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The Origins of a Free Press in Prerevolutionary Virginia: Creating
Dedication To my late father, Curtis Gordon Mellen, who taught me that who we are is not decided by the advantages or tragedies that are thrown our way, but rather by how we deal with them. Table of Contents Foreword by David Waldstreicher....................................................................................i Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................iii Chapter 1 Prologue: Culture of Deference ...................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Print Culture in the Early Chesapeake Region...........................................................13 A Limited Print Culture.........................................................................................14 Print Culture Broadens ...........................................................................................28 Chapter 3 Chesapeake Newspapers and Expanding Civic Discourse, 1728-1764.......................57 Early Newspaper Form...........................................................................................58 Changes: Discourse Increases and Broadens ..............................................................76 Chapter 4 The Colonial Chesapeake Almanac: Revolutionary “Agent of Change” ...................97 The “Almanacks”.....................................................................................................99 Chapter 5 Women, Print, and Discourse .................................................................................133 -
Recession of 1797?
SAE./No.48/February 2016 Studies in Applied Economics WHAT CAUSED THE RECESSION OF 1797? Nicholas A. Curott and Tyler A. Watts Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and Study of Business Enterprise What Caused the Recession of 1797? By Nicholas A. Curott and Tyler A. Watts Copyright 2015 by Nicholas A. Curott and Tyler A. Watts About the Series The Studies in Applied Economics series is under the general direction of Prof. Steve H. Hanke, co-director of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and Study of Business Enterprise ([email protected]). About the Authors Nicholas A. Curott ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of Economics at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. Tyler A. Watts is Professor of Economics at East Texas Baptist University in Marshall, Texas. Abstract This paper presents a monetary explanation for the U.S. recession of 1797. Credit expansion initiated by the Bank of the United States in the early 1790s unleashed a bout of inflation and low real interest rates, which spurred a speculative investment bubble in real estate and capital intensive manufacturing and infrastructure projects. A correction occurred as domestic inflation created a disparity in international prices that led to a reduction in net exports. Specie flowed out of the country, prices began to fall, and real interest rates spiked. In the ensuing credit crunch, businesses reliant upon rolling over short term debt were rendered unsustainable. The general economic downturn, which ensued throughout 1797 and 1798, involved declines in the price level and nominal GDP, the bursting of the real estate bubble, and a cluster of personal bankruptcies and business failures. -
Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate
Freistaat Sachsen State Chancellery Message and Greeting ................................................................................................................................................. 2 State and People Delightful Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate ......................................................................................... 5 The Saxons – A people unto themselves: Spatial distribution/Population structure/Religion .......................... 7 The Sorbs – Much more than folklore ............................................................................................................ 11 Then and Now Saxony makes history: From early days to the modern era ..................................................................................... 13 Tabular Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Constitution and Legislature Saxony in fine constitutional shape: Saxony as Free State/Constitution/Coat of arms/Flag/Anthem ....................... 21 Saxony’s strong forces: State assembly/Political parties/Associations/Civic commitment ..................................... 23 Administrations and Politics Saxony’s lean administration: Prime minister, ministries/State administration/ State budget/Local government/E-government/Simplification of the law ............................................................................... 29 Saxony in Europe and in the world: Federalism/Europe/International -
Asions of Hungarian Tribes
Timeline / 400 to 2000 / CZECH REPUBLIC Date Country | Description 833 A.D. Czech Republic The establishment of Great Moravia (Moravia, western Slovakia, parts of Hungary, Austria, Bohemia and Poland). 863 A.D. Czech Republic Spread of Christianity, arrival of missionaries Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius; establishment of Old Slavonic language, Glagolitic script. Archbishopric established. Conflicts with Frankish empire, invasions of Hungarian tribes. The foundation of Prague Castle. 965 A.D. Czech Republic Prague described in narration of Jewish-Arabian merchant Ibn Jákúb. Establishment of first (Benedictine) monasteries and Prague bishopric (974). Foundation of the Czech state under the Przemyslid dynasty. 1031 A.D. Czech Republic Origination of the Moravian Margraviate as part of the Czech state, with main centres Znojmo, Brno and Olomouc. 1063 A.D. Czech Republic Founding of Olomouc bishopric. Vratislav II made first Czech King (1085). The first Czech chronicle known as the Chronicle of Cosmas. Premonstratensian and Cistercian monasteries founded (1140). 1212 A.D. Czech Republic Golden Bull of Sicily: Roman King Friedrich II defines the relationship between Czech kings and the Holy Roman Empire. The Czech king becomes one of seven electors privileged to elect the Roman king. 1234 A.D. Czech Republic Establishment of towns. German colonisation. Invasion of the Mongolians (1241). Introduction of mining law (1249), the provincial court (1253) and provincial statutes. The Inquisition introduced (1257). 1278 A.D. Czech Republic P#emysl Otakar II killed at Battle of the Moravian Field. Under his rule, the Czech lands reached to the shores of the Adriatic. Bohemia governed by Otto of Brandenburg, Moravia by Rudolph of Habsburg. -
A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760S
322- A New Jersey Haven for Some Acculturated Lenape of Pennsylvania During the Indian Wars of the 1760s Marshall Joseph Becker West Chester University INTRODUCTION Accounts of Indian depredations are as old as the colonization of the New World, but examples of concerted assistance to Native Americans are few. Particu- larly uncommon are cases in which whites extended aid to Native Americans dur- ing periods when violent conflicts were ongoing and threatening large areas of the moving frontier. Two important examples of help being extended by the citizens of Pennsyl- vania and NewJersey to Native Americans of varied backgrounds who were fleeing from the trouble-wracked Pennsylvania colony took place during the period of the bitter Indian wars of the 1760s. The less successful example, the thwarted flight of the Moravian converts from the Forks of Delaware in Pennsylvania and their attempted passage through New Jersey, is summarized here in the appendices. The second and more successful case involved a little known cohort of Lenape from Chester County, Pennsylvania. These people had separated from their native kin by the 1730s and taken up permanent residence among colonial farmers. Dur- ing the time of turmoil for Pennsylvanians of Indian origin in the 1760s, this group of Lenape lived for seven years among the citizens of NewJersey. These cases shed light on the process of acculturation of Native American peoples in the colonies and also on the degree to which officials of the Jersey colony created a relatively secure environment for all the people of this area. They also provide insights into differences among various Native American groups as well as between traditionalists and acculturated members of the same group.' ANTI-NATIVE SENTIMENT IN THE 1760S The common English name for the Seven Years War (1755-1763), the "French and Indian War," reflects the ethnic alignments and generalized prejudices reflected in the New World manifestations of this conflict. -
Empire Under Strain 1770-1775
The Empire Under Strain, Part II by Alan Brinkley This reading is excerpted from Chapter Four of Brinkley’s American History: A Survey (12th ed.). I wrote the footnotes. If you use the questions below to guide your note taking (which is a good idea), please be aware that several of the questions have multiple answers. Study Questions 1. How did changing ideas about the nature of government encourage some Americans to support changing the relationship between Britain and the 13 colonies? 2. Why did Americans insist on “no taxation without representation,” and why did Britain’s leaders find this request laughable? 3. After a quiet period, the Tea Act caused tensions between Americans and Britain to rise again. Why? 4. How did Americans resist the Tea Act, and why was this resistance important? (And there is more to this answer than just the tea party.) 5. What were the “Intolerable” Acts, and why did they backfire on Britain? 6. As colonists began to reject British rule, what political institutions took Britain’s place? What did they do? 7. Why was the First Continental Congress significant to the coming of the American Revolution? The Philosophy of Revolt Although a superficial calm settled on the colonies for approximately three years after the Boston Massacre, the crises of the 1760s had helped arouse enduring ideological challenges to England and had produced powerful instruments for publicizing colonial grievances.1 Gradually a political outlook gained a following in America that would ultimately serve to justify revolt. The ideas that would support the Revolution emerged from many sources. -
TRADITIONS of WAR This Page Intentionally Left Blank Traditions of War
TRADITIONS OF WAR This page intentionally left blank Traditions of War OCCUPATION, RESISTANCE, AND THE LAW KARMA NABULSI 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Karma Nabulsi 1999 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1999 First published in paperback 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nabulsi, Karma. -
Chapter 5 the Americans.Pdf
Washington (on the far right) addressing the Constitutional Congress 1785 New York state outlaws slavery. 1784 Russians found 1785 The Treaty 1781 The Articles of 1783 The Treaty of colony in Alaska. of Hopewell Confederation, which Paris at the end of concerning John Dickinson helped the Revolutionary War 1784 Spain closes the Native American write five years earli- recognizes United Mississippi River to lands er, go into effect. States independence. American commerce. is signed. USA 1782 1784 WORLD 1782 1784 1781 Joseph II 1782 Rama I 1783 Russia annexes 1785 Jean-Pierre allows religious founds a new the Crimean Peninsula. Blanchard and toleration in Austria. dynasty in Siam, John Jeffries with Bangkok 1783 Ludwig van cross the English as the capital. Beethoven’s first works Channel in a are published. balloon. 130 CHAPTER 5 INTERACT WITH HISTORY The year is 1787. You have recently helped your fellow patriots overthrow decades of oppressive British rule. However, it is easier to destroy an old system of government than to create a new one. In a world of kings and tyrants, your new republic struggles to find its place. How much power should the national government have? Examine the Issues • Which should have more power—the states or the national government? • How can the new nation avoid a return to tyranny? • How can the rights of all people be protected? RESEARCH LINKS CLASSZONE.COM Visit the Chapter 5 links for more information about Shaping a New Nation. 1786 Daniel Shays leads a rebellion of farmers in Massachusetts. 1786 The Annapolis Convention is held. -
Leisure Activities in the Colonial Era
PUBLISHED BY THE PAUL REVERE MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION SPRING 2016 ISSUE NO. 122 Leisure Activities in The Colonial Era BY LINDSAY FORECAST daily tasks. “Girls were typically trained in the domestic arts by their mothers. At an early age they might mimic the house- The amount of time devoted to leisure, whether defined as keeping chores of their mothers and older sisters until they recreation, sport, or play, depends on the time available after were permitted to participate actively.” productive work is completed and the value placed on such pursuits at any given moment in time. There is no doubt that from the late 1600s to the mid-1850s, less time was devoted to pure leisure than today. The reasons for this are many – from the length of each day, the time needed for both routine and complex tasks, and religious beliefs about keeping busy with useful work. There is evidence that men, women, and children did pursue leisure activities when they had the chance, but there was just less time available. Toys and descriptions of children’s games survive as does information about card games, dancing, and festivals. Depending on the social standing of the individual and where they lived, what leisure people had was spent in different ways. Activities ranged from the traditional sewing and cooking, to community wide events like house- and barn-raisings. Men had a few more opportunities for what we might call leisure activities but even these were tied closely to home and business. Men in particular might spend time in taverns, where they could catch up on the latest news and, in the 1760s and 1770s, get involved in politics. -
Peasantry and the French Revolution
“1st. What is the third estate? Everything. 2nd. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing. 3rd. What does it demand? To become something therein.” -Abbe Sieyes 1789 Pre-Revolution • Louis XVI came to the throne in the midst of a serious financial crisis • France was nearing bankruptcy due to the outlays that were outpacing income • A new tax code was implemented under the direction of Charles Alexandre de Calonne • This proposal included a land tax • Issues with the Three Estates and inequality within it Peasant Life pre-Revolution • French peasants lived better than most of their class, but were still extremely poor • 40% worked land, but it was subdivided into several small plots which were shared and owned by someone else • Unemployment was high due to the waning textile industry • Rent and food prices continued to rise • Worst harvest in 40 years took place during the winter of 1788-89 Peasant Life pre-Revolution • The Third Estate, which was the lower classes in France, were forced by the nobility and the Church to pay large amounts in taxes and tithes • Peasants had experienced a lot of unemployment during the 1780s because of the decline in the nation’s textile industry • There was a population explosion of about 25-30% in roughly 90 years that did not coincide with a rise in food production Direct Causes of the Revolution • Famine and malnutrition were becoming more common as a result of shortened food supply • Rising bread prices contributes to famine • France’s near bankruptcy due to their involvement in various -
Matrimony and Monarchy: the Failure of Bourbon-Habsburg Matrimonial Alliance
Matrimony and Monarchy: The Failure of Bourbon-Habsburg Matrimonial Alliance Dr Samra Sarfraz Khan* Irum Iqbal Hussain** Abstract The research paper titled “Matrimony and Monarchy: The Failure of Bourbon-Habsburg Matrimonial Alliance,” is an in depth study of the matrimonial alliance between the Bourbon and Habsburg dynasties through the marriage of Louis XIV; the King of France, with the Spanish hieress Maria Theresa. This matrimonial alliance, which was arranged to start a new era of Franco-Spanish relations in the seventeenth century, was one of the many similar examples that had been followed in state craft from the earliest times. The paper serves a two-fold purpose: to bring to light the unsuccessful nature of this marriage, and to probe the various reasons for which the alliance was a failure in the very quintessence of a marriage. The paper highlights the factors that contributed in not only keeping the matrimonial alliance into a contentious relationship between Maria Theresa and Louis XIV but also in causing a decline in the political ties between the French and Spanish kingdoms. The research paper, thus, caters to an aspect in the study of matrimonial alliances that remains largely unexplored. Keywords: Matrimonial alliance, Bourbon, Hapsburg, monarch, expansion. * Samra Sarfraz Khan, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Karachi ** Irum Iqbal Hussain, Graduate Student, Institute of Ismaili Studies (IIS), UK 15 Jhss, Vol. 10, No. 2, July to December, 2019 Introduction The matrimonial alliance of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa was one in a series of similar state alliances that took place between the Bourbon and Habsburg royal families in their days of glory days. -
The Funerals of the Habsburg Emperors in the Eighteenth Century
The Funerals of the Habsburg Emperors In the Eighteenth Century MARK HENGERER 1. Introduction The dassic interpretation of the eighteenth century as aperiod of transition-from sacred kingship to secular state, from a divine-right monarchy to enlightened absolutism, from religion to reason-neglects, so the editor of this volume suggests, aspects of the continuing impact of religion on European royal culture during this period, and ignores the fact that secularization does not necessarily mean desacralization. If we take this point of view, the complex relationship between monarchy and religion, such as appears in funerals, needs to be revisited. We still lack a comparative and detailed study of Habsburg funerals throughout the entire eighteenth century. Although the funerals of the emperors in general have been the subject of a great deal of research, most historians have concentrated either on funerals of individual ruIers before 1700, or on shorter periods within the eighteenth century.l Consequently, the general view I owe debts of gratitude to MeJana Heinss Marte! and Derek Beales for their romments on an earlier version ofthis essay, and to ThomasJust fi'om the Haus-, Hof und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, for unbureaucratic access to the relevant source material. I Most attention has heen paid to Emperor Maximilian 1. Cf., among olhers, Peter Schmid, 'Sterben-Tod-Leichenbegängnis Kaiser Maximilians 1.', in Lothar Kolmer (ed.), Der Tod des A1iichtigen: Kult und Kultur des Sterbe1l5 spätmittelalterlicher Herrscher (Paderborn, 1997), 185-215; Elisaheth Scheicher, 'Kaiser Maximilian plant sein Denkmal', Jahrbuch des kunsthislmischen Museums Wien, I (1999), 81-117; Gabriele Voss, 'Der Tod des Herrschers: Sterbe- und Beerdigungsbrauchtum beim Übertritt vom Mittelalter in die frühe Neuzeit am Beispiel der Kaiser Friedrich IH., Maximilian L und Kar! V: (unpuhlished Diploma thesis, University ofVienna, 1989).