A Study of an Unknown Primary Document on the Fall of Abbasid Baghdad to the Mongols (Written by the Defeated Side)
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The Iqta' System of Iraq Under the Buwayhids Tsugitaka Sato
THE IQTA' SYSTEM OF IRAQ UNDER THE BUWAYHIDS TSUGITAKA SATO* In 334 A. H. (946 A.D.), having established his authority in Baghdad, Mu'izz al-Dawla granted iqta's in the Sawad to his commanders, his asso- ciates, and his Turks. This is the formation of the so-called "military" iqta' system in the Islamic history. The appearance of the military iqta's brought about not only the evolution of the Islamic state, but also the transformation of the Iraqi society during the 10-11th centuries and of the other countries in the following periods. Nizam al-Mulk understood this as the change from bistagan (cash pay) to iqta',(1) while al-Maqrizi described as the change from 'ata' to iqta' in the same meaning.(2) As for the iqta' system under the Buwayhids, H. F. Amedroz first translated the Miskawayh's text into English with annotations,(3) and then C. H. Becker tried to realize the iqta' system in the history of 'Lehen' from the early Islamic period to the Ottoman Turks.(4) A. A, al-Duri, who studied the economic history of the Buwayhid Iraq, made clear the character of iqta' comparing it with milk (private land) and waqf, though the reality of iqta' holding remained to be investigated in future.(5) On the other hand, Cl. Cahen published the general survey of iqta' in the history of the Islamic land holding, which gave us usefull informations concerning the right and obligation of soldiers, and the fall of peasants by way of himaya (protection) and the loan at high interest.(6) We also find the general description of iqta' in the study of H. -
The Unique Ibn Al-Bawwab Manuscript
D.S.RICE THE UNIQUE IBN AL-BAWWAB MANUSCRIPT The text of the Qur'an was recorded'in the Prophet's lifetime, on a variety of writing materials.These inclu- ded such diverse materials as papyrus, parchment, leather, limestone slabs,shoulder blades,ribs, saddle- boards, &c. The Qur'an was first collectedunder the first caliph, Abu Bakr, and codified under the third caliph, 'Uthman. It was, in all likelihood, written on parchmenton both occasions,although one sourcehas it that papyrus was used on the first. All the early Qur'ans which have so far come to light are on parchment, with the exception of a small frag- ment on papyruswhich is attributed to the third Islamic century. The earliest Qur'ans w\ich have reachedus are written in variety of angular scripts commonly-but inappro- priately-describedas Kufic. No completeKufic Qur'an has, to my knowledge, survived and none is provided with a colophon. It is still a matter of controversy whether we possessany Qur'an which can be dated to the first century of the Muslim era.There are a number "signatures" of coclices which bear of the caliphs 'Uthman and 'Ali, but these have been shown to be later pious forgeries. Thanks to the studies published in the course of the last fifty years,especially by B. Moritz, J. von Karaba- cek, G. Bergstrásser,O. Pretzl,A. Grohmann, N. Abbott, and G. Levi della Vida much progresshas been made in the provisional dating of certain Kufic Qur'ans to the late first and to the second century of the Hijra. -
A Study of an Unknown Primary Document on the Fall of Abbasid Baghdad to the Mongols (Written by the Defeated Side)
7 VOL. 2, NO. 2, DECEMBER 2017: 7-27 A STUDY OF AN UNKNOWN PRIMARY DOCUMENT ON THE FALL OF ABBASID BAGHDAD TO THE MONGOLS (WRITTEN BY THE DEFEATED SIDE) By ALI BAHRANI POUR* The present study aims to do a documental study of the Mongol invasion and the fall of Baghdad (the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate) in 1258 CE. It is a case study on a document and two comments on it, which were originally recovered from the burial shroud of a person killed during Hülegü’s conquest of Baghdad. This docu- ment was later inserted by someone (possibly by one of its two commentators) in a section of a primary manuscript of Kitab al-Wara’a (written in 1147 CE). Then Os̤ man ibn Ġānim al-Hiti and Ṭahir ibn ‘Abd-Allāh ibn Ibrahim ibn Aḥmad, as commentators, wrote their comments about the document. Although these docu- ments are in the form of fragmentary notes, they are rare primary sources that depict the events and the conditions of the siege, the conquest of Baghdad and the collapse of Abbasid Caliphate. This article, while providing images, revised texts, and translations1 of the documents, aims to introduce them and to explore the civil factors contributing to the fall of Baghdad. Keywords: the fall of Baghdad, the Mongols, the Abbasid Caliphate * ALI BBAHRANI POUR is an associate professor at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 1 I should thank my cousin Mr. Javad Bahrani-pour for his help in translating the document and Mokhtaral-din Ahmad’s article on that into Persian. -
House of Wisdom
House of Wisdom ,romanized: Bayt al-Ḥikmah), alsoبيت الحكمة :The House of Wisdom (Arabic known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, refers to either a major Abbasid public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad or to a large private library belonging to the Abbasid Caliphs during the Islamic Golden Age.[1][2] The House of Wisdom is the subject of an active dispute over its functions and existence as a formal academy, an issue complicated by a lack of physical evidence following the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and a reliance on corroboration of literary sources to construct a narrative. The House of Wisdom was founded either as a library for the collections of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the late 8th century (then later turned into a public academy during the reign of Al-Ma'mun) or was a private collection created by Al-Mansur (reign 754–775) to house rare books and collections of poetry in both Arabic and Persian.[1][3] The House of Wisdom and its contents were destroyed in the Siege of Baghdad in 1258, leaving very little in the way of archaeological evidence for the House of Wisdom, such that most knowledge about it is derived from the works of contemporary scholars of the era such as Al-Tabari and Ibn al-Nadim. The House of Wisdom existed as a part of the major Translation Movement taking place during the Abbasid Era, translating works from Greek and Syriac to Arabic, but it is unlikely that the House of Wisdom existed as the sole center of such work, as major translation efforts arose in Cairo and Damascus even earlier than -
Necessity in Islamic Law
NECESSITY IN ISLAMIC LAW -o ý BY MANSOUR Z. AL-MUTAIRI THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ( Ph. D ) JANUARY 1997 i ý"' ", , ý .ýt.-i. , ' :º IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST MERCIFUL, THE MOST BENEFICENT TABLE OF CONTENTS. page Declaration. v Abstract. vi Acknowledgements. Note on Transliteration. ix List of Abbreviations. x-xv INTRODUCTION. 1-7 CHAPTER ONE : DEFINITION OF NECESSITY. 8-37 1. Necessity in the Arabic Language. 8 2.Necessity as a Juristic Technical Term. 9 A. Necessity as Defined by Classical Muslim Jurists. 10 B. The Criticism Of This Definition. 11 13 C. Necessity as Defined by ContemporaryJurists. 15 3. SomeTerms Associatedwith Necessity. A. Removing Hardship (raf' al-haraj ). 16 16 B. Need (bä ah ). C. Force Majeure ('a'ihah 17 . D. Compulsion. 18 E. The Five Fundamental Benefits (al-darüriXyät al-khams 18 4. Necessity in the Qur'än and the Traditions of the Prophet. 27 CHAPTER TWO : MAXIMS OF NECESSITY. 38-77 Introduction. 38 i 1. Hardship Begets Facility. 39 * Hardship 42 2. Injury is to be Repaired. 49 3. Necessity Permits Prohibited Things. 57 4. Necessity is Estimated by the Extent Thereof. 59 5. Necessity Does not Invalidate the Rights of Others. 61 6. The Lesser of Two Evils is Preferred. 64 7. Need, whether it was Public or Private, Should be Treated as a Caseof Necessity. 66 CHAPTER THREE : CAUSES OF NECESSITY. 78-166 1. Compulsion 78-95 A. Definition of Compulsion. 78 B. The Conditions for the Consideration of Compulsion. 81 D. -
The Divan-I-Hafiz
I CM = CM I CO ICD m THE DIVAN-I-HAFIZ. Drink wine (of love for God). For, neither by acquisition nor by choice is lover the being a (of God) ; this reached from the of creation. Me, gift heritage Ode 374, c. 5. THE DIVAN, WRITTEN IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY, BY Khwaja 8hamsu-tl-lMn Muhammad-i-Hafiz-i-Shlrazl otherivise 7mown as IAsanu-l-Ghaib and Tarjumanu-l-Asr&r. TRANSLATED FOR THE FIRST TIME OUT OF THE PERSIAN INTO ENGLISH PROSE, WITH CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY REMARKS, WITH AN INTRODUCTORY PREFACE, WITH A NOTE ON SUFl.ISM, AND WITH A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, BY LiEUT.-COL. H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE, ROYAL (late Bengal) ENGINEERS, LIFE-MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; AND MEMBER OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, 71 " AUTHOR OF "THE PERSIAN MANUAL ; FIRST TRANSLATOR (OUT OF THE PERSIAN) OF "THE BUSTXN-I-SA'Df AND OF "THE SIKANDAR NAMA.-I-NIZAMI." AUTHOR OF "NOTES ON ELEPHANTS"; OP "THE SEXTANT"; OF "LONGITUDE BY LUNAR DISTANCES"; AND OF "THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF A RAILWAY-RAIL." VOL. II. 1891. All rif/ht* reserved. 9 i? M 8 1 9 CALCUTTA : GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE, 8, HASTINGS STREET. THE LETTER ZAD \jP The Letter Zad. 340, (340- I. The whole world, length and breadth, Thy beauty took : Ashamed of the lovely face of earth's moon (the beloved), the (resplendent) sun became. Necessary to all creation is the beholding of Thy beauty and beauteousness, Nay, an enjoined duty to all angels is the viewing of Thy face. -
The Jalayirids Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East
THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 1 PATRICK WING THE JALAYIRIDS The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day. The Monograph Board Professor Francis Robinson CBE, Royal Holloway, University of London (Chair) Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas¸, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Barbara M. C. Brend Professor Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Professor Michael Feener, National University of Singapore Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Dr Rosie Llewellyn Jones MBE Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin- Madison Professor Rosalind O’Hanlon, University of Oxford Dr Alison Ohta, Director, Royal Asiatic Society For a full list of publications by the Royal Asiatic Society see www.royalasiaticsociety.org THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 2 Patrick Wing For E. L., E. L. and E. G. © Patrick Wing, 2016 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11 /13 JaghbUni Regular by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 0225 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 0226 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1093 9 (epub) The right of Patrick Wing to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. -
KAY 361 Türk İdare Tarihi
KAY 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 3: Ortaylı, 2007: 53-74 Administration in the Islam Empire(s) Unannounced Pop Quiz Questions Please answer these questions about the Islamic Empire (5 minutes, 5 points) 1. Write down only one similarity (e.g. Use of the same system or institution) between Islamic Empire & Sassanian and/or Eastern Roman Empires (2 points) 2. What is the lingua franca of the Islamic Empire? (1 pt) 3. Is there cesaropapism? (1 pt) 4. What are the type of taxes? (1 pt) History of the Islamic State/Empire Historical developments Starts in Medina in 622 with hicret/hijra (migration) Hz. Muhammad and the first caliph Hz. Abu Bakr finished the conquest of Arabian Peninsula Conquest of Syria and Palestine in Hz. Omar period The conquest of the Middle East, Iran, Egypt, North Africa and Andalus (Most of Portugal & Spain) in the periods of the Umayyads & Abbasids The spread of Arabic language and culture Iranians and Turks resisted Historical Developments 610: The Qur'an begins to be revealed 622: Migration to Medina 630: Return to Mecca 632: Hz. Muhammad's death 632-661: Period of the Four Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman and Ali) 661-750: Umayyads (Emeviler) 750-1258: Abbasids Spread of Islam Conquests Recognition of Religious Freedom Granting a special status to Christians, Jewishs & even Zoroastrians as the People of the Book Zimmi system: Recoginiton of Ehl-i zimmet Cultural Infiltration Trade Conquests 630: Palestine and Syria from the Eastern Roman Empire 636: Iraq from Sasanids ler in 636 642: The -
Caliph Al-Mansur and Hulagu Khan an Analysis of Their Political Strategies in the Light of Machiavellianism
CALIPH AL-MANSUR AND HULAGU KHAN AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR POLITICAL STRATEGIES IN THE LIGHT OF MACHIAVELLIANISM BY SAYMA AAMAL SIDDIQ A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia SEPTEMBER 2016 ABSTRACT This research discusses life and careers of the Mongol Khan Hulagu and the Abbasid Caliph Mansur in the light of the Machiavellian leadership theory. It aims to explore whether Machiavellianism is a necessary attribute in ensuring an undisputed rule or dominion. Although Machiavelli’s advocacy of ruthlessness and deception promises a successful, unchallenged reign, it largely ignores the psychological aspect as well as the repercussions of suppressing the spiritual self. With reference to al-Mansur, who epitomized the Machiavellian prince, it can be deduced that this eventually leads to psychological trauma, as a result of guilt and fear of retribution, casting a shadow on one’s political success. Thus, this questions the adequacy of The Prince as a practical philosophy, and shifts attention to the all-encompassing nature of Islam which secures political stability and success, without having to sacrifice moral consciousness. Hulagu, whose mission was to restore peace and justice (along with securing Mongol dominion) in the troubled lands of Persia and Iraq, leaned more towards Islamic principles than Machiavellianism in conducting his conquests. Though Hulagu’s career eventually faltered as a result of military defeats, the foundations laid by him contributed to the prosperity of the Ilkhanid Dynasty, which only came to an end due to biological (not political) causes as the last Ilkhan died childless. -
Bentleynziegleronmongols10pg.Pdf
peoples embarked on new campaigns of expansion that eventually brought most of 1055 Tughril Beg named sultan India, much of central Asia, all of Anato- 1071 Battle of Manzikert |: lia, and a good portion of eastern Europe 1206-1227 Reign of Chinggis Khan I under their domination. 1211-1234 Mongol conquest of northern China The military campaigns of nomadic I peoples were sometimes exceedingly de- 1219-1221 Mongol conquest of Persia ! structive. Nomadic warriors demolished 1237-1241 Mongol conquest of Russia cities, slaughtered urban populations, and 1258 Mongol capture of Baghdad ravaged surrounding agricultural lands. 1264-1279 Mongol conquest of southern China Yet those same forces also encouraged systematic peaceful interaction between 1264-1294 Reign of Khubilai Khan peoples of different societies. Between 1279-1368 Yuan dynasty the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, the 1295 Conversion of llkhan Ghazan to Islam imperial campaigns of Turkish and Mon gol peoples forged closer links than ever 1336-1405 Life of Tamerlane before between Eurasian lands. By fos- 1453 Ottoman capture of Constantinople i tering cross-cultural communication and exchange on an unprecedented scale, the Chinese dynasty replaced the Mongol state in China, the Mon nomadic empires integrated the lives of peoples throughout gols continued to threaten its central Asian frontier. Moreover, much of the eastern hemisphere. from the fourteenth through the seventeenth century, Turkish Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert, F. Ziegler, Heather E. Streets-Salter, Tradition and Encounters: A Brief Global History, Vol. 1 (3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014). TURKISH MIGRATIONS AND Nomadic Peoples and Their Animals Nomadic peo ples drove their herds and flocks to lands with abundant IMPERIAL EXPANSION grass and then moved them along as the animals thinned Turkish peoples never formed a single, homogeneous group the vegetation. -
Collegemagazine58 Full.Pdf
X [email protected],[email protected] AE030240001520816487801 [email protected], [email protected] Simplified Arabic Word 2010 [email protected], [email protected] Applied Learning Abstract The connection between the amnesty and forgiveness in the Holly Quran, (Semantic and Contextual Study) Dr. Rawan Fouzan Mufade Alhadeed This research is studying the connec- tion between the two words amnesty and forgiveness in Quran, to point out the differ- ences between them and the similar words to them to synthesis the languestic Qur’anic benefits that lay within it. -
7Western Europe and Byzantium
Western Europe and Byzantium circa 500 - 1000 CE 7Andrew Reeves 7.1 CHRONOLOGY 410 CE Roman army abandons Britain 476 CE The general Odavacar deposes last Western Roman Emperor 496 CE The Frankish king Clovis converts to Christianity 500s CE Anglo-Saxons gradually take over Britain 533 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa 535 – 554 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 560s CE Lombard invasions of Italy begin 580s CE The Franks cease keeping tax registers 597 CE Christian missionaries dispatched from Rome arrive in Britain 610 – 641 CE Heraclius is Byzantine emperor 636 CE Arab Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk 670s CE Byzantine Empire begins to lose control of the Balkans to Avars, Bulgars, and Slavs 674 – 678 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 711 CE Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain, end of the Visigothic kingdom 717 – 718 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 717 CE Leo III becomes Byzantine emperor. Under his rule, the Iconoclast Controversy begins. 732 CE King Charles Martel of the Franks defeats a Muslim invasion of the kingdom at the Battle of Tours 751 CE The Byzantine city of Ravenna falls to the Lombards; Pepin the Short of the Franks deposes the last Merovingian king and becomes king of the Franks; King Pepin will later conquer Central Italy and donate it to the pope 750s CE Duke of Naples ceases to acknowledge the authority of the Byzantine emperor 770s CE Effective control of the city of Rome passes from Byzantium to the papacy c.