The Postwar Sea Forces of Maritime Japan, 1945-1971

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Postwar Sea Forces of Maritime Japan, 1945-1971 THE POSTWAR SEA FORCES OF MARITIME JAPAN, 1945-1971. Vol I James E. Auer — >!I°D 'uoiipois — A N -»s<»°J*S = M3GNia 3SVD THE POSTWAR SEA FORCES OF MARITIME JAPAN 1945-1971. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy by LIEUTENANT COMMANDER JAMES E. AUER, U.S. NAVY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy July 31, 1971 T14 ' S ^^. CALIF. 9s!2 THE POSTWAR SEA FORCES OF MARITIME JAPAN 1945-1971 An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy by LIEUTENANT COMMANDER JAMES E. AUER, U.S. NAVY ft In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy July 31, 1971 7 t ttBRfV NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MOtfTiSREY. CALIF. 93S40 ABSTRACT This monograph attempts a study of the history and problems of Japan's postwar naval forces drawing largely on the living participants in the activities and events making up that history, a subject area largely neglected to date. The study concludes that despite the ideals and di- rectives of the Occupation, Japan was never fully stripped of naval forces following the Second World War. More impor- tant, some people were not fully convinced of the possibil- ity and desirability of perpetual disarmament. Plans for eventual rearmament began to be formulated even before the almost complete disarmament was achieved. In fact, specific rearmament studies and plans were being made by the very persons who were exempt from Occupation purge directives in order to work in the government on disarmement. Rather than trying to effect any type of conspiracy, these persons were, instead, acting sincerely for what they thought best for their country and were at least sympathetically encour- aged throughout much of the Occupation by important 1 Japanese political figures and influential U.S. naval offi- cers . Although Article 9 of the Japanese postwar Consti- tution called for a ban on war as a sovereign right of the nation and on maintaining land, sea, and air forces, an idea that may have been originated by Japanese Prime Minister Shidehara, it was an idea that did not appear in other drafts of the new Constitution and it was opposed from the outset by some conservative politicians and former military leaders who thought it dangerous for Japan's security. General Douglas MacArthur who was responsible for the inclu- sion of the article in the Constitution, if not its author- ship, maintained that he never meant for the provision to ban armed self-defense measures; and it appears that the man immediately responsible for the drafting, General Courtney Whitney, understood the amendments to Article 9 as proposed by Dr. Ashida Hitoshi, who was advised that the Americans might interpret the changes to allow rearmament for self-defense in the future, to mean exactly that. In any event, such allowance for future armed self-defense was not explained to the Japanese Diet reviewing the Constitu- tion in 1946; and the government's official explanation, which has always maintained that regular armed forces, war potential, and the right of belligerency, a term found to have no meaning in international law, were forbidden, has led to efforts to live within the confines of Article 9 and still have armed forces only for self-defense, to main- tain special civilians in military uniforms conducting military activities, and by ever -changing, increasing estimates of what constitutes self-defense and what is not war potential to give opposition parties the opportunity to argue credibly that the entire idea of armed self- defense has from the beginning been unconstitutional. Less than one year after the new Constitution went into effect, a new organization conducting naval activities under the advice and actual participation of former naval personnel was formed with little opposition other than from a few American Occupation officials and Soviet representa- tives on various Allied postwar commissions; although the Maritime Safety Agency was called a non-military force, its activities were from the outset, though limited, military in nature. In October, 1950, when the world thought Japan had no naval forces, 46 of its ships deployed into combat, the only such action in the nation's postwar history to date Since recovering independence, the Japanese formed a National Safety Agency in 1952, incorporating a police reserve force founded after the outbreak of the Korean War because of the removal of American ground units and a naval guard unit formed within the Maritime Safety Agency. In 1954 the name of the Safety Agency was changed to the Defense Agency; the explicit mission of defending the country against external aggression was added. Also, a third unit with an air defense role was added so that the three forces re- sembled the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force, which provided their Japanese counterparts with equipment and training. The National Defense Council, to be the Prime Minister's top ad- visory body on national security matters was constituted in 1956; and a year later a basic national defense policy, unchanged to the present, was adopted after Council and Cabinet approval. A very small percentage of the gross national product and a usually declining portion of the national budget, although gradually increasing in absolute amount, has been annually allotted to defense since 1952, but little more than a training capability has ever been achieved. Especially taking into account advancements made by other countries and because of the greatly increasing tempo of its commercial maritime activities, Japan may be relatively less able at present to provide for its naval defense than before. Never given the power to conscript and with postwar military activity constitutionally doubt- ful and unpopular, the ability to attract and hold young recruits has dwindled under conditions of advanced economic prosperity, including nearly full employment with attendant categorial shortages, in the postwar era. A small portion of the modest defense budget has been annually earmarked for research and development with the result that Japan's forces have so far been dependent on sometimes outmoded foreign technology or ideas of interest and benefit to domestic industry for weaponry. Adequate stockpiles of fuel and ammunition or logistic support for any type of sustained defense capability have never been accumulated or maintained so that claims of autonomous or even consid- erable defense capability seem quite weak from a military point of view. This monograph challenges many of the basic popular assumptions concerning the disarmament of Japan, the timing and causes of its rearmament, and the character of its actual postwar forces. Specific assumptions challenged include those maintaining: that sea forces were never maintained from 1945-1952; that no military organization was allowed to exist during the pre-Korean War period of demilitarization; that Japanese and American planning for rearmament came only after the outbreak of the Korean War; that rearmament was forced on the Japanese by the United States government, particularly in the person of special envoy John Foster Dulles; that Japan has really wanted to provide itself only internal security, the U.S. guaranteeing external security, an unchanged Japanese policy which has finally won out over American changing attitudes; that the Self-Defense Forces in general and the Maritime Self- Defense Force in particular do not rely on the traditions of the Imperial Forces and are in fact basically new al- though hybrid organizations; that the Self-Defense Forces are now more powerful than the prewar forces and are capable of providing for the autonomous defense of Japan; and that militarism might be returning to Japan as partially mani- fested in bigger defense spending and an emergent military- industrial complex. VITA James Edward Auer Born: St. Paul, Minnesota, July 19, 1941 Graduated: Marquette University High School, 1959 Marquette University, 1963 (A.B.) Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 1969 (A.M.) 1970 (M.A.L.D.) THE POSTWAR SEA FORCES OF MARITIME JAPAN 1945-1971 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy by LIEUTENANT COMMANDER JAMES E. AUER, U.S. NAVY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy July 31, 1971 Copyright by LIEUTENANT COMMANDER JAMES E. AUER, U.S. NAVY 1971 To Dad ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The greatest portion of my research and writing was accomplished in a ten-month period in Tokyo during the aca- demic year 1970-71. A letter of introduction from Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr., Chief of Naval Operations, U.S. Navy, to Admiral Uchida Kazutomi, Chief of Maritime Staff, Japan Maritime Self -Defense Force, established the contacts which made this project possible. The personal and continuing in- terest of both admirals was of unquestionable assistance in arranging interviews and in learning and experiencing so many different aspects of Japan. Because of their personal prestige, I was treated as a distinguished guest at all times during my stay; to both leaders I am sincerely grateful. Other people who assisted cannot all be individually listed, but some who provided special help cannot go unmen- tioned. Seven people of extraordinary talent were of constant service and offered the kindness of friendship along with their professionalism: Mr. Taoka Shunji of the Asahi Shimbun ii was an invaluable source of information; his encyclopedic knowledge of military history was exceeded only by the hospitality shown me by his family; Mr. Raymond Y. Aka of the Mutual Defense Assistance Office, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, the American most knowledgeable on the subject of the Japan Self -Defense Forces, arranged interviews with numer- ous political leaders, bureaucrats, and defense officials I would have been otherwise unable to meet; Captain Robert J.
Recommended publications
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
    [Show full text]
  • Macarthur, DOUGLAS: Papers, 1930-41
    DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS MacARTHUR, DOUGLAS: Papers, 1930-41 Accession: 03-17 Processed by: TB Date Completed: June 24, 2003 The microfilm copy of the papers of Douglas MacArthur, 1935-41 were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Archives and Library in June, 2003. Approximate number of items: 3 reels of microfilm The original documents remain with the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Archives and Library of Norfolk, Virginia as RG-1 Records of the U.S. Military Advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth, 1935-1941. Researchers should contact that repository directly regarding copyright restrictions. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE This collection consists of microfilm copies of correspondence, orders, speeches, reports, newspaper clippings and other printed material relating to MacArthur’s work as military adviser to the Philippine Commonwealth during 1935-41. This collection contains materials relating to the creation of a Philippine Army, Philippine Defense, Philippine politics, and general correspondence with MacArthur’s contemporaries. This collection is described at the document or case file level; each folder description contains many individual entries. Reels 1 and 2 contain documents within the MacArthur papers; some of these letters and telegrams are authenticated copies, and not originals. Reel 3 contains photocopies of selected documents from the Official Military Personnel File of Douglas MacArthur, also known as a “201” file. The original documents currently are held by the National Archives and Records Administration at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri, but the documents contained in this microfilm were copied when the file was housed at the Washington National Record Center in Suitland, Maryland.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Hawai" Library
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI" LIBRARY SHORING UP DEFENSE: THE NECESSARY TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN'S SELF-DEFENSE FORCE LEGISLATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES MAY 2004 By Mary S. Blair Thesis Committee: Lonny Carlile, Chairperson Robert Valliant Robert Huey CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................... v Chapter I. INTRODUCTION: JAPAN'S BELEAGUERED SELF-DEFENSE FORCE 1 Problems and Prospects Review ofLiterature ...........................7 Chapter Summaries 10 II. A TROUBLED PAST . 12 The Legacy ofMilitarism The Demilitarization ofJapan 16 The Remilitarization ofJapan 27 The SDF: Early Influences and Formative Factors 26 III. THE TANGLED WEB OF LEGISLATION 41 Foundations The Political Framework 47 The Major Points ofContention 52 Debating and Creating Modem Legislation 59 IV. OPERATING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK 71 Trying to Understand Civilian Control . 72 The Gray Areas ofContingencies 76 Avoiding Collective Defense ... 88 Keeping Defense from Being Offensive 94 111 Consequences 102 V. CONCLUSION: TOWARD ACHIEVING COMPLETE LEGITIMACY 105 The Long and Winding Road The Missing Piece ofthe Puzzle 106 Conclusion 112 NOTES . 115 SOURCES CONSULTED . 122 IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACSA Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement ASDF Air Self-Defense Force DPJ Democratic Party ofJapan DSP Democratic Socialist Party GNP Gross National Product GSDF Ground Self-Defense Force UA Imperial Japanese Army UN Imperial Japanese Navy
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenix from the Ashes: Saving the Emperor and Creating
    John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 1999. 676 pp. $29.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb Published on H-US-Japan (June, 2000) [Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein Dower's Japan in War and Peace: Selected Es‐ are those of the reviewer and not of his employer says (1993) is a corpus of previously published ar‐ or any other federal agency.] ticles informed by Dower's own brilliant introduc‐ John W. Dower, Elting E. Morison Professor of tory essay "The Useful War." In addition, he History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol‐ served as executive producer of the documentary ogy, received his doctorate in History and Far film entitled _Hellfire: A Journey from Hiroshima, Eastern Languages from Harvard University in which was an Academy Award nominee in 1988. 1972. Professor Dower's interests are concentrat‐ Because of these and other significant works [1], ed in modern Japanese history and his scholar‐ John Dower has significantly affected how Ameri‐ ship has centered on issues of war, peace, power, cans and other westerners view Japan and the Ja‐ and justice in Japan and in United States-Japanese panese as he considers topics such as racism and relations. He has published numerous articles and stereotypes as well as socioeconomic and political a dozen books, including War Without Mercy: factors. Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986), a Na‐ In a synthesis entitled The Clash (1997), histo‐ tional Book Critics Circle Award winner for Non‐ rian Walter LaFeber reported the cultural and fiction and the winner of the Ohira Masayoshi diplomatic relations between the United States Memorial Prize for distinguished Asian-Pacific and Japan from 1850 through the 1990s, while scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines
    philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines The Miner Warriors of the Philippines Donald Chaput Philippine Studies vol. 35, no. 1 (1987) 51–70 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 Philippine Studies 35(1987): 51-70 The Miner Warriors of the Philippines DONALD CHAPUT The resistance movement in the Philippines was one of the largest and most effective during World War 11, and in the Pacific Theatre certainly proved the most troublesome to the Japanese. Some of the resistance members, and many of its leaders, were men asso- ciated with mining: owners, members of the boards of directors, superintendents, foremen, drifters, dynamite crews, even truck drivers. The reasons for this important mining influence in the guerilla forces have not been well understood, nor appreciated, not even in the mining profession. PHILIPPINE MINING 1900-4 1 Prior to the 1930s the Philippines was not considered a pro- mising mining country. Copper had been known and worked in the Suyoc-Mankayan area of North Luzon, but sporadically, and never with reasonable profit.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Microfilm Edition
    Guide to the Microfilm Edition RG-16: PAPERS OF MAJOR GENERAL COURTNEY WHITNEY, USA, 1942-1947 Filmed from the holdings of the MacArthur Memorial Archives Norfolk, Virginia A Microfilm Publication by Scholarly Resources Inc. An Imprint of Thomson Gale Scholarly Resources Inc. An Imprint of Thomson Gale 12 Lunar Drive, Woodbridge, CT 06525 Tel: (800) 444-0799 and (203) 397-2600 Fax: (203) 397-3893 P.O. Box 45, Reading, England Tel: (+44) 1734-583247 Fax: (+44) 1734-394334 ISBN: 0-8420-4439-6 All rights reserved, including those to reproduce this microfilm guide or any parts thereof in any form Printed and bound in the United States of America 2006 Table of Contents Biographical Essay Douglas MacArthur, iv Introduction to the Collection, vii Scope and Content of the Collection, viii Reel Contents to RG-16: Papers of Major General Courtney Whitney, USA, 1942-1947, 1 Biographical Essay Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880, to Captain (later Lieutenant General) Arthur MacArthur and Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur of Norfolk, Virginia. Douglas was the youngest of three sons. The eldest, Arthur, went to the U.S. Naval Academy and died in 1923, a captain in the Navy; Malcolm died in childhood in 1883 and is buried in Norfolk. Douglas and his family lived on various military posts from New Mexico to Fort Leavenworth to Washington, DC. In 1899 he was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After graduating first in his class from West Point, where he held the highest rank in the Corps of Cadets, MacArthur was commissioned second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, on June 11, 1903.
    [Show full text]
  • William Earl Barber: a Kentucky Hero at the Chosin Reservoir
    WILLIAM EARL BARBER: A KENTUCKY HERO AT THE CHOSIN RESERVOIR H. LEW WALLACE AND JAMES C. CLAYP00L The Korean hillside was deeply frozen and snow-covered, but by nightfall of 27 November 1950, Marine Captain William E. Barber and his men of Company F were dug in and set up. They were in place just in time. The Chinese moved in and attacked at 0230. Aggressive attackers, armed with machine guns, rifles, and grenades, a Chinese force of battalion numbers began a savage, seven-hour attack on Company F. Though Barber and his men repulsed thrust after thrust, they could do no more than hold their ground. At the end of the seven-hour conflict, Company F was surrounded. Barber radioed position -- and situation -- back to headquarters. He received orders to fight his way back to a large relieving force that had been sent out to restore contact with separated units,t Barber faced a dilemma; he resolved it in a way which was to lead to five days of unremitting combat with ever larger Chinese forces, to his being awarded the Medal of Honor, and to a new way of interpreting the conditions under which future Medals of Honor would be awarded. William Earl Barber was born 30 November 1919, in Dehart, Kentucky, the eighth of ten children. His father George W. Barber, a farmer, carpenter, and builder, had been a modestly successful man until the Depression; then he shared the coun- try's hard times. Yet in spite of the difficult years, he was able to send all of his children through high school (in nearby West Liberty) and most of them to college.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Print Version (PDF)
    Major Jay D. Vanderpool Advisor to the Philippine Guerrillas By Michael E. Krivdo “Don’t go jumping into taking on the Japanese Army by yourselves, because if you are wiped out you are no good 1 to anyone.” – MAJ Jay D. Vanderpool ne of the most important leaders in the U.S. Army’s COL Courtney Whitney, a former Manila lawyer and Oguerrilla warfare campaign during the Korean War “MacArthur’s trusted personal advisor.”3 As the planned was Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) Jay D. Vanderpool. invasion became imminent in late 1944, Whitney recruited Fortunately for the Korean guerrillas and the U.S. Army, and trained hundreds of individuals to serve as advisors LTC Vanderpool ‘cut his teeth’ on guerrilla operations to the many guerrilla units scattered throughout the 7,000 while serving as an advisor to several Philippine groups island archipelago. By October 1944, the PRS had inserted fighting Japanese occupation forces during WWII. over 400 ‘agents’ (both U.S. and Filipino) into the islands. Although every guerrilla warfare situation is different, They fed vital information back to Willoughby’s analysts the experiences gained by Vanderpool in the field while concerning enemy dispositions.4 being relentlessly pursued by the enemy gave him For his part, MAJ Vanderpool volunteered in September valuable insight into the unique problems faced by 1944 for a “highly hazardous program” and was selected insurgents fighting to free their land from oppressors. for the PRS.5 After an intensive training course covering He fully understood the complexities of guerrilla warfare the establishment of intelligence networks and long- and put knowledge gained in the Philippines to good range communication systems, Vanderpool became one use in Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SEARCH of SUITABLE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Japanese Conservatives in Occupation Plans and Policies 1942–1947
    B 93 OULU 2010 B 93 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.B. 7500 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA SERIES EDITORS HUMANIORAB Juha Saunavaara ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM JuhaSaunavaara Professor Mikko Siponen IN SEARCH OF SUITABLE BHUMANIORA POLITICAL LEADERSHIP University Lecturer Elise Kärkkäinen CTECHNICA JAPANESE CONSERVATIVES IN OCCUPATION Professor Pentti Karjalainen PLANS AND POLICIES 1942–1947 DMEDICA Professor Helvi Kyngäs ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM Senior Researcher Eila Estola FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Information officer Tiina Pistokoski GOECONOMICA University Lecturer Seppo Eriksson EDITOR IN CHIEF University Lecturer Seppo Eriksson PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, GENERAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF OULU ISBN 978-951-42-6174-9 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-6175-6 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 93 JUHA SAUNAVAARA IN SEARCH OF SUITABLE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Japanese conservatives in occupation plans and policies 1942–1947 Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Oulu for public defence in Kuusamonsali (Auditorium YB210), Linnanmaa, on 29 May 2010, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2010 Copyright © 2010 Acta Univ. Oul. B 93, 2010 Supervised by Professor Olavi K. Fält Reviewed by Professor Chiharu Inaba Associate Professor Yoneyuki Sugita ISBN 978-951-42-6174-9 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-6175-6 (PDF) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514261756/ ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) http://herkules.oulu.fi/issn03553205/ Cover design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2010 Saunavaara, Juha, In search of suitable political leadership. Japanese conser- vatives in occupation plans and policies 1942–1947 Faculty of Humanities, General History, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 1000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Acta Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Coast Guard (JCG)
    The Tools of Owatatsumi Japan’s Ocean Surveillance and Coastal Defence Capabilities The Tools of Owatatsumi Japan’s Ocean Surveillance and Coastal Defence Capabilities Desmond Ball and Richard Tanter Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: The tools of Owatatsumi : Japan’s ocean surveillance and coastal defence capabilities / Desmond Ball, Richard Tanter. ISBN: 9781925022261 (paperback) 9781925022278 (ebook) Subjects: Boundary disputes. Underwater surveillance--Japan. Coast defenses--Japan. Territorial waters--Japan. Territorial waters--China. United States--Foreign relations--Japan Japan--Foreign relations--United States. Other Authors/Contributors: Tanter, Richard, author. Dewey Number: 327.14 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents Frontispiece . vii Plates . xi Acknowledgements . xxiii Acronyms and Abbreviations . xxv 1 . Introduction . 1 2 . Post-Cold War Intrusions into Japanese Waters . 5 3 . The JMSDF’s Ocean Surveillance Architecture . 15 4 . The Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) . 19 5 . The Organisation of the JMSDF: The High Command, Fleet Bases and Regional Districts . 29 6 . Japanese Undersea Surveillance Systems, 1920–45 . 37 7 . Technical Developments since 1945 . 43 8 . US SOSUS Stations . 51 9 . JMSDF ELINT/Undersea Surveillance Stations . 55 10 . Airborne Ocean Surveillance .
    [Show full text]
  • Crimes of War
    A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION CRIMES OF WAR A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they con- front in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at http:// www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2014 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. ISBN-13: 978-1-940457-05-5 ISBN-10: 1-940457-05-X ABOUT FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES Facing History and Ourselves is a global nonprofit organization founded in 1976 by educators who wanted to develop a more effective and rewarding way to engage students. We’re guided by the belief that the lifeblood of democracy is the ability of every rising generation to be active, responsible decision makers who’ve learned to value compassion as much as reason. By integrating the study of history and literature with ethical decision mak- ing, innovative teaching strategies, and extraordinary resources, professional development opportunities, and coaching, our program enables second- ary school teachers to promote students’ historical understanding, critical thinking, and social and emotional learning, and to facilitate transformative dialogue in their classrooms.
    [Show full text]
  • Organizational Diagram of the Self-Defense Forces (As of March 31, 2015)
    Organizational Diagram of the Self-Defense Forces (As of March 31, 2015) Minister of Defense Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Joint Staff Chief of Staff, GSDF Chief of Staff, MSDF Chief of Staff, ASDF Ground Staff Office Maritime Staff Office Air Staff Office Northern Army Headquarters (Sapporo) Middle Army Headquarters (Itami) Northern Army 2nd Division Division Headquarters (Asahikawa) Middle Army 3rd Division Division Headquarters (Senzo) Self-Defense Fleet Fleet Escort Force Escort Flotilla 1 (Yokosuka) Escort Division 1 (Yokosuka) Yokosuka District Minesweeper Division 41 Air Defense Command Northern Air Defense Force 2nd Air Wing (Chitose) Air Support Command 1st Tactical Airlift Group (Komaki) 3rd Infantry Regiment (Nayoro) 7th Infantry Regiment (Fukuchiyama) Escort Division 5 (Sasebo) 25th Infantry Regiment (Engaru) 36th Infantry Regiment (Itami) 3rd Air Wing (Misawa) 2nd Tactical Airlift Group (Iruma) 26th Infantry Regiment (Rumoi) Escort Flotilla 2 (Sasebo) Escort Division 2 (Sasebo) 37th Infantry Regiment (Shinodayama) Kure District Sub Area Activity Hanshin (Kobe) Minesweeper Division 42 Northern Aircraft Control and 42nd Aircraft Control and Warning Group (Ominato) 3rd Tactical Airlift Group (Miho) 2nd Tank Regiment (Kamifurano) 3rd Field Artillery unit (Himeji) Escort Division 6 (Yokosuka) Warning Wing (Misawa) 2nd Field Artillery Regiment (Asahikawa) 3rd Logistics Support Regiment (Senzo) 45th Aircraft Control and Warning Group (Tobetsu) Air Traffic Control Service Group 2nd Logistics Support Regiment (Asahikawa) Other units Escort
    [Show full text]