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The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus

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The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus Available online at: http://www.ijmtst.com/vol4issue8.html International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology ISSN: 2455-3778 :: Volume: 04, Issue No: 08, August 2018 The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus Mansoor Haidari PhD of History, Assistant Professor, Department of Maaref, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran To Cite this Article Mansoor Haidari, “The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus”, International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, Vol. 04, Issue 04, August 2018, pp.-16-26. ABSTRACT Edarat (administrative institutions) or in its old term Divanha (courts) form the administrative tools of a government. Flourishing nations have possessed an orderly and efficient bureaucracy. Islamic civilization used to have a prevailing and disciplined bureaucracy during the first several centuries after the advent of Islam. In view of the post record of Muslim Arabs prier Islam in whose society civility had not much of a flourishing, and the tribal people lived in a primary state; the question arises of the pal tern on which the Islamic bureaucracy took shape. This article hold's that Muslims followed the Persian administrative institutions. And reproducing it, they were able to adapt it new to values to be the founder of a modern civilization. Copyright © 2018 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology All rights reserved. land, they should control it. But the Arabs did not I. INTRODUCTION have the required intellectual and cultural Iran is one of the oldest civilizations of human infrastructures to do this. Hence, the caliphs civilization and it passed many ups and downs in decided to imitate Persian and partly roman the history. The integration and length of Persian customs. Accordingly, governmental bureaus civilization have been cut many times by the attack formed one after the other and based on the new of aliens, but on account of the skill, ingenuity, and needs. Persians had a significant role in suggesting long record of Iranian bureaucrats of controlling the idea of establishing such institutions in and statecraft and the weakness of the attacking prierIslam (and their controlafter the sixth countries, once again, it was Iranian institutions century). This article is to assess the process of that rule and control. Islamic governments’ inspiration by Persian After the invasion of Alexander the Macedonian, custom and culture using historical evidence, and the Muslim Arabs’ invasion of Persia can be it answers to this question that what effect considered as the biggest political and social pre-Islam Iranian administration structure had on change until that time. The arrival of Islam in Iran post-Islam governmental bureaus? For this is a significanthistoric conjuncture and it changed purpose, first in theintroduction, the role of the whole political, social, and cultural structures. administration bureaucracy is discussed in the Muslim Arabs, as they admitted (Sir Percy Sykes, advancement of the goals of governments. Then 2001, 685), had not a good experience in the Iranian bureaus before Islam and the political and science, art, and statecraft.So they can use nothing social conditions in Jahiliyyah (age of ignorance) is to rule the conquered lands but sword and blood! reviewed. After that,the spread of Islam and the In other words, now that the Arabsconquered the need for new bureaus is analyzed. Finally,the 16 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology Mansoor Haidari : The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus post-Islam governmental bureaus and their (Velayati, 2005, 125).Some other also said that the specific task are reviewed in the following centuries word Divan is formed by the components “dip” or of Islam. “dib” whichmeans writing and suffix and the plural Today, the administrative system is an important form “an”the letter b turned into w over time. The tool of development progress. No country is etymon “dip” almost exists in all subcategories of needless of this important and effective tool for Sumerian language, which is the main field of development and advancement called Semitic language, such as Elamite bureaucracy. In other words, the executive sector andAkkadian(Velayati, 2005, 125). Some other of the administration system forms the spinal cord scholars know the word Divanfrom the Arabic word of a government. Today, bureaucracy plays a “Dovan”which means to record and to take note. significant role in political unity and integration Hence, Divan can be referred to a set of documents (Ghavam, 1994, 92). Thisadministrative role and and in its wider meaning administration. This term governmental bureaucracyhave more diversity and was used for registering soldiers and later its functionthan before. But the nature of the bureau meaning expandedand included any type of and its inseparable relationship with the country's registration and then it found a general meaning political and social system is not much different for administrative system. Thus, one of the famous from the past. Hence, the knowledge of meanings of Divan is admiration. Muslims’administrative organization in the first Islamic centuries can be helpful even for today. In III. THE RECORD OF DIVAN IN ANCIENT IRAN particular, before the establishment of the Safavid Iran as one of the ancient and original civilizations, dynasty in Iran and its contemporarygovernments, which has ruled at least half of the world for in other countries, the only significant centuries,possessed a great organization and a administrative system was Muslims’ and that was vast bureaucracy to rule the vast territory.In the affected by theadministrative system of the first years of the first millennium,Persian pre-Islam Persia.The first Muslims were the Arabs peopleentered the scene of history. At the end of of Hejaz who, before Islam, were unfamiliar with the seventh century BC, with the overthrow of the culture and civilization, court and administrative Assyria government, they found a major role in the system, and generally with central government that history of that age. 50 years later, with the its requirement is the possession of wide leadership of Cyrus II, they played the first role in administration. The only known system in the Arab the scene of Persian history. Cyrus the Great community was the traditional tribal system. With created a bright future for all the civilized societies the demise of the prophet of Islamand the selection of that agewith executing a system which its of the first caliph, and after the so-called Radeh principles were peace, security, and toleration wars, all over the Arabia Peninsulawas under the (Francois dubluar, 2005, 10). Since one of the most control of Muslims.The spread of Islam outside the important ways of government revenue was Arabia Peninsula and the extent of Islamic taxation, thus the facilities of collecting taxes and empire,which its requirement was the possession maintaining its related records and accounts were of a disciplined administration for controlling, in prepared in the Achaemenian, Parthian and one hand, and the Muslims inspiration by other Sassanidgovernments. In that age, Persia was nations such Iran on the other hand caused the considered as one of the most important Muslims’ administration and courts to be agricultural centers. Thus, all the arable lands developed based on circumstance and were regularly measured and their crops were requirements. estimated. Obviously, certain equipment was required for this matter and that prepared over time. by the time of Darius empire, road II. THE LEXICAL MEANING AND CONCEPT OF COURT construction, cutting taxes, and country divisions About the etymology of Divan, there is a consensus were implemented in the form of a regular plan all among scholars. Some scholars, due to the over the kingdom. Fars province was exempted existence of disciplined administration in pre-Islam from tax, but twenty other provinces had their own Iran –which will be discussed in the following satraps (provincial governors) and beside them, a –know its etymon as Persian. Iranian commander of military forces in the province philologistsknow this word as Persian and know andtreasury and tax affairsmanaged by a the used form of the word in Arabic language which “treasurer” (Roman Ghrishman, 21-22). This its plural is “Davavin” as Arabicized Persian structure continued in the next ages, especially in 17 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology Mansoor Haidari : The Influence of the Ancient Persian Administration Structure on Post-Islamic Governmental Bureaus theSassanidera. Darius the Great built a road IV. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ARAB between Susa to Sardis called the Royal Road, SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF IGNORANCEAND IN THE which its length was 2500 miles.Chaparstraveled THRESHOLD OF ISLAM EMERGENCE this road during fifteen days and ordinary The Arab society, before the revelation, had a passengers during three months (Sir Percy Sykes, specific structure that was the “tribal” structure. 2001, 215). Darius realized that every successful Geographically, this land is a barren and dry land, government must have sustainable economic base with 2500 kilometers width and located in the and the first requirement of having such economy southwest of Asia. The people of this area, at the is
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