DOCSLIB.ORG

Enhancing Northeast Asia and Mongolia Economic Cooperation Through Transport Network Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enhancing Northeast Asia and Mongolia Economic Cooperation Through Transport Network Development ERINA REPORT No. 111 2013 MAY Enhancing Northeast Asia and Mongolia Economic Cooperation through Transport Network Development D. Gotov, Professor, School of the Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics, Mongolian National University of Science and Technology (MUST) 1. Introduction: % in 2010, and is being spurred by the development of NEA cooperation. As is well known, Northeast Asia large copper, coal and gold mining projects. High GDP is a home to the 4 of the world's major powers, 2 of the 5 forecasts are based on (i) continued strong flows of foreign permanent members of the UN Security Council and 2 of direct investment, which has more than doubled between the largest economies of the world. It is also a home to one 2010 and 2011; (ii) continued rapid expansion of the mining of the world's hottest flash points. The situation in the sub- sector, especially coal; (iii) public investment being raised region remains fragile, although it is relatively stable, on by a factor three; and (iv) strong consumer demand due to the whole thanks to the determination and efforts of the the disbursements of cash to the citizens ahead of the 2012 countries of the sub-region. elections. This area of the world includes countries with very diverse political and economic conditions. The basis of an Figure 1.1 GDP growth, Mongolia international economic cooperation framework could be a combination of rich mineral resources of Mongolia and investment capital and advanced technology from Japan and South Korea, as well as a considerable pool of workforce from China (PRC) and North Korea. Priority should be given to the development of those economic relations which involve the countries concerned directly into international cooperation. Cooperation between the countries in the region should be based on the principles of reciprocity, sovereignty, territorial integrity, non-interference into internal affairs and removal of restrictions in trade and economic Source: Mongolian Statistical Yearbook, 2011 cooperation. The coal sector has become the fastest growing sector, Table 1.1 Mongolia's foreign trade surpassing copper exports in becoming the top export Export Import earner for the country. The PRC, the largest thermal coal 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 consumer in the world, remains the only destination for Total 1888 385.1 2 908 502.2 4 780 350.5 2 137 673.5 3 200 053.3 6 526 882.4 coal from Mongolia. It is expected to grow even faster in NEA 1 414 023 2 499 662.6 4 449 328.7 794 553.8 1 355 282.5 2 851 436.7 the near future when large coal mining projects start DPRK - 25.5 - 47.1 798.5 740.0 production. At US$ 11.3 billion, Mongolia's external trade ROK 15 458.1 30 519.9 1 896.1 155 102.2 181 781.9 350 648.5 grew 3.8 times in last 5 years (see table 1.2). Amount of PRC 1 393 906.7 2 466 265.5 4 400 735.7 538 582.6 970 976.0 2 007 572.2 import is 39% higher than the amount of export. Taiwan 94.0 182.0 10.0 3 768.4 5 238.1 8 966.5 Japan 4 564.2 2 669.7 10 694.6 97 053.5 196 488.0 483 509.5 Figure 1.2 Share of GDP, Figure 1.3 Share of GDP, Source: National Statistical Office, Mongolia Mongolia Eastern aimags Mongolia's foreign trade is mainly carried with NEA countries (see table 1.1). Mongolia believes that the development of multilateral cooperation in NEA is of special significance for the economic development, strengthening cooperation and mutual confidence among the countries of the sub-region. 1.1 Mongolia's Macroeconomic Review The economy of Mongolia did return to solid growth in 2011. Growth for 2011 has reached 17.3%, up from 6.4 Source: Mongolian Statistical Yearbooks 34 ERINA REPORT No. 111 2013 MAY Equipment, machineries and electrical appliances are Table 1.2 Foreign Trade of Mongolia over the last the most imported products as the accelerating economy 10 years, Million US$ requires fuels for growth. On other hand, led by coal, Year Exports Imports Trade mineral products account for most of the export. As of Russia PRC Others Total Russia PRC Others Total balance 2011, 92% of Mongolia's total export went to PRC and 32% 2002 48.09 220.5 255.57 524 237.63 167.7 313.64 690.74 -166.78 of the total import came from the same country. 2003 41.2 287 287.7 615.9 265.4 196.3 339.3 801 -185.1 2004 20.6 413.9 435.2 869.7 341.9 257.2 422 1,021.1 -151.4 2005 27.9 514.2 523.5 1,064.9 417.9 307.3 459.3 1,184.3 -119.4 2. Infrastructure capacity review 2006 45.1 1.050.2 447.5 1,542.8 547.8 365 422.2 1,435.0 107.8 2007 58.5 1,411.4 477.3 1,947.2 745 568.9 753.9 2,061.8 -114.6 2.1. Transport sector of Mongolia 2008 86.3 1,635.9 812.3 2,534.5 1,242.3 898.7 1,103.5 3,244.5 -101 The transport sector in Mongolia is divided over four 2009 68.2 1,393.9 423.3 1,885.4 772.8 538.6 826.3 2,137.7 -252.3 modes - railway, roads, air, and inland waterway. As can be 2010 82.7 2,466.3 359.5 2,908.5 1,096.7 970.9 1,132.4 3,200.0 -291.5 seen in Table 2.1 in freight transport, the railway is the 2011 95.9 4,400.7 283.9 4,780.5 1,595.9 2,007.6 2,923.1 6,526.9 -1,746 Figure 2.1 Transport Networks of Mongolia Source: Ministry of Roads, Transport, Construction and Urban Development, Mongolia Table 2.1 Summary Transportation Statistics for Mongolia 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Freight (Thousand tones) 23,281.6 23,904.4 24,729.7 29,415.9 43,956.6 By Rail 14,072.6 14,646.9 14,164.5 16,753.2 18,327.4 By Road 9,207.1 9,255.7 10,563.8 12,610.2 25,635.3 By Air 1,887.2 1,847.0 1,369.3 1,641.6 2,930.9 Freight (Million TKM) 9,030.2 9,051.4 8,981.3 12,106.4 16,300.2 By Rail 8,360.7 8,261.4 7,817.0 10,286.7 11,382.2 By Road 661.9 782.1 1,160.7 1,834.0 4,910.3 By Air 7,720.6 7,926.5 3,666.7 4,169.5 7,708.6 Passengers (Million) 209.9 231.6 232.4 250.7 296.2 By Rail 4.5 4.4 3.1 3.5 3.8 By Road 205.0 226.9 229.0 246.7 291.8 By Air 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 Passengers (Million PKM) 3,263.1 3,607.3 3,173.1 3,607.4 4,696.1 By Rail 1,406.4 1,400.5 1,003.1 1,220.0 1,400.1 By Road 869.7 1,215.0 1,535.9 1,480.2 2,321.8 By Air 987.1 991.9 634.1 907.2 974.1 Source: Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2011, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar 2011 35 ERINA REPORT No. 111 2013 MAY dominant mode both in terms of tones and tone-kilometers. growth in vehicle ownership in Mongolia since 1990. The With the historic significance of mining industries in largest growth was observed in private car ownership, Mongolia, the railway has been the primary mode of which grew at an annual average rate of 23.43%. This is transport for the heavy and bulk freight. Given the poor followed by publicly-owned cars, which grew at an average condition of the roads, the high cost of air transport, and the annual rate of 18.85% during the same period. limited range of the waterways, the railway has had little Rail network. One of the primary weaknesses of competition in freight transport from other modes. As railway transport in Mongolia is its limited coverage. The shown in Table 2.1, the majority of freight traffic in railway network extends only 1,815 km, principally in the Mongolia is handled by the railway (approximately 86%). north-south direction connecting to the Russian and Chinese The rail share is very high compared to other Railways, respectively. The Mongolian main railway line developing countries, where highways carry the majority of passes through Ulaanbaatar, and connects the Chinese rail the freight traffic in terms of tones (e.g. in PRC highways system in the south with the Russian Trans-Siberian line in carry 76.5% of freight traffic whereas railways only carry the north, a distance of about 1,400 km. The transport 13.1%). This can mainly be attributed to the bad conditions network in eastern Mongolia, which also shows the of the highways in Mongolia. Choibalsan-Ereentsav rail line, is presented in Figure 2.1. Road network. Mongolia's road network overall The second rail line in Mongolia is in eastern Mongolia. (including both state and local roads) totals approximately This line is 237.6 kilometers long, is broad gauge, and runs 49,000 kilometers, connecting 21 major cities and towns from Choibalsan to the border with the Russian Federation and 160 smaller villages (soums and bags) (Figure 2.1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mongolian Transport Policy on Operational Connectivity for Integrated Intermodal Transport and Logistics in the Region
    MONGOLIAN TRANSPORT POLICY ON OPERATIONAL CONNECTIVITY FOR INTEGRATED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS IN THE REGION Forum on Sustainable transport connectivity between Europe and Asia in the framework of the 62 session of UNECE and Working party on Intermodal transport and Logistics 30 OCTOBER 2019, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND Ministry of Road and Transport Development of MongoliaMongolia Page 1 CONTENT General information Legal framework and Intergovernmental Agreements Operational practice along international corridors Facilitation measures for international railway transport Vision and challenges MinistryMinistry of of Road Road and and Transport Transport Development Development of of Mongolia Mongolia – Regional MeetingUNESCAP Page 2 Mongolia is one of largest landlocked countries in the world, with a territory extending over 1.5 million square kilometers. It is bordered by Peoples Republic of China on three sides, to the East, South and West and by Russian Federation to the North. The country is rich in a variety of mineral resources and has substantial livestock herds, ranking first in per capita ownership in the world. Mongolia is a sparsely populated country, with a population of around 3.2 million, with population density of 2 persons per square kilometers. However, more than 60 percent of the population live in urban area. The construction of new roads and the maintenance of existing ones are being given high priority of the Mongolian Government. As part of the Government of Mongolia’s 2016-2020 action plan road and transport sector’s objective is to expand and develop transport and logistics network that supports economic improvement, meet social needs and requirements and provides safe and comfortable service.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Border Crossing Practices in International Railway Transport
    STUDY ON BORDER CROSSING PRACTICES IN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT Bangkok, 2018 This study was prepared by Transport Division ESCAP. The draft of the study was prepared by Mr. Goran Andreev, Consultant, under the supervision of Mr. Sandeep Raj Jain, Economic Affairs Officer, Transport Facilitation and Logistics Section (TFLS), Transport Division. Overall guidance was provided by Mr. Li Yuwei, Director, Transport Division. The study extensively benefited from the visits made by the ESCAP study team to several border crossings (in chronological order): Sukhbaatar (Mongolia), Dong Dang (Viet Nam), Padang Besar (Malaysia), Sarkhas (Islamic Republic of Iran), Rezekne (Latvia). The assistance provided by the railways, customs and other authorities at these border crossings, their officers and staff for the study is duly appreciated. Acknowledgments are also extended to the representatives of Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) and Organisation for Co- operation between Railways (OSJD), for their constructive comments on the draft Study and the contribution in providing valuable inputs on the publication. The views expressed in this guide are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this guide are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Transport Sector
    Chapter 4 Transport Sector January 2021 This chapter should be cited as Study team (2021), ‘Transport Sector’, in Mongolian Energy Institute and ERIA (eds.), Mongolia’s Energy Efficiency Indicators 2019. ERIA Research Project Report FY2020 no. 17, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.30-44. Chapter 4 Transport Sector 1. Energy Efficiency Indicators in the Transport Sector Like other sectors, energy efficiency indicators (EEIs) in transport are in principle results of dividing energy consumption by the sector’s activity. Based on type of activity, the transport sector is broken down into freight and passenger transport (Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2). For each activity type, we estimate the indicators in a bottom-up manner. Based on the survey results, we estimate the EEIs starting from the vehicle type. For example, in passenger road transport, we start estimating the indicators for road vehicles with sedans, buses, and taxis whilst for freight road, we start with trucks. Figure 4-1 Pyramid of Passenger Transport Indicators Source: IEA (2014b). 30 Figure 4-2 Pyramid of Freight Transport Indicators Source: IEA (2014b). For passenger transport, EEIs are calculated in gigajoules/passenger-km (GJ/pass-km). For freight transport, the indicators are given in gigajoules/ton-km (GJ/ton-km). For both passenger and freight transport, calculation results of EEIs are in terms of GJ/vehicle-km. Multiplying the estimated EEIs with transport demand in terms of vehicle-km, passenger-km (for passengers), and ton-km (for freight), we can move up to the higher level of the pyramid to calculate the total energy consumption of the transport sector, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia
    SEMINAR ON OVERCOMING BORDER CROSSING OBSTACLES 5-6 March 2009, Paris INTEGRATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEM FOR NORTH-EAST ASIA The Korea Transport Institute Contribution provided by Mr. Sungwon LEE Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia The Korea Transport Institute ⓒ August 2005 The Korea Transport Institute 2311 Daewha-dong, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 411-701, Republic of KOREA Price: 30,000 KRW ISBN 89-5503-187-4 93320 Foreword A cohesive, integrated transport network is an essential element for a region to maintain economic competitiveness and sustained economic growth. Although North-East Asia is the one of the most economically vibrant regions in the world, the intra-regional transport and logistics network is not well integrated. Difficulties exist—even in main trunk routes—in providing seamless intermodal transport for connecting major industrial areas in the region. As the region is more geared for international as well as intra-regional exchange, a well functioning integrated transport network needs to be constructed to secure efficient flows of freight. However, such the development of such a network faces physical, institutional, operational, and financial barriers. In order to assist the countries in the subregion in addressing this issue, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), jointly with the UNDP Tumen Secretariat and in collaboration with the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI), initiated a two-year project entitled ―Integrated International Transport and Logistics System for North-East Asia‖. The main purpose of this project is to assist the member countries in North-East Asia in promoting an integrated approach to international transport and logistics planning and policy formulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of Study Area the FEASIBILITY STUDY on CONSTRUCTION of EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD in MONGOLIA
    ROAD NETWORK OF MONGOLIA Study Area Khankh Khandgait Ulaanbaishint Ulaangom Sukhbaatar Altanbulag Ereentsav Tsagaannuur Baga ilenkh A 0305 Ulgii Murun Bayan-uul Khavirga Darkhan Dorgon Dayan Norovlin Khovd Zavkanmandal Erdenet Sumber Bulgan Choibalsan Bayanchandman Baganuur Berkh Mankhan Tosontsengel Ulaanbaatar Uliastai Lun Kharkhorin Undurkhaan Yarantai Erdenetsagaan Bulgan Erdenesant Zuunmod A0304 Tsetserleg Maanti Baruun-urt Bichigt sum Choir Arvaikheer Altai Bayankhongor Mandalgobi Legend: Paved road Sainshand Burgastai Zamin-Uud Bogd sum Gravel road Dalanzadgad Formed earth road MILLENNIUM ROAD A0203 Earth road Center of province VERTICAL ARTERIAL ROAD Gashuun-Suhait Shivee huren Map of Study Area THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD IN MONGOLIA Photographs of Study Area (1) 1) Current Road Condition Multiple shifting tracks are widely spread on plane area. It heavily affects vegetation and often leads to desertification. It also extends vehicle operating distance and time, resulting high transport cost. 2) Road Condition in Winter Multiple shifting tracks are covered with snow in winter and become slippery due to uneven surface together with compacted snow. Vehicular movement becomes risky and travel speed is forced to decrease considerably. 3) Existing Wooden Bridge Existing wooden bridge is severely deteriorated and danger always exists for heavy vehicles to go across. This is serious cause of disruption for traffic to cross the river. Heavy vehicles go across the river only when the flow is shallow. THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION OF EASTERN ARTERIAL ROAD IN MONGOLIA Photographs of Study Area (2) 4) Existing the Kherlen River & Bridge The flow of the Kherlen River narrows at the point of the picture.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia Infrasap
    Mongolia InfraSAP Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure for Connectivity and Economic Diversification Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mongolia InfraSAP Infrastructure for Connectivity and Economic Diversification This report is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202- 522-2422, e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Railway Transportation Rehabilitation Project(1)(2)
    Mongolia Railway Transportation Rehabilitation Project(1)(2) Field Survey: June 2003 1．Project Profile and Japan’s ODA Loan Russia Choybalsan Ulaanbaatar Mongol China Project Site Railway Route Covered by the Project Locomotive Repair Shop of Mongolian Railway 1.1. Background At the time of appraisal in 1993, the transport system in Mongolia, an inland country bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, mainly consisted of a railway, including a north-south trunk line, with a total length of 1,914km, and the roads running parallel with the railway lines. Among the road network, totaling 4,318km in length, only a 1,243km portion of the north-south route was paved and most of the east-west routes had not been paved. According to freight transport volume (tons/km) data for 1991, railway transport accounted for the largest share of 68.8%, followed by road transport at 31.1%, indicating that railway was an important means of freight transport. By item of railway freight, coal, which is the main energy source in Mongolia, occupied a large share of 50.9%. But for passenger transport volume (persons/km), road transport had the top share at 46.6%, followed by railway and air transport at 30.5% and 22.9%, respectively. Railway transport came in second after road transport. Most sections of Mongolian Railway were unelectrified single-track lines, except for some double-track sections. As of July 1993, Mongolian Railway owned 111 locomotives (all diesel), 227 passenger cars, and 1,865 freight cars. Railway construction in Mongolia started in 1938 with the technical support of the former Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Assessment of EST Progress and Achievements Made by Member Countries on the Implementation of the Goals of the Bangkok 2020 Declaration
    Discussion paper issued without formal editing FOR PARTICIPANTS ONLY 14 March 2017 ENGLISH ONLY UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT In collaboration with Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Lao People's Democratic Republic Ministry of the Environment (MOE), Japan Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and United Nations Office for Sustainable Development INTERGOVERNMENTAL TENTH REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (EST) FORUM IN ASIA, 14-16 MARCH 2017, VIENTIANE, LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC A Comprehensive Assessment of EST Progress and Achievements Made by Member Countries on the Implementation of the Goals of the Bangkok 2020 Declaration (Background Paper for EST Plenary Session-9) Final Draft ------------------------------------- This background paper has been prepared by Mr. Robert Earley for the Tenth Regional EST Forum in Asia. The views expressed herein are those of the author only and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. DRAFT A Comprehensive Assessment of EST Progress and Achievements Made by Member Countries on the Implementation of the Goals of the Bangkok 2020 Declaration Pre-Final Draft March 2017 Submitted by: Mr. Robert Earley - i - DRAFT Table of Contents Section 1: Overview – Trends in Progress towards the Goals of the Bangkok 2020 Declaration . 1 Goal 1: Integrate land-use and transport planning ............................................................................. 1 Goal 5: Improving
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial College Mongolian Cycling Expedi on 2014
    Imperial College Mongolian Cycling Expedion 2014 11th July –15th August Words and images by Harriet Hillson, Gemma Milman, Ryan Perkins and Noah Smith Compiled and edited by Gemma Milman Sub edited by Harriet Hillson 2 Contents Introducon 3 The Team 4 Country Profile 7 Inerary 8 Expedion Diary 10 Flora and Fauna 34 Finances 36 Training 37 Equipment 38 Food 39 Transport 40 Medical 41 Appendices 42 Acknowledgements 52 3 Aims and objectives Introduction The overall aim was to cycle off-road unsupported in Mongolia, for a period of 4 weeks. We chose the northernmost province, Khövsgöl aimag1. This is one of the most beauful and diverse areas of Mongolia and we set out to cycle a route of 800 km, across planes and through mountains. We had a subsidiary aim of hiking up some of the mountains in the West of Khövsgöl aimag, but objecve peaks were not decided on unl we were there as there is lile informaon available. None of the members had been to central Asia before and Mongolia offered a very unique environment. It is also the fourth least densely populated country so the team would truly have to work together to ensure a safe and successful expedion. Our pre-departure objectives 1. To return as we will leave: safely back in one piece and as friends 2. To cycle 800 km in 28 days, ascending the mountain ranges and tackling the tough off road terrain 3. To meet the local people and experience the nomadic culture 4. To encourage others to just get on their bike and go, even if it’s just to go safely to the shops Subsidiary objectives 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Export Diversification and Inclusive Growth in Land-Locked Countries
    Export Diversification and Inclusive Growth in Land-Locked Countries in Asia: Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Turkmenistan* Stephen Golub, Kazuatsu Shimizu and Anastasia Vasilyeva Swarthmore College Report prepared for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Revised November 2017 * We are grateful to Mussie Delelegnaregna for inviting us to prepare this report and Stephen O’Connell for comments. The views expressed here are our own and do not necessarily represent those of UNCTAD. 1 Table of Contents I. Introduction: the Paradox of Resource Wealth in the Central/South Asian Context .......... 3 1. The Resource Curse ........................................................................................................ 3 2. What can be done? .......................................................................................................... 5 3. The Central/South Asian Context ................................................................................... 7 References ......................................................................................................................... 10 II. Kazakhstan ....................................................................................................................... 12 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 2. Oil and Macroeconomic Policy .................................................................................... 14 3. Private Sector Development ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    41712 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Rethinking theDeliveryofInfrastructureServicesinMongolia i THE WORLD BANK Foundation for Sustainable Development: Rethinking the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in Mongolia June 2007 Rethinking the Delivery of Infrastructure Services in Mongolia TABLE OF CONTENTS Currency Equivalents ......................................................................................................... x Units of Measure................................................................................................................. x Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................. x Foreword.......................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... xiv Executive Summary......................................................................................................... xvi Current Status and Infrastructure Challenges....................................................... xvii Better Aligning Prices with Costs......................................................................... xviii Improving Efficiency and Governance................................................................... xix Planning Better ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Template for Forum Proceedings Volume
    104 Mongolia’s Transport Sector: Cooperation with Northeast Asian Countries A. Togosbold Mongolia is a landlocked country, situated between Russia and China. The country has a 4,623-km boundary with China and a 3,485-km boundary with the Russian Federation. The population of Mongolia is 2.3 million, of whom more than 600,000 live in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has taken significant action to develop its infrastructure systems, such as transport, using loans and grants from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and others. For example, Mongolian railway capacity has been increased and is now able to carry up to 4 million tons of cargo, passing through Mongolia between Russia and China. The Mongolian railways operate on a single-track network of approximately 4,000 km. The main north-south line runs from Altanbulag (on the Russia border) by way of Ulaanbaatar to Zamyn Uud on the Chinese border (see the appended map), and connects Mongolia with the Russian and Chinese railway networks. It also links major population centers such as Ulaanbaatar and other industrial centers in Mongolia. It has branch lines, such as the one from Darkhan to Erdenet. The main line was built in the 1960s and has a total length of about 1,300 km. This line accounts for 50% of total freight volume in Mongolia, carries more than 20% of the passenger traffic, and plays the central role in Mongolia’s transport system. There is also a railway line in the eastern part of the country, which connects Choybalsan with the Russian border and the Russian network.
    [Show full text]