John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. 676 pp. $29.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1.

Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb

Published on H-US-Japan (June, 2000)

[Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein Dower's Japan in War and Peace: Selected Es‐ are those of the reviewer and not of his employer says (1993) is a corpus of previously published ar‐ or any other federal agency.] ticles informed by Dower's own brilliant introduc‐ John W. Dower, Elting E. Morison Professor of tory essay "The Useful War." In addition, he History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol‐ served as executive producer of the documentary ogy, received his doctorate in History and Far flm entitled _Hellfre: A Journey from Hiroshima, Eastern Languages from Harvard University in which was an Academy Award nominee in 1988. 1972. Professor Dower's interests are concentrat‐ Because of these and other signifcant works [1], ed in modern Japanese history and his scholar‐ John Dower has signifcantly afected how Ameri‐ ship has centered on issues of war, peace, power, cans and other westerners view Japan and the Ja‐ and justice in Japan and in United States-Japanese panese as he considers topics such as racism and relations. He has published numerous articles and stereotypes as well as socioeconomic and political a dozen books, including War Without Mercy: factors. Race and Power in the Pacifc War (1986), a Na‐ In a synthesis entitled The Clash (1997), histo‐ tional Book Critics Circle Award winner for Non‐ rian Walter LaFeber reported the cultural and fction and the winner of the Ohira Masayoshi diplomatic relations between the United States Memorial Prize for distinguished Asian-Pacifc and Japan from 1850 through the 1990s, while scholarship. His book Empire and Aftermath: An Richard Frank in his recent book Downfall (1999) Analysis of the Life and Times of Yoshida Shigeru emphasized 1945 in his assessment of the ending (1979) focuses on that Japanese diplomat and of Japanese Empire. Harvard historian Akira politician who became prime minister, and con‐ Iriye, who is concerned primarily with the prewar siders pre- and postwar Japan in terms of continu‐ era and World War II as well as its aftermath, has ities and dissipations. also written extensively about the occupation pe‐ riod.[2] Dower's Embracing Defeat: Japan in the H-Net Reviews

Wake of World War II expands LaFeber's brief historical accounts, including my own writing. To analysis of the occupation period, beginning his put it a little diferently, I have tried to capture a detailed assessment at the point Frank ends, and sense of what it meant to start over in a ruined he amplifes Iriye's writings. The clarity of pur‐ world by recovering the voices of the peoples at pose, writing style, remarkable factual detail and all levels of society. World War II did not really documentation, and insightful analysis are among end for the Japanese until 1952, and the years of the reasons that Dower's Embracing Defeat has war, defeat, and occupation left an indelible mark quickly become the defnitive, landmark history on those who lived through them. No matter how of the transformation of Japanese society under afuent the country later became, these remained American occupation after World War II, and why the touchstone years for thinking about national he is the 1999 National Book Award winner for identity and personal values" (p. 25). He also non-fction and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize winner for states that "I myself fnd the concrete details and General non-fction for this distinguished work. textures of this extraordinary experience of a Readers will be pleased to learn that Embracing whole country starting over absorbing, but they Defeat will be published in a paperback edition in do not strike me as alien, exotic, or even mainly August 2000. instructive as an episode in the history of Japan or In his monumental and original War Without U.S.-Japanese relations. On the contrary, what is Mercy, Dower presents an analysis of the Pacifc most compelling from my own perspective is that Theater of World War II by examining the racist defeat and occupation forced Japanese in every stereotypes which often dominated American and walk of life to struggle in exceptionally naked Japanese views of one another. He employs both ways, with the most fundamental of life's issues -- Japanese-based and United States-based sources, and that they responded in recognizably human, including propaganda flms, songs, colloquial ex‐ fallible, and often contradictory ways that can tell pressions, and cartoons, as well as traditional, re‐ us a great deal about ourselves and our world in cently declassifed, archival materials in this elo‐ general" (p. 29). The introduction surveys the peri‐ quent history of anti-Western attitudes in Japan od from Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in and anti-Japanese attitudes in America. Dower 1853 through the end of the American occupation chronicles the six-year period from the shattering of Japan in 1952. defeat of the Japanese Empire and the material Part I: "Victor and Vanquished" begins with and psychological impacts that afected every lev‐ Emperor Hirohito's speech of capitulation on 15 el of society -- from peasant farmers, former sol‐ August 1945 exhorting his countrymen to "endure diers, politicians, and emperor, through wartime the unendurable." Dower takes the reader occupation and control, to the Korean War and through euphemistic versus unconditional sur‐ the re-emergence of the postwar nation. render, the destruction of documents, the signing In the introduction, which surveys the period of the formal instrument of surrender on 2 Sep‐ from Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in 1853 tember, and quantifying defeat. The sobering sta‐ through the end of the American occupation of tistics are that there were more than 2.7 million Japan in 1952, Dower argues that "I have tried to Japanese casualties among a population of 74 mil‐ convey 'from within' some sense of the Japanese lion, 66 major cities were essentially destroyed, experience of defeat by focusing on social and cul‐ nine million were homeless, and 6.5 million Japa‐ tural developments as well as on that most elusive nese had been stranded in Southeast and East phenomena, 'popular consciousness' -- departing, Asia (China, in the main), Siberia, and in the Pacif‐ in the process, from the approach taken in most ic.

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The stage for a precarious democratic "revo‐ tion. MacArthur is characterized as a charismatic, lution from above," the processes of demilitariza‐ "blue-eyed shogun, paternalistic military dictator, tion and democratization under General Douglas grandiloquent but excruciatingly sincere Kabuki MacArthur as Supreme Commander, and the ad‐ hero" who was "indisputable overlord," and seen vent of the International Military Tribunal for the by the Japanese as a "living savior" with Buddha- Far East, e.g. the Tokyo Tribunal or war crimes tri‐ like compassion (p. 203, 229). Dower reminds us als, are recounted. Defeating the European Axis that in this neocolonial environment, the victors powers was the frst order of business for the Al‐ served as viceroys and that the most redundant lies, which would provide only a general model phrase the Japanese encountered may have been for the occupation of Japan. Reforms began with "By Order of the Occupation Forces." The replace‐ the destruction of sacrosanct traditional ways in‐ ment of Joseph Grew by Dean Acheson as Under‐ cluding the abolishment of state Shinto on 15 De‐ secretary of State, the character of "the China cember 1945. crowd," and the American civilians and elite on In part II, "Transcending Despair," Dower ex‐ MacArthur's staf who disdained Asian specialists amines the various cultural forms that arose after -- especially the "old Japan hands" and their cul‐ the war, in spite of the physical hardships the Ja‐ turalist approach -- are documented. The advent panese endured in the immediate postwar period. of radicalism, liberalism, Marxism, and Commu‐ Malnutrition (including protein defciency and an nism among components of the Japanese popula‐ adult average intake of only one-third to one- tion is also assessed. MacArthur himself was em‐ quarter of the recommended 2200 calories per braced and showered with gifts and praise by the diem), diseases, and psychological and social col‐ Japanese, but the old guard at his GHQ (General lapse (crowding, alcoholism, robbery, serial mur‐ Headquarters) reluctantly went along with his re‐ ders, social disorder, economic infation, looting, formist agenda which included gender quality, and the Black Market) are reviewed. Dower re‐ trade unions, and educational innovations. marks that "decadence itself emerged as a Dower also reports that many words and provocative challenge to old orthodoxies" (p. 120). phrases associated with the democratic process The marginalization of groups (especially "third- and reformation were borrowed directly >from country people," e.g. Taiwanese and Koreans); English. In addition, we are informed that the "panpan" girls (prostitutes), smut, and strip shows election of 1946 included 2,770 candidates (95 per‐ to "service the conqueror"; and Black Market en‐ cent of whom had never before held public ofce) trepreneurship and gang control are documented. representing 363 political parties. At the same Of particular interest is that although paper time, there were disorderly minorities, protest was in critical supply until 1951, there were rallies, an attempted general labor strike (1 Febru‐ 16,500 diferent newspaper titles published be‐ ary 1947), and the "emergence of a virulently anti‐ tween 1945 and 1949 in addition to more than communist democratization movement" (p. 272). 45,000 books. Bestsellers during this period in‐ Part IV: "Democracies" examines the complex‐ cluded guides to English conversation, poetry, Na‐ ities of implementing a new constitution in a con‐ gai Takahashi's moving The Bells of Nagasaki [3], quered country. Dower reminds us that the feudal and the Japanese language translation of Norman shogunate and samurai-led social structure was Mailer's World War II novel The Naked and the discarded with the founding of the Meiji dynasty Dead. under Hirohito's grandfather in 1868. The initial Part III: "Revolutions" examines the various chapter concerns the employment of psychologi‐ ideological forms that arose during the occupa‐ cal warfare and the need to maintain the imperial

3 H-Net Reviews institution and enforce the Potsdam stipulations law, and popular sovereignty and human rights. regarding unconditional surrender. No sooner Conservatives, liberals, Communists, and Social‐ had the Japanese formally surrendered when ists, among others, also submitted proposals. The MacArthur's Psychological Warfare Branch, and committee's inability to produce a viable docu‐ specifcally Brigadier General Bonner Fellers, ment led MacArthur's impatient GHQ -- actually sought to utilize the emperor for their own pur‐ General Courtney Whitney of SCAP (Supreme poses by erecting a barrier between the emperor Command for the Allied Powers) -- to direct the and the war criminals. The infamous photography GHQ's task of drafting a new constitution in order of MacArthur and Hirohito (only one of three im‐ to protect the emperor. ages taken of both men during ten meetings) was The draft was prepared in six days and on 11 exploited for its propaganda value both in Japan February was approved by MacArthur "for pre‐ and in the United States. The emperor's true feel‐ sentation to the completely unsuspecting Japa‐ ings are expressed in a 9 September 1945 letter to nese government" (p. 373). Matsumoto's commit‐ Crown Prince Akihito. Hence, Hirohito was trans‐ tee fnally completed their own draft on 8 Febru‐ formed into a new symbol of peace and democra‐ ary and they thought that a scheduled 13 Febru‐ cy and the emperor's status was revised. ary meeting with Whitney was to discuss their The International Military Tribunal for the document rather than the GHQ's version. Dower Far East was inaugurated on 19 January 1946 and notes that the stunned Japanese found that this the war crime trials were scheduled to begin on 3 version had basic non-negotiable principles. May (Dower returns to this story in Part V). In the Dower provides the reader with splendid in‐ interim, a major efort was launched to isolate Hi‐ sight into this period, the legal and extra-legal ma‐ rohito from the status of "war criminal" -- the al‐ nipulations, American views on democratic prin‐ ternative, General Fellers believed, would be ciples, and the role of Jewish-Austrian woman chaos -- and to change a manifest deity into a new Beate Sirota, who had been raised in Japan, in person, and a celebrity in the British royal style. preparing the draft and advocating equal rights As a result, Hirohito travelled throughout Japan provisions that were the most advanced for any (33,000 km over 165 days from 1946-1947 and peoples of this era. The author also provides an 1949-1952), talked with citizens, and both asked excellent overview of the reactions of the Japa‐ and responded to questions. His awkwardness nese prime minister and cabinet, the furious in‐ and attempts at conversation provoked a wave of ternal struggle that ensued, a delayed distribution popular sympathy for the sheltered and vulnera‐ of the draft to the government, "substantial ble emperor who was constantly protected by changes" in translation, and fnally the unveiling American soldiers, including U.S. Army Military of the draft constitution to the public on 6 March Police. along with the emperor's imperial rescript to re‐ In accordance with Sections 6 and 12 of the vise the Meiji Constitution. For technical reasons Potsdam Declaration, the preparation of a new the draft was submitted as an amendment to the national charter to replace the 1890 Meiji Consti‐ 1890 constitution.[4] tution began on 25 October 1945 by establishing a The draft document met with a positive popu‐ seventeen-member Constitutional Problem Inves‐ lar reaction, with opposition coming only from tigating Committee chaired by Matsumoto Joji. the Communist party, but the Japanese Diet would The committee struggled with the diferences be‐ debate 114 days and make only thirty minor revi‐ tween Japanese and Western (American and Ger‐ sions. Article 9, Renouncing War, carried with it man) legal systems, legislative and administrative the implication of allowing self-defense, but this

4 H-Net Reviews article would remain controversial for decades to national Military Tribunal for the Far East's (e.g., come. The Diet voted to accept the document the Tokyo Tribunal) trials began on 3 May 1946 (House of Representatives voting 421 to 8 and the and continued to 1952, although most were com‐ House of Peers, in a standing vote, 298 to 2). The pleted by 1949. Stern versus showcase justice is new constitution was promulgated on 3 Novem‐ considered in which the positions Secretary of ber 1946 and came into efect on 3 May of the fol‐ State Hull for "drumhead" justice versus the reali‐ lowing year, the date the trials began. Twenty mil‐ ty of the Tokyo Tribunal are contrasted. Hull's lion pocketsize copies of the new constitution strict interpretation of the Potsdam Declaration were distributed, and it became clear to the Japa‐ was based in part on the Allied POW casualty rate nese that the emperor was no longer a deity but a in German and Italian camps, about 4 percent, in symbol of national unity. Japanese politicians ini‐ contrast to 27 percent among Allied POWs held by tially believed that they would later modify this the Japanese. constitution, yet more than ffty years later, it is War crimes were divided into classes: "Class yet unamended. "B" ("conventional" atrocities or crimes against Chapter fourteen concerns the role of the humanity) and "Class C" (planning, ordering, au‐ "never ofcially acknowledged" Civil Censorship thorizing, or failure to prevent transgressions at Detachment or CCD (p. 407) which, in four years higher levels in the command structure). "In prac‐ with 6,000 employees, monitored 330 million tice the two were often confused and it became pieces of mail, 800,000 private telephone conver‐ common to refer to 'B/C' war crimes" (p. 443). sations, 1,000 motion pictures, 16,500 diferent Dower concentrates on the Class B/C War Crimes: newspaper titles, more than 45,000 books, plus 5,700 (mostly enlisted men) were indicted -- 920 unstated numbers of radio scripts and texts of were executed (of 984 condemned), 475 received theatrical productions. Professor Dower includes life sentences, 2,944 were sentenced to limited the list of the "categories of deletions and suppres‐ prison terms, 1,118 were acquitted, and 279 were sions" (p. 411); some of these categories are rather not sentenced or not tried. The eleven Allied ju‐ broad and subjective. An enlightening volume by rists included Dutch, British, Australian, Chinese, Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo (1992), American, French, and Filipino justices, several of documents the Japanese domestic motion picture who lacked actual court experience. On the other industry.[5] Although the rationing of newsprint hand, the Soviets conducted secret war crimes tri‐ played a role in dissemination of the approved po‐ als and executed an estimate three thousand Japa‐ litical philosophies, much leftist literature was nese. also published. Overall, he states that "the amount Dower believes that the trial of the major war of censorship was small in comparison to the criminals was an exercise in revenge. The Tokyo overall deluge of words" (p. 438). Nearly all of the trials were tried by eleven justices and took 31 censored and uncensored material was saved and months. By contrast, the Nuremberg trials utilized transferred to the University of Maryland.[6] four justices, began on 20 November 1945 and Known as the Prange Collection, it is a veritable were completed in ten months. Readers may be goldmine of original documents awaiting further surprised to learn that no ofcial Tokyo trial pro‐ assessment by future historians, and includes ceedings were ever issued (p. 453), by comparison 600,000 censorship documents. Perhaps Dower's with the 42 published volumes of the Nuremberg "small in comparison" may be an overstatement trials. Part V: "Guilts," analyzes the process of bring‐ Dower also provides other startling contrasts ing the various war criminals to justice. The Inter‐ between the two sets of trials. The selection of the

5 H-Net Reviews justices, diferent national philosophies of legal fation, planned and unplanned development, and interpretation, variances in the rules of evidence Detroit banker Joseph Dodge as the "economic allowed, and the impact of the Cold War (particu‐ czar." The beginning of the Korean War on 25 larly the descent of the Iron Curtain), played sig‐ June 1950 had a dramatic impact upon the Japa‐ nifcant roles in the Tokyo trials. Dower demon‐ nese economy, especially in the strengthening and strates that the Tokyo Tribunal had a theatrical realignment of four conglomerates including Mit‐ and Hollywoodesque favor of dispensing "white sui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda, an the for‐ man's justice." Like many other historians, the au‐ mation of six new zaibatsu: Asano, Furukawa, thor is critical of the moral and legal issues that Nissan, Okura, Nomura, and Nakajima. Commer‐ were pervasive in the war crimes trials. Nonethe‐ cial-industrial agglomerates, keiretsu, replaced less, your reviewer wishes that Professor Dower without destroying the zaibatsu, so that the end of had provided additional details on the Tokyo Tri‐ the Korean War saw Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumito‐ bunal trials, particularly a more fulsome compari‐ mo, Fuji, Daiichi, and Sanawa as the economic son with the Nuremberg trials. Herein lies anoth‐ powers in Japan. Dower characterizes this as "an er book to be written. abnormalization of Japan's economic structure" in Chapter sixteen is an eloquent assessment of that promoting democracy had the efect of pro‐ the responsibility, guilt, and grief felt by Japanese moting bureaucratism and restrictive foreign survivors, the importance of Buddhism as a trade (p. 546). The remilitarization of the Japanese means of repentance and establishing Tojo Hideki via the National Police Reserve (where military as the archvillain who would become a barometer tanks were termed "special vehicles"), President of the mood of the times: aggression, defeat, pun‐ Truman's dismissal for insubordination of Gener‐ ishment, etc. The two-volume expose entitled The al Douglas MacArthur on 11 April 1951, and the Twenty-year Whirlwind, an "inside story" best- end of the MacArthur mystique preceded the for‐ seller assembled by a team of Japanese journal‐ mal termination of the occupation on 28 April ists, covers the periods 1926-1936 and 1936-1946 1952. and sought to explain why Japan lost the war. John Dower's Embracing Defeat contains in‐ Dower also reviews the issue or responsibility and sightful assessments of the practices, pretensions, guilt in novels such as Takeyama Michio's Harp of philosophies, and power plays that took place Burma, and he writes that the documentation of during the allied occupation of Japan. He has pre‐ the Rape of Nanking and the Rape of Manila, nei‐ pared a masterful analysis of how the American ther of which reported in the Japanese domestic objectives of democraticizing Japan, retaining the press at the time, once revealed, came as shock to position and person of the emperor, and punish‐ the Japanese. The contrast between Tsugi ing war criminals for their atrocities were at‐ Masanobu, a fugitive war criminal who became tained. The exercise of power by the victors over rehabilitated, and General Homma Masaharu, the vanquished, and shielding the emperor and who was executed, is notable. avoiding social upheaval that might be exploited Part VI: "Reconstructions" looks at the period by Socialists, Communists, and other left wing from the end of the tribunals to the end of the groups are well told factual stories. American as‐ American occupation. Original plans called for an sistance in helping Hirohito evade his responsibil‐ Allied occupation for three years but this became ities for war atrocities and placing the burden of six during the fragile peace of the incipient Cold guilt upon Tojo Heideki and his colleagues, helped War. Dower provides an enlightening brief histo‐ to shape Japanese postwar consciousness. ry of zaibatsu (oligopolic holding companies), in‐ MacArthur kept his own name in the internation‐

6 H-Net Reviews al public eye as he groomed himself for the Amer‐ War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge MA: Harvard Univer‐ ican presidential race in 1948 and 1952. sity Press, 1981); and The Origins of the Second Three quotes from Professor Dower's Epi‐ World War in Asia and the Pacifc (London and logue serve to summarize the era: "The structural New York: Longman, 1987) concerning diplomatic legacies of wartime Japan to the post-surrender history and foreign relations. He has also edited decades was enormous" (p. 559). MacArthur's "ex‐ several collections of essays, including Mutual Im‐ traordinary solicitous treatment of Emperor Hiro‐ ages: Essays in Japanese-American Relations hito compounded the problem [of infusing demo‐ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Har‐ cratic principles] by retarding rather than ad‐ vard Studies in American-East Asian Relations 7, vancing the cause of genuine pluralism, participa‐ 1975), the papers presented at a bi-national con‐ tion, and accountability" (p. 561). And "the lessons ference held at Kauai, Hawaii, June 1972; with and legacies of defeat have been many and varied Yonosuke Nagai, The Origins of the Cold War in indeed; and the end is not in sight" (p. 564). Al‐ Asia (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1977); though some readers may have the impression with Warren I. Cohen, The United States and that Dower is overly sympathetic to the Japanese Japan in the Postwar World (Lexington: Universi‐ and certainly was no advocate of Douglas ty of Kentucky Press, 1989) emphasizes foreign MacArthur, he has documented an extraordinary economic relations and is based upon papers pre‐ experience of political and economic recovery by sented at a 1984 conference co-sponsored by the employing both Japanese and American archival Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and materials and citing a variety of people from all the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies of the So‐ social levels. Indeed, he does convey a sense of cial Science Research Council and the American what it is like to start over and, as he anticipated, Council of Learned Societies. we learn about ourselves in the bargain. Profes‐ The same authors also prepared two edited sor Dower has given us a compelling and excep‐ volume on United States-Japanese foreign rela‐ tionally balanced account of this era fulflling his tions entitled American, Chinese, and Japanese stated purpose (p. 25) to document from within Perspectives on Wartime Asia, 1931-1949 (Wilm‐ this defeat turned into a victory. ington, DE: SR [Scholarly Resources] Books, 1990) Notes and The Great Powers in East Asia, 1963-1960 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990); with [1]. Among John W. Dower's other books are Edward R. Beauchamp, Foreign Employees in Origins of the Modern Japanese State: Selected Nineteenth-century Japan (Boulder, CO: Westview Writings of H. E. Norman (New York: Pantheon Press, 1990), a history of the use of alien labor and Books, 1975), a compendium edited by Dower that technological transfer. Akira Iriye's latest work is characterizes E. Herbert Norman's essays on Japa‐ Japan and the Wider World: From the Mid-nine‐ nese government; and Japanese History and Cul‐ teenth Century to the Present (London and New ture from Ancient to Modern Times: Seven Basic York: Longman, 1997). Bibliographies (New York: Marcus Wiener Pub‐ lisher, distributed by Publishers International [3]. Nagai Takahashi, a Catholic scientist who Corporation for Japan, 1986). lived in Nagasaki and would die of radiation poi‐ soning in 1951, authored Nagasaki no Kane, [2]. Akira Iriye, a schoolboy in Japan during translated by William Johnston as The Bells of Na‐ the occupation, is the co-author or author of more gasaki (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1984). than a half-dozen signifcant works that elucidate United States-Japanese relations. Among these [4]. Three volumes on the "making" of Japan's are: Power and Culture: The Japanese American constitution provide much additional detail and

7 H-Net Reviews deserve mention: Koseki Shoichi's Shen Kempo no educational use if proper credit is given to the au‐ Tanjo (Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha, 1989) edited and thor and the list. For other permission, please con‐ translated by Ray A. Moore as The Birth of Japan's tact [email protected]. Postwar Constitution (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997); Kyoko Inoue's MacArthur's Japanese Constitution: A Linguistic and Cultural Study of Its Meaning (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); and Nakamura Masanori's The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbolic Emperor System," 1931-1991 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992). [5]. Kyoko Hirano in Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institu‐ tion Press, 1992) demonstrates how the occupa‐ tion forces used the censorship of the Japanese flm industry to eradicate feudal tendencies and introduce democratic principles. [6]. Contrary to Professor Dower's endnote comment (p. 618-619, note 6.) that "due to the de‐ teriorating condition of materials, the Prange Col‐ lection has been essentially closed to researchers since the early 1990s," the corpus is available to researchers and many of the unique, fragile docu‐ ments have been preserved on microflm. Micro‐ forms are available on site for patron use and ac‐ cess to original materials may be arranged by making an appointment with the Manager of the Prange Collection. Additional information is avail‐ able on the Prange Collection web site: http:// www.lib.umd.edu/UMCP/PRC/splash.html In addition to a major fnding aid, Eizaboro Okuizumi (compiler and editor), User's Guide to the Gordon W. Prange East Asia Collection, McK‐ eldin Library, University of Maryland at College Park, Part I: Microflm Edition of Censored Period‐ icals, 1945-1949 (Tokyo: Yushodo Booksellers, 1982), the University of Maryland's McKeldin Li‐ brary has seven others related to various compo‐ nents of the Prange Collection. There is also a Ja‐ panese-language web site. Copyright (c) 2000 by H-Net, all rights re‐ served. This work may be copied for non-proft

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Citation: Charles C. Kolb. Review of Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II. H-US-Japan, H-Net Reviews. June, 2000.

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