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Five Nobel Prizes in Curie's Family

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Five Nobel Prizes in Curie’s family JULIA SALAMON Nobel’s history The originator and a founder of the Nobel Prize is Alfred Bernhard Nobel. He was born in Stockholm on the 21 October 1833 and died in San Remo (Italia), 10 December 1896. This scientist and industrialist became famous for inventing dynamite, fake silk, synthetic skin and rubber. For these inventions he was awarded the John Fritz Medal. Alfred Nobel’s testament The first Nobel Prize wasn’t awarded to anyone during Nobel’s lifetime as the organization didn’t yet exist. It was Nobel’s last will to award people who did something for human history. The founder gave all his big fortune to founding this prize – the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Nobel’s Foundation came into existence on the 19 June 1900. It was created to award the prizes and dispose of Nobel’s fortune. Excerpt of Nobel’s testament Ja niżej podpisany, Alfred Nobel, oświadczam niniejszym, po długiej rozwadze, iż moja ostatnia wola odnośnie majątku, jest następująca. Wszystkie pozostałe po mnie, możliwe do zrealizowania aktywa, mają być rozdysponowane w sposób następujący: kapitał zostanie przez egzekutorów ulokowany bezpiecznie w papierach, tworzących fundusz, którego procenty każdego roku mają być rozdzielone w formie nagród tym, którzy w roku poprzedzającym przynieśli ludzkości największe korzyści. [...] Offering the prize The first event when the Nobel Prize was awarded took place in the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901. The Nobel Peace Prize was received by Jean Henri Dunant – the founder of the Red Cross, and Frédéric Passy. Since 1902 the prizes have been given by the king of Sweden, and the Nobel Peace Prize is offered in Oslo by the President of the Swedish Nobel Committee in the presence of the King and Queen of Norway. The celebration always takes place on the 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. Each laureate receives a gold medal, honorary diploma and money for continuing his/her work and research. Nobel Prizes in Curie’s family The whole of Curie’s family were awarded five times a Nobel Prize: • 1903 r. – Maria Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre (Peter) Curie were awarded in field of physisc • 1911 r. –Maria Skłodowska-Curie was awarded again a prize in field of chemistry • 1935 r. – Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie were both awarded a prize in the field of chemistry Family tree Józef Feliks Maria Salomea Skłodowska Skłodowski Boguski Zaruska Władysław Skłodowski Bronisława Boguska Maria Skłodowska- Pierre Curie Zofia Bronisława Dłuska Józef Skłodowski Helena Szalay Curie Ève Curie- Frédéric Joliot-Curie Irène Joliot-Curie Labouisse Michel Langevin Hélène Langevin-Joliot Pierre Joliot Yves Langevin Maria Skłodowska-Curie Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie Maria was born in Warsaw on the 7 of November 1867. In order to get a high degree of education and going to college she had to move to Paris. She married there Pierre Curie and had two children - Irène i Ève Curie. The first time she and her husband were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1903 for a reaserch on the phenomenon of radioactivity. In 1911 Maria was awarded a Nobel Prize one more time for discovering chemical elements – polonium and radium. Maria died 4 of July 1934 in Passy (France) because of pernicious anemia and radiation. Biography Maria Skłodowska- Curie was born on 7 of November 1867 in Łyszkiewicz Tanement. She was the fifth daughter Władysław Skłodowki and Bronisława Bogucka. At a very young age she experienced the death of her sister and mother because of which she lost her faith in God and became an atheist. When she was 10 she started to learn in a girls pansion, which earlier was directed by her mother. Later she was educated in III Female Government High School in Warsaw. She graduated from this school with a gold medal. After one year of living in the countryside she came home to Warsaw, where she started to help others with learning. Then she and her sisters decided to continue learning on Flying University. Biography After ending studies at uniersity, both sisters – Bronia and Maria – got an agreement, thanks to which they could study abroad. The older sister went to a University in France while Maria was working to maintain her. Later Bronisława was going to find a job in France and invite Maria to live with her while she was studying. During her stay in Poland Maria gave private lessons and taught many languages. In 1980, Maria’s sister invited her to her apartment in Paris offering full maintance. After a year of hesitating whether to stay or leave, she finally decided to go to France and she emigated in 1981. Children in Skłodowska’s family Place of birth Maria’s Skłodowska-Curie Biography Maria started to learn in Sorbonne (University of Paris) choosing as teaching subjects physics and maths. In her free time she was performing on a stage in an amateur theatre where she met a pianist – Ignacy Jan Paderewski. In 1893 she obtained a bachelor’s degree in physics and in 1894 in maths. After graduating college she received a science scholarship in order to explore the magnetic properties of different metals. Meanwhile she met Pierre Curie who with his brother were doing research on the pizeelectronic effect. In 1885 Maria and Pierre got married. Biography After discovering the Becquerel rays which was connected to the radioactivity of uranium, Maria decided to broaden her knowledge by writing a doctoral thesis about it. The effect of this work was discovering a new chemical element – polonium. The evidence of its existance was shown 18 of July 1898 in her thesis. Another discovery – radium – was presented 26 of December 1898. Pierre and Maria continued to explore the radiation phenomenon and they determined that p.e. the radioactive compounds were glowing, radium salts are producing heat and the radiation is going through the air and some solid- state materials. Pierre also decided to submit to a radium and Part of Becquerel’s cliche created a wound which was observed and described. Maria (it shows radioactivity of presented her thesis of the doctoral dissertation called uranium) „Reaserch on radioactive bodies”. In 1903 Maria and Pierre were awarded a Nobel prize at physisc. Biography Maria’s husband died on the 19 April 1906. The widow has wrote „Mourning Diary for a year, where she described her feelings after had lost her beloved. In 1906 Maria started to lecture on Sorbonne and became first woman-professor who taught there. In 1911 Maria attempted to get into Trench Science Academy, but she lost during voting. Soon after, Maria had an affair with Paul Langevin. Paul was married and he was forced to leave his family. As a result Maria Skłodowska- Curie had lost her reputation and people thaught that she broke Langevin’s family. Biography On the 7th November 1911 Maria was awarded with a second Nobel Prize, but this time in the field of chemistry. She became the first woman awarded in this field. Financial resources from the award, she used for building a private Radium Institute. It was built in 1914 and it’s used for research on radioactivity and radioisotopes. Biography When the First World War started, Maria’s children were on holidays away fram their mother. Maria stayed in Paris, to guard her Radium Institute and radium samples, because the government announced that radium is a national treasure and it should be protected. Maria decided to help soldiers by collecting X-ray machines from the wokshops and organized apecial cars (so-called „little Curie’s) carrying machines to the battlefield. In 1916 Maria got a driving license and she was one of the first women who got it. Biography Maria and her daughters went on a trip to United States where she organised the fundraising. Thanks to that she was able to collect money for buying 1 gram od radium for Radium Institute and the equipement to laboratories. In 20’s Maria started to get sick. She started loosing her sight and hearing. Despite this fact she decided to go to United States one more time and for another collected money she bought 1 ram of radium for Radium Institute in Warsaw (nowadays Center of Oncology- Maria Maria Skłodowska-Curie i prezydent Skłodowska-Curie Institut). The hospital in the USA Warren G. Harding place of institute was created in 1932. Biography In 1934 Maria started to have problems with lungs and her general health conditio started to getting worse. She was diognosed with a flu, then tuberculosis and she had to go to sanitarium in Passy. Duriung her stay, she was dignosed with a real problem of weakness – a radiant disease and malignant anemia. Maria died on the 4 of July and she was buried on Sceaux cemetery with her husband. In 1995 the grave of Maria and Pierre was transfered to Pantheon in Paris. Biography Maria Skłodowska-Curie expected a baby three times, unfortunately the second child died just after labour. First Maria’s daugher - Irène was born 12 of August 1897. In her future she followed Maria’s lead and shared her mothers passion for chemistry and physics. Second (and actually third) daughter was born 6 of December 1904. She became a writer, journalist and peace activist and was involved in pe. in UNICEF works. She is also an autor of her mothers biography „Maria Curie”. Discovers Maria during her lifetime achieved amazing things. She developped a radioactive theory – the techniques of radioactive isotopes separation and discovered two new chemical elements – radium and polonium. For her achievements she was recognised many times – she got two Nobel Prizes, Davy Medal, Benjamin Franklin Medal, Williard Gibbs Award and many others.
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