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Napoli, San Pietroburgo E Il Mediterraneo 1777-1861

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Napoli, San Pietroburgo E Il Mediterraneo 1777-1861 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE STORICHE, ARCHEOLOGICHE E STORICO-ARTISTICHE (XXX CICLO) Co-tutela Italia-Francia ! ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 113 - HISTOIRE SIRICE - IDENTITÉS. RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES ET CIVILISATIONS DE L’EUROPE (UMR 8128) CRHS - CENTRE DE RECHERCHES SUR L’HISTOIRE DES SLAVES THESE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU DOCTORAT D’HISTOIRE Cotutelle Italie-France ! Tesi di dottorato:! Napoli, San Pietroburgo e il! Mediterraneo, 1777-1861 Naples, Saint-Pétersbourg et !la Méditerranée, 1777-1861 Dottorando Dott. Dario Amore Tutor Ch.ma prof.ssa Anna Maria Rao Co-directrice de thèse Marie-Pierre Rey, Professeur des universités ! Coordinatore del dottorato (Italia) Ch.mo prof. Francesco Caglioti! Directrice de l’école doctorale (France) ! Christine Lebeau, Professeur des universités 2017! INDICE ! pag. INTRODUZIONE 2 ! ! CAPITOLO I: L’avvio dei rapporti diplomatici tra la Russia e Napoli ! I.1. L’interesse russo per Napoli 15 I.2. Il duca di San Nicola: la diplomazia della cultura 36 I.3. La missione del duca di Serracapriola: scoprirsi un diplomatico di successo 57 ! ! CAPITOLO II: Verso un legame duraturo: “Il ne manque au Napolitain que la barbe pour être un paysan de Twer ou de Kioff” ! II.1. Dal Grand Tour alla politica: il viaggio come necessità diplomatica 69 II.2. Il mestiere di diplomatico di fronte all’espansionismo russo 89 II.3. Sfidare le grandi potenze europee: il Trattato di commercio del 1787 101 ! ! CAPITOLO III: Le ripercussioni della Rivoluzione francese nella politica di Napoli e San Pietroburgo III.1. La mediazione napoletana del 1792 nella guerra russo-turca 144 III.2. L’intervento russo nel Mediterraneo 153 III.3. Alessandro I e il destino di Napoli 176 ! ! CAPITOLO IV: I due baluardi del conservatorismo europeo ! IV.1. L’impatto politico dei Moti del 1820 209 IV.2. Serracapriola: un maestro napoletano di diplomazia? 213 IV.3. Ferdinando II e Nicola I uniti contro la Primavera dei popoli 220 IV.4. La Russia si risveglia durante il tramonto napoletano 239 ! ! CONCLUSIONI 256 ! APPENDICE 261 ! FONTI E BIBLIOGRAFIA 300 ! INDICE DEI NOMI 320 "1 Introduzione ! Nel XIX e XX secolo l’interesse storiografico italiano per la storia russa si è caratterizzato per la sua natura indiretta, fatta di traduzioni e mediazioni europee. Un interesse spesso momentaneo, che nasce per poi subito terminare. Di storia della Russia se ne parlava nelle grandi opere di storia universale, tradotte dal tedesco e in genere spiccatamente anti-russe. In Italia l’interesse storiografico per la Russia nasce sostanzialmente solo dopo e a causa della rivoluzione russa. Petracchi lamenta la mancanza di conoscenze di prima mano in Italia sulla Russia fino all’inizio della Prima guerra mondiale1. In mancanza di storici italiani sulla Russia, ci si rivolgeva a storici russi emigrati in Italia. Per esempio, Evgenij Francevi" #murlo fu il massimo specialista presovietico della storia dei rapporti italo-russi. Solo nel primo dopoguerra inizia una storiografia italiana sulla Russia. Piero Gobetti, uno dei primi italiani a dedicarsi alla Russia, era specializzato nella storia italiana e del Piemonte del Settecento. Solo in seguito si palesò il suo interesse per la Russia prerivoluzionaria2. Il suo Paradosso dello spirito russo è però stato considerato un “cumulo di banalità storiografiche”3. Il primo italiano a dedicarsi effettivamente alla storia russa fu Ettore Lo Gatto che nel 1946 pubblicò Storia della Russia4. Gli studi proseguirono con Wolf Giusti, allievo di Lo Gatto, che dagli anni ’30 si interessò al pensiero politico russo tra Settecento e Ottocento. Nel dopoguerra, Angelo Tamborra ebbe un ruolo fondamentale negli studi sui rapporti tra la Russia e l’Europa, privilegiando un’idea di unità religiosa e di missione universale della Russia. A lui fecero seguito Leone Ginzburg5 e Nello Rosselli6, che, seppur con forti limiti, poiché si appoggiavano agli studi di Gobetti, erano convinti che nella storia europea doveva esserci la Russia, poiché la storia russa era storia europea. Questa concezione si scontrò con quella di Benedetto Croce, che era convinto dell’assoluta inesistenza nella Russia dell’Ottocento e del Novecento di una forma di vita intellettuale degna di importanza. Nei suoi saggi aleggiava un certo disprezzo per la cultura russa, ancora di più per la Rivoluzione. Nella sua 1 G. Petracchi, Da San Pietroburgo a Roma. La diplomazia italiana in Russia, 1861-1941, Roma, Bonacci, 1993. 2 Opere di Piero Gobetti edite e inedite, vol. II, Paradosso dello spirito russo, Torino, Edizioni del Baretti, 1926. 3 A. L. Venturi, La storiografia italiana sulla Russia pre-sovietica, in A. Giovagnoli e G. Del Zanna (a cura di), Il mondo visto dall’Italia, Milano, Guerini e Associati, 2004, p. 341. 4 E. Lo Gatto, Storia della Russia, Firenze, Sansoni, 1946. 5 L. Ginzburg, Garibaldi e Herzen, Firenze, Società Editrice la Cultura, 1932. 6 N. Rosselli, Mazzini e Bakunin: dodici anni di movimento operaio in Italia, 1860-1872, prefazione di L. Valiani, Torino, Einaudi, 1967. "2 Storia d’Europa, solo lo zar Nicola I risultava essere un personaggio positivo7. In Croce vi era la netta presa di posizione a favore della civiltà occidentale che per lui era superiore ad ogni altra civiltà. Negli anni ’50 e ’60 vi fu un’esplosione di studi sulla storia russa grazie a Franco Venturi, Giuseppe Berti e Valdo Zilli. Questi si interessarono alla Russia in ambienti non propriamente accademici. Venturi nel 1947 era a Mosca come addetto culturale alla nuova ambasciata italiana dopo 15 anni di esilio. In quel periodo si impegnò a far conoscere alcuni studi italiani in Russia e a tradurre viceversa alcuni storici russi8. Berti negli anni ’20 si trovava nella capitale sovietica come rappresentante della gioventù comunista italiana presso il Komintern e negli anni ’30 entrò nel gruppo dirigente del partito comunista italiano. Zilli venne catturato giovanissimo sul fronte russo nell’ottobre 1941 e per 5 anni fu prigioniero in Russia. I loro studi avevano in comune la volontà di europeizzare la storia russa dell’Ottocento e del Novecento. Il populismo russo di Venturi, pubblicato nel 1952, evidenziava, attraverso lo studio degli individui piuttosto che attraverso l’analisi sociale ed economica9, gli intrecci internazionali che segnarono il movimento rivoluzionario e il socialismo russo, ampliando, così, la percezione storica italiana dell’Europa contemporanea inserendovi la storia russa10. Fu il tentativo di incontro tra i due mondi che, per il clima politico di quel periodo, poteva risultare sospetto agli occhi di molti accademici. Della stessa natura era l’opera di Berti, oggi quasi del tutto dimenticata, ma essenziale perché fu il primo a documentare l’importanza decisiva della Russia per la politica italiana del Risorgimento. Il suo intento era quello di dimostrare l’alternativa russa al primato storico dell’influenza inglese sulle vicende della penisola italiana tra Settecento e Ottocento11. I suoi studi furono anche tradotti in russo nel 1958 e fu l’unico tra gli storici comunisti fino alla fine degli anni ’60 a interessarsi di storia russa. 7 B. Croce, Storia d’Europa nel secolo decimonono, Bari, Laterza, 1932, pp. 89 e 238. 8 A. M. Rao, Lumi, Riforme, Rivoluzione. Percorsi storiografici, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2011, p. 73. L’impegno di Venturi si evince dal carteggio con Delio Cantimori pubblicato in G. Imbruglia, Illuminismo e storicismo nella storiografia italiana, Napoli, Bibliopolis, 2003. In particolare si vedano le lettere del 18 settembre 1947, p. 392; del 4 dicembre 1947, p. 405; del 12 agosto 1950, pp. 411-412; del 22 novembre 1950, p. 414. 9 Rao, Lumi, Riforme, Rivoluzione, cit., p. 76. 10 F. Venturi, Il populismo russo, 2 voll. Torino, Einaudi, 1952. 11 G. Berti, Russia e Stati italiani nel Risorgimento, Torino, Einaudi, 1957. "3 Zilli, nella sua Rivoluzione russa del 1905, concentrò le sue ricerche sulle vicende della nascita dei partiti novecenteschi russi, inserendo anche in Russia i grandi meccanismi di formazione dei moderni partiti rivoluzionari europei12. Di grande rilievo divenne il Congresso storico internazionale di Roma del 1955, dove si stabilirono rapporti diretti tra storici italiani e sovietici, che sfociarono nella discussione storiografica tra Venturi e Nikolaj Michailovi" Dru$inin nelle pagine di Rivista storica italiana e di Voprosy istorii tra il 1962 e il 196413. Tra il 1964 e il 1986 si svolsero altri otto convegni tra storici italiani e sovietici. Dal 1968 furono pubblicate una serie di raccolte dal titolo Rossija i Italija e nel 1972 Problemy ital’janskoj istorii, mentre in Italia non nacque nessuna duratura iniziativa. Dagli anni ’70 gli studi si concentrarono su specifici caratteri culturali e sulle origini del bolscevismo con Vittorio Strada, Ettore Cinnella e Alberto Masoero14. Negli ultimi anni c’è stata una notevole diversificazione delle ricerche. Giovanna Cigliano si è concentrata sul movimento politico e culturale liberale, mentre un’analisi sulle premesse filosofiche del moderno socialismo russo ha caratterizzato gli studi di Daniela Steila15. Marco Natalizi, esplorando miti e immaginario collettivo, ha cercato di reinterpretare alcuni momenti segnanti della storia russa settecentesca e di inserirli nel processo storico di costruzione dello Stato nazione dell’Ottocento16. In questo ampio e diversificato contesto di studi sulla Russia dal Novecento ad oggi, si inseriscono le ricerche dedicate esclusivamente ai rapporti politici e commerciali tra il Regno di Napoli e l’Impero russo. Nel 1934-35 Antonio Gramsci fu uno dei primi ad accorgersi che questo argomento doveva essere 12 V. Zilli, La rivoluzione del 1905: la formazione dei partiti politici, 1881-1904, Napoli, Istituto italiano per gli studi storici, 1963. 13 Di particolare interesse sono i profili di storici sovietici e le discussioni con loro che Venturi pubblicò su riviste tra il 1956 e il 1962, poi riproposte riunite in francese in Historiens du XXe siècle. Jaurès, Salvemini, Namier, Maturi, Tarle et Discussions entre historiens italiens et soviétiques, Genève, Droz, 1966. 14 V. Strada, Introduzione, in V.
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