin Hashim, Alireza Salehi Nejad, Pelin Ayan Musil, George Hays, Jan Prouza, Hana Horáková, Nsemba Edward Lenshie, Cinzia Bianco, Ilya Levine, Blendi Lami, Petra Roter, Firat Yaldiz, Adam Reichardt, A. F. M. Maniruzzaman, B. Geluvaraj, Robert Ramcharan, Anzhelika Solovyeva, Gerald Power, Victor Adetula, David Darchiashvili, Oliver Boyd-Barrett, George Vlad Niculescu, Tommi Koivula, Zeray Yihdego, Michael Breen, Jonáš Vlk Central European Journal of International and Security Studies C/o Metropolitan University Prague Dubečská 900/10, 100 31, Prague, Czech Republic Tel.: +420 724 587 171, Fax: +420 274 817 190, [email protected] cejiss is published by Metropolitan University Prague Press Printed in the eu issn: 1802-548x e-issn: 1805-482x cejiss is not responsible for the contents of any external hyperlinks. The views expressed in this issue are solely those views of the respective authors and do not represent those of cejiss and its boards. Thousands of students. TisíceThousands studentů. of stories. Tisíce příběhů.One university. Jedna škola. Vykreslete si svou budoucnost. Studujte Metropolitní univerzitu Praha awww.mup.cz začněte psát svou story. #StoriesOfMUP www.mup.cz Contents Volume 14, Issue 1, March 2020 Editor‘s 5 Crisis Mismanagement and the European Parliament Analysis Mitchell Belfer Articles 9 Thinking of Russia Finnish Neutrality after the Cold War and the Influence of Russian Neighborhood on Finnish Cooperation with NATO Lucie Zimmermanová, Zdeněk Kříž, Eva Doleželová 31 Multiculturalism and Community Building in Urban Europe Mark Kleyman 52 The Impact of Smart City Model on National Security Ehab Khalifa 75 Ethno-Religious Identity and Intergroup Relations The Informal Economic Sector, Igbo Economic Relations, and Se- curity Challenges in Northern Nigeria Nsemba Edward Lenshie 106 Contemporary Legal Issues of Ensuring Food Security in the Post-Soviet Space (in Terms of Russia) Aleksey Pavlovich Anisimov, Nina Vladimirovna Mirina, Anatoliy Jakovlevich Ryzhenkov 132 NGOs in Global Governance Securing Role through Engagement at the United Nations? Case Study – Global Policy Forum Jaroslava Bobková Book reviews 161 Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars Reviewed by Jasmina Ametit 164 Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus Reviewed by Javadbay Khalilzada Crisis Mismanagement and the European Parliament Mitchell Belfer There is an air of dread across Europe. The outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus (re: COVID-19) has sent Italy into national quarantine with Spain and France a short sprint behind. The rest of the EU, Swit- zerland, Norway and the UK are bracing for their turn, enacting a se- ries of restrictive measures to cushion the impact of one of the most aggressive coronaviruses in living memory. While this global health pandemic unfolds, other crises continue to lap at Europe’s frontiers: acts of human vandalism continue to occur along the Turkey-Greece border as Ankara uses refugees to press Brussels into supporting its brewing conflict with Russia, Syria and Iran for the city of Idlib. Ar- menia then ambushed Azerbaijani forces in Nagorno Karabakh, killing two. The Houthis in Yemen have committed untold crimes against hu- manity while Iraq slides back into civil war and Iran cremates away the evidence of its own coronavirus outbreak and its basij militia terrorises its people. All in all, Europe has its hands full—or at least it should. Despite this heavy foreign affairs agenda, or perhaps because of it, the European Parliament seems unable to set the right agenda or address the right problems. This week’s — or even this year’s — Rule 144 debate on alleged ‘Breaches of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law,’ illustrates this well. On the agenda: China, Turkey and Bahrain. Actually, only Bahrain is under EU scrutiny; the Chinese case is of a Swedish citizen imprisoned in the country and the Turk- ish case — it does not even name “Turkey” for fear of offending Anka- ra — concerns the ‘imprisonment of Osman Kavala.’ So why Bahrain? What make this small island state so central to the European Parlia- ment as to include it on the plenary agenda? The answer to this has less to do with Bahrain and more to do with European Parliamentary jockeying. 5 The European Parliament’s seven political groups: the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), European Peoples Party (EPP), Renew Europe (RE), European Conservatives and Reformers (ECR), Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens-EFA), Identity and De- CEJISS mocracy (ID), European United Left/Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) 1/2020 essentially play a game of tag each month to set the agenda for the ple- nary and add topics to debate under Rule 144. They use countries and issues around the world to gain leverage over each other within the institution and its many delegations and committees. When issues are too ‘hot,’ like Iran’s downing of Ukraine International Airlines PS752, the European Parliament simply glosses them over and deflects with less polarising issues. This helps explain why the 2020 debates have focused on Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria, human rights abuses in Burundi (January), Guinea’s (Conakry) protests and child labour in the mines of Madagascar (February)—certainly important issues, but hard- ly front-and-centre in the European political imagination. The practice of deflecting comes at the expense of debating issues that directly impact Europe and European citizens. This is a public se- cret. The Members of the European Parliament may be ideologically driven in their political lives but tend to shy away from making a for- eign policy difference because that often means making a personal in- vestment of their most sacred resources: time and energy. So, instead, they defer to their staff to act on their behalf, draft resolutions and amendments and advise on voting. This implies the loss of the MEP’s agency and the acquisition of agency for the advisors. Given that ad- visors are not elected representatives, they have much more freedom of action than their MEPs—and they use it. For the most part, advisors play a constructive role and truly support the mission of their MEP. There are, however, exceptions. Occasionally, individual or Group ad- visors impart their own biases on the decision making process which can have a lasting impact on European relations to third countries. Enter Bahrain. It has long been curious that Bahrain — among the most politically open, religiously tolerant and socially engaged countries in the Middle East — is hauled up under the Rule 144 (previously Rule 135) spotlight with disproportionate frequency. Many Europeans would struggle to find Bahrain on a map and even more remain unaware of basic facts of the country. So why the obsession? The answer lies in the same wran- gling noted above. In this case, key members of the S&D advisory staff 6 have, essentially, selected Bahrain as a scapegoat to punish its regional allies — notably Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates — without the blowback and polarisation that would come from directly pressing Riyadh or Abu Dhabi. Bahrain is, after all, a small state. Far too often, events that push very negative images and perpetuate disinformation Editor’s about Bahrain are held within the chambers of the European legisla- Analysis ture despite the fact the country continues to enjoy an impressive ar- ray of positive bilateral relations across the Union. This practise has to change. The European Parliament has become accustomed to treating Bahrain instrumentally and, in doing so, is expending its time and en- ergy undermining, rather than supporting, an ally. This will produce a residual effect: allowing intra-Group competition to taint EU relations to Bahrain (and other third countries) and illustrating
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