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The Tanala, a Hill Tribe of Madagascar

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Field Museum of Natural History Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Publication 317 Anthropological Series Volume XXII THE TANALA A HILL TRIBE OF MADAGASCAR BY Ralph Linton PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY AT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN FORMERLY ASSISTANT CURATOR OF OCEANIC AND MALAYAN ETHNOLOGY IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Marshall Field Expedition to Madagascar, 1926 35 Text-figures Berthold Laufer CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY EDITOR ( r A NATURAL 1 HISTORY .J> £^;cagO Chicago, U.S.A.THEIWOFTHE 1933 APR 6 1933 UNIVERSITY OF II PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS / v. 2.2- CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations 7 Preface 15 I. Introduction 17 II. Nature of the Territory 20 III. Tanala Aborigines 22 IV. Composition and Origins of the Present Tribe 24 Divisions of the Ikongo 26 Divisions of the Menabe 34 V. Economic Life 37 Sources of Food 37 Agriculture 37 Domestic Animals 47 Pets 52 Hunting 52 Fishing 56 Honey and Beeswax 59 Wild Vegetable Foods 60 Preparation of Food 62 Fire Making 62 Pottery 66 Methods of Cooking 66 Utensils 70 Customs in Eating 74 Alcohol and Narcotics 75 Manufactures 78 Division of Labor 78 Artisans 78 Metal Working 79 Wood Working 83 Work in Horn, Bone and Hide 86 Matting and Basketry 87 Manufacture of Bark Cloth 95 Manufacture of Cloth 96 Cordage 106 3 Contents Dwellings 107 Artificial Light 115 Costume 115 Transportation 124 Trade 125 Forest Products 126 Property and Inheritance 127 N* VI. Social Organization 132 The Family 132 The Lineage 133 The Village 134 The Gens 136 Social Classes 137 Regulation of Marriage 140 The Levirate 141 Significance of the Bride Price 142 v Inter-Class Marriage and Inheritance of Rank 143 N* Relationship Terms 144 VII. Government 147 The Menabe 147 The Ikongo 149 Election of the King 151 Royal Powers and Functions 153 Administration of Justice 154 Trial by Ordeal 156 Menabe Legal System 157 VIII. Religion 159 Beliefs 159 Cosmology 159 Control of Human Affairs 161 Deities 162 Non-Human Spirits 164 Spirits of the Dead 165 Death and Burial 170 Ikongo Burial Customs 170 Menabe Burial Customs 173 I Contents 5 Tombs 175 Relics of Dead Chiefs 179 Lost Bodies 180 Mourning Customs 181 Erection of Memorial Stones 182 Ancestor Worship 185 Prayer and Sacrifice 185 Sacrifices to the Ancestors as a Whole 185 Priests 185 Ombiasy and the Ancestor Cult 188 Sacrifices on Behalf of the Gens 189 Sacrifices on Behalf of Individuals 189 Sacrifices to Individual Spirits 197 Ombiasy 199 Activities of the Ombiasy 203 Divination 203 Determination of Lucky and Unlucky Days. 210 Ikongo Calendar for Divination 214 The Cycles and the Years 214 The Months 215 The Days 215 Divination by the Stars 217 Spells 217 Manufacture and Use of Charms 217 Healing 224 Sleight of Hand 225 Sorcery 226 Fady 229 Omens 233 Dreams 234 Insanity and Spirit Possession 234 IX. Weapons and Warfare 241 Weapons 241 Warfare 247 X. Amusements 253 Toys and Games 253 Musical Instruments 264 XL Art 272 6 Contents N, XII. Life Cycle of the Individual 282 Conception 282 Pregnancy Taboos 282 Birth 283 Disposal of the Umbilical Cord 284 Destiny of the Child 285 Naming 286 Care of Infants 286 Circumcision 287 Status of Illegitimate Children 292 Orphans 292 Adoption 292 Disownment 293 Parental Authority 294 Childhood 295 Puberty 296 Children's House 296 Chastity 297 Incest 297 Berdaches 298 Marriage 299 Ceremonies of Betrothal and Marriage 302 Plural Marriages 304 Divorce 305 Remarriage 306 Blood Brotherhood 307 Old Age 310 Suicide 313 Attitude toward Death 313 XIII. Proverbs 315 XIV. A Legend 318 XV. Wars of the Tanala Ikongo 323 Tanala-Hova War 323 Tanala-French War 327 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Cultivation and Preparation of Rice, p. 41 a. Dibble for Planting, Cat. No. 185475, Length 127 cm, b. Sowing Basket, Cat. No. 185706, Length 22 cm, c. Basket for Bean Seed, Cat. No. 185769, Length 38 cm, d. Basket for Bean Seed, Cat. No. 185768, Length 28 cm, e. Flail for Rice Thrashing, Cat. No. 185604, Length 46 cm, f. Knife for Reaping, Cat. No. 185530, Length 13 cm, g. Rice Pestle (Child's), Cat. No. 187198, Length 88 cm; Rice Mortar, Cat. No. 187141 (model), h. Win- nowing Tray, Cat. No. 187178, Diameter 60 cm, j. Winnowing Tray, Cat. No. 184802, Diameter 60 cm, k. Spade, Cat. No. 184486, Length 22 cm. 2. Hunting and Fishing, p. 55 a. Lemur Trap, Cat. No. 185697, from model, b. Hen's Nest, Cat. No. 185651, Diameter 42 cm, c. Rat Trap, Cat. No. 185609, Length 116 cm, d. Fish Spear, Ancient Type, Cat. No. 185646, Diameter Shaft 4 cm, e. Basket Dip Net, Cat. No. 185650, Length 91 cm, f. Dip Net, Cat. No. 185682, Width 29 cm, g. Netting Knot, Cat. No. 185682, h. Eel Hook, Cat. No. 185658, Length 12.5 cm, j. Eel Hook on Shaft, Cat. No. 185477, Length Iron, 9.5 cm, Total 103 cm. 3. Fish Traps, p. 57 a. Fish Scoop, Cat. No. 185603, Length 80 cm, b. Fish Scoop, Cat. No. 185801, Length 55 cm, c. Fish Drying Frame, Cat. No. 185684, Length 38 cm, d. Fish Trap, Cat. No. 185802, Length 65 cm, Width 51 cm, Depth 36 cm, e. Fish Trap, Cat. No. 185598, Length 72 cm, f. Fish Trap, Cat. No. 185461, Length 57 cm, g. Eel Cage, Cat. No. 185648, Length 48 cm. 4. Preparation of Honey; Fire Making Apparatus, p. 61 a. Honey Box, Cat. No. 185381, Length 32 cm, Width 20.5 cm, b. Sack for Pressing Honey, Cat. No. 185776, Length 57 cm, c. Honey Press, Cat. No. 185593, Length 81 cm, d. Flint and Steel, Cat. No. 185401, dl. Steel, Length 7 cm, d2. Flint, Length 5 cm, d3. Tinder Container, Length 8 cm, e. Honey Bowl, Cat. No. 185430, Diameter 7 8 List of Illustrations 38 cm, Depth 18 cm, f. Operation of Honey Press, g. Fire Saw, Cat. No. 185630, Length 49 cm, h. Fire Drill, Cat. No. 187188, Length 50 cm. 5. Tinder Boxes, Meat Hooks and Toasting Forks, p. 65 a. Rawhide Tinder Box, Cat. No. 185423, Length 9 cm, Width 8 cm, b. Wooden Tinder Box, Cat. No. 185410, Length 12 cm, c. Wooden Tinder Box, Cat. No. 185412, Length 6.7 cm, d. Belt Tinder Box, Cat. No. 185573, Length 50 cm, e. Horn Tinder Box, Cat. No. 185662, Length 30 cm, f. Pump Fire Drill, Cat. No. 185670, Length 40 cm, g. Meat Hooks, Cat. No. 185917, Length 56.5 cm, Cat. No. 185613, Length 80.5 cm, h. Toasting Fork, Cat. No. 185544, Length 60 cm, j. Toasting Fork, Cat. No. 185543, Length 59 cm. 6. Utensils, p. 69 a. Salt Strainer, Cat. No. 185683, Width 27 cm, b. Salt Mortar, Cat. No. 185481, Width 8 cm, Depth 6.8 cm, c. Salt Mortar, Cat. No. 185421, Height 9.5 cm, d. Salt Mortar, Cat. No. 185422, Height 10 cm, e. Bamboo Condiment Box, Cat. No. 185677, Height 15 cm, f . Basket Rice Dish, Cat. No. 185745, Width 22 cm, Depth 8 cm, g. Pandanus Leaf Dish, Cat. No. 185517, Length 14.5 cm, h. Leaf Dish, Cat. No. 187025, Length 38 cm, j. Leaf Spoon, Cat. No. 187038, Length 16 cm. 7. Wooden Utensils, p. 71 a. Wooden Spoon, Cat. No. 185558, Length 20 cm, b. Wooden Spoon, Cat. No. 185914, Length 22 cm, c. Wooden Spoon, Cat. No. 185441, Length 22.7 cm, d. Wooden Rice Ladles, dl. Cat. No. 185447, Length 68.5 cm, d2. Cat. No. 185442, Length 41 cm, d3. Cat. No. 185454, Length 73 cm, e. Wooden Bowl, Cat. No. 186010, Diameter 23.5 cm, f . Wooden Bowl, Cat. No. 185587, Diameter 29 cm, g. Wooden Bowl, Cat. No. 185586, Diameter 22 cm, h. Wooden Bowl, Cat. No. 185438, Diameter 29.2 cm, j. Spoon Hanger, Cat. No. 185708, Length 45 cm. 8. Wooden Utensils and Dish Rests, p. 73 a. Oval Bowl, Cat. No. 185436, Length 24 cm, b. Platter for Cutting Meat, Cat. No. 185463, Length 50 cm, c. Platter for Cutting Meat (Bottom), Cat. No. 185434, Length List of Illustrations 9 21 cm, d. Ginger Grater, Cat. No. 185433, Length 26 cm, e. Covered Bowl, Cat. No. 185585, Width 14 cm, f . Basket Dish Rest, Cat. No. 185743, Width 21 cm, Height 9 cm, g. Basket Dish Rest, Cat. No. 185742, Width 15 cm, Height 8 cm, h. Basket Dish Rest, Cat. No. 185741, Width 19 cm, Height 4 cm. 9. Drinking Horns, Pipes and Snuff Boxes, p. 77 a. Drinking Horn, Cat. No. 185664, Length 39 cm, b. Libation Horn, Cat. No. 185589, Length 50 cm, c. Water Pipe, Cat. No. 187088, Length 59 cm, d. Tobacco Leaves, e. Tubular Pipe, Cat. No. 186136, Length 13 cm, f. Snuff Box or Purse of Horn, Cat. No. 185425, Length 7 cm, g. Snuff Box of Wood, Imitating Bamboo, Cat. No. 185417, Length 8 cm, h. Gourd Snuff Box, Cat. No. 184695, Length 9 cm, j. Snuff Horn, Cat. No. 186465, Length 15 cm, k. Bone Snuff Box, Cat. No. 187094, Length 10 cm, 1. Bamboo Snuff Box, Cat. No. 185493, Length 9.5 cm. 10. Iron and Wood Working Tools, p. 81 a. Piston Bellows, Cat. No. 187746, Height 67 cm, b. Details of Piston Head, Diameter 15 cm, c. Furnace for Iron Smelting, d. Axe, Ancient Type, Cat. No. 185549, Length 79.5 cm, e. Axe, Recently Introduced from Betsileo, Cat. No. 185550, Length 85 cm, f. Chisel, Cat. No. 185556, Length 21.5 cm, g. Small Gouge, for Making Spoons, Cat.
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  • Le Developpement Economique De La Region Vatovavy Fitovinany

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    UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO Année Universitaire : 2006-2007 Faculté de Droit, d’Economie, de Second Cycle – Promotion Sortante Gestion et de Sociologie Option : DEVELOPPEMENT DEPARTEMENT ECONOMIE « Promotion ANDRAINA » Mémoire de fin de Cycle LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE DE LA REGION VATOVAVY FITOVINANY Encadré par : Monsieur Gédéon RAJAONSON Présenté par : MANIRISOA RAZAFIMARINTSARA Firmin Date de soutenance : 14 Décembre 2007 REMERCIEMENTS Pour commencer, je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à ma formation et à la réalisation de ce Grand Mémoire de fin d’études en Economie. J’adresse donc tout particulièrement mes vifs remerciement à : • DIEU TOUT PUISSANT • Mon encadreur Monsieur Gédéon RAJAONSON ; • Tous les enseignants et les Personnels administratifs du Département Economie de la Faculté DEGS de l’Université d’Antananarivo ; • Monsieur Le Chef de Région de Vatovavy Fitovinany et ses équipes • Monsieur le Directeur Régional des Travaux Publics de Vatovavy Fitovinany • Ma famille pour leurs soutiens permanents. Veuillez accepter le témoignage de ma profonde gratitude. LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ANGAP : Agence Nationale de la Gestion des Aires Protégés CEG : Collège d’Enseignement Général CHD 1 : Centre Hospitalier de District Niveau 1 CHD 2 : Centre Hospitalier de District Niveau 2 CISCO : Circonscription Scolaire CSB 1 : Centre de Santé de Base Niveau 1 CSB 2 : Centre de Santé de Base Niveau 2 DRDR : Direction Régionale du Développement Rural EPP : Ecole Primaire Public FCE : Fianarantsoa Côte Est FER : Fonds d’Entretien Routier FTM : Foibe Toantsritanin’i Madagasikara GU : Guichet Unique HIMO : Haute Intensité de Main d’œuvre INSTAT : Institut National de la Statistique M.A.E.P.