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20 ISBN 978-2-88931-106-4 Ethics Theses Theses Ethics 20 Federalism in Nigeria Between Divisions in Conflict and Stability in Diversity Between Divisions in Conflict and Stability in Diversity in NigeriaFederalism Federalism in Nigeria Monica Emmanuel Between Divisions in Conflict was educated in Nigeria where she obtained Bsc. (Political and Stability in Diversity Science) and Msc. (International Relations and Strategic Studies) degrees of Ahmadu Bello University and Benue State University respectively. She also holds a Doctorate Degree in International Relations of the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Switzerland. She worked as a Research Fellow with the African Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja (Nigeria) for over nine years, focusing on issues of conflict, peace building, peace support operations and development. Monica Emmanuel Over 250 Ethnic Groups | Economic Growth | 1914 Nigeria is a product of the amalgamation of Northern and Southern British protectorates, that is the primary cause of the Nigeria’s political instability, ethno- religious divisions and underdevelopment. Adopting a pragmatic constitutional Jos Plateau | Federal Republic of Nigeria approach that institutionalizes federal constitution would produce a promising Monica Emmanuel political mechanism for addressing ethnic, cultural and religious diversity. Meanwhile NGOs | Equity | Democracy | Constitutional the adoption of relevant political structure should be guided by the ethical and political comparative advantages of many different political structures. Just Development | Sharia Crisis | Igbo The originality of this doctoral research is based on findings from data analyses that show positive dispositions of respondents to adoption of a federal constitution to Perennial Diversity | Yoruba | Political Stability achieve stability in diversity and the current operation of unitary constitution as inappropriate. The study underlines that adoption and implementation of a federal constitution, fiscal federalism and secularism is sine-qua-non. Hausa-Fulani | Boko Haram Globethics.net Federalism in Nigeria Between Divisions in Conflict and Stability in Diversity Federalism in Nigeria Between Divisions in Conflict and Stability in Diversity Monica Emmanuel Globethics.net Theses No. 20 Globethics.net Theses Series editor: Christoph Stückelberger. Founder and Executive Director of Globethics.net and Professor of Ethics, University of Basel Globethics.net Theses 20 Monica Emmanuel, Federalism in Nigeria Between Divisions in Conflict and Stability in Diversity Geneva: Globethics.net, 2016 ISBN 978-2-88931-106-4 (online version) ISBN 978-2-88931-107-1 (print version) © 2016 Globethics.net Managing Editor: Ignace Haaz Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net/publications Email: [email protected] All web links in this text have been verified as of April 2016. This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the leading global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net. © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5. This means: Globeth- ics.net grants the right to download and print the electronic version, to distribute and to transmit the work for free, under three conditions: 1) Attribution: The user must attribute the bibliographical data as mentioned above and must make clear the license terms of this work; 2) Non-commercial. The user may not use this work for commercial purposes or sell it; 3) No change of text. The user may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Globethics.net can give permission to waive these conditions, especially for reprint and sale in other continents and languages. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures ................................................. 7 Abstract and Executive Summary .................................. 15 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................... 33 1 Research Background ................................................... 33 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 33 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................ 49 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ......... 57 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 57 2.2 Literature Review ........................................................................ 58 2.3 Conflict Resolution Method ........................................................ 59 2.4 Conflictive Ethnic, Cultural and Religious Diversities ................ 70 2.5 Reasons for Conflict: Nigeria’s Perennial Diversity Conflicts .... 79 2.6 Ethno-Religious Diversity and Conflict ....................................... 80 2.7 Impact of Political System on Stability and Development .......... 86 2.8 Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 97 2.9 Relevant Conflict Theories and Growth Models ......................... 98 2.10 Growth Theories ...................................................................... 105 2.11 Summary of Chapter 2 ............................................................. 111 3 Ethnic and Religious Conflicts: Causes, Consequences and Prospects for Stability ............... 119 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 119 3.2 The Nature of Ethnic and Religious Conflicts ........................... 120 3.3 Ethnic and Religious Conflicts, and the Nigerian Civil War ..... 128 3.4 Igbo Attitudinal/Cultural Dispositions and Conflict/Harmony Framework ................................................................................. 142 3.5 Igbo and the Embrace of Machiavellian Strategy ...................... 144 3.6 The lopsided Political Structure, Military Coup and Nnamdi Azikiwe’s “Manifest Destiny” of the Igbos ............................... 162 3.7 Jukun-Tiv Conflicts ................................................................... 170 3.8 Hausa-Kataf Conflicts ............................................................... 172 3.9 Hausa-Fulani versus Beroms (Settlers versus Indigenes Conundrum) Conflict ................................................................. 175 3.10 Ife- Modakeke Conflict ........................................................... 178 3.11 The Ijaw – Itsekiri- Urhobo Conflicts and Niger Delta Militancy .......................................................................... 183 3.12 Chronicle of Causes and Consequences of Religious Conflicts .................................................................... 189 3.13 Maitatsine Religious Uprising ................................................. 196 3.14 The Shariah Crisis ................................................................... 198 3.15 Boko Haram Religious Crisis .................................................. 205 3.16 Impact of Ethno-Religious Conflicts on Nigeria’s Development .............................................................................. 221 3.17 Assessment of Impact of Conflicts on Humans and Infrastructure ....................................................................... 227 3.18 Achieving Post-conflict Harmony and National Stability ....... 231 3.19 Summary of Chapter 3 ............................................................. 235 3.20 Causative factors of Nigeria’s Ethno-Religious Conflicts ....... 237 4 Research Questions and Methodology ....................... 243 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 243 4.2 Sampling Technique .................................................................. 256 5 Data Presentation and Analysis ................................. 263 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 263 5.2 Research Question 1: ................................................................. 263 5.3 Research Question 2: ................................................................. 280 5.4 Research Question 3: ................................................................. 295 5.5 Research Question 4 .................................................................. 310 5.6 Research Question 5: ................................................................. 326 5.7 Summary of Chapter 5 ............................................................... 352 6 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations ......... 355 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 355 6.2 Chapter-by-Chapter Summary ................................................... 356 6.3 Conclusions ................................................................................ 371 6.4 Recommendations ...................................................................... 377 7 Bibliography ................................................................. 393 8 Appendices ................................................................... 433 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Dual- Concern Model/ Harmony Factors ........................... 131 Table 3.2 Dualistic Model of Harmony ............................................... 133 Table 3.3 Harmony Framework Based on Chinese and Igbo Cultures134 Table 3.4 Demographic Information (1995) ......................................
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