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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9401310 Biology of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and mobility of its leafhopper vector, Graminella nigrifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Lopes, Joao Roberto Spotti, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 BIOLOGY OF MAIZE CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS AND MOBILITY OF ITS LEAFHOPPER VECTOR, GRAMINELLA NIGRIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Joao Roberto Spotti Lopes, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: R.E. Gingery C.W. Hoy Approved by L.V. Madden L.R. Nault P.L. Phelan Department of Entomology This dissertation is dedicated with love to my wife Mate ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take this opportunity to acknowledge those who have helped me to achieve this major goal of my graduate education. First of all, I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Lowell R. Nault, my advisor, for giving me the opportunity to work in his program, for his excellent guidance throughout my research, and for his enthusiasm, friendship and support when I it needed most. I thank the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. P. L. Phelan, Dr. R. E. Gingery, Dr. L. V. Madden, and Dr. C. W. Hoy for reviewing the manuscripts and providing suggestions that much improved this work. I especially thank Dr. Phelan and Dr. Gingery for providing space and training in their laboratories, and Dr. Madden for the statistical advice. Special thanks go to William (Bill) Styer, Thomas Lanker and Robert Whitmoyer for the valuable assistance in the technical aspects of my research, and to Bert L. Bishop (Stat Lab) and Ed Zaborski for the very helpful statistical advice. I would like to thank all the graduate students and post-docs in the Department of Entomology at Wooster for iii the friendship and support, especially to Mercedes Ebbert for the encouragement during my first and difficult months of course-work, and for the ideas during my research. Many thanks go to the support staff of the Departments of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Statistics and Photography Laboratories, and Library of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) for their cordial assistance. I wish to acknowledge R. W. Van Keuren (Department of Agronomy/OARDC) for the identification of grass species, and R. C. Pratt (Department of Agronomy/OARDC), S. Linscombe (Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Crowley, LA), and R. Hawes (Wilderness Center, Wilmot, OH) for providing seeds or stolons of grasses. I especially acknowledge my sponsor, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (Brasilia, DF, Brazil) for my scholarship, and the Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Brazil) for giving me the opportunity to pursue the Ph.D. Finally, I thank my wife, Maria Tereza (Mate), for the continuous support and love that helped me to overcome all the difficult moments of pursuing the Ph.D., my son Andre for understanding my short time available to play, and my parents and siblings for the frequent letters of encouragement. VITA July 15, 1964 ............. Born - S. J. do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil. 1985 ••«Be«B**aa B . S., Agronomic Engineering Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba, SP - Brazil 1988 aaaaaaaaaaa M. S., Entomology Departamento de Entomologia Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba, SP - Brazil 1989-present ............. Assistant Professor Departamento de Entomologia Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba, SP - Brazil PUBLICATIONS Lopes, J.R.S., Parra, J.R.P., Justi Junior, J., and Oliveira, N.H. 1989. Metodologia para infestacao artificial de ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) em cana-de-acucar, visando estudos com Trichoqramma. Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" 46:375-390. Parra, J.R.P., Lopes, J.R.S., Biral, E., and Goveia, P.C.R. 1989. Numero ideal de ovos de Anaqasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) por caixa de criacao para pesquisas com Trichoqramma. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 18:391-402. Parra, J.R.P., Lopes, J.R.S., Serra, H.J.P. and Sales Junior, 0. 1989. Metodologia de criacao de Anaqasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) para producao massal de Trichoqramma spp. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 18:403-415. v Lopes, J.R.S. and Parra, J.R.P. 1991. Efeito da idade de ovos do hospedelro natural e alternative no desenvolvimento e parasitismo de duas especies de Trichoqramma. Revista de Agricultura 66:221-224. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology BIOLOGY OF MAIZE CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS AND MOBILITY OF ITS LEAFHOPPER VECTOR, GRAMINELLA NIGRIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) By Joao Roberto Spotti Lopes, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Professor Lowell R. Nault, Advisor The biological properties of maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) strains and flight behavior of Graminella niarifrons were studied in the laboratory. MCDV-T and MCDV- M1 strains were compared as to leafhopper transmission, vector specificity, and host plant range. Among nine Deltocephalinae leafhopper species tested, no differential vector was found, but in general MCDV-T was transmitted at higher rates than MCDV-M1 by efficient vectors. Rates of loss of inoculativity of MCDV-T and MCDV-M1 by G. niarifrons were similar, but slower at 15°C than at 30°C. Nineteen grass species, mostly panicoids and andropogonoids, of 46 tested were susceptible to each strain. Two differential hosts were found. Tertiary vein clearing in host leaves induced by MCDV-T was always more pronounced than that caused by MCDV-M1. The periodicity of takeoff from a maize seedling canopy (vertical movement) by G. niarifrons was dependent on light intensity and vii photoperiod, and varied according to the sex and age of leafhoppers. Males left the canopy only after light was reduced to simulate dusk. Unlike males, most females left the canopy before dusk. Vertical movement of females was not observed under constant light or darkness, suggesting that a circadian rhythym was not involved. Fewer young males and females (3 d old) moved vertically compared to older ones (1-2 wks old). Males showed a higher rate of interplant movement during daylight hours than did females. Interplant movement by males was reduced during the scotophase. Migratory potential of G. niarifrons was analyzed under simulated summer (long day, higher temperature) and spring (short day, lower temperature) conditions and compared to the migrant, Macrosteles guadrilineatus. Fewer G. niarifrons made long flights in a vertical flight chamber compared to M. guadrilineatus. Flight propensity of both species was enhanced by rearing under spring conditions, but was not affected by 2-d starvation. Peak period of takeoff from the plant canopy by both species was advanced from early evening under summer conditions to late afternoon under spring conditions. Weight gain under spring conditions was lower in G. niarifrons than in M. guadrilineatus. Spring forms of G. niarifrons had darker wings than M. ouadri1ineatus. Possible implications of seasonal polyphenism on flight propensity and overwintering strategies are discussed. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... iii VITA ................................................. v DISSERTATION ABSTRACT ............................ vii LIST OF TABLES ......................... xi LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................................... xii LIST OF PLATES ........................................ xvi INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. LEAFHOPPER TRANSMISSION, HOST PLANT RANGE, AND SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN OF MAIZE CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS STRAINS ................................ 6 Introduction .............................. 6 Materials and Methods .................... 8 Results . .............................. 19 Discussion................................ 33 II. DIAL ACTIVITY PERIODICITY OF GRAMINELLA NIGRIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LEAFHOPPER DISPERSAL .........................
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