Nos. 19-1257 & 19-1258 In the Supreme Court of the United States MARK BRNOVICH, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARIZONA, ET AL., Petitioners, v. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ET AL., Respondents. ARIZONA REPUBLICAN PARTY, ET AL., Petitioners, v. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ET AL., Respondents. On Writs of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE EMPIRICAL ELECTIONS SCHOLARS IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS MAXWELL V. PRITT Counsel of Record ALEXANDER J. HOLTZMAN BOIES SCHILLER FLEXNER LLP 44 Montgomery Street, 41st Floor San Francisco, CA 94104 (415) 293-6800
[email protected] i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ....................... 1 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ................... 2 ARGUMENT .................................................... 5 I. Voter Fraud, Including Absentee Ballot Fraud, Is Exceedingly Rare in U.S. Elections. ........................................... 6 A. Social Scientific Studies .................................. 7 B. Government Data, Investigations, and Reports ........................................................... 12 C. Other Sources of Data on Election and Voter Fraud ................................................... 19 II. Arizona’s Ballot Collection Ban Is Untethered To Any Actual—and Unlikely—Threat of Ballot Collector Fraud. ...................................................... 22 A. There Is No Evidence of Fraud in the Long History of Third-Party Ballot Collection in Arizona. .................................... 22 B. More Broadly, Voter Fraud