HISTORICAL NOTES and DISCUSSION GUIDE: CURIE ME AWAY! by Matheatre
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The Nobel Prize Sweden.Se
Facts about Sweden: The Nobel Prize sweden.se The Nobel Prize – the award that captures the world’s attention The Nobel Prize is considered the most prestigious award in the world. Prize- winning discoveries include X-rays, radioactivity and penicillin. Peace Laureates include Nelson Mandela and the 14th Dalai Lama. Nobel Laureates in Literature, including Gabriel García Márquez and Doris Lessing, have thrilled readers with works such as 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' and 'The Grass is Singing'. Every year in early October, the world turns Nobel Day is 10 December. For the prize its gaze towards Sweden and Norway as the winners, it is the crowning point of a week Nobel Laureates are announced in Stockholm of speeches, conferences and receptions. and Oslo. Millions of people visit the website At the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in of the Nobel Foundation during this time. Stockholm on that day, the Laureates in The Nobel Prize has been awarded to Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, people and organisations every year since and Literature receive a medal from the 1901 (with a few exceptions such as during King of Sweden, as well as a diploma and The Nobel Banquet is World War II) for achievements in physics, a cash award. The ceremony is followed a magnificent party held chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature by a gala banquet. The Nobel Peace Prize at Stockholm City Hall. and peace. is awarded in Oslo the same day. Photo: Henrik Montgomery/TT Henrik Photo: Facts about Sweden: The Nobel Prize sweden.se Prize in Economic Sciences prize ceremonies. -
Alfred Nobel: the Man Behind the Peace Prize
Alfred Nobel: The Man Behind the Peace Prize Author: Kathy-jo Wargin Illustrator: Zachary Pullen Guide written by Cheryl Grinn Portions may be reproduced for use in the classroom with this express written consent of Sleeping Bear Press Published by Sleeping Bear Press 310 N. Main St., Suite 300 Chelsea, MI 48118 800-487-2323 www.sleepingbearpress.com ALFRED NOBEL Use the questions below to help set the stage for the reading of Alfred Nobel. 1. What do we call people who discover new products? 2. If you could invent something, what would you invent? 3. Why would someone invent a product that could harm people? 4. What is dynamite? 5. How would you feel if people said your invention was a bad thing? Use a world map or globe to show students where Europe is in relation to the United States. Point out Sweden. Discuss weather and climate. Explain what the Nobel Prizes mean. ALFRED NOBEL Crossword All answers to the crossword can be found throughout the book Alfred Nobel. 1. A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 2. L ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 3. F ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 4. R ___ ___ 5. E ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 6. D ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 7. N ___ ___ 8. O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 9. B ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 10. E ___ ___ ___ 11. L ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 1. A person who writes a book is called an _______________________ 2. -
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating Achievement from Fame
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating achievement from fame Every schoolboy has heard of Einstein; fewer have heard of Antoine Becquerel; almost nobody has heard of Nils Dalén. Yet they all won Nobel Prizes for Physics. Can we gauge a scientist’s achievements by his or her fame? If so, how? And how do fighter pilots help? Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury look for the linkages. “It was a famous victory.” We instinctively rank the had published. However, in 2001–2002 popular French achievements of great men and women by how famous TV presenters Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff published they are. But is instinct enough? And how exactly does a great man’s fame relate to the greatness of his achieve- ment? Some achievements are easy to quantify. Such is the case with fighter pilots of the First World War. Their achievements can be easily measured and ranked, in terms of their victories – the number of enemy planes they shot down. These aces achieved varying degrees of fame, which have lasted down to the internet age. A few years ago we compared1 the fame of First World War fighter pilot aces (measured in Google hits) with their achievement (measured in victories); and we found that We can estimate fame grows exponentially with achievement. fame from Google; Is the same true in other areas of excellence? Bagrow et al. have studied the relationship between can this tell us 2 achievement and fame for physicists . The relationship Manfred von Richthofen (in cockpit) with members of his so- about actual they found was linear. -
Einstein and the Early Theory of Superconductivity, 1919–1922
Einstein and the Early Theory of Superconductivity, 1919–1922 Tilman Sauer Einstein Papers Project California Institute of Technology 20-7 Pasadena, CA 91125, USA [email protected] Abstract Einstein’s early thoughts about superconductivity are discussed as a case study of how theoretical physics reacts to experimental find- ings that are incompatible with established theoretical notions. One such notion that is discussed is the model of electric conductivity implied by Drude’s electron theory of metals, and the derivation of the Wiedemann-Franz law within this framework. After summarizing the experimental knowledge on superconductivity around 1920, the topic is then discussed both on a phenomenological level in terms of implications of Maxwell’s equations for the case of infinite conduc- tivity, and on a microscopic level in terms of suggested models for superconductive charge transport. Analyzing Einstein’s manuscripts and correspondence as well as his own 1922 paper on the subject, it is shown that Einstein had a sustained interest in superconductivity and was well informed about the phenomenon. It is argued that his appointment as special professor in Leiden in 1920 was motivated to a considerable extent by his perception as a leading theoretician of quantum theory and condensed matter physics and the hope that he would contribute to the theoretical direction of the experiments done at Kamerlingh Onnes’ cryogenic laboratory. Einstein tried to live up to these expectations by proposing at least three experiments on the arXiv:physics/0612159v1 [physics.hist-ph] 15 Dec 2006 phenomenon, one of which was carried out twice in Leiden. Com- pared to other theoretical proposals at the time, the prominent role of quantum concepts was characteristic of Einstein’s understanding of the phenomenon. -
ARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE Opened up the Science of Radioactivity
ARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE opened up the science of radioactivity. She is best known as the discoverer of the radioactive elements polonium and radium and as the first person to win two Nobel prizes. For scientists and the public, her radium was a key to a basic change in our understanding of matter and energy. Her work not only influenced the development of fundamental science but also ushered in a new era in medical research and treatment. This file contains most of the text of the Web exhibit “Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity” at http://www.aip.org/history/curie/contents.htm. You must visit the Web exhibit to explore hyperlinks within the exhibit and to other exhibits. Material in this document is copyright © American Institute of Physics and Naomi Pasachoff and is based on the book Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity by Naomi Pasachoff, Oxford University Press, copyright © 1996 by Naomi Pasachoff. Site created 2000, revised May 2005 http://www.aip.org/history/curie/contents.htm Page 1 of 79 Table of Contents Polish Girlhood (1867-1891) 3 Nation and Family 3 The Floating University 6 The Governess 6 The Periodic Table of Elements 10 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) 10 Elements and Their Properties 10 Classifying the Elements 12 A Student in Paris (1891-1897) 13 Years of Study 13 Love and Marriage 15 Working Wife and Mother 18 Work and Family 20 Pierre Curie (1859-1906) 21 Radioactivity: The Unstable Nucleus and its Uses 23 Uses of Radioactivity 25 Radium and Radioactivity 26 On a New, Strongly Radio-active Substance -
Nobel Prize History
Episode 28 Teacher Resource 15th October 2019 Nobel Prize History 1. Before watching the BTN story, discuss in pairs what you already Students will learn more about the history of the Nobel Prize and this know about the Nobel Prize. year’s winner of the Nobel Peace 2. What was Alfred Nobel’s most famous invention? Prize. 3. Describe the story behind why Alfred Nobel started the Nobel Prize. 4. What are some of the categories that a Nobel Prize is awarded? 5. What did Marie Curie discover? 6. Name someone who has been awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. HASS – Year 6 7. The prizes are decided by a panel of people in Develop appropriate questions to a. Norway guide an inquiry about people, b. Sweden events, developments, places, systems and challenges. c. Denmark 8. What do Nobel Prize recipients win? Sequence information about people’s lives, events, 9. Choose one of the Nobel Prize winners from 2019 and explain why developments and phenomena they won. using a variety of methods including timelines. 10. What did you like about this story? Civics and Citizenship – Year 7 Identify, gather and sort information and ideas from a range of sources. Before students watch the BTN story, ask them what they already know about the Nobel Prize. Class Discussion Discuss the BTN Nobel Prize History story as a class and record the main points of the discussion. Students will then respond to the following and share their ideas as a class. • Who was Alfred Nobel? • What is the Nobel Prize? • Why is it called the Nobel Prize? • What is a Nobel Prize Laureate? • Name some previous Nobel Prize Laureates. -
Scientific References for Nobel Physics Prizes
1 Scientific References for Nobel Physics Prizes © Dr. John Andraos, 2004 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ 1901 - Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him." Roentgen X-ray Roentgen, W.C. Ann. Physik 1898, 64 , 1 Stanton, A. Science 1896, 3 , 227; 726 (translation) 1902 - Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena." Zeeman effect Zeeman, P., Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 1896, 7 , 128 Zeeman, P., Nature 1897, 55 , 347 (translation by A. Stanton) 1903 - Antoine Henri Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary service he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity." Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1896, 122 , 420; 501; 559; 689; 1086 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1896, 123 , 855 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1897, 124 , 444; 800 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1899, 129 , 996; 1205 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1900, 130 , 327; 809; 1583 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1900, 131 , 137 Becquerel, A.H. Compt. Rend. 1901, 133 , 977 1903 - Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, nee Sklodowska "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." Curie unit of radiation Curie, P; Desains, P., Compt. Rend. -
Probing Individual Layers in Functional Oxide Multilayers by Wavelength-Dependent Raman Scattering
Accepted for publication: Adv. Funct. Mater., 10.1002/adfm.201201272 Probing individual layers in functional oxide multilayers by wavelength-dependent Raman scattering J. Kreisel1,2,3*, M.C. Weber2, N. Dix4, F. Sánchez4, P.A. Thomas2, J. Fontcuberta4 1 Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Grenoble INP, CNRS, Minatec, 3, parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France 2 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom 3 Science and Analysis of Materials, CRP Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg 4 Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB–CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Integration of functional oxides on silicon requires the use of complex heterostructures involving oxides of which the structure and properties strongly depend on the strain state and strain-mediated interface coupling. The experimental observation of strain-related effects of the individual components remains challenging. Here we report a Raman scattering investigation of complex multilayer BaTiO3/LaNiO3/CeO2/YSZ thin film structures on silicon. It is shown that the Raman signature of the multilayers differs significantly for three different laser wavelengths (633, 442 and 325 nm). Our results demonstrate that Raman scattering at various wavelengths allows both the identification of the individual layers of a functional oxide multilayers and monitoring their strain state. It is shown that all layers of the investigated multilayer are strained with respect to the bulk reference samples, and that strain induces a new crystal structure in the embedded LaNiO3. Based on this, we demonstrate that Raman scattering at various wavelengths offers a well-adapted, non-destructive probe for the investigation of strain and structure changes, even in complex thin film heterostructures. -
Commentary on the Nobel Prize That Has Been Granted in Medicine-Physiology, Chemistry and Physics to Noteable Female Scientists
Gaceta Médica de México. 2015;151 Contents available at PubMed www.anmm.org.mx PERMANYER Gac Med Mex. 2015;151:264-8 www.permanyer.com GACETA MÉDICA DE MÉXICO HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE Commentary on the Nobel Prize that has been granted in Medicine-Physiology, Chemistry and Physics to noteable female scientists Arturo Zárate*, Leticia Manuel Apolinar, Renata Saucedo and Lourdes Basurto © Permanyer Publications 2015 .rehsilbup eht fo noissimrep nettirw roirp eht tuohtiw gniypocotohp ro decudorper eb yam noitacilbup siht fo trap oN trap fo siht noitacilbup yam eb decudorper ro Endocrinology, Diabetesgniypocotohp and Metabolism Researchtuohtiw eht Unit, Centro Médicoroirp Nacional, Institutonettirw Mexicano del Seguronoissimrep Social (IMSS),fo México,eht D.F., México .rehsilbup Abstract The Nobel Prize was established by Alfred Nobel in 1901 to award people who have made outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry and medicine. So far, from 852 laureates, 45 have been female. Marie Curie was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in 1903 for physics and eight years later also for chemistry. It is remarkable that her daughter Irene and her husband also received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935. Other two married couples, Cori and Moser, have also been awarded the Nobel Prize. The present commentary attempts to show the female participation in the progress of scientific activities. (Gac Med Mex. 2015;151:264-8) Corresponding author: Arturo Zárate, [email protected] KEY WORDS: Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize winning women. Female scientists. to be awarded every year. Since 1901, this prize has ntroduction I been awarded in the areas of physics, chemistry, phys- iology and medicine to 852 persons, out of which 45 In the year of 2014, the Medicine Nobel Prize was have been women1. -
Background Information on Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel Was Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833
Background Information on Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. In connection with his construction work, Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques of blasting rock. Alfred’s mother, Andrietta Ahlsell, came from a wealthy family. Due to misfortunes in the construction work caused by the loss of some barges of building material, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy the same year Alfred Nobel was born. In 1837, Immanuel Nobel left Stockholm and his family to start a new career in Finland and in Russia. To support the family, Andrietta Nobel started a grocery store which provided a modest income. Meanwhile, Immanuel Nobel was successful in his new enterprise in St. Petersburg, Russia. He started a mechanical workshop that provided equipment for the Russian army and he also convinced the Tsar and his generals that naval mines could be used to block enemy naval ships from threatening the city. The naval mines designed by Immanuel Nobel were simple devices consisting of submerged wooden casks filled with gun powder. Anchored below the surface of the Gulf of Finland, they effectively deterred the British Royal Navy from moving into firing range of St. Petersburg during the Crimean war (1853-1856). Immanuel Nobel was also a pioneer in arms manufacture and in designing steam engines. Successful in his industrial and business ventures, Immanuel Nobel was able, in 1842, to bring his family to St. Petersburg. There, his sons were given a first class education by private teachers. -
Five Nobel Prizes in Curie's Family
Five Nobel Prizes in Curie’s family JULIA SALAMON Nobel’s history The originator and a founder of the Nobel Prize is Alfred Bernhard Nobel. He was born in Stockholm on the 21 October 1833 and died in San Remo (Italia), 10 December 1896. This scientist and industrialist became famous for inventing dynamite, fake silk, synthetic skin and rubber. For these inventions he was awarded the John Fritz Medal. Alfred Nobel’s testament The first Nobel Prize wasn’t awarded to anyone during Nobel’s lifetime as the organization didn’t yet exist. It was Nobel’s last will to award people who did something for human history. The founder gave all his big fortune to founding this prize – the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Nobel’s Foundation came into existence on the 19 June 1900. It was created to award the prizes and dispose of Nobel’s fortune. Excerpt of Nobel’s testament Ja niżej podpisany, Alfred Nobel, oświadczam niniejszym, po długiej rozwadze, iż moja ostatnia wola odnośnie majątku, jest następująca. Wszystkie pozostałe po mnie, możliwe do zrealizowania aktywa, mają być rozdysponowane w sposób następujący: kapitał zostanie przez egzekutorów ulokowany bezpiecznie w papierach, tworzących fundusz, którego procenty każdego roku mają być rozdzielone w formie nagród tym, którzy w roku poprzedzającym przynieśli ludzkości największe korzyści. [...] Offering the prize The first event when the Nobel Prize was awarded took place in the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901. The Nobel Peace Prize was received by Jean Henri Dunant – the founder of the Red Cross, and Frédéric Passy. -
The Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize LEVELED BOOK • W A Reading A–Z Level W Leveled Book Word Count: 1,283 The Connections Nobel Writing Write a historical fiction story from Alfred Nobel’s point of view. Explain Prize why you created the Nobel Prizes and what you hoped they would do for society. Social Studies Write a biography about the life and achievements of a Nobel prizewinner. Include how his or her work continues to make an impact. • • Z Written by Evan Russell T W Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com Words to Know The Nobel committees injustice controversy nominate Prize diploma physics economics physiology engineer radioactivity foundation scholars Photo Credits: Front cover: © ODD ANDERSEN/AFP/Getty Images; title page: © Fernando Vergara/AP Images; page 3: © Hulton Archive/Getty Images; pages 4, 5 (bottom): © REUTERS; page 5 (top): © Time Life Pictures/Mansell/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images; page 7: © ullstein bild/Getty Images; page 9: © Bettmann/Getty Images; page 10 (top): © AFP/Getty Images; page 10 (bottom): © Alfred Eisenstaedt/Pix Inc./The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images; page 11 (top): © REUTERS/Michael Dalder; page 11 (bottom): © Ulf Andersen/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; page 12 (top): © Michelly Rall/ WireImage/Getty Images; page 12 (bottom): © Nigel Waldron/Getty Images; page 13: © OLIVIER MORIN/AFP/Getty Images; pages 14, 15: © JONATHAN NACKSTRAND/AFP/Getty Images Written by Evan Russell www.readinga-z.com Focus Question The Nobel Prize Level W Leveled Book Correlation © Learning A–Z LEVEL W Written by Evan Russell What is the Nobel Prize, and why Fountas & Pinnell S is it important? All rights reserved.