DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document 41712 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Rethinking theDeliveryofInfrastructureServicesinMongolia i THE WORLD BANK Foundation for Sustainable Development: Rethinking the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in Mongolia June 2007 Rethinking the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in Mongolia TABLE OF CONTENTS Currency Equivalents ......................................................................................................... x Units of Measure................................................................................................................. x Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................. x Foreword.......................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... xiv Executive Summary......................................................................................................... xvi Current Status and Infrastructure Challenges....................................................... xvii Better Aligning Prices with Costs......................................................................... xviii Improving Efficiency and Governance................................................................... xix Planning Better ....................................................................................................... xxi Prioritization ......................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter I: An Introduction................................................................................................ 1 Chapter II: Mongolia’s Infrastructure and Future Development: Taking Stock.............. 3 Challenges and Opportunities................................................................................... 3 Current Status of Infrastructure Provision................................................................ 6 Extent of Networks.................................................................................................... 7 Urban-Rural and Formal-Informal Divides ............................................................ 12 Quality and Efficiency of Provision......................................................................... 12 Environmental Concerns......................................................................................... 14 Mongolia’s Investment Plans versus Financing Realities ....................................... 15 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 23 Chapter III: Aligning Pricing and Costs.......................................................................... 24 The Need for Pricing Reform................................................................................... 24 Managing the Political Economy of Reform............................................................ 30 Chapter IV: Improving Efficiency and Governance........................................................ 35 Existing Management of Government-Owned Infrastructure................................ 35 Improving the Management of State-Owned Businesses ....................................... 37 Maximizing Sustainable Private Sector Investment................................................ 39 Fostering Competition............................................................................................. 42 Improving Regulatory Governance......................................................................... 45 Chapter V: Better Planning.............................................................................................. 52 Improving Current Infrastructure Planning ........................................................... 53 Maintenance: A Growing Problem................................................................. 53 Economic Assessment of Investment Plans.................................................... 54 Public versus Private Financing..................................................................... 57 Improved Planning for Sustainability ............................................................ 57 Fostering Regional Development............................................................................ 62 Experience with Regional Planning................................................................ 62 A Highly Centralized Governance Structure................................................. 64 Reviving Local Government........................................................................... 64 Promoting Mining Activity ............................................................................ 65 Improving Urban Performance............................................................................... 66 Weak Planning at the City Level .................................................................... 66 Improving Outcomes in Ulaanbaatar............................................................. 67 Chapter VI: Prioritization ................................................................................................ 70 References........................................................................................................................263 iii Rethinking the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in Mongolia April 2007 Boxes Box 1: Mining Sector Growth and Infrastructure............................................................... 6 Box 2: Creating Fiscal Space for Investment..................................................................... 21 Box 3: Who Will Pay with Pricing Reform ....................................................................... 30 Box 4: Political Economy of Infrastructure Reform: Fuel Subsidies in Indonesia............ 31 Box 5: Community Participation in Price Increases ......................................................... 32 Box 6: Bangalore’s Experiments with Citizen Report Cards............................................ 39 Box 7: Public-Private Partnership Units: What Do They Do? .......................................... 41 Box 8: The Business Environment in Mongolia................................................................ 43 Box 9: Designing a Pro-poor Regulatory Strategy in East Asia........................................ 50 Box 10: The Roles of the Private Sector, Government and Donors in Infrastructure....... 53 Box 11: Public Finance, Cost Benefit Analysis, and Plannin g .......................................... 59 Box 12: The Scorecard on Regional Development Policies............................................... 63 Box 13: Mining and Infrastructure Policies: An International Perspective...................... 66 Figures Figure ES-1: A Cross-Sectoral Perspective: The Way Forward...................................... xxv Figure 1: Mongolia’s Economic Density in International Perspective ............................... 3 Figure 2: Mongolia’s Urban and Rural Populations.......................................................... 4 Figure 3. Mongolia’s GDP by Source and Location........................................................... 4 Figure 4: Mongolia’s Urbanization Challenge.................................................................... 5 Figure 5: Road Density and Income Density Across Countries......................................... 7 Figure 6: Paved Road Density and Income Density across Countries............................... 8 Figure 7: Distribution of Rail Traffic in Mongolia.............................................................. 8 Figure 8: Household Access to Electricity: Mongolia in International Perspective........... 9 Figure 9: Mobile Phone Coverage: Mongolia in International Perspective ..................... 10 Figure 10: The Costs of Small Scale: Providing Water in Mongolia’s Urban Centers...... 11 Figure 11: Access to Improved Water and GNI per Capita ............................................. 12 Figure 12: Rural and Urban Access to Utility Services..................................................... 12 Figure 13: Mongolia’s Road Safety in International Perspective ..................................... 13 Figure 14: Mongolia’s Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses in International Perspective........................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 15: Historical Sources of Infrastructure Investment Financing ............................ 16 Figure 16: Investment in Infrastructure as a Percentage of GDP..................................... 17 Figure 17: Annual Investment Requirements in Water and Sanitation ........................... 18 Figure 18: Historical and Planned Investment in Infrastructure as a Percentage of GD P18 Figure 19: Mongolia’s Annual Investment Plans and Unidentified Resources ............... 19 Figure 20: Loans and Grants to Infrastructure ................................................................. 20 Figure 21: Fifty Years of International Copper Prices ...................................................... 20 Figure 22: Mongolia’s Annual Investment Plans Allowing for Reform........................... 22 Figure 23: Mongolia’s Gasoline Prices in International Perspective................................ 25 Figure 24: Mongolia’s Electricity Prices
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mongolian Transport Policy on Operational Connectivity for Integrated Intermodal Transport and Logistics in the Region
    MONGOLIAN TRANSPORT POLICY ON OPERATIONAL CONNECTIVITY FOR INTEGRATED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS IN THE REGION Forum on Sustainable transport connectivity between Europe and Asia in the framework of the 62 session of UNECE and Working party on Intermodal transport and Logistics 30 OCTOBER 2019, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND Ministry of Road and Transport Development of MongoliaMongolia Page 1 CONTENT General information Legal framework and Intergovernmental Agreements Operational practice along international corridors Facilitation measures for international railway transport Vision and challenges MinistryMinistry of of Road Road and and Transport Transport Development Development of of Mongolia Mongolia – Regional MeetingUNESCAP Page 2 Mongolia is one of largest landlocked countries in the world, with a territory extending over 1.5 million square kilometers. It is bordered by Peoples Republic of China on three sides, to the East, South and West and by Russian Federation to the North. The country is rich in a variety of mineral resources and has substantial livestock herds, ranking first in per capita ownership in the world. Mongolia is a sparsely populated country, with a population of around 3.2 million, with population density of 2 persons per square kilometers. However, more than 60 percent of the population live in urban area. The construction of new roads and the maintenance of existing ones are being given high priority of the Mongolian Government. As part of the Government of Mongolia’s 2016-2020 action plan road and transport sector’s objective is to expand and develop transport and logistics network that supports economic improvement, meet social needs and requirements and provides safe and comfortable service.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Portfolio Monitoring Mission in Mongolia
    AFB/B.28/5 3 October 2016 Adaptation Fund Board Twenty-eighth Meeting Bonn, Germany, 6-7 October 2016 Agenda item 9 REPORT OF THE PORTFOLIO MONITORING MISSION IN MONGOLIA AFB/B.28/5 INTRODUCTION Context and scope of the mission 1. As part of the Knowledge Management (KM) Strategy and the secretariat’s work plan for FY16 which was approved by the Adaptation Fund Board (the Board) at its twenty-fifth meeting (Decision B.25/19), the Adaptation Fund Board secretariat (the secretariat) conducts missions to projects/programmes under implementation to collect and analyze lessons learned through its portfolio. So far, such missions have been conducted in Ecuador, Senegal, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Argentina and Uruguay. This report covers the FY16 portfolio monitoring mission that took place in June 2016 in the project “Ecosystem Based Adaptation Approach to Maintaining Water Security in Critical Water Catchments in Mongolia” implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2. The mission targeted this project for the following reasons: a) it enables to explore implications of the Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) approach, including its efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability; b) it may allow drawing lessons from the valuation of ecosystem services; c) it may allow taking stock of the arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, and the value of mid-term review in adjusting progress towards results. Methodology 3. The secretariat was represented by a senior climate change specialist and a junior professional associate. An Adaptation Fund Board alternate member was also part of the delegation. The mission was carried out from 12 to 18 June, and included field visits to project sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Border Crossing Practices in International Railway Transport
    STUDY ON BORDER CROSSING PRACTICES IN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT Bangkok, 2018 This study was prepared by Transport Division ESCAP. The draft of the study was prepared by Mr. Goran Andreev, Consultant, under the supervision of Mr. Sandeep Raj Jain, Economic Affairs Officer, Transport Facilitation and Logistics Section (TFLS), Transport Division. Overall guidance was provided by Mr. Li Yuwei, Director, Transport Division. The study extensively benefited from the visits made by the ESCAP study team to several border crossings (in chronological order): Sukhbaatar (Mongolia), Dong Dang (Viet Nam), Padang Besar (Malaysia), Sarkhas (Islamic Republic of Iran), Rezekne (Latvia). The assistance provided by the railways, customs and other authorities at these border crossings, their officers and staff for the study is duly appreciated. Acknowledgments are also extended to the representatives of Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) and Organisation for Co- operation between Railways (OSJD), for their constructive comments on the draft Study and the contribution in providing valuable inputs on the publication. The views expressed in this guide are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this guide are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Transport Sector
    Chapter 4 Transport Sector January 2021 This chapter should be cited as Study team (2021), ‘Transport Sector’, in Mongolian Energy Institute and ERIA (eds.), Mongolia’s Energy Efficiency Indicators 2019. ERIA Research Project Report FY2020 no. 17, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.30-44. Chapter 4 Transport Sector 1. Energy Efficiency Indicators in the Transport Sector Like other sectors, energy efficiency indicators (EEIs) in transport are in principle results of dividing energy consumption by the sector’s activity. Based on type of activity, the transport sector is broken down into freight and passenger transport (Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2). For each activity type, we estimate the indicators in a bottom-up manner. Based on the survey results, we estimate the EEIs starting from the vehicle type. For example, in passenger road transport, we start estimating the indicators for road vehicles with sedans, buses, and taxis whilst for freight road, we start with trucks. Figure 4-1 Pyramid of Passenger Transport Indicators Source: IEA (2014b). 30 Figure 4-2 Pyramid of Freight Transport Indicators Source: IEA (2014b). For passenger transport, EEIs are calculated in gigajoules/passenger-km (GJ/pass-km). For freight transport, the indicators are given in gigajoules/ton-km (GJ/ton-km). For both passenger and freight transport, calculation results of EEIs are in terms of GJ/vehicle-km. Multiplying the estimated EEIs with transport demand in terms of vehicle-km, passenger-km (for passengers), and ton-km (for freight), we can move up to the higher level of the pyramid to calculate the total energy consumption of the transport sector, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia
    SEMINAR ON OVERCOMING BORDER CROSSING OBSTACLES 5-6 March 2009, Paris INTEGRATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEM FOR NORTH-EAST ASIA The Korea Transport Institute Contribution provided by Mr. Sungwon LEE Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia The Korea Transport Institute ⓒ August 2005 The Korea Transport Institute 2311 Daewha-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 411-701, Republic of KOREA Price: 30,000 KRW ISBN 89-5503-187-4 93320 Foreword A cohesive, integrated transport network is an essential element for a region to maintain economic competitiveness and sustained economic growth. Although North-East Asia is the one of the most economically vibrant regions in the world, the intra-regional transport and logistics network is not well integrated. Difficulties exist—even in main trunk routes—in providing seamless intermodal transport for connecting major industrial areas in the region. As the region is more geared for international as well as intra-regional exchange, a well functioning integrated transport network needs to be constructed to secure efficient flows of freight. However, such the development of such a network faces physical, institutional, operational, and financial barriers. In order to assist the countries in the subregion in addressing this issue, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), jointly with the UNDP Tumen Secretariat and in collaboration with the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI), initiated a two-year project entitled ―Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia‖. The main purpose of this project is to assist the member countries in North-East Asia in promoting an integrated approach to international transport and logistics planning and policy formulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Silk Road Air Pass: a CAREC Proposal
    Silk Road Air Pass: A CAREC proposal Revised Draft, 1 August 2020 This proposal/study was prepared for ADB by Brendan Sobie, Senior Aviation Specialist and Consultant for CAREC Table of Contents: Concept Introduction ……………………………………………………………. Page 2 Summary of Opportunities and Challenges …………………………… Page 3 Historic Examples of Air Passes and Lessons Learned ……………. Page 4 Silk Road Air Pass: The Objective …………………………………………… Page 9 Silk Road Air Pass: Regional International Flights …….…………… Page 11 Silk Road Air Pass: Domestic Flights ………………….…………………. Page 14 Silk Road Air Pass: Domestic Train Travel ..…………………………… Page 18 Silk Road Air Pass: the Two CAREC Regions of China ………….. Page 19 Silk Road Air Pass: Promoting Flights to/from CAREC …………… Page 21 Silk Road Air Pass: Sample Itineraries and Fares…. ………………. Page 23 Conclusion: Why Now? ……………………………………………………….. Page 26 Conclusion: Possible Conditions to Facilitate Success …………. Page 27 Addendum: Embracing New Technology ..………………………….. Page 28 Concept Introduction: Air passes have been used for over three decades by the airline and travel industries to facilitate travel within regions by offering a block of several one-way flights at a discount compared to buying the same flights separately. They are typically sold to tourists from outside the region planning a multi-stop itinerary. By selling a package of flights, often on several airlines, air passes can make travel within a region easier and more affordable, enabling tourists to visit more countries. While their overall track record is mixed, air passes have succeeded in the past at stimulating tourism in several regions, particularly regions that were suffering from high one-way air fares. In recent years one-way air fares have declined significantly in most regions, limiting the appeal of air passes.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.$5,000,000,000 GLOBAL MEDIUM TERM NOTE PROGRAM the GOVERNMENT of MONGOLIA Bofa Merrill Lynch Deutsche Bank HSBC J.P. Morgan
    INFORMATION MEMORANDUM U.S.$5,000,000,000 GLOBAL MEDIUM TERM NOTE PROGRAM THE GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIA Under this U.S.$5,000,000,000 Global Medium Term Note Program (the “Program”), the Government of Mongolia (the “Issuer”) may from time to time issue notes (the “Notes”) denominated in any currency agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer (as defined in “Subscription and Sale”). Notes may be issued in bearer or registered form (respectively, “Bearer Notes” and “Registered Notes”). The aggregate nominal amount of all Notes to be issued under the Program will not exceed U.S.$5,000,000,000 or its equivalent in other currencies at the time of agreement to issue. The Notes and any relative Receipts and Coupons (as defined herein), will constitute direct, unconditional, unsubordinated and (subject to the Terms and Conditions of the Notes (the “Conditions”)) unsecured obligations of the Issuer and rank pari passu without any preference among themselves and (save for certain obligations required to be preferred by law) equally with all other unsecured and unsubordinated debt obligations of the Issuer. The Notes may be issued on a continuing basis to one or more of the Dealers. References in this Information Memorandum to the relevant Dealer shall, in the case of an issue of Notes being (or intended to be) subscribed for by more than one Dealer, be to all Dealers agreeing to subscribe for such Notes. Approval in-principle has been granted for the listing and quotation of Notes that may be issued pursuant to the Program and which are agreed at or prior to the time of issue thereof to be so listed and quoted on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (the “SGX-ST”).
    [Show full text]
  • Map of Study Area the FEASIBILITY STUDY on CONSTRUCTION of EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD in MONGOLIA
    ROAD NETWORK OF MONGOLIA Study Area Khankh Khandgait Ulaanbaishint Ulaangom Sukhbaatar Altanbulag Ereentsav Tsagaannuur Baga ilenkh A 0305 Ulgii Murun Bayan-uul Khavirga Darkhan Dorgon Dayan Norovlin Khovd Zavkanmandal Erdenet Sumber Bulgan Choibalsan Bayanchandman Baganuur Berkh Mankhan Tosontsengel Ulaanbaatar Uliastai Lun Kharkhorin Undurkhaan Yarantai Erdenetsagaan Bulgan Erdenesant Zuunmod A0304 Tsetserleg Maanti Baruun-urt Bichigt sum Choir Arvaikheer Altai Bayankhongor Mandalgobi Legend: Paved road Sainshand Burgastai Zamin-Uud Bogd sum Gravel road Dalanzadgad Formed earth road MILLENNIUM ROAD A0203 Earth road Center of province VERTICAL ARTERIAL ROAD Gashuun-Suhait Shivee huren Map of Study Area THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD IN MONGOLIA Photographs of Study Area (1) 1) Current Road Condition Multiple shifting tracks are widely spread on plane area. It heavily affects vegetation and often leads to desertification. It also extends vehicle operating distance and time, resulting high transport cost. 2) Road Condition in Winter Multiple shifting tracks are covered with snow in winter and become slippery due to uneven surface together with compacted snow. Vehicular movement becomes risky and travel speed is forced to decrease considerably. 3) Existing Wooden Bridge Existing wooden bridge is severely deteriorated and danger always exists for heavy vehicles to go across. This is serious cause of disruption for traffic to cross the river. Heavy vehicles go across the river only when the flow is shallow. THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD IN MONGOLIA Photographs of Study Area (2) 4) Existing the Kherlen River & Bridge The flow of the Kherlen River narrows at the point of the picture.
    [Show full text]
  • LIST of REFERENCES ITW GSE 400 Hz Gpus AIRPORTS
    Page 1 of 15 January 2017 LIST OF REFERENCES ITW GSE 400 Hz GPUs AIRPORTS Alger Airport Algeria 2005 Zvartnots Airport Armenia 2007 Brisbane Airport Australia 2013 Melbourne Airport Australia 2011-14 Perth Airport Australia 2011-12-13 Klagenfurt Airport Austria 1993 Vienna International Airport Austria 1995-2001-14-15 Bahrain International Airport Bahrain 2010-12 Minsk Airport Belarus 2014 Brussels International Airport Belgium 2001-02-08-15-16 Charleroi Airport Belgium 2006 Sofia Airport Bulgaria 2005 Air Burkina Burkina Faso 2004 Punta Arenas Chile 2001 Santiago Airport Chile 2011 Pointe Noitre Airport Congo Brazzaville 2009-10 Dubrovnik Airport Croatia 2014-16 La Habana Airport Cuba 2010 Larnaca Airport Cyprus 2008 Ostrava Airport Czech Republic 2010 Prague Airport Czech Republic 1996-97-2002-04-05-07-12-14-16 Aalborg Airport Denmark 1997-98-99-2012-15 Billund Airport Denmark 1999-2000-02-08-12-13-16 Copenhagen Airports Authorities Denmark 89-93-99-2000-01-03-07-09-10-11-12-13-14-15-16 Esbjerg Airport Denmark 2007-08-14 Hans Christian Andersen Airport (Odense) Denmark 1991-95-2015 Roenne Airport Denmark 1993 Karup Airport Denmark 1997-2016 Curacao Airport Dutch Antilles 2007 Cairo Intl. Airport Egypt 2015 Tallinn Airport Estonia 2004-05-14 Aéroport de Malabo Equatorial Guinea 2012 Vága Floghavn Faroe Islands 2015 Helsinki-Vantaa Airport Finland 1996-97-2000-05-06-09-10-13-14 Rovaniemi Airport Finland 2000 Turku Airport Finland 2014 Aéroport d’Aiglemont for Prince Aga Khan France 20007 Aéroport de Biarritz France 2009 Aéroport de Brest
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Northeast Asia and Mongolia Economic Cooperation Through Transport Network Development
    ERINA REPORT No. 111 2013 MAY Enhancing Northeast Asia and Mongolia Economic Cooperation through Transport Network Development D. Gotov, Professor, School of the Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics, Mongolian National University of Science and Technology (MUST) 1. Introduction: % in 2010, and is being spurred by the development of NEA cooperation. As is well known, Northeast Asia large copper, coal and gold mining projects. High GDP is a home to the 4 of the world's major powers, 2 of the 5 forecasts are based on (i) continued strong flows of foreign permanent members of the UN Security Council and 2 of direct investment, which has more than doubled between the largest economies of the world. It is also a home to one 2010 and 2011; (ii) continued rapid expansion of the mining of the world's hottest flash points. The situation in the sub- sector, especially coal; (iii) public investment being raised region remains fragile, although it is relatively stable, on by a factor three; and (iv) strong consumer demand due to the whole thanks to the determination and efforts of the the disbursements of cash to the citizens ahead of the 2012 countries of the sub-region. elections. This area of the world includes countries with very diverse political and economic conditions. The basis of an Figure 1.1 GDP growth, Mongolia international economic cooperation framework could be a combination of rich mineral resources of Mongolia and investment capital and advanced technology from Japan and South Korea, as well as a considerable pool of workforce from China (PRC) and North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia Infrasap
    Mongolia InfraSAP Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure for Connectivity and Economic Diversification Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mongolia InfraSAP Infrastructure for Connectivity and Economic Diversification This report is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202- 522-2422, e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia's Economic Prospects: Resource-Rich and Landlocked Between Two Giants
    MONGOLIA’S ECONOMIC PROSPECTS RESOURCE-RICH AND LANDLOCKED BETWEEN TWO GIANTS Edited by Matthias Helble, Hal Hill, and Declan Magee JUNE 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK MONGOLIA’S ECONOMIC PROSPECTS RESOURCE-RICH AND LANDLOCKED BETWEEN TWO GIANTS Edited by Matthias Helble, Hal Hill, and Declan Magee JUNE 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-248-0 (print); 978-92-9262-249-7 (electronic); 978-92-9262-250-3 (ebook) Publication Stock No. SGP200172-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP200172-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]