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The Post-Medieval Rural Landscape, C AD 1500–2000 by Anne Dodd and Trevor Rowley
THE THAMES THROUGH TIME The Archaeology of the Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames: The Thames Valley in the Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods AD 1000–2000 The Post-Medieval Rural Landscape AD 1500–2000 THE THAMES THROUGH TIME The Archaeology of the Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames: The Thames Valley in the Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods AD 1000-2000 The post-medieval rural landscape, c AD 1500–2000 By Anne Dodd and Trevor Rowley INTRODUCTION Compared with previous periods, the study of the post-medieval rural landscape of the Thames Valley has received relatively little attention from archaeologists. Despite the increasing level of fieldwork and excavation across the region, there has been comparatively little synthesis, and the discourse remains tied to historical sources dominated by the Victoria County History series, the Agrarian History of England and Wales volumes, and more recently by the Historic County Atlases (see below). Nonetheless, the Thames Valley has a rich and distinctive regional character that developed tremendously from 1500 onwards. This chapter delves into these past 500 years to review the evidence for settlement and farming. It focusses on how the dominant medieval pattern of villages and open-field agriculture continued initially from the medieval period, through the dramatic changes brought about by Parliamentary enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution, and into the 20th century which witnessed new pressures from expanding urban centres, infrastructure and technology. THE PERIOD 1500–1650 by Anne Dodd Farmers As we have seen above, the late medieval period was one of adjustment to a new reality. -
Lancaster Plain, C. 1730-1960
Agricultural Resources of Pennsylvania, c. 1700-1960 Lancaster Plain, c. 1730-1960 2 Lancaster Plain, 1730-1960 Table of Contents Lancaster Plain Historic Agricultural Region, c. 1730-1960....................................................... 4 Location ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Climate, Soils, and Topography................................................................................................ 10 Historical Farming Systems ...................................................................................................... 12 Diverse Production for Diverse Uses, c. 1730 to about 1780 ............................................... 12 Products, c 1730-1780 ...................................................................................................... 12 Labor and Land Tenure, 1730-1780 ................................................................................. 16 Buildings and Landscapes, 1730-1780 ............................................................................. 17 Farm House, 1730-1780................................................................................................ 17 Ancillary houses, 1730-1780 ........................................................................................ 19 Barns, 1730-1780 .......................................................................................................... 19 Outbuildings, c 1730-1780: ......................................................................................... -
Heritage Barns Statewide Survey and Physical Needs Assessment
Heritage Barns Statewide Survey and Physical Needs Assessment Washington state Heritage Barn Preservation Advisory Committee WASHINGTON STATE HERITAGE BARN SURVEY AND PHYSICAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT 1 This report commissioned by the Washington state Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation for the Washington state Heritage Barn Preservation Advisory Committee. Published June 30, 2008 Cover image of a calvary horse barn Fort Spokane. Source Artifacts Consulting, Inc., graphic design by Rusty George Creative. 2 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION Contributors The authors of this report wish to extend our deepest thanks to the following persons, departments, govern- ment and nonprofit entities that worked so hard to provide information and facilitate research and study. With- out their help this project would not have been possible. Our thanks to the: Washington State Heritage Barn Preservation Advisory Committee members Dr. Allyson Brooks, Ph.D. (ex-officio), Jerri Honeyford, Chair, Brian Rich, Jack Williams, Janet Lucas, Jeanne Youngquist, Larry Cooke, Paula Holloway, Teddie Mae Charlton, and Tom Bassett; Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Allyson Brooks, Ph.D., State Historic Preservation Officer for keeping us all focused and on track amidst so many exciting tangents and her review of the draft, Greg Griffith, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, Michael Houser, Architectural Historian for the tremendous effort in transferring Heritage Barn register data -
Win a Set of 4 Ferns from St. Bridget Nurseries
20,000 COPIES DISTRIBUTED FREE THROUGHOUT THE SOUTHWEST May 2015 | Issue 51 What sheep breed to keep? Planting Glads and Dahlias Jonathan ‘Jock’ Paget interview Letting mother hen do her job Converting agricultural buildings WIN A SET OF 4 FERNS FROM River Cottage: May in the garden ST. BRIDGET Plus: Country news, diary, green issues and wildlife NURSERIES Cover photo courtesy of Nick Hook Photography rural issues | livestock | equipment | poultry | fieldwork | diversification | equine | gardening 1 NATURAL, SUSTAINABLE FENCING AND GARDEN PRODUCTS We offer a full range of willow hurdles, trellis and arches. Standard sizes from £28.30 or bespoke sizes available on request. In-situ service also available - we will come and weave your fencing in situ, please telephone for further details and a quotation. Delivery available, please ring for charges. Hanging chairs or pod chairs also available. Please check our website for images. Come and visit us and see what’s on offer – a warm welcome awaits you. ■ Enjoy a walk on the Somerset Levels and see the willow growing in the withy beds. ■ Learn about the willow industry and view the rare selection of basket ware in our museum. ■ Browse through our basket shop and craft studios and enjoy refreshments at The Lemon Tree Coffee House. ■ Admission is free but tours of the basket workshops are available Monday to Friday at 11am and 2.30pm at £3.00 per person ■ We are open from 9.30am to 5.00pm Monday to Saturday (closed on Sundays). PH Coate & Son Ltd, The Willows & Wetlands Visitor Centre, Meare Green Court, Stoke St Gregory, Taunton, TA3 6HY Tel: 01823 490249 www.coatesenglishwillow.co.uk 2 inside this issue Competition 5 Win one of three sets of four ferns from St. -
Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 4 Constantine Kermes
Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Summer 1966 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 4 Constantine Kermes Earl F. Robacker Ada Robacker Henry Glassie Don Yoder See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag Part of the American Art and Architecture Commons, American Material Culture Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Cultural History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Folklore Commons, Genealogy Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, History of Religion Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Kermes, Constantine; Robacker, Earl F.; Robacker, Ada; Glassie, Henry; Yoder, Don; Barrick, Mac E.; Dieffenbach, Victor C.; and Power, Tyrone, "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 4" (1966). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 25. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/25 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Constantine Kermes, Earl F. Robacker, Ada Robacker, Henry Glassie, Don Yoder, Mac E. Barrick, Victor C. Dieffenbach, and Tyrone Power This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/25 AMISH PENNSYLVANIANS Sall erkraut-ma /ling til e Old TV ay-From H . L. Fischer, "'S A It Marik-Haw" (York, 1879). -
From Footnotes to Narrative
1 INTRODUCTION LANGUISHING IN THE FOOTNOTES: WOMEN AND WELSH MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY The era known as the high Middle Ages, in particular the thirteenth century, was an epochal period for Wales. While the high Middle Ages was a period of cultural transformation in all of western Europe, in Wales it was also a time of great upheaval and complete change, which was to have a greater impact on Welsh society than was experienced by most other medieval societies. In fact, for some, the effects of this upheaval and change in Wales may be described as catastrophic. The thirteenth century has been called the ‘age of the Welsh Princes’. Under the leadership of the rulers of the house of Gwynedd, the Welsh achieved some measure of independence from their English overlords during this century. For a time the native Welsh princes were able to mitigate their characteristic unrelenting internal conflict and factionalism and unite against their Anglo-Norman oppressors.1 Fundamental changes which were to have an overwhelming effect on Wales took place in England during this period. For example, the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries saw the gradual introduction of the English common law into England, much of which is still in use to this day. The ascension to the English throne in 1272 of Edward I, who unlike his two predecessors was a strong king, was another factor in this upheaval and change which took place in Wales. 1 K. Stokes, The Myth of Wales: Constructions of Ethnicity 1100-1300 (Monash: Monash Publications in History: 27, 1999), p.15. -
Introduction
Introduction By the second quarter of the twelfth century, when Tintern, Whitland and Margam, the first Cistercian abbeys in Wales, were founded, the Anglo- Norman aristocratic élite from which their founders were drawn had succeeded in establishing firm control over lowland Gwent, Glamorgan, Gower and Pembroke, but Whitland and Margam were located on the fringes of these areas in the frontier zones between them and adjoining territory remaining under de facto Welsh rule, and Anglo-Norman governance in these zones was ‘frequently skeletal, nominal or non- existent’1 and constantly being challenged by the Welsh. They were joined in 1147 by the two Welsh Savigniac abbeys, Neath and Basingwerk, which became Cistercian when the Order of Savigny merged with the Cistercian Order. Like Whitland and Margam, Neath was located in a frontier zone, and the Anglo-Norman hold on the area of north-east Wales in which Basingwerk was located was also tenuous by the time it became Cistercian. Following the assumption of the patronage of Whitland and its first daughter-house, Strata Florida, by Rhys ap Gruffudd, the Lord Rhys (d. 1197), after he had succeeded in re-establishing Welsh hegemony in the kingdom of Deheubarth in the 1150s, the filiation of Whitland, which by 1201 numbered a further six Cistercian abbeys distributed throughout the length and breadth of pura Wallia, became clearly identifiable as native Welsh abbeys with Welsh patrons, choir monks and political sympathies, whereas the other Cistercian foundations in Wales all had French or English mother houses and choir monks, maintained close connections with their Anglo-Norman patrons, and were unable to establish Welsh daughter 1 R.R. -
Historic Farmsteads
7.0 Key Building Types: Animals and Animal Products 7.1 CATTLE HOUSING • Interior stalling and feeding arrangements. Cows were usually tethered in pairs with low partitions of wood, 7.1.1 NATIONAL OVERVIEW (Figure 27) stone, slate and, later, cast iron between them. As the There are great regional differences in the management breeding of stock improved and cows became larger, of cattle and the buildings that house them.This extends the space for the animals in the older buildings to how they are described in different parts of the became limited and an indication of the date of a cow country: for example,‘shippon’ in much of the South house can be the length of the stalls or the width of West;‘byre’ in northern England;‘hovel’ in central the building. Feeding arrangements can survive in the England. Stalls, drains and muck passages have also been form of hayracks, water bowls and mangers for feed. given their own local vocabulary. • Variations in internal planning, cattle being stalled along or across the main axis of the building and facing a Evidence for cattle housing is very rare before the wall or partition.They were fed either from behind or 18th century, and in many areas uncommon before the from a feeding passage, these often being connected 19th century.The agricultural improvements of the 18th to fodder rooms from the late 18th century. century emphasised the importance of farmyard manure in maintaining the fertility of the soil. It was also In the following descriptions of buildings for cattle the recognised that cattle fattened better and were more wide variety in the means of providing accommodation productive in milk if housed in strawed-down yards and for cattle, both over time and regionally, can be seen . -
A Scholar and His Saints. Examining the Art of Hagiographical Writing of Gerald of Wales
UNIVERSITY The life of Giraldus Cambrensis / Gerald of Wales (c.1146 – c.1223) represents many PRESS facets of the Middle Ages: he was raised in a frontier society, he was educated in Paris, he worked for the kings of England and he unsuccessfully tried to climb the ecclesiastical ladder. He travelled widely, he met many high-ranking persons, and he wrote books in which he included more than one (amusing) anecdote about many persons. Up to this day, scholars have devoted a different degree of attention to Giraldus’ works: his ethnographical and historiographical works have been studied thoroughly, whereas his hagiographical writing has been left largely unexamined. This observation is quite surprising, because Giraldus’ talent as a hagiographer has been acknowledged long ago. Scholars have already examined Giraldus’ saints’ lives independently, but an interpretation of his whole hagiographical œuvre is still a desideratum. This thesis proposed to fill this gap by following two major research questions. First of all, this thesis examined the particular way in which Giraldus depicted each saint. Furthermore, it explained why Giraldus chose / preferred a certain depiction of a FAU Studien aus der Philosophischen Fakultät 17 particular saint. Overall, an examination of the hagiographical art of writing of Giraldus Cambrensis offered insight into the way hagiography was considered by authors and commissioners and how this art was practiced during the twelfth and thirteenth century. Stephanie Plass A Scholar and His Saints Examining the Art of Hagiographical Writing A Scholar and His Saints - The Art of Hagiographical Writing of Gerald Wales A Scholar and His Saints - The Art of Hagiographical Writing of Gerald of Wales ISBN 978-3-96147-350-2 Stephanie Plass FAU UNIVERSITY PRESS 2020 FAU Stephanie Plass A Scholar and His Saints Examining the Art of Hagiographical Writing of Gerald of Wales FAU Studien aus der Philosophischen Fakultät Band 17 Herausgeber der Reihe: Prof. -
South East Wales Itinerary: Follow the Story of the Lords of the Southern March
South east Wales itinerary: follow the story of the Lords of the Southern March The Lords of the Southern March played a vital – but changing – part in the history of Wales following the Norman Conquest. You can follow the story of the start of the conquest of south Wales and the struggle to maintain supremacy at a cluster of Cadw sites. The first castle to be built by the Normans in Wales, Chepstow, the nearby Tintern Abbey, and Monmouth Castle were powerful statements of intent to subdue and stabilise Wales. The three castles of Grosmont, White and Skenfrith were built in the Monnow Valley to control the route between Hereford and Monmouth. Discover how together the sites formed part of a robust boundary between Tintern Abbey Norman England the Welsh kingdoms and explore the development of a different culture and society as a frontier land. Just 13 minutes drive from Chepstow you’ll find Tintern Abbey, the best-preserved medieval abbey in Wales. Founded by Marcher Lord Walter de Clare as a spiritual base for the Norman lords on the England Wales border, Tintern was only the second Cistercian foundation in Britain. The present-day remains are a mixture of building works covering a 400-year period between 1131 and 1536 until the abbey was surrendered to King Henry VIII’s officials. Very little remains of the first buildings but you can marvel at the vast windows and later decorative details displayed in the walls, doorways and soaring archways. If you’re feeling energetic, take a strenuous uphill walk to the ‘Devil’s Pulpit’ for a wonderful bird’s eye view of this great gothic abbey. -
D Docto Or of I L Phil in Law Losop
DOCTRINE OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT UNDER CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL THESIS Submitted FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in Law By MOHAMMAD ZAFAR Under the Supervision of PROF. IQBAL ALI KHAN DEPARTMENT OF LAW ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (U.P) INDIA 2015 IPage i Dedicated to My revered Mother Mrs. Chand Tara & Father Mr. Mohammad Taiyab Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Mohammad Zafar has completed his Ph.D. thesis captioned “Doctrine of Unjust Enrichment under Contractual Obligations: A Critical Appraisal” for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law under my supervision. This is original work and meaningful contribution to the existing legal knowledge. This is fit for submission for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law. (Prof. Iqbal Ali Khan) Acknowledgement The Almighty Allah always blessed me with all the strength which I required at moments when I felt slightly derailed from the track. It is He who has disposed the proposed. At the outset, I deem it a great privilege to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iqbal Ali Khan Chairman & Dean, Department of Law, AMU, Aligarh and Incharge/Director, Dr. Ambedkar Chair of Legal Studies and Research, Department of Law, AMU, Aligarh. Without his constant support both academic and moral it would not have been possible for me to complete this research work. I do acknowledge his rich academic contribution and cooperation of this work. I feel pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Dr. -
Information Pack Contents Welcome
Pembroke Castle Information Pack Contents Welcome Background information for teachers 2 We welcome you to Pembroke Castle. Pembroke Castle - A Brief History 2 This Information Pack contains a range of useful material about the castle for • Early Settlers 2 use with your pupils and can be used independently or alongside the Education • An Earth and Wood Castle. 1093- Pack to fully support your visit to us. 1204 2 We encourage you to make use of it as • A Stone Castle. 1204-1247 3 pupils will beneft from having some background knowledge about the castle • The Invincible Castle. 1247-1454 3 before they visit. The material contained within it is designed to be easy to • Pembroke Castle and the Tudors. disseminate and adapt to meet the needs of the group you are working with and 1454-1642 4 your topics. A guidebook is also available to purchase from the gift shop. • The Civil War. 1642-1648 5 • Restoration at the Castle. 1880-present 5 Attack and Defence 7 Timeline 8 A Tour of the Castle 10 Castle Stories 15 Important Characters 19 Glossary 22 1 Background information for teachers Pembroke Castle - A Brief History 2. An Earth and Wood Castle Pembroke Castle is one of the largest 1093-1204 in Wales and sits high on the tip of a The Norman Conquest of Wales began rocky limestone peninsula, alongside the in 1093 after Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last Cleddau estuary. The following information Prince of south-west Wales was killed in describes how Pembroke Castle changed a border skirmish. His death allowed the hands over time, and evolved from a castle Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, with earthwork ramparts and timber walls, to sweep into Pembroke at the head of his to the sympathetically restored stone invading force.