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Charleston Through the Eighteenth Century: Archaeology at the Heyward- Washington House Stable

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Charleston Through the Eighteenth Century: Archaeology at the Heyward- Washington House Stable Charleston through the Eighteenth Century: Archaeology at the Heyward- Washington House Stable By Martha A. Zierden And Elizabeth J. Reitz With contributions from John Jones John E. Fosse Bruce L. Manzano Prepared for The Charleston Museum Archaeological Contributions 39 The Charleston Museum May 2007 ii Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction . 1 Introduction . 1 Previous Research . 3 Role of the Present Project . 4 Research Issues . 5 Chapter II: Historical Development . 11 The Settling of Charles Town . 11 Development of the Heyward-Washington Property . 13 The Revolutionary Era . 15 The Heyward Property before and after the Revolution . 17 Agricultural Prosperity . 22 The Civil War . 25 Church Street in the 19th Century . 27 Chapter III: Fieldwork . 29 Fieldwork . 29 Description of Excavated Proveniences . 30 Construction Monitoring . 40 Features from the 1970s Project . 45 Chapter IV: Material Culture . 49 Laboratory Methods . 49 Analysis . 50 1730-1740: John Milner, Gunsmith . 52 1740-1760s: the 1740 Fire and John Milner Jr. 59 1770-1820: the Heyward and Grimke periods . 68 Late 19th century Assemblage . 76 Materials from the 1970s excavations . 81 Chapter V: Interpretation of the Site . 93 Site Formation Processes . 94 Construction and Evolution of the Stable . 98 The late Colonial Landscape . 101 The early Landscape . 111 Chapter VI: Interpretation of the Artifacts . 115 Temporal Analysis . 115 Refinement and the Consumer Revolution . 127 Chapter VII: Interpretation of the Animals . 133 Animal Remains from the Heyward-Washington Stable . 133 iii Animal Use and the Urban Environment . 152 References . 169 Appendicies I. Data tables, Animal Remains from the Heyward Washington Stable . 201 Elizabeth J. Reitz and Carol Colaninno II. Data tables, Pollen Analysis from the Heyward Stable . 248 John G. Jones III. Analysis of Soil Samples from the Beef Market and Heyward Sites . 252 John E. Foss IV. Faunal Remains from the Heyward-Washington Site, 1982 . 270 Bruce L. Manzano iv List of Tables 1. Will of John Milner, of Charles Town, Gunsmith . 15 2. List of Features . 41 3. Proveniences: Temporal Divisions . 42 4. Quantification of the Assemblages . 89 5. Bone and Artifact Density at Charleston sites . 104 6. Temporal Changes in Charleston Artifact Assemblages . 116 7. Ceramic Assemblage, 1720-1740 . 118 8. Ceramic Assemblage, 1740-1760 . 119 9. Ceramic Assemblage, 1760-1800 . 121 10. Comparison of Ceramic Assemblage through the 18th century . 123 11. Comparison of HW and Market to Carolina Pattern . 126 List of Figures 1. The Heyward House, c. 1880 . 1 2. The Stable and Restored Garden, 1940s . 2 3. Location of 1970s excavations . 3 4. Sites in Charleston, 1720-1740 . 5 5. Charles Town, 1711 . 11 6. Charles Town in 1739 . 12 7. Public Architecture of the Colonial period . 13 8. The Lining House . 13 9. Extent of the Fire of 1740 . 14 10. Charleston in 1788 . 20 11. Features of Thomas Heyward’s Lot . 20 12. Tidal Rice fields of the Edisto . 23 13. Working upland fields . 24 14. Pantry and Cistern . 27 15. Kitchen with whitewashed front . 28 16. 1902 Sanborn map . 28 17. Heyward stable and units . 29 18. Managing back dirt . 29 19. Unit 1, typical stratigraphy . 30 20. Soil profiles inside and outside stable . 31 21. location of unit 1; features . 32 22. Unit 2, soil profile . 33 23. Unit 6 profile . 35 24. Feature 121 and zone 5a . 37 25. Feature 128/144 in profile . 39 26. Excavation of service trench . 40 27. Features associated with zone 6 . 42 28. Features associated with zone 5 . 43 v 29. Features from zones 3-4 . 44 30. Units excavated by Herold . 45 31. 1730s features located by Herold . 46 32. Well and features associated with John Milner Jr. 47 33. Features from the 1840s . 47 34. Examples of delftware . 53 35. Staffordshire slipwares . 54 36. lead glazed earthenware cookpot handle . 54 37. possible barbadian earthenware . 55 38. Slip coated ware . ..
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