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Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection
Summer 1966 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 4 Constantine Kermes
Earl F. Robacker
Ada Robacker
Henry Glassie
Don Yoder
See next page for additional authors
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Recommended Citation Kermes, Constantine; Robacker, Earl F.; Robacker, Ada; Glassie, Henry; Yoder, Don; Barrick, Mac E.; Dieffenbach, Victor C.; and Power, Tyrone, "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 4" (1966). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 25. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/25
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Constantine Kermes, Earl F. Robacker, Ada Robacker, Henry Glassie, Don Yoder, Mac E. Barrick, Victor C. Dieffenbach, and Tyrone Power
This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/25 AMISH PENNSYLVANIANS Sall erkraut-ma /ling til e Old TV ay-From H . L. Fischer, "'S A It Marik-Haw" (York, 1879).
A. W. AUNER, SONG PUBLISHER & PRINTER, Tenth and Race Sts., Philadelphia., Pa. Graut-Howwel or SOUR KROUT. Cabbage-Plrl11e AS SUNG BY JAMES HOWARD• •
Now I want to go and toll you how to mako good Sour Krout, 80 if you listen mit your cars, I 'll tell you 1111 n.bout it; It is not made out of 10llthor lIB Romo peoplo supposes, But is made from dem fl owers wh at we call Cabbago Hoses. Sour Krout is bully, I toll you it is fin o, Sau erkraut is a Pennsylvania Dutch deli So help mo liebor gracious, I can cat him all do timo. cacy and has bee n a stap le of the folk cuisine since thr 17 th and 18th Century Now whero dis Cabbago is r; rowinf!, so nico as nico can be, i1l1111igration . I I was such a fa vorite, in fact, We pull dom up nnd chop dem not pi gger as a pea; thatl v isitors to Pennsylvania sometimes Den wo put dom in a tub and ~ to mp dern mit our feet, refenrd to the Dulch as the "Sau erkra1lt Und stomp, und stomp, und stomp to mako dem nice und sweet. Dutch." The dish was raten always on New Sour Krout is bully, I telIyou it is fin c, Year's-to bring good lu ck throtlghout thr So help me lieber g racious, I can eat him all de time. yrar?-in some parts of Pennsylvan ia and TVrstern Maryland it was eaten with turkey So den we put in pl enty salt but don't usc no slluff, for Christmas dinner, and rveryw hel'e We don't use no sky ulll pepper nor any of dn.t ~t uff ; Prn"l1sy lvania farmrrs at r it fr equen tly We put dem down tho cell ar till he begin s to Hhlll ell , thml/ gh01lt th r fa ll and wintrr months, 80 help me )jeber gracious, U8 D utchlllll UB liko him well. Pennsylvania's predilectio11 for saurrliraut Sour K rout is bul1y, I tcl1 you it is fin e, has bee n recordrd in folkta le, jrst, and So help mo liober g rao ious, I can eat him all de timo. SO l/ f{. TVr publish herr th e famous 19th Ce' niIlTY "Sol/r Krollt Song"-a Dlltch-Eng 80 when he shmoll s liko d under, und can't shmcll no shmoller, lish m1lsic-hall prodllction iss II I' d in broad We go down by d at tub whnt wo leave down dnt ccllar ; sid(' form by A. lfI. A 1II/rl', jJroli[ic song W e put BO rn e in a kettle mit speck und let dem bi l1 c, pllblisher of 19th Century Philadelphia. So help me you can sh mell cm for fifty thousand miles. For (f l'l'1"sion of this song which was rr Sour K rout is bully, I tell you it is fi no, cordNI froll1 folli tradition, with th r m1lsic, So help me liebor g racious, I cnn cat him all de t ime. SeC' th e' artie/r. "Sal/rrlir(fllt in th e Penn syh'a nia Foll? -C ultllJ"r," PCllnsy h 'ania folk lifc, Vol. Xll No.2 (Sul/1/11rr 1961), 1)/), A. w. Jlum~ :JR. ' S 56-69.-Editor. CARD ~ JOB PR~r~l~rjlG ~O@~'S Tenth and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa, EDITOR: SUMMER 1966, Vol. 15, No.4 Dr. D on Yod er
D EP ARTMENTA L EDITORS: Dr. Earl F. R obacker, Antiques Contents Edna Eby H eller, Cookery Olive C . Zehner, Cmlts 2 Amish Album L eR oy G ensler, Design CONSTA 'TINE KERMES Dr. J. William Frey, M usic E DITOR EMERITUS: 6 Look Back, Once! Dr. Alfred L . Shoemaker EARL F. AND ADA F . R OBACKER
SUBSCRI PTION RATES : 12 The Pennsylvania Barn in the South: Part II HENRY GLAS IE .$4.00 a year in the U nited Sta tes a nd Canada. E lsewhere fifty cen ts add i tiona l f o r p os t age. Single copies S1. 00. 26 MSS AND PHOTOGRAP HS: The Editor will be glad to consider Folk Festival Map on Back Cover i SS a nd p hotographs sent w ith a view to p u blication. \ Vhen unsuit able, a nd if accomp anied by retu rn 29 Contributors to this Issue postage, every care will be exer cised toward their return, although 30 FESTIVAL HIGHLIGHTS no responsib ility for their safety is ass u med. 38 Twenty Questions on Powwowing P EN SYL VAN I A F OLKLIFE, Do YODER Summer 1966, Vo1.l 5, TO. 4, pub lis hed quarterly by the Pe n nsyl 41 Moon-Signs in Cumberland County van ia Folklife Society, Inc., L a n MAC E. BARR ICK caster, Pen nsylvania. Subscrip tions a nd business corresponden ce: Box 1053, L a ncaster, Pennsylvania. Ed i 44 Reminiscences of "Des Dumm FattcI" VICTOR C. DI EFFE BAC H tori a l corresponde n ce: Dr. D o n Yoder, Bennett H a ll Box 19, U n i versity of Pe n nsylva n ia, Philad el 50 Notes and Documents p hia 4, P e nnsyl va nia . Con tents Two D ocumen ts [rom the F irst \IVorld \ I\Tar cop yrighted .
Entered as second class malleI' 52 The Dutch and Irish Colonies of Pennsylvania at Lancaster, Pen nsy lva n ia . TYRO I:: P O\VI::R Amish Album P!/ Cons-tant-ine
Life in its esse ntials remains the sa me no ma tter what lhe co ndilions of socie lY or the eXle nt of technical adva nces. This Slalement by La ncasler Co unty anist Consla ntine Kermes is echoed in hi s paintings of the " Plain People" of Pennsylva ni a. Mr. Kermes has chosen lO express in paint the basic way of life of lhese rural groups which exi st in the midst of Ameri ca's industri alized, ma teri a li sti c socielY. These are de picted by Kermes in a n a pproach which echoes the art o f hi s Greek a nceslry as well as hi s interes t in Ameri ca n Folk Art. M a ny of the folk art designs used in Pennsylvania are a lra nspla nted form of the peasant a rts of Germa ny. For the mos t pan , the sy mbo li c imagery used in these popular arts were Byza nline a nd ge nerally Near Eastern in origin, hav :ng been broug ht inlO the Rhine Va ll ey by tra velers such as the Crusaders during the Middle Ages. The Greek forebears of Const:1 nline Kermes were paint ers of the earl y Christi a n stylized, holy images ca ll ed " ico ns." The ea rl y makers of devO lional images looked upon reali sti c art as p:1ga n and in their work chose lo stress lhe sy mbo li c a nd impersonal ralher lha n the re prese nta tional.
R oo/ea Inn ocence
2 /U('( /ta llica / R oofs Prnl1sv lvonia Roots
Public Auction: Private Echoes- ......
In Search of Innocence
3 Outside W orld
Transplanted B yzantine
Pennsylvania D II /ch Th(m li sgi7ling Sli pper Co ll ec lion o f Hildegarde- Anna S o sen~
4 Milkmaids
Maternal Roots
Amish Album , '. by ~/'mes
In a similar way, it is this form and spirit which K e rm e~ employs to depict his Pennsy lva nia neighbors. Because he feels this sy mbolic approach underscores the te nacity with which the Pla in People cling to basic principles in a frantic modern world, he has chosen to paint them in an a pproach which echoes Byza ntine ico ns-employi ng Rat color areas and strong linear patterns. In additio ll to depicting the rural groups of Pe nnsy l vania, the sea rch [or materi al has taken J\ 1r. Kermes to o ther parts of the nited States, H e has gone into the last remaining communities o[ the New England Shakers, to record that celibate semi -monastic grou p whose credo was " Pu t yo ur hands to work a nd your heans lO God." In Iowa he painted the Ama nas who take their name from a moun ta in top mentioned in the Song of Solomon. Other iso lated groups which fr. Kermes has painted include the ew l\fexica n "santeros" and the Southern l\ fountain craftsmen. Constantine Kermes' work has been exhibited in fi ve ew York one-ma n-s hows at thc J acques Seli gm a nn Gall ery a nd in O\'cr fony solo ex hibits thro ughout th U llited States. Exhibits of Kermcs work ha \"c been a pan o f the Pellnsy l \ania Dutch Folk Festiva l a nlluall y sill ce 196 1. His work is repre,ell led ill Ilumerow, public a nd privatc co ll cctions il nd he is li sted in I1'h o'; 11'110 in AlI1eTican ATI. Coll ection of Indiana Uni versity of Pennsylvania 5 " Pir'cn/st" f' dge on red clav {lo wer pols and sa ll C(' r. The smaller pot i 1narl{f'd LKT, for t ewis K . Tomlinson, lJryvi// e, Pennsylvania. Tom / l11 son worked between
11 I' "" TT rfll' tI A P1'T~ "Tf7'(;. p~ 12
e arth e l7w(m~ {ish 1170 ld for purldi the inside. Found at Ephrata, Pomegrnnn lr' d ec-ora tion in bl1l e on gray stoneware batler pot bv Cowden and lVi/cox, H arrisburg. Look Back, Once! By EARL F, and ADA F. ROBACKER
A VIs itor to the Fo lk Fes ti" al familiar with the Pennsy l. The collect6r likes to get hi s stoneware pieces in Dutch vania Dutch idiom might observe "They had it good, back Pe nnsy lva nia, because they tend to be more colorful and then, the old o nes did! " This feeling mig ht arise from the distinctive tha n those made else where. H e likes to see the supposed greenness of the grass 0 11 the o ther side o f the potter's name o n the pot, even though he may have to pay fence, or it mig ht be a surge of romantic nostalgia fo r by· double for the privil ege, a nd if that name is Weston or gone days, minus, of course, any overto nes of harsh reality; Moyer o r Pfalsgraff or Cowden a nd Wilcox he knows he wha tever the truth of the ma tter, there are so me very a urac· has so me thing still more des irable. Batter pots are usually tive pha es of life in times 10llg past ... whe ther o r not we mark ed in gall ons as to capacity; families were large ill sho uld actually go back to them if we were given the chance. the old days. To social hi sroria ns and a ntiques co ll ectors, looking back Stoneware, unlike the softer red cl ay which is also charac is second na ture-perha ps even {Irs ! nature. Folk-fe sti va l teri sti c of rural Pennsy lvania, was sa lt glazed ; that is, after days are a good time for all of us to look baGk. Vi sitors the object had bee n placed in the kiln a nd the tempera to the Fes tival look back generally; now le t us take a lo nger ture gradua ll y brought up to 2200 degrees, ha ndfuls of look at a number o f specific objects, a nd ma ke a n as commo n table sa lt were thrown into the inferno, where sessment as to whe ther or not our fo refathers rea ll y "had the sa lt imta ntly va porized a nd created a vitreous, sli g htly it good." pebbled or "orange pee l" surface on the pottery. The old time pOlters earl y lea rned that cobalt was the only color BATTER POTS AND PANCAKES which would no t bake in the fierce heat of the kiln. Thus For a starter: When did you last have pancakes for break it is tha t chi ckens, birds, roses, pomegra nates, tulips, a nd fast? When you did have them, was the ba tter poured onto the ornate fo li age of stoneware are always blue, withollt a smoking griddle from a cobalt-decorated gray stoneware regard to wha t they may have bee n in rea l life. Pancakes sn ub-nosed pot like the one shown in these pages? The made from a mix and poured from a pla~tic pitcher onto cha nces are that it was not- unless you inherited the pot a TeHon griddle a nd turned with a wooden turner? Well, from your great-grandmother ... or unless you were for they are probably fin e-for those who do not know the kind tuna te e nough to find one a t a Dutch Country alltique tha t ca me from the stoneware POt a nd, if it makes a difference, shop. Whether or not there is romance in pa nca ke - made the blender, griddle, pitcher, paddle, and mix- the whole from a packaged mix if yo u are a modern or from butter kit a nd caboodle of them-can be bought for less than milk and buckwheat Hour leavened with yeast "sotS" if the price of a good old batter pot. It's just a question you are a traditionali st- the bauer pot ca n give yo u food of what o ne is mo re interes ted in- pancakes, stoneware or fo r thought. history.
6 All illustrations are article 111 the Robacker collection. PhotogTaphy by Kara of H artsdale. ew York.
Pierced container for {loweTS, in the manner of rt' dware, but act/lally of stone, glazed on the in- Pierced tin cheese strainer, sh own standing 011 edge, side to malie it walt'r-tighl. Found at SnydeTSvi lle, w ith the smooth side fa cing the reader. Th e attached Pennsylvan ia . feet do not show in the photogralJh.
REm"' ARE AND APPLEBUTTER bowls, mugs, pitchers, co ncave pie pla tes, a nd so on. If it As for the red cl~y ware mentioned above, the same con appea ls to yo u, buy it now. You wo n't get it for less, to sideration a pplies: One is interested in the vessels, or he is morrow, because if yo u [alter' it wi ll be ill somebody else's interested in what they once held . While glazed redware possessio n by tomorrow, a nd wi th every pi ece which va n· served many purposes throughout the full span of the 19th ishes fro m the open marke t what is left becomes rarer and Century-and in some degree before and after- many think the price ad va nces accordingly . of it first in the shape in which they saw it oftenest in times gone by-the squatty applebutter pot with a rolled PIERCED T IN CHEESE 1\IOLDS - rim, glazed on the inside but red·brown without, holding a And on the subject of food: '''' hile you are in the Dutch pint, or a quart, or even ga llons of the fragrant, tangy Country, look for the pierced-tin strai ners which once spread which has COlllributed so markedly to the fame of turned CO ltage cheese in to a work of art. It would seem the Dutch Country cui sine. Apple butter (" /a/ wel"[!," to that few people today actually make cottage cheese; the the Ii ngu ist, " /o/waenich" to the general i t y of i ni tiates) days when surplus milk was soured, sca lded, and put to ca n be seen bubbling thickly in great copper kettles a t the drain outdoors in round or diamond o r heart·shaped molds Fe.s tival, and can be bought in shining, steri lized glass jars. presumably \'anished into limbo long ago-and ye t- and yet all neatl y labeled. o n the grounds. Very good it is, toO , -som ebody is kee pillg up the tradition, p ecause the nlOlds but it ca n never quite recapture the old romantic esse nce ca n be bought rig ht now in cities alld towns ill the very it had in the redware jar with a neatly sca ll oped paper heart o[ the Dutchland. A merchant does not keep in in cover top held in place with a string. Yes, they had it good ventory something which nobody wallts; there is a dema nd - the old ones! [or cheese molds or they would not be there. Collectors of pottery have come to reali ze tha t the lowly Those in the a ntique shops have a differelltlless, o[ course. cl ay vessels of our forefathers are in a great many cases o f They were halld made, of pieces of till cut with shears; surpass ingly skillful workmanship. They have been com· the slitted desigll s were punched through with chisel or pell ed to reali ze , toO , that with more a nd more perso ns in nail or both; the pi eces were so ldered together by ha nd, o ur pre-fabri cated , die-cut age searching for distinctive ac· a nd the loop [or ha nging the object up and the feet for cesso ri es, the prices have not merely sky. rocketed-they it to rest UpOIl were ~ffixed a t that time. The one in the have gone moon.rocketing. Pieces of "ordinary" house hold ',LOre wi II gi vc yo u the id e~, even if ill price it relates to redware whi ch were tagged at a dollar or twO or fiv e less its prototype in the antique shop in abo ut the same way tha n a decade ago may now be marked a t upwards o[ a a paperl)ack reprint relates to a first edition. hundred-and ~ h ey are ; na pped up fast. Why? Beca use in Tin·pi ercillg alld till' PUllchillg were well·liked types of pottery they are unique in line, proportio n, tex ture, co lor, d ew r ~ tion ill the old Dutchlalld. Pie cupboards a nd cheese a nd, not leaH of all , in their evoca tion of a romantic molds had to be pierced- in the first case to provide for charm of day; gone by. These qualities ha\'e more than a circulalJoll of air alld ill the secolld, a; has been observed , ;entimen ta l " due; they commalld hard cash- plellty o f it. for draillage. Coffee pots, bureau boxes, ca ndle sconces, ot e \'ery a pplcbuttcr pot is worth a staggering sum, a nd still other pieces were punched so that the design of co urse-but keep your eyes opell for red ware-jars, ca me illto being, but IlOt so deeply that the usefulness of
7 Iht" dltide would bl' jt"op.ll!li/t"d. 11 0\\'t"1t"1. lin pil'l'(i ll g a, Ihing with them which set the m apiln from a ll others . .1 mC"11I'> 01 dccor:lting wa, not pl'llliia l 10 I hl' DUl c h Coun 1-1 e a llached the po t to its sa u cer, a nd the n made a nu ted Iry: il \I'a, pld(liccd ()\C I .1 widc .ll l'.1 lhroughout Ihe laiC pi ecr u ~ t top lo r the pot as cleverly ilS his wife could 1~lh .Ind Ihc l'll lilC I!hh CC llluric\. The " Pa ul R e l e re" crea te o n e lor he r pastry. Not a lways; o ne might as well 1.lnll'l'll>. pic ncd w thdl tile bca m \ l rom Ihc candle wilh in be ho nest about it. It was a tricky operation, a nd in con mighl C"Cd pc in P.lllcI'Iled 10 1m, II'cre :'" " d o wn E;lst" :1" Ir;ldistinctio n to the gell e ral policy o f not marking or sign thc namc 1111 y bOlc. Thc n :l m c i, :1 llli , Ic:lding o nc- ;" ing redware the potter was usually so proud o f a success romanlic :1' :lil gCl-o ul . bllt let thc owne r o f o nc o f lully Iluted rim that he put his n ame a nd initia ls som ewhere tllc,e ob jcl.l' Iry 10 'l'llIIC :In y d egr('e 0 1 ililiminatio n by o n the piece, lor idcntilication. A nd since ho nesty is the li ghti ng Ihe (.Indlc wi thin :111(1 he will "l'C al o n cc why o rde r o f the clay, it is o nly fair to observe that this pride the term " one il by 1.llld. 111' 0 il by ,C:I" :Ij >plied to a ll 0 1 the potte r will cost today's purchaser a sum which is l' lllircly dilll'l en t h,illd 0 1 arti<.l e . a,tro no mical by comparison with the purchase price of a m c rely run-o f-the-mill pot. In that r esp ect, toO, the o ld FLOWER POTS WlTH 1'1 ECRUST TOPS o ll es had it good! Yet .10/11 I! ca ndle iaille rns as well as ,orne footwa rme rs were I' e nn ~y lv a n ia Dutch , if the ir d esig m are a ll Y indica RUTTER BOWLS ti o n . One recogn il.es the fact tha t in the course of time the Some thing today's ho useho lde r may lind useful as we ll as Ya nkee peddle r managed to dispe rse his wa res fa r a nd wide, exceptio nall y attractive is the o ld-time oval bUller bowl even in the a loo l' a nd self-conta ined Pe nnsylva nia Dutch not for the skilled tossing into shape of roll s of butler, Country, b ut the re is no evide nce to indicate tha t he e ve r bllt for llllt ~ or Iruit or milgazines or sm a ll o bjects o f a lmost d ecorated a footwarme r in the beloved Dutc h Country a n y kind. A butter bowl in the roug h is likely to be som e whirling swastika d esig n , or tha t he was respon sible for the w hat mllsty a nd m ay be salt-e n crusted. ]( it has a lso been , ix-pointed sta r so popula r not only on candle la nte rns lI ;ed as a c ho pping bowl, the inside surface wi ll be criss .but o n pie cupboa rd , spatterware, fraktur-a nd, in later crossed with a multiLUde o f il. cised lines. It m ay be cracked , years, o n Dutc h Country ba rns. a nd o ne or bo th e nds m a y ha ve been pie r ced so tha tit r\ simila rity be tween the way the o ld-timc pottcr ha ndled could be susp e nded o n the wa ll when not in u sc. hi, clay a nd the way the ho usewife ha ndled he r pastry These bowls, howevcr, a re cx traordina rily su sceptible to might be no ted . Our purc hases today reach us a fte r con a good refinishing j o b , a nd the g ra in o f the wood - m a ple, scio u s attempts have been m ade by experts to render the m a,h , e lm, or wa lnut, usu a ll y-shows to g r eate r adva ntage in allractil e-our soa p i, pe rfumed , o ur bOltles have been I)oth the concave a nd the convex surfaces o r a bowl thil n cilrelully d esig n ed , o ur packages are , haped a nd colored in m e re ly flat o nes. Burl bo wls arc even m o re d esirable, of to makc lhem irresi;tible. \ Ve te lld to buy a lmost as muc h W lirse, b u t seldo m are rOLlnd ill siles this la rge. R o und l>eGlu;e a thing i, a ttracti,'c
F I /II' I' II -II /t ll /Jll lln-u ow l IIlId ('as /-I rOil IIII/t 1'll (' 1« Fro/ll ,\1 I. nl'll/('I II/)d ilfi l/oJ'Ii , P I'IlIISy /rJIIII .
[ ' III/SI/ol r n/lIlIg lIllI J' t(l lllil(' 11I1I/('1'/) willi II r/oor II/ Ih l' /i ll l l< liS wl'il a s Oil /h r' /1' 0 11/. F OIlIl Ii III JIl I/'(II/muIIV ill lJr'r lis C OIIII/Y.
8 A ma jor sa nding o peration, o f course, destroys not only the circu lar marks o[ the la the but all the o ld patina as we ll. "O va l" bowls are not truly O\'al; they are actuall y ..\. elongated ovals in which the greater axes bring t he ends , ., ..... almost to a po int. There seems to be a n ideal ratio be ...... , tween width a nd length __ . but perha ps the ratio exists only in the ye of the beholder. PENNSYLVAN1A fA]OLICA Not every Dutchla nd visitor will find a wooden bowl, assuming tha t he wants one-and not every visitor would be able to use one if he did find it. H e would be able to conjure up a n aura o[ thc past with a pi ece or twO o[ majolica, howevcr- the co lorful, rather thick, rather sort a nd fragil e pOllery produced in Pennsy lva ni a at Phoenix Etruscan majolica . The CliP ana sa ll o'r are In greell , vi ll e a nd elsew h re [rom the 1850's into the 1880's, Enor brown, cream-yellow, and pinh; the t)Iate IS gr('(' 11 , mous quantities of majolica were distributed as premiums yellow, and pink. with purchases o[ baking powder and o[ merchandise [rom a traveling grocery enterprise which has sin ce become one 0 1. thc world 's great chain stores. ~ruch desired by col lectors are pieccs impressed "Etrusca n" in a circle on the bo ttom, but unmarked pieces seldom go begging, Designs are bold and varied rather than deli cate; fal'orite colors arc pink a nd greell . In great-grandmother's cl ay, a famil y which could not sell'C pickles or watermelon prcserl'e o n a leaf ~ , h a p c d ma jo li ca d i; h would certainly have been considcred underpril'ilcgcd, At this writing, coll cctors appear to bc les; interested in ma jolica than in many other ccramics, nOt inco nceil'ably bcca use much o[ what is offercd [or sa le is in less than top co ndition , This is the time, though, whcn the I)argain-seeker is most likely to bc successful. THREE TYPES OF IRON\vORK ,\ territory in which there probabl y will nel'er agai n Cast hindling-irons with wa/Jied heart design , be barga ins except by sheer accident is that of fa ncy irOIT work, bo th wroug ht and cast. H a nel -wrought articles usua ll y hale more of folk quality tha n those which are cast, but good pieces in either category are so rare, ;0 welI known , and .,0 eagcrl y sought for that while o ll e' may blink at the asking pricc he will reach [or hi ; checkbook at thc sa me time. Three types of ironwork are illustrated here , There is no point in saying that the co llector is likely to run across them-or that he is 1I 0t likely to, One nel'er knows whe n a d ealer (who was mually a coll ector before he we n t in to hon stool or long-legged trivet busi n es'» will place a treasured coll ection on t he market: ltlled to show flat heart a11d whcn death or ex traordinary circumsta nce will bring a and other ClIt-07ltS. co ll ection to di; persal; or when picces long Slas hed awa y in unused farm buildings may comc to li ght. In more than three decad e,> o f searching, the II'ritCl' has ;een just twO of the lo ng-legged iro n stoob of thc killd showll hcn:. III the unpredictable way o[ a llliqucs, they made their ap jle;lrance o n the,ame d ay, Both the top and the 15-inch leg; o[ the ; pecimen ; ho wn arc wrought; the d e;igm, in Dated hasp froll1 (; onestoga wagon cluding the Oat-lobed hearts, hal'e bee n CUt o u t on the tool-box, left , a11d w1'01Ig ht iron d oor alii il. \\'as the piece intended as a stool, or as a fir eplace latch. Found at Dela ware ll'a/r'T Gat), trilct 01 e}'ccp tio nal proportio ns) La cking positil'c in for Pelll1sylv(ln ia, mation , o ne may make his own guess, ' I he "killdlillg" iro ns sholl'lI arc (a,t pi ece;, They arc 10ll'er and shorter than thc andirons ordinarily used in Gleplaces, were pushed up clo;e to the logs bctween the regular a ndiro ll s, and held ell ough dry kindling to ignite the larger piece,., of wood. There scems to be no special traditiOIl o[ kindling iro ns in l'e nll'> yh 'a nia- IHI when a pair of cast iroll heart'> comcs 10 m,lrket o ll e sll a ps them up Grst , and then makes a search for the l! aditiOIl , i[ an)" :\'0 malleI' where they werc lI'>ed, or II'hell (these were Morav ian Cht'islmas slars of soldered lin. From AI burlis in L ehigh County.
take ll out of a fi replace a nd o ffered for sa le without the " rays." The fi gures, as measured by their greater di ame ters, illtermedia te formality of beillg cl ea ll ed lip!) , they meri t range upward from a few inches LO as much as 30, inclu io n ill a fallcy iron coll ection. The reader will according LO the place which they were intended LO occupy. 1I 0 ti ce that the shape of the heart i" lI ot like that o f the DESK BOXES AND TRUNK-TOP BOXES wrought 'LOo l-tri\"('t. Boxes of ornate a lld fa ll ciful lI a ture have a lways had a n " H ard LO find " is the term allY d ea ler wou ld apply LO impona nt place amo ng Pennsy lva nia Dutch folk objects. the wrought, beautifully d ecorated has p in the illustration. Very probably ullique is il Ha t table or desk box, 30 Such hasps were a ttached LO the LOolboxes o f the lumbering inches lo ng, nine and a ha lf wide, a nd three deep. The ConesLOga wagons which were the main vehicl es of bverland box has se\'en compilnments of equal size, each with its commerce in the early J 800's. The owner-drivers o f these own sliding lid a nd chi sel-gouged fin ger grip. ]t is paint \'ehicles were \'ersa tile men ; they had LO be farriers, black decora ted-exquisitely set comb squigglings in cream color smiths, and business me n, in additio n LO being farmers or against a gold ochre backgro und. "Vorkma nship throughout, practitioners of skilled trades. ' I\I hoe\'er put the d a te of from dO\'etail ed edges LO free-sliding lids, is masterly. '''' as I R25 next to the /l eart o n the has p was proud o f hi s work it made wi th .H' vell sections for a ny particular reason ? a nd he had e\'ery right LO be. ""hen o ne looks a t some of There is no cllle from the interior-and there are no sig ns the disLOrted, sick iro n objects put o n ex hibitio n as "an " of usage at all. The ends are pierced as tho ugh to ac in our own cl ay, he reali zes that there was a time when commodate halldles, a ltho ugh the pa int shows no signs of a man knew w lwi h<: was doing, in meta l, a nd h Ol1' LO do it wear or fri cti OIl . The maker may have d ecided, a t the with grace a nd charm. 1;lst mo ment, 1I 0t LO a ttach the ha ndles. The wro ught iro n door latch shown in the sa me il The two small boxes shown in a separate illustration lustratio n is further e\·idence o f the kind of skill which arc represe ntati\'c of well-known types o f earl y artistry. could make a thillg o f bea uty in a stubbo rn medium like For e\'idem reaSO Il S, o ne is ca lled a trunk-LOp box, the iro ll as easily as a nother artisa n could clo it in cl ay or in other a house box. The decoratio n is carried o ut in casein paper. Latches, door pulls, key pla tes- these alld ma llY more paint, a nd the persoll who is tempted LO do a clean-up sen-ed out the ir time as utilitariall o bjects alld now enjoy a reincarnation as objets d' aTI. jo b 0 11 dillgy specimens should remember tha t while liquid o f any kind may poss ibly remove the dirt it will certainlv r-IORAV IA CHRISTr-1 AS STARS mudge the paint beyond sa lvage. Art gum used cautiousl;, III e\·id e ll ce durillg the Christmas seasoll in ma ny r-Ior or soft bread co mpressed LO a dough a nd a pplied gingerly ;I\·ian homes are three-dimensioll al stars, intended as re in li ght d abs will some times res LOre a d egree of brightness minders o l the Star of Be thlehem. omc il re 12-pointed , or cl eanliness, but probably the best ad vice is that of the but so me ha \'e 2·1 points; so me arc o f pilper, others of Dutchma ll who will tell you, "Just lei it, so as it is"; in metal (mually till) alo ll e. They were ordinarily so con o ther words, " H a llds off!" structed tha t they GIn be suspended from the ceiling, in doors or occasioll a ll y 0 11 all outside porch. III some Cilses TOYS OF THE D UTCH LAND nowadays they are illumina ted. Those LO be found in Filially, so methillg should be sa id o f the LOys of the o ld illllique sho ps are mo" t likely to be till dodecahedrons, Dutchl a nd. No t a great ma ny ha \'e survived , but there il re o n each filcet o f which a fi\ 'e-sided pyramid-like figure is enough exa mples LO indica te that the imaginatio n o f a n mouIlled , makillg a LOta l of 60 surfaces. Oilly those of earlier generation was in no se nse stunted or limited . .-\ metal ha\'e lasting qua lities. The stars are a lways so COli lo ng-ti me fa \'ori te has been the i ntrica te, seemi ngly i m structed that they are rhythmica ll y proportioned, bllt there possible "assembly" of \'arioLls pieces o f wood , a ll of which is considerable \'ariety in the length o f the pe lltago na l ha ve actually been ca r"ed or w hi ttled o u t o f o ne si ngle
10 Des/I box with squiggled comb riecoration. Each comparl1nent operates indejJenden lly.
T wo favorite Dlltchland boxes: le(l , tr ll nk tyj)e; righi, house box.
Whillier's trium.ph: The m.o bile biui at the tot) anctthe two globes have been cu t free of the fm rn e, but the entire toy was created from a single piece of wh ile pine eight inch f'S high . Note the tulip decoration. From K u tztown.
block. Highly va lued, tll ey were kept for Christmas tree or putz decorati o ns oftener than they were placed in the hands of children . Ano ther favorite was the macabre snake toy-a wooden box carved and painted to look like a book. A dangling string, seemingly a Look mark, tempted the ho lder of the object to open the pages. H owever, the pulled string re leased a n all -too-rea li sti c se rpent from withill. a se rpent of curve d wood with a single sharp fa ng made from a nail or Ileavy pin which buried itself in Ihe fin gers of the string puller before he could say "Do nnerve tler!" The most ingenious as well as the most a ttracti ve toy the wri ters have seen is the feeding-chi cken plaything pictured. III repose, the jo inted rooster and hens ha ve their heads to th e ground. Each bird, however, has a n allached string whi ch goes thro ugh the wooden base of the toy a nd da ngles below. All the strings arc intended to be pulled at one time-and the hens and rooster duck a nd bob realistica lly, with co n vin cing pecking sounds as their beaks touch the base. The ca rving is hig hl y competent a nd lhe color ~, still bright, would seem to indica te that the carver was fa miliar with brown Leghorns. String toys do not come to String toys: jointed rooster find hens, animated by li ght every day; the bes t the co ll ector ca n do is exercise strings 1Indern ea th the base; snake toy (fang 1nissing)_ wa tchful waiting-and try to keep well supplied with foldin' Pro'1l1 D oylestown in B1I cks COllnty, and Bareville in mo ney against the importa nt mome nt of disco" ery! Lanca ster County.
11 KENTUCKY
NO R"TH CAROt.\~A
GE.ORGIA
M'~SISS'PPI
FIG. 24-Sl1lI1mary Map of tl'/{' DistTiblltiO/1 of Pennsylva nia Barn T yp('s in th (' South. A) Doublr> crib barn (tY1Je B) SlIbtype 1, located south of COllshalla, R ed R iv('r Parish, Louisia/1a (M arrh, 1964). B ) DOllble-rrib bam with rantilevered O1ler-hanging loft, lom/('el north of Marshall, Madison COllnty, North Carolina (1l1n(' , 1963). C) Pellnsyl1lania barn type F-G, located sOllth of Marion , SII1)'th COllnty, Virginia (1l1l y, 1964). D ) p(' IIII .I),INll1ia bam t)'I)(' H , low/ed neaT Dowson !li lle, Montgomery COUllty, MaTylond (May, 1965).
12 FIG. 1-PeI111s),lvania Barn T ype E . L ocated east of Hamilton, LoudOlln County, ViTginia. In this area the type E barn has contin1led to be bllilt to the jJresen t (A 11- gust, 1964)_
Maps, Drawings and Photography by Henry Glassie
TYPE E (Figs. 1-2) Part II This two-level Pennsy lvania barn type is characterized by the fact that it does not have a forebay, but rather, has a pent roof supported by the ca ntilevered floor joists By HENRY GLASSIE of the second level. The pent roof may run the length of the rear ab0ve the stabling doors (Fig. I) or it may be interrupted in the ce nter for the rear door opening out from the threshing Hoor (fig. 2) . This type is not common The first ha lf of this study of the Pennsy lvania barn in Pennsy lva nia a nd a ppea rs only occasionall y ill central in the South dealt with the simple types which are no longer i\farylalld, the Valley of Virginia a nd the northeastern characteristic of Pellnsylvania's landsca pe. This second haH Alleghe lli es in West Virginia; it is found wit)l regularity will deal with the Southern distribution of the two-level o nly in Loudoun COUIllY, Vi'rginia, just east of the Blue barn types which typify, and even symbolize, the folk-cul Ridge a nd ~outh of the Potomac River. ture of southeastern Pennsy lvania. Of the full two-level Pennsy lva nia barns-tho~e with a lower level for stabling alld all upper level, reached by a ramp and used for hay storage-there are three bas ic types which may be dis tinguished by the forebay.l These will be discussed, first. by formal fea tures, with which distribution will be COIl sidered , alld, secolld, by co n s tru c ti o n .~
1 Thesc t) pcs follow those cs ta blished Il y Cha rles H. Dorn bu,ch, Pellll.\y llla1/ia Ge)'/l/a1/ ll al'll~, The Pe nnsy lva ni a German Fo lkl ore '>ociet)', \ '01. XX ! (Alle ntown, 195R). The le tters Dorn busch assigned to hi s typcs will bc e mployed; thc first half o f Ihis study w nsidered his types A-C. B. a nd D as well as thc double crib barn with o\erha ng ing lo lt. a typc he did not include. 2 Alfred I .. Shocmaker. cd ., Til l! Pe1/lI.Iyillallia n fll'll (Kut7- lown: I'e nns) h 'a nia Fo lklife Society. 1959) is conccrned primar ily wilh conslructi o n. l.ittle has bcen written o n thc Pe nn sy lvania barn in the SOLlth ; see, howevcr: .f ohn \\Ta lte r Wayla ud , T !II! Ceil/ifill ' ·.fell/elll of 1!l e Shl!l1fl1lr/ooh " alley of f'i"ginia (Chariottcs\i ll e, 1907). pp. 19 1- 192: <;a III uc l Kercheva l. A J-li; lor), of Ihe ('fl//C), of , 'i'gillifl (Woodstock. 1902). p. 1:'2; Samucl C h a ll1l ~ rlain . .\/Jlill g /illie ill , 'i'gillill (:\ew York. 1 9~7), unpaged. iJllt 'Co ullling thc fir't pagc o f Ih e inlrod ll clio n as page o ne I'cnns) hania barns a ppear on pp. 33. 93. III ; f:dwin H emp hill. " Wh y lI arns?-The n a nd :\ow." , 'i'gillio COlla lca r/ e, VII :3 (Winlc r, 19:'7), pp. 17. 27; f:imcr Lcwis .<;ll1ith . J ohn G . Stew a rI . ;\1. f:ll swort h Kyger. T!,e PC//IIsylll(/IIia (;el'llla llS of I h e FIG_ 2-Pent Roof on the R ear of a. Pennsylvania '!if' lIlIlIr/oa!, "01/(,)" Thc I'c nnsy lvil ni a Gcrman I'o lklo re Socicty, Barn Type E L?rIl.ted betwf'en Harrisonbul"g and \ '0 1. XXVI (A ll cnlowll. 196 1), pp. 1:':'- 1:'6. pho tographs a fter Dayton, Rockmgham County, Virginia. Note pp. 19R , 211 ; W. P. ,\ .. If' e~ 1 , 'i''Kil/ia: " Cuir/e 10 Ihe M oun tha.t the rear of the stabling area. is sided with loill Siole (:\ew York.. 19 11 ), p. 161. pho logra phs a ftcr p. 92; Hcnry C,l a'is ie. WI hc Old Ba rns of Appalachia." Monnlai ll I _ife horizontal plrm/{s as is often the casf' in j'"farv 1I1It! 11'01", X I.:2 ('>llInIl1Cr. 196:1). pp. 27-29. land and Virginia (June, 1964).
13 PE N NSYlVANIA OHIO
WE-ST Vlf\G-INIA
NORTH CAROLINA
FIG . .1 - DistTibution of the Pennsylvania B am T ype F-G in the SOli tho E xam./Jlp.s have been observed in the a1"('a bOllnded by the double lines; this barn type is fOllnd coni monly in the E shaded areas. A TYPE F-G (Fi gs . 3-9, 14-24) Do rnbusch separa ted types F a nd G o n the basis o f constructio n- type F being o ( log, type G o f SLOn e, fram e , o r brick. Fo lk architectural types must be esta blished only by (o rm, therefo r e hi s types will be co midered as o nc type: the two-level barn with a fo re bay unsupported ;H the e nds. ]n Pennsy lvania this type is fo und primarily in Le ba no n a nd La ncaster Co unties: in the South it is mo re widespread tha n either o f the o ther two-Iel'el types, being commo n in the Va ll ey o f Virginia as far south as R o a noke Co unty, a nd rarely a ppearing as far sO llth as no rth eastern T enne,see (1\l a p, Fi g. 3) . Within indi vidual areas this type ex hibits slo w fo rma l cha nges th roug h time, a nd over the whole o f its southern distribu tiOIl certain regio ll a l characteristi cs o f form are a ppare ll t. In celllra l j\l aryla lld, where this type has been predomina nt since the end o f the 18th Ce ntury, the earlier ba rns present a n unsy mmetrical ga b Ie pro fi Ie (gi vi ng the im pressio n tha t the fo re bay was added LO a n existing gabled FlG .4-Gable End Pro{tles of Barns of the Pennsyl structure [Fi g 4A]), whereas in the later exa mples the fore vania Type F-G . A ) N ear Monrov ia , Frederick bay has been intcgrated inLO a sy mme tri ca l gable (Fig. 4B) . County, Maryland (May, 1963). B ) In A ccident, Gar rett County, Maryland (A lI f!; u st,1963 ). C }Soltth of Mint Particul arl y in the mOllnta ino us secti o ns o f wes tern 1\l ary Spring, Augusta County, Virgi'lia (july, 1963). D) la lld a nd northern ' '\lest Virg inia, a lld ill the so uthwes ter ll TVest of Daleville, B otetollTt COllnty, Virginia (lilly, Vall ey o f Virginia the fo rc bay i" u"ua ll y "uppo n ed in the 1964). E ) B etween H' aynesboro and Staunton, AlI rea r by a row of pOS tS (Fi g. 5). In the celltra l Va ll ey o f gusta County, Virginia (Allgust, 1962). F) N ear Fair Virginia- paniUl larly ill R ocking ham , She ll a lldoah. Au {t eld, R ockbridge COllllty, ViTgin ia (lilly, 1963). G) g usta , a ll d R ockbr idge Counties- a lld "pilling eastw;lrd over North of Sh enandoah , Page CO l/nly, Virginia (jl/ly, the Blue Ridge in to G rec ll e a ll d .\Ibermarle Coullties, 196·/ ).
14 Fll.. 5-Pel1l1sylllallia Ram T ype F-C. Located bctween A II gllsta and Rock Oah, Hampshi1'e COllllly, 1V" St Virginia. Tlte Pennsylva nia barn tradition remains slTOng in this part of Ih e A lIeghenies; this sll1all barn is typical of those u'centiy constntcterl in the area (nole the ((' //I ellt bloch bas('/lIent). If no h illsides are aNti/able an artificial hill is constr1lcted for the bam, rath,'r Ilt an bllilding it flat on the ground with a ramp 11/) to the second level. Barns with tli(' foreba)1 slIpp01"teri in Ih e rear by posts in exactly this manner (the poles set in at an (/lI glr' arc an afl('rth01lght necessitated by heavy 1I10dem traffic) are found in western Penn sylvania, wes/('m /lifaryland, northeastcm TVesl Virginia, and the sOllthern Valley of Virginia (III lie, 196J).
FIl. . (,-P(, lIl1s )' lr lallia nam T )' I)(' F-l. . I,ocaln/ lIorlh of MOllnl Sir/J1('Y, Allgllsla COllnty, Vir gillia. Thl' O1l('rllllll g Oil 11' 1' frolll, Ih l' r/al)boll1"dillg, alld Ihl' l.othic 101l11(' rs are Iyl)ica l of the ("('lllral I'all,'), IIf I'irgillia. TIl(' i/ ('("o1"ll Iiolls Oil III(' door, I)ailll l'r/ ill gU'(' II. arr' of a Iy /) (' more IIslI a! ill PI' lIl1s ), /r lallilt t/WII ill [' irgillia (Allg ll sl, 19( 5).
15 FTC. 7-Pennsyl7lallia Barn T y p e F-G. Locnted br' twcell Ulliontown and M.idrUebl/rg, Carroll COllnty, Mary land. This liny barn exhibits th r' lIIajor rlU/m rleTistirs of the more 1I sl/al large barns of this ty p e (AI/gl/st, 1965).
thcrc may be, ill addiuo n lO thc rorebay. a calltilel'ered rour sides (Fi g. 4 F) ; in the nonheastern Valley late barns ol'erhallg Oil o ll e, two, or thrcc o r the othcr sidcs or the charactcri tically hal'e o nly a very narrow rorebay in the barn . On earl y barns there may, rarely, be a forebay o r rea r (Fi g. 'IG ). equal de pth o n the rro nt a nd rear (Fi g. 17); only sli ghtly There is grc 16 FIG . S-Penllsyl7l allia nom T ype F-G. Located bl'lw('clI Charlestown and j\1iddleway, Jefferson COlln ty, 1I/('sl Virginia. This barl1, wh ich is cO I11/)os (' d of two double-barns bllilt end to end, has a slol1e basel/If'77I alld all IIpper le7le l of brick pierce d with 1001)holes (fllne, 196-1). FIG . 9-Pf'l7II sylrlfl llia nom T ype F-G . Locatnl W('S I of H ('reforr!. Baltimore COllnty, Marylalld. A liI/(, ,·ight (,l1 d is a wagol1wo )' willi a corncrib /0 one side (A lI g ll sl, 19(5). 17 PENNS Y LVAN\A FIG. 10-Distl-ibution of the Pennsy lvania Rarn T YiJ e H in th e SOllth. Examples have been observed in the area bOllnd by the double lin es; this barn type is found com mon ly in the shaded areas. VI RCTIN IA VIRG-\NIA NORTH CARoLINA TYPE H (Figs. 10- 13,24) This type, in which the basement wa ll s were buil t out Aush with the forebay thus supporting it, is the mos! com FIG. ll-Gable End Profiles of Barns of the mon barn type in so utheastern Pennsy lva ni a; in the South, Pennsylvania T ype H . A ) East of L eesburg, however, it is restricted to the eastern peripheri es of the Louaoun C01ln ty, Virginia (March, 1963 ). B) German inAue nced areas of central l\ laryla nd a nd small N ear Knox v~ l/ e, Frederick County, Maryland seci ions of northern Virginia a nd northeastern ' N'es t Vir (April, 1963). ginia (l\ fap. Fig. 10). In these areas rare examples o( unsy mmetrical barns of this type may be found (some of which were originally type G barns which have had the sid e wa lls of the basement ex tended at a la ter da te a barn which has been located at the greatest d istance from [Fi g. I IA ]), but most usually it has a sy mmetrica l gable its Pe nnsy lvania source is of this subtype (Fig. 14). end (Figs. lIB, 13). T hi s barn type ex hibits the sa me The most usual trad itional form of e nlargement of a n g-reat variation in size that the more usual type F-G does. existing Pennsylva ni a two-level barn is by the extension of the forebay. In Chester a nd Delaware Counties, Penn PPENDAGES sy lvan ia, are numerous barns of the H type with an Additions were often built onto the three basic two extended forebay supported by stone pillars; to this sub level barn types, a nd 0 cilsio na ll y barns were co nstructed type Dornbusch assig ned the letter "J." In the outh it is with these app ndages as integral co mpo ne nts; barns with usually the forebay of the type G which is exte nded ; it such appendages should be consid ered as subtypes of the is supported by wooden po t (Fig. 15). This su btype basic type to whi ch the add itio n was made. In north is (ound commo nly in western l\[aryland, the northwes tern ce ntral Pennsylvania and the Ami;h se ttlements in Pe nn Valley of Virginia, and, particularly, at the southern end 'ylvania 4 and Ohio,3 a large ce ntral ell is often built o nto of I he Valley in Botetourt and Roanoke Counties. Such the rear of two-Ie \ el barns. IIarns with the same resultant extended forebays-called "strawroom foreshoots" occasio n T-;haped Aoor plan are found occasiona ll y throughout the a ll y by Marylanders who refer to the forebay as a n "over Va ll ey of Virginia a nd particul arly in R ockingham Counl Y. shot"-continue the ca ntilever principle of the original This rear ell usuall y has a lower lel'el for stabling and forebay. In the Valley, as was also frequently the case in an upper level for hay storage; it mayor may 1I0t have a western Pennsy lva nia and Ohio, a large shed (s tructurally forebay o n one or both sides . T he two-level Pe nnsy lva ni a simpler than the ex te nded forebay) wa occasio nally built :{ Til se I)arns are tra nsi tiona l bctwecn Ihc types C a nd H . o n the rear of the barn (Fig. 16). In such barns there nOlnbll~ch con~ id ers them to be Iypc C (pp. 111 - 11 5. 128- 13.1); is usua ll y a large door in the end of the barn opening if the dcfinitive critel ia arc 10 be solid . they muSI be consl(\ clcd a~ belongil\g to type H . out from under the forebay. Today, similar rear heds, 1 lohn A. H ostetler . . llIlisll Sori"'), (fialtimorc. 1963). p ho to genera ll y entire ly of metal. form the usual method of g raphs betwecn pp. 110-111 . e nl argement for two-level barns in either I\faryl a nd 01- :; William 1. 'ichrciber. Oil,. , l lIIilll Neilrllborl (Chicago, 1962). p. liZ. Virgilli a. 18 FIG. 12-Pe1111sy lva11ia Barn T ype H . Located south of Purcellville, L oudoun County, Vir gillia. T he low rear ell for additio11a l stabling is a comm011 featu 1"e of older barns in this area (A ugust, 1964). CONSTR UCTION The sma ll er Pennsylva ni a barn types were characteri s ti ca ll y built of log, but even in the South, where the traditio n of hori zo ntal log co nstructi on remained vital much later tha n it d id in Pennsy lva ni a, two-level barns in which the upper level is of log a nd the lower level is of stone are rare. Only o ne of these two- level log barns was of the H type. 6 It was located in Loudoun County, Virginia; two o ther barns " 'ith stone basements a nd sec cond levels of log were observed in the sa me county, but these hacl neither a forebay no r a pent rooP In the ce ntral a ncl sO llthern Vall ey of Virginia ancl the Blue Ridge lO the east a few log two-level barns ~' ith unsu p ported forebays-type F-G- may be found (Figs.17- 19). The co nstructi o nal characteri sti cs of all of these log barns are co nsistent wi th the ce n tral Euro pea n tradi tio ns introduced into Ameri ca by the Pennsy lva ni a Germans, a nd diffused from sou theastern Pennsylva ni a throug hou t the U nited Sta tes. Almost a ll of these barns employed V-no tching (Fig. 17F) , the type of corner-timbering most commo n in southeastern Pennsy lva nia, ce ntral ifaryla nd, a nd the Valley a nd Blue Ridge of Virginia, a nd most were sided with ve rti ca l boa rd.S The predomina nt form of co nstructi o n o n two-level barns so uth of Pennsy lvani a is the frame. In c.e ntral l\ fary B la nd the base ments are usually of SlO ne a nd the upper level of frame (Figs.4A, 13, 20). In the earli est examples the baseme nt is built entirely of S lOn ~; in la ter examples D only the fro nt- the ramp side-or the fro nt a nd the two ends are of SlOn e, with the remaining walls of the base ment built of frame. Barns with the base ment walls fully or partiall y of SlOn e are found occasio nally in the Valley c of Virginia a nd the northern Allegheni es, but most of the a two- level barns so uth of the POlO mac are built e ntirely of frame (Figs. 4C- ·G, 6, 14- 16). On barns in whi ch the basement is no t entirely of SlO ne, the stabling area uncler FIG. 13-Pennsylvama Barn T ype H . L oca ted n orth. of G.'\;eal H illsboro, l.o udou n Coun t)" Virgin ia (Apr il. 1963). 7 :\Tonh o f Lovett svi lle, Lo udoun Cou n ty, Vi rginia (i\ f ay, 1963): Kingsville, Baltimore County, M aryland. A ) R ear mew. wes t of Ro u nd Hill, Lo udo u ll Coun ty (.Iune, 1961). B) Plan of the u pper level. C) Plan of the lower level. R For log cO Il ~tructio n see: Fred Kn ifl c n a nd H e n ry (, I a~s l e, D) Cross-section through the fram('-" ben tn (December, " fluildi ng in W ood in the Easte rn Un ited Statcs," The Ceo 1965). grajJhica/ Rellinl'. L\,I : 1 (Ja nuary, 1966). pp. 10 -66. 19 FIG.14- Pe17nsy lvania Bam Type F-G rriith Central R ear Ell. Located south of Cum berland Gap, C la i borne County, T ennessee. This is the Pennsylvania barn which has been loca ted in the South at the greatest dIstance from Pennsy lvania (June, 1964). FIG. 15-Pennsylvania Barn Type F-G With Extended Forebay. Located south of Buchanan , Bote tourt County, Virginia. The ver tica l board siding and ex tended fore bay are typical of this section of the south ern Valley of Virginia (Au gust, 1965). FIG. 16-Pennsylvania Barn T ype F-G With R ear Shed. Loca ted between Parnassus and Churchville, Augusta County, Virginia. The dec orative painting on this barn is typical ()f the cen tral Valley of Virginia (June, 1964). 20 FIG. 17-Pennsylvania Barn Type F-G . Located on the south ern outskirts of Daleville, Bote tourt County, Virginia. A) R ear view. B) Plan of the upper level; note that it is basically two, twenty-three foot square, log cribs. C) Plan of the lower level. D) End view. E) Front view. F) V-not r: h corner-timbering of .B 8ftM the upper level (July, 1964)_ r------~ I ~~~ , ~~r_] \;------j the forebay or pent roof is usually covered with heavy, imm e~l i ate l y across the Potomac in northern Loudoun horizontal planks, while the side a nd front walls 'If the County, Virginia, where they are usually of the H or E basement are covered with the sa me type of siding em types (Fig. 12). A few Frederick County, l\faryland, ex ployed on the upper level (Fig_ 2). In ,faryla nd the amples have wooden lo uvers set in the wall, such as are heavy frame is usually covered with vertical boards as is found in Berks County, Pennsy lvania,12 but more usually most common in Pennsylva ni a; these are painted red or, the Maryland a nd Virginia SLO ne barns have long loop much less freque ntly, white. The only usual form of tradi h01es for ventil ation, of the type known throughout Eu tional decoration consists of trim around the doors-white rope 1a and in southeastern Pennsylva ni a. on a red barn, green on a white barn. At the northerfl The two-level barns of brick found in southeastern a nd and southern ends of the Valley of Virginia the frame so uth-central Pen nsylvania have proved interesting to both is also covered with vertical boards, genera ll y unpainted, students and casual observers of rural architecture: 14 H em), but in the central Valley and the Pi edmo nt east of the .J. Kauffman considers them LO be the culmination of the Blue Ridge- the same areas where there may be an over 11 Cf. Smith, . tewart, amI Kyger, pp. 155- 156. photographs hang on the front ane! ends of the barn as well as in after pp. 198. 24 ·1. August C. Mahr, "Origin and Significance the rear-the barns are usua ll y covered with clapboards. of Pennsylvania Dutch Barn Symhols." in Alan Dundes, ed., The Stud), of Folklore (Englewood Cliffs, 1965), pp. 373-398, Barns in Engla nd 9 and the Tidewater 10 were usuall y and in th e Rheinisches Jahrbllch fill f'olksktmde (1957) , traces clapboarded and this central Valley practice is probably many of the " hex signs" 10 their prehistoric origins. In (he res ult of English inAuence coming across the moun his disc uss ion of their signifi cance he naively fail s to distin guish between th e hex signs painted on the ou tside of the tains from the East. These cl apboarded barns are painted barn, whi ch A !fred L. Shoemaker (in H ex No, ' TII1'ee M)'ths red with white trim or white with green or red trim; About the Penns)Ilvania Dutch Countr)" Penns),lvania D utch five pointed stars, spheres, trotting horses a nd, less usually, H ex Marks and several other publications) has shown are now onl y for decoration. and the objects placed inside the six pointed stars, similar to those of southeastern Penn barn which are genuinely apotropaic. A piece of paper on sylvania, are ofte n painted on the doors (Figs. 6, 16),lt which a Blbltca l ve rse (fohn 1:1 -3) had been written was ]n central faryl and and the Valley, louve rs, usually with recently discovered under a peg in a beam in a Maryland barn. spe The W ashington Post, February 21, 1965, p. I I. a la te 19th Century Gothic cast, are built into the end J 2 for good examples of stone barns in l'ennsylvania with walls; in faryland, farmers frequently painted their barns louvers and loopholes, see, in addition to the books by Dorn to look as if they had these louve rs_ busch and Shoemaker,. Eleanor R aymond, Earl)' Domestic Arch It e~ ture of Penns),lva?lla (New York, 193 1) , pp. 96-98, 101 -102. The traveler in the Dutch COUtltry cannot fail to note la The stone meclt eval manor and tithe barns in England the stone barns characteristic especially of Berks a nd usuall y have such loopholes; .for a few of many good examples see An Inventor), of the Hlstoncal Monuments in Donet I l\ fontgomery Counties. Two-level barns of stone are found (Royal Commission on Histori ca l Monuments of England, 1952), with freque ncy in central Maryland, particularly in the pp. ~-7, ! 34-. 135, plates 55, 63-64; for a Czechoslovakian example general area of the Frederick-WashingLOn County border, see Lesky Lld, 5 1: I (1964), photographs preceding p. ~3. 14 J. Wt1ltam Stair, " nrick-E nd Decorations," in Alfred L. where they are almost all of the G type (Fig. 21), and Sh?cmaker, ed ., The. Penns),lvania Barn, pp. 70-86; "Additional B.l'lck Barn Decorallons:" Pe11l 1 ~)' lva l1ia Folk:ife, 13: I , p. 41; u Clitton JOhnson. 'AI/long F.n glish H erige1'01I'.f (New YorK , Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, NatIVe Genzus m Anon)'mous Architecture 1907), p. 69. (, ew York. 1957), pp. 182- 183; "A n Architectural Mystery : 10 Philip Alexander Rrllce. F. conolllic History of Virginia in Decora tive Rarns, " The Washington Post Potomac (August 23 the Sevente('ntil Centur)" I (New York, I R96). p. 440. 1964), p. 22. . ' 21 FIG.I8-Pen nsylvania Barn Type F-G. Located at the crest of the Blue Ridge in N elson C01lnty, Virginia. The upper level is com posed of two eighteen foot square V-notched log cribs with a central threshing (loor and a fram e fo m bay on the rear and frame sheds on the front . The basem ent is composed of stone piers at important structw"al poin Is with I he intervening m·eas covered with vertical boards (August, 1964). FIG. I9-Pennsylvania Barn T ype F-G. Located between Sta1lnton and Churchville, Augusta County, Virginia. The upper level is co mposed of two eighteen by twenty·four foot V-notched log C1"ibs with a cen tral threshing floor and a fram e forebay on the rear. As is 1Isual in Pennsyl vania, this log barn has been covered with vertical board. The lower level of this barn has a stone front and ('nds, bill lit e rear, which is protected by the forebay, is completely open (June, 1964). FIG. 20-Pennsylvania Bam T ype F-G. Loca ted between Cavetown and Hagerstown, Washington County, Mary- ' land. Note that this barn has sheds on the front which balance the forebay in the rear, and a full stone basement (co ntrast with Fig. 1). Lihe the majority of the barns in Pennsyl vania and Maryland it is painted reel (A ugust, 1965). 22 I'ellll' yhallia G erma ll barll buildillg traditioll~ . I:; III these was kllown during the earliest period of elllement in barll~ bricb arc left Ollt ill thc c lld ~ alld frOllt of the I~nn sy l van i a: it is fo und very commonly as far south as b:lm rewltillg ill pallcrlls m ade lip primaril y o f straight the T ennessee Valley and occasio nall y as far from its so urce lill e~ (orte ll loopholes, pro babl y ill imitatio ll o r the stoll e as no rthern Flo rida, central Louisiana, a nd eastern Texas. barm [Fi g. H]), s qll arc~. and tria llgles, thollgh mo re com The do uble-crib barn with the overhanging loft must also plex patterlls illdudillg dates alld a m a ll 0 11 a mule have have been known early enough for it to have been carried beell loca ted ill I'enmylvania. Two- level Ilam s of brick south out o f Pennsylva nia with the first wave o f migration with decorati\e \"Clllilatioll pallerlls are fOlllld in l\ Taryla nd ill the seco nd quarter of the 18th Century, for it appears alollg the I\fa~oll - I)i xo ll lille :lIld ;Q llth through Frederick commonly in the Great Smokies of North Carolina a nd and ''\Iashillg lo ll COlllllies, the lI ortheastcrll lI eck of " ' est T enllessee.1o The two-level barn with the unsuppo rted fore Virgillia. alld, rarely. deeply ill to the Valley o f Virginia bay (type F-G) probably did not become predominant (Fig. 22) . This fo rm o r d ecorati\ e I)ri <. k cO ll strll Ct ion was until the period of the R evolution: it does not a ppear in employed as ea rl y as the 15th Celltury 0 11 barns ill Eng the Pennsy lva nia German pocke t establi shed in the so uthern lalld, lIotably ill the COUll ti cs of Staflord, Cheshire, a nd To rth Carolina Piedmont in the mid 18th Century,21 and Shropshire. I" It was brought by the English to eastern Vir its so uthern distributio n is limited to those areas-central gillia,I, alld ca rried rrom the Tidewater illto lI o rtherll Geor faryland and the Valley o f Virginia-which remained in gia I ~ alld Kelltucky; I!! ill all o f thc~e SO llthCr ll areas its use direct contact with the G erma n areas of Pennsy lva nia into was restri cted to small olltbuildillgs. It was certainly ill the 19th Celllury, The type H , two-level barn probably troduce d illto Penllsy h 'a llia by the Ellglish a lld it is ill did not become predominant in Pennsylva nia, as it is teres ting to note that olle of the most characteristic elem ents today, until the 19th Century (possibly early in the second or Penllsy lvania Germa ll folk architecture has a n Engli sh quarter): its southern distribution does not include the provellallce (Fi g. 23) . Val ley o f Virginia, but only those areas in faryland a nd no rthern Virginia in to which Pennsy lva ni a migra tion con CO ICLUSIONS tinued well into the 19th Celllury. By combinillg a knowledge of the characteristics of dif This sequence of types-double-crib, double-crib with ov fusion (as suggested by folklorists and anthropologists) with erhanging loft, two-level with unsupported forebay, two a knowledge of historic migrations a nd the southern dis level with wpported fo rebay-seems to suggest a simple tribution of the significant barn types which had Pennsyl cI'o lutionary d evelopment for the Pennsy lva ni a two-level vania as their source, a hypothetica l seq uence of barn barn types. By adding a call1il evered loft to the double types for southeastern Pennsy lvania may be establi shed crib barn, a two-level barn with the lower level fo r stabling, (Fig. 24) . It wo uld seem tha t the double-crib barn (type B) the upper level for hay storagc, a nd a forebay would be 1:; Henry J. Kauffman . " Pennsy lva nia Barns," Th e Farm Quar- achi eved. ]f a ramp were built up to o ne side o f this 11',1)" 9:3 (AlIIumn. 19.'i1). p. 61. barn the major distinguishing characteristics of the type II: Oli\c Cook and Edwin Smilh. F.llgli.1/1 COllages (Ind Fanl1- ',oll.les (;\'ew York. 19.'i!i) p. 30. plates 92-93. 101 , 11 3; W . M. F-G would be presen t, and a few such barns have been Ingemann. The ,\I i'lOr . ~ ,chitectlll e of If'orceslershire (Lon o hserved far south of the southern limits of the two-level don. 193H) . unpaged. bul. co unting the first page of the intro type F-G barn (Fig. 25). The double-crib barn with an duction as page one. on p. R appears a "typical ventilated brick barn nonh of \\'orce"er." Bri ck barns and stables with loop overhanging lo ft a nd a ramp, of course, still ha$ an over h o l e~ scelll 10 be (Olllmo n in manv pans of England. for ex ha ng on the front or the fron t a nd the ends, as well ample ~ee: loscehne Finbcrg. J:xjJlo'illg I'illages (Lonclon . 195R). fac in g p. 17 : and ])exler ~I orand . The ,\lillor , I rchilec/llre of 20 These t) pes wcre consid cred in the first half of this Sliffolk (I.ond on. 19'29). plale '20. stud y. 17 Chambcrlain. p . .'i!i: (;r(' (It (;{'orgiall f-I OIIH'S (:'-lew York . 2 1 Jeth ro Rumple. A f-l is/or)' of Rowan COlln/)" North Caro 1933). p. 102. lilla (Salisbury, IRR I). p. 15. Fi eld work in this area in Au I Pcnns) iI'ania one- Ielcl outbuilding located sou th of Flint gust, 196.';, uncovered no examples of two-leve l Pennsylva nia '>I one. Walk er Count). Georgia (July. 1964). barns; th e most traditional barn type was th e double-crib barn HI Rex ford ;\'ewcomb. Old ":elltllck), Architectllre C";e w York , subtype 11 . which is. apparently. th e earli est of thc Pen nsyl 1910). plalc RI. va ni a types. FIC. 21-Pennsylvania Barn T ype F-C . Loca ted in Wolf ville, Frederick County, Maryland. Like the stone barn in Fig. 12 and the brick barn in Fig. 8, this barn has loopholes fOl" ven tilation (July, 1963). 23 F1C. 22-Pennsylvania Barn T ype F-C. Lorated in Tim berville, R orkingham COllnty, Virginia. This barn is the most sOlltherly example yet discov ered of n brick Pen nsylva nia barn. It is laid (' ntirely in Flemish bond. The hollow dia mond motif dues "1101 seem to be usual in Pen nsylvania; the solid diamonds and the X, however, al'e common (July, 1964 ). a, thc rca r : thi, i, no t u sual o n the ba rns o f Pe nnsy lva nia, yct ba rIlS wi th ca nti le\'cred o ve rha ngs o n thc e nel and fro nt a ppcar commo nly in the Va ll ey of Virginia, rare ly ill cc ntral I\ [a ryla nd,:!:! alld possibly in P e nn sy lvani a . ~;{ A l tho ugh all o vcrha llg o n thc frOllt i, not u>u a l in Pe nnsy l \allia a nd ,\ [aryland, barlls ill thosc arcas freque ntly have ., hed, 0 11 the fro nt (Fi gs. 18, 20) 24 which could be a sur \'ival 0 1 this mi" illg fo rc bay. Old two·le \·el ba rns in i\ fa ry· lalld occa,io n a ll y ha \'c a largc cC litra l wagonway in the stOIl C basem c nt 2:; which could bc a survi va l of the open run· way bctwcen thc cribs o f the d o ublc·crib ba rn. The tra nsi li o llal lillks bClwceli thc d o ui lle-crib Il a rn with o \'erha ng ing lo ft and thc t ypc F-C ba rn sccm to be presen t. It has F1C. 23-Brick Barns with Decorative VentilaloTS in Eng gencra ll y bccn rccoglli/ed tha t the type H b a rn wa d c land and Maryland. A ) Ba1'n located n ea r Cannock, \'elopcd fro m the typ c C as a result o f the n ecd to give Staffordshire, England; dra wn from a photograph taken recently by H enry H. Classie, Sr. B ) Pennsylvania barn , upport to thc fo rc bay.2li Such a n c \'o lutio nary \'ic w o f the d cvelopment of the type F-C, loca ted between Johnsville and Union Bridge, Frederick COllnty, Maryland (July, 1963). two-l c \'el I'c nIl>Y" ',ulia banI. whilc intrig uing ly n ear, is somcwha t narrow- it fa il s to con, idc r Europe. It has fre que ntly bccn , ta tcd that the P e nnsy lva nia barns were d e \ c lo ped from the Swiss pca,ant ho m c.:!7 E\'e n a quick g la n ce a t thc Swiss ho uses reveals that, though some a re similar, they arc II Ot the sa m e as thc I'c nnsY"'a nia barns; a closer 22 An old two·level harn with a foreha), on Ihe front as well as Ihe rear was ohserved wcst oC .\f iddletown . frcderi ck County. look at European a rchitecture revcals simila ri ties between ~l ar)' l a nd (A ugusi. 196:'). the I'e nmylvil il ia ba rns and not o nly wiss traditions, :! '{ A diagralll puhlished in IR3R and prinled in Shoelllaker, but a lso those of o ther centra l European countries, Scanclin cd .. Till' PI'IIIII),itlflllill H Ili II, p. 6 SCC Ill ~ to indica te a forc hay in Ih c fronl as well a~ th c rcaI'. a \'iil , a nc! Brita in . Two-level buildings with b asem e nts for :4 For cxa lllpl c~ of halns wilh shcds on thc front which Habling a nd ra mps to the upper level a re known in hal 24 FIG. 25-Double-Crib Barn with Overhanging Loft. Located across the FTench BTOad River from A lexander in Buncombe County, North Carolina. This barn a/JpeaTS to be lransitional between the dou ble-crib barn with overhanging loft and the Penn sy lvan ia barn type F-G because of the pres ence of the ramp; com pare it with the barns in Figures 17, 18, and 6 (June, 1963). occasiona ll y in Pe nnsylvania and centra l lew York ; Styria Europea n fo lklife jo urnals a nd fie ld work in the South in A u stria; 20 Czechoslovakia; ~ o Norway; n a nd northern indica te a complex orig in a nd d evelopment for the P e nn Engla nd, especia ll y in L a ncashire, ''''esllTI o ria nd, a nd sylvania ba rn, a nd, a ltho ug h it m ay be foolhardy LO d o so, C umberla nd.02 T he p e nt roof is fo und on ho uses in Eng this d evelo pme lll wi ll be ro ug hl y ske tched below-until la nd :{ :~ a nd the Rhin e l a ncV~ a nd o n barn s in Switzerla nd 0;; a n American does inten sive fi eld work in Euro pe it is a nd northern Engla nd.3u T he forebay bears a close resemb probably the best that ca ll be done. la n ce to the ba lco ny found on certain Swiss houses,:n to the At the beginning of Cerman setllem e 11l no large two calltilevered balcon y of the umge bin de haus o f Bohemia :{ H level ba rns were built in P e nnsy lvania40 It is proba ble (from which the d o uble-crib with overhanging loft seem s that most of the barns were double-crib ba rns or double to have d eveloped) , to the spinning gallery of the barns crib barns with overhang ing lofts, as each o f these types o f L a ncashire,:{ D and to the overhang found on the rear o f has close pa rallels ill Europe, a nd, as the P e nnsy h 'a nia ba rns 111 Fe nnosca ndia,40 Czechoslovakia,41 a nd tax re po rts fo r 1798 re veal a predomina n ce of log ba rns.44 Switzerland.42 ' ''' he n the n eed fo r more commodious ba rns arose in the The ch aracteristic elem e nts of the two-level Pe nnsy lva nia mid-18 th Cenlllry, the do uble-crib bam with -overha ngi ng barns have a mple a nteced e nts in m ost of the areas which lo ft was changed LO conform to those traditiona l prac contri b uted early settlers to southeastern P ennsylvania; the ti ces shared by fa rmers o f n o rthern British or celltra l combina tion of those elem e nts into the P e nnsy lva ni a European heritage: a ramp was add ed , a nd the forebays, barn, however, seem s distInctly American. Library work 111 except fo r tha t in the r ear, we re e liminated , a lthoug h the overha ngs Oll the ()lher three sides were re ta ined in areas ~!1 ~ ' e i r i .,r h e f_ ~/lld/~ ~lIfi, ~) ~ / (Sa lzbur.g, 1 9~8t, . pp. 1 3- 1 ~ . settled during this tra nsitio n a l period - the centra l Valley .~() Stefan Mruskov1 C, K ;"< lekl ory n1 PrezIlkom v Sposobe o f Virginia- a lld the double-crib barn with overha ng ing I.' udoveho Byva ni a za Kapitali znllI 11 3 Z;\hori" (So me An ach~o ni s ms in People's Dwellings During Capilal ism in Za lo ft su rvived intact in those areas settled by people who hon ), !;!Jorll ik S/ollellsk(' ho .Ydrodl/(' IIO JIllllea Eillografia, 1.\'1 :3 le ft Pennsy lva nia be fore the cha nges began - the Southern (1962), p. RD . :n ./ ohan Meyer, Forl i ds I\lI l1sl I Norges lJ ygder (Oslo, 1930), ~I o ullt a in s. ""he n the barn was built e ntire ly o f SLO n e, as pla te X : Krislofer \,isled a nd Hilmar Sligum, I' (;r Gall1 le was common in no rthern E ng la nd, o r with a frame o r liondeku/tur, I (Oslo, 195 1) , p. li S. log u pper level a nd a stone lower le ,·cI, as was u su al ~ ~ Cook and Smith, pp. 38-39, pl a tes 170- l i2, 171 , 188. Pla te 17 ~ is co nce ivably a full y developed Pennsy lvania barn lype in centra l E urope, it LOok o n its final fo rm as the type E. F-G barn. As the kno wl ed ge o f the ca ntilever principle o~ Ernest Pi ckerin g, Tile /-/ 0 Illes Of ,4111 elica ( ;,,< ew York, diminished a nd as barns ca m e to be built o f lig hter timber , 195 1) , p. lOR. 04 Thomas Ti lesLO n Wa lerman, Th e D we/lillgs of C% llial support for the forcbay becam e n ecessary alld the type . l lIle,-ica (Chapel H ill , 1950), pp. 139, 160. H ba rn was d e , ~. 25 AMISH WEDDING Place-Green Chair T ime-l 2 :30 & 4 :30 12 : 00-12 : 30 Heidelberg I Ruth Yode r and Amos 12:30-1 :00 Food Specia F ish e r e x c h a n ge tradition "Professor" a l Amish w e dding v ow s. 1 :00-1 :30 1 :30-2:00 Horseshoeir 2:00-2:30 Snake Lore 2:30-4:00 Major Folk Men of Om 7:00-9:00 Major Folk Men of Om SCHOOL DAYS Place-Desk Place-Seminar Tent Time-l :30 & 5 :30 R eadin g , Writin g and Ti ~e- l :30 to 4 :30 P.M. Arithme tic d o n e P e nn D ally except w eek e nds s ylva nia Dutc h s tyle. and h o lid ay. E ducatio n a l pre senta t ion s, lec ~r es , a n d g r o up d iscu ssio n s o f e nnsylva n ia fo lk-culture -~~§S-- rae " I! '-~ . ( topics to b e a nnounced d·a ily ) . iRIA~ -., ~tIJ) IP (I Place-Hutch \. 6 ' Time-2 :30 & 6 :30 Willia m P e nn presid es a t It?) ( P e nnsylva nia 's m ost fa m - ~) / \" o u s witc h c r a ft tria l _ 'I t 1684. \::' ~r , - ..J I ( J I (i I CHILDREN'S GAMES Band Place-Hay wagon Lt the Festival Time-I 2 :00 to 5 :00 P.M. itzel, Dutch Humorist Children unde r 12 years are in he Dutch Country vited to join in the playing of the traditional Dutch children's ral presentation: :er (see program page 28) ral presentation: er (see program page 28) SLAUGHTERING & BUTCHERING Place-Butcher shop Time-II :00 to 6:00 P.M. ~emo'.'stration of hog-butc h e ring including the making of ponhoss and sausage. QUILTING CONTEST Place-Quilting Building Time-I :00 to 6:00 P.M. SQUARE D emon stration of the art of quilting. All qu ilts e ntered in the contest are on display and DANCING I \ for sale. Place-Hoedown Stage Time-I :00 to 6:00 P.M. and 9 :00 to 11:00 P.M. Everyone is invited to join in the dancing. D e monstrations and in structi,:,ns ~ill b e furnishe d by c hampIOnshIp hoedown and jig g ing teams. 27 MEN OF O'NE MASTER A documentary epi c of the Pennsylvania Am ish truggle to SlllTil'e over th ree ce nturies of tension with the wO llc! , Written and Directed by Brad Smoker Music and Music Direction by Glen Morgan Scene One: A Go-To-Meetin' Sunday, Scene Two: In The Beginning, Was Europe, 1650, " Gonna Find That Freedom Land", , , ' Group Scene Three: The Amish Hear William Penn and Follow His Dream, "The Land Is God's Land" , , , , Group " Bundling By The BIue Gate", , , , Nancy & Aaron Scene Four: The Amish Soul Is In The Earth, Their Heart In The Sun, And Their Stomach In The Harvest. "The Much Dutch Touch" , , , , Group Scene Five: The Harvest Frolic. "Seven Sweets and Seven Sours" , , , , Group "Vexed vVith a Hex", , , , (;roup Sce ne Six: Let The Child Be Educated To The Earth, " What Is A Man?" , , , , Joel "Where Will vVe Go" , , , , Group About The Authors: Brad Smoker, a uthor and director, received an LA, in theatre from Syracuse U ni versity and now teaches a t Abington High School. Six other sc ripts of hi s have had coll ege and community thea tre prod uctions, Glen Morgan has a doctorate of ffiU ic from Jndi'ana University and presently teaches at L yco ming College, H e and Mr. Smoker have written a musica l about the Molly l\Iaguires, BLACK D IAMO D , Other compositions b y Mr. Morga n include a chamber opera, ABRAHA f & ISAAC , a ca ntata, OLYMPIA REBORN, and incidental music for man y plays, The history of the AmiJ h in Europe, the ideas and concepts of their religion, their mode of life, t/u' church senJice and its 1I711sic-a ll of these arc (I'II then lle. A lthollgh lh(' )'Olmg Amish dan ce at their Sunday e1J(' nilig {rolics, we have s1lpplemenled ollr accllrate inforll1ation of tlte Amish witll choreographed dall ('('s a17d badgrollnd 1I111sic for their pagcantTY volli es of spectacle, I V(' do 170 t be lieve this will d ir'ert fr01I1 Ih ,. h onesty of inforlllation port TOyed abOllt the A misll. - Brad Smoker, 28 Festival and lts• Sponsorship The Pennsylva nia Dutch Fo lk Fes Li va l is ~ p o n sored by the Pen mylva n ia Folklife Society, a non-profit corporati on. Pli rpose of the ocieLY is Lh ree-fole!. coll ecting the lore of the Dlitch Co untry; ~ tud y in g and a rchiving iL ; and mak ing it availa bl e LO Lh e pu bli c bOLh in this country and J broad. All p roceed from Lhe Fes ti va l a re llsed to further th e~e goals. The offi ces of the Pennsy lva nia Folklife Society a re located a t 218 "T. ;\Ia in Street, In Kutztown, Pennsylva nia. A I VITATIO to become a subsc riber to the Society"s pel iodical, PE ' NSYLVAN IA FOLKLlFE. (Sub cripLion $'1.00 a yea r; sing le copi es $ 1. 00 each.) TOW in the seventeenth yea r, PENNSYLVANIA FOLKLIFE is published qU il rterly, in J anua ry, April, July and O ctober. Each iss ue appears in a colored cover, with 48 pages-or-mo re of text, and is profusely ill ustra ted . Subjects cove red include: a rchitecture, cookery, costume, customs of the year, fo lk a rt a nc! a ntiques, folk d ancing, fo lk med icine, fo lk litera ture, folk relig ion, fo l k speech, home- ma king lo re, recrea ti on, su persti tions, trad itional fa rm a nd cra ft practices, and transporta tion lo re. Contributors to this Issue CONSTANTI NE KERi\fES, La ndis Valley, Pennsylva HE RY CLASSIE, Philadelphia-A graclu ate student in nia- Out of his feeli ng for fediterra nea n a nd especi all y the Department o f Folklore a t thc University o f Pennsyl Creek Orthodo x pic ty Co nsta ntine Kermes intcrprets the va nia, H cnry C lassie already sta nds ill the first ran k o( Pennsy lva nia Amishma n. I n a n ada pted iko n style, he por ;cho lars working in the fi eld o( Ameri ca n ma terial culture, trays the holi ll ess of life as vi cwed by the Amish farmer, cspccia lly fo lk architccture. A gradua tc o ( Lou isia na Sta te the roots o f life that go d ccp illlo thc very soil the Ami sh University a nd o r thc Coopcrstown Ameri ca n Fo lk-Culture ma n till s a nd the Amishma n's resolute sta nce in his facing Program, he has most reccntly become Edi tor of K eysto n e of the " world." Thc Amish have lo ng a ttracted the a tten Fallll01"l' QuarleTly. The first part o ( his in va luable article, ti o ll of artists and wc are ha ppy to prcsent to our readers "The Pennsy lva nia Barn in the South," is avail able in this ulluwa l iko n-rootcd intcrprc ta ti o ll o f the who lc ness Pennsylvania Folll life, Vo l. XV No.2, \ Vin teJ' 1965. Ih at binds Ami, h lifc logcther. VICTOR C. DlEFFE BACH ( 1882-1965), Bethel, Pe nn EARL f . A D ADA F. ROBACKER, White Pl a ins, sy lva nia-Vi cto r Diefl enbach was a lo ngtime contributor to New York- The R o backers are we ll known to readers o f Pe n1l sylvania Folhlife a nd its pred ccessor, The P ennsylvania Pe ll n.lyi1mnia Follllife for the lo ng a nd distinguished seri es /)lIleIIl110n . H c ca mc from the "Dumb Quarter" ("Des O il PCllnsy h'a nia a lllique, which they have contributed to J)umm Fa lle l" ) o r which he writes so engaging ly in this our columns. Dr. Ro baeker is the a u tho r o f Pe n nsylvania last articlc from hi s pc n. H e was wcll known a t the Folk C erman L ileralllTe, Pe ll nsylvania Duleh S tuff, a nd other Fes tival, a nd for ma ll Y ycars ca rricd o n a dia lect column , olumcs. H is most recellt book o n a ntiques is A T Olle li for the L cuonon SC1I1i-ll'eehly News, undcr the pseudo nym of II/(, lJllll li/and (New York : A. S. Barncs a nd Compa ny, o f "Der Oldt Bauer"-"The O ld Fa rmcr." 1965) . TYRON £ POWER (1797- 1R 4 f) - Tyro ne l'ower, a n a n MAC E. BARR ICK, Carlisle, Pcnmyh·a ni a-Pro r. i\ !ac ces tor or the 20th CClltury film star by the sa mc name, was Barrick, a member o f the J)e partmclll o f R omance La n a ll Irish comcdia ll who madc se vcra l tri ps to America ill g u age~ a t Di ckinson Co llege, i, a na til'c o f Cumberl a nd thc first half o f thc 191h CClltury. From hi s visits to East Co unty, a nd a lifc lo ng , lUdent o f PCTlmyh 'alli a proverbia l ern Pell ll sy lvallia he wro tc the skctch wc r e publ i ~ h o n lorc. H e h a~ pu bli , hed ,el'cral articlc5 o n o ther p hases thc rela ti o ll o f the I ri sh a nd thc PCllnsy h a nia Dutch, a 01 Pellnsy lva lli a fo lklo re in the K ey.,to n c Fo llliore Q uarll'l ly. theme wh ieh dc;erl'es doctora I d i,scrta ti o n trea tmen l. 29 The Funnel-Cake Maker. Anna M ert z of f(ut zt01£n RD. makes bat ter for Dutch d essert d elicacy "Drechter-Kucha"-"Funnel-Cakes." FEST VAL HIGHI:IGHT Mabel W ells of Lancaste1' keeps Pennsylvania's painted tinwaTe t1'Cldition alive, 31 H ex-Sign Painter Milton Hill Festival Highlights Potato Candy, Dutch confection, manufactured by Katharine Bodenhol'l1 of Kutztou:n. 32 Brad Smoker coaches participants for Pageant of Amish Life. L eft to right: "Bridegroom" ChNs Buss, "Bride" Lynn Myers, Brad Smoker, and Archibald M eserole Sr., who plays the part of the Amish Bishop. H emp Rugmaking is d emonstrated at the Festival by William Shade of Lyons, Berks County. 33 Beelore T ent at the Festiw l- Barbara and L ester Breininger of Robesonia explain heekeeping and honey extractin g. W edding Couple leaving in Amish Can·iage. The Festival has on display several types of "plain" f1'([n sporfati o'll used by Pennsylvania's "Plain Dutch" sectarians. 31 Festival Highlights The View from tl1 e Gallows. Each day the hanging of Susanna Co:\" at R eading in 1809 is reenacted on an authenfic 13-ste p gallows; out of the hangin g cam e Penn syl //a nia's most popular German-language ballad, 'The Sad and M ournful Tale of Susanna Cox." Old Order A mish 'W edding is drama ti;:;ed for Festir;a/ Visitors tlcice daily. 35 Powwow e r Sophia Eberl e y from the Coal R eg ion in Schuylkill County "POU'WOLC S" a "patient." PowLlJ oLc in g is occult folk m edicin e and il11;olves the use of charms and prayers Lchich originated in m edie val Europe. The A lmanac Man D onald Brensinger of Bechtelsville ( right) discussing the Signs of the Zodiac Lcith l/ol'l;eU M. Fisher of Kutztown. C ig(l1'-maker Salome E b erly of Lancaster County. 36 Festival Highlights Broom-making is one of the many early A nw r ican cra fts demonstrated at the FesfilXll. F reddie Bieb el' , basket-maker of the Ole y Hills, near Kut::. tou;n. 37 · Twenty Questions on POWWOWING By DON YODER support them,ell'CS by co ntributions rro m their pa I. What is powwowing? tie nts-ma n y Dutch rarmers a nd rarmwil'es claim the gi rt of hea ling o ne or two a ilmellls, such as " blowing Powwowing is Pennsy l\,il ni il's niltil'e brand o r re li gious fire" rrom burns or "stilling blood" thro ug h the use of heil ling, o n ,he ro lk-c ultura l le\'el, using words, charms, cha rms. It used to be said that e\'ery Dutch gra nd a mule ts. il nd physicil l m a nipula tiflns ill the allempt mother wa" in this se n,e, a " po wwower." to hea l the ills o f m il n il nd beilsl. What is the sociological background of the powwower? Where did Powwowing o,riginate? 5. III pnmllll'e society, hea ler-priests call ed "shamans" Simil il r practi ces are uni \'ersal. E\'ery prim,u\'e tribe were se t apart a ne! recognized by the community as in the world. e\'ery rural culture in Europe and Amer hill'ing superlla tura l powers. Pe nnsy h a nia's powwower ica had similar me thods o r rolk hea ling. D es pite its were, simila rl y, a kind of fo lk-clergy, recogni zed by the India n n il me. Pe nnsy l\'a nia's powwowing- has no con community as having " God -gi\'e n " powers o f healing. nection with Indian fo lk medicine a nd shows no in The two SO rtS of powwowe rs, ho wever , had differing de btedness to Indiil n cures. Powwowing (ca ll ed by the sta tus in Pe nnsyll'a ni a's rural communities. The un Pe nnsyl\'a nia Dutch "bml/cho." from the G erman verb professional- the grandmother, ror example, who co uld In'al/chen, to " use") WilS bro ug ht rrom the Rhinela nd powwow for a few ailmellts-was a r espected m ember il nd Swit7erland in the 17th il nd 18th Centuries by o r o ne's ramily. The proressio na l, while recognized by the great Wil\'e o r emigra nts who settled the Pe nnsy l the community, was in a sen,e withdrawn fro m the vania Dutch counties o r Eilstcrn, Central, and \ 'Vestern community, no t a " res pectable" me mber o r society. In Pe nnsy ll'il nia, a nd infiue nce ,\ ccordillg to 'he OxfMrI Enp,l ish D ictionary and the (). Is powwowing still practiced? /)ictioll(fry of AUII'lil(f1l En p,li.l h, N e w England Purita ns Powwowing is vcry much a contemporary thing in were the first to usc the wOI:d in the Engli sh la ngu age Pe nnsylvania. There a rc sti ll cl07ens of powwowe rs of ( 1646). The I'erb " powwow" alld the noun " pow the " proressional" ca tegory in operation in Eastern wow" (later " powwowe r") ro r a prit ctitioner of primi and Ce ntral Pennsyh "II1i a. r\dditio nal e vide nce of the til'e he;] ling a rc bo th 17th Century te rms, A lgonquin co ntemporary nature o r powwowing is the steady 1'01- in orig ill , wh ich were once generally known throughout ume or mail receil'cd by the Pe nnsyl\'a nia Fo lklife t he colo nies, so ca ll ed bec 38 "black magic," magic whose intent is evi l and dam H. What are "powwow books"? aging. III some cases powwowing involve the theory of disease that a person is sick beca use he ha been ./ ohn Ceorge Hohman's LOll,!!. [ .(J .lt Fn'elld-first pub "hexed." Therefore to "cure" the patie nt it is believed li ,hed in R eading in 18 19 ~s D el' Ifin K Tler iJorgene Freund a nd sti ll in print- is the foremost powwow that the powwower must first " remove" the pell from the person and retaliate by "damaging" the supposed hook, a nd the most inllu(;llLia l German book e\'er pub witch by occult means. "'!here a powwower achieves li , hed in Pennsy lvania. There were many digests a nd a reputation for "cures" in such cases he is often pirated editio ns of it, in Germa n and English. 1n ca ll ed , in English, a " witch doctOr" (Pennsy lvania addition LO this book, some of the printed "hex" Du tch heXfl-dtl ckdel'). However, the ma jori t y of pow books, , uch as Egyptian Secrets and the Sixth find wow charm are simply attempts to "cure" patients Seventh Ji ooils of /I1oses, although dealing mostly in without reference tQ "hex" influences. " bl ack" magic, contain some powwow charms. Some powwowers also copied charms into manuscript books. Hu ndreds o f manuscript powwow books are in exis II . Is powwowing "superstition"? tence, some o f them deriving from H ohman, others pre-Ho hman and independent of til e H o hma n The word "superstitition" is a va lue judgment, im traditio n. plying that the person who uses it is deriding or denying the va lidity of another person's beliefs. For such deep-rooted phellomena as powwowing the an How is powwowing related to "folk medicine"? 9. thropological term " folk belief" is a more descriptive term. Powwowing is one \'ari ety of folk medicine or fo lk hea ling. Fo lk medicine can be divided into two bra nches-herbal a nd occu It. Dr. J arvis' recent best 12. What is the connection of powwowing to religion? se ll er o n (New Eng l ~ nd ) ,Folk M edicine deals entirely Reli gion has ma ny levels. For those who be li eve in with herlJa l fo lk medicine .. H e rb ~ 1 folk medicine is powwowing, it is just as much a part o f their religion concerned with the " home remedies" that our grand as a nything they hear or say or sing in church; An mothers used to know a nd praCli ce o n the farm . thropologists have coined the term "fo lk reli gion" for Occult fo lk medicin e, o n the other ha nd, is the at these primitive survi va ls in society. Powwowing is tempt to heal sickness by d epende nce upon occult Pen nsy lva ni a's best example o f the survival power o f mea ns, c~ llin g upo n the powers o f the supernatura l the "old reli gio ll " of medieva l Europe in a ew '''' orld wo rlel , through words. prayers, c h~rm s , and in so me and Pro testal1l se lling. cases, curses . 13. Is powwowing recognized by the churches? In. Is powwowing related to "hexing"? Primitive magic as it survives in the Pennsy lva nia The vas t majority of the Pennsy lva ni a Dutch are Pro Dutch CoullLry is o f two kinds. Powwowing is "white testants. At the time o f the Protesta nt R eforma tion magic," magic the inte n t of which is cura tive a nd four ce nLLlri es ago, the Protesta nt Churches attempted lJ eneficial. " H exing" (Pennsy lvania Dutch hexerei) is to se para te "reli gion" from "superstition." In doing so, they drove folk hea li ng underground, divorcing it from the officia l church organizatio n. Powwowing still exists in Pennsy lva ni a as a primitive underground Long L ost Frir'n rf , First Edition, R eading, 1820 moveme nt not o ffi ciall y related to the churches, ye t ill co ntellt it is related to Christi a n theology, C hristia n !Q)n fnngt ideas of the power of prayer, etc. R oman Catholi cism has been much more cordial to fa ith healing than mtr~orgcnt ijrtllnb, Protes ta ntism- witness the healing cu lts of various E ur O.fr : opean sa ints, the key examples being the shrine of St. Bernade tte at Lourdes a nd the sh r ine of St. Anne de Be~ u pre' in Quebec. Powwowing amo ng Pennsylvania's ttnterrtd)t fur jebcrmann, Protes ta nts is a lmost el1lirely pre-R eforma ti on and Ca tholic in spirit. The officia l re li gio n of the Dutch t.".IIIII. : Country (Lutheran, R eformed , M ennonite, Dunkarrl, c:mun~"&a" uuO probmajl9( Amish, etc.) is Protestant-the unofficial or fo lk re ligion-which still exists a fter 400 years of Protes ta nt ~ it t dun~ .I un' t, preaching-is basicall y Cat h olic. 0ol1)obl f6t ~Ir \l)lrnr({jca ale ~il6Cllil~. 11/11 ol"m ;'UI\II' ....ltftIo I. t'f{Im ""dI, .n" 1IID1 •• How is powwowing related to "faith healing"? ~.6 W/tIj,a, nodi "'.ni~ .'•• "'" Ifl••• ~ lUll! ellmrjtfQ 14. 'lllol I. WIII"l,. 1m D",cf "r<\ltiul. Beca use fa ith healing was o utlawed by official Pro ~tTcllI~9Ifftbrn testantism, it went undergrou nd. But because beli ef ... ill the possibility of healing through fa ith a nd prayer ~ 0 ban n ~ tor 9 t) 6 tn l1'n, is a widespread huma n hope, it has occasionally m.r,. b'll 8I •• ol.S. III 40 MOON·SIGNS In Cumberland County By MAC E. BARRICK The comple le home li brary among farm families of western Cumberland Coul1lY for generatiO Jl S consisted of the Bible, a "doctor-book," a nd Boel"s Agriclliluml A / monoc.l The Almanac uwa ll y hung by a string from a nai l in the kitchen, the same nail that held the fly-swalter, so that both were readily avail able and indeed both received about equal amounts of use. The Almanac was rarely used for checking the weather; its predictions were not specific enough for that. Nor was it used to tell the date, affairs o f the sun a nd the planets as they occupy var since the feed stores furnished calendars for lhat. Still, the ious co nstell ati o ns. Folk interest, however, is concerned Almanac recei\'ed hard use, especiall y during the ~pr in g only with the moon a nd its phases, and the specific and summer mOJlths, since without it, how could one know periods a t which it occupies the various signs. During its when to plant crops, work the fi elds, or bring in the mo nthly revolution around the earth, the moon ap harves t? pears in each o f the signs a t least once. The d a tf~ s Iany loca l residents depended e l1lirely o n the informa a t which this occurs for a ny given sign is carefully tion in the Almanac for an indicatio n o f the best time recorded in the almanacs and is thus easily avail able to plant peas or potatoes, corn or tomatoes. Jt was thought to a ny interested farmer. When the moon occupies that the moon had much to do with the growth of cro ps. those signs which li e above the earth's ecli ptic, or and it is still a common beli ef tha t grain grows just as plane of its orbit, it is said to be in the " up" signs; much the night of full moon as it does during the day. when in those below the ecliptic, in the "down" signs. Some so ught Biblical evidence to support their beli efs, Among the farmers of wes tern Cumberland County the noting that God "appointed the moon for seasons" astrological horoscope has had little importa nce, but the (Psa lm 104: 19) and thai "there shall be signs in the Slln, belief in the e ffecti ve ness of moon-signs was formerly quite and in the moon, a nd the stars" (Luke 21 :25) . widespread. The day of planting seeds or setting pla nts was o f great This beli ef in the effect and importance of the moon in importa nce, and everything de pended o n the moon's posi 'agricultura l pursuits is bo~h ancient and far-reaching. Ar ti on in the zodiac on that day. Everett A. Gillis in an no ld Va n Gennep considers it one of mankind's oldest excellent study called "Zodiac Wisdom" 2 ex plains the sig beliefs,3 a nd scientists even today are puzzled by,the effect nificance of the moon-s igns: of the moon on li ving organisms.4 Thus a belief in the The zodiac proper is an imaginary belt or circle 6 n effi cacy of moon-signs may not be as far-fe tched as it at the celesti al sphere, sixteen degrees broad, co nta 1l1111 g first a ppears. The origin of this beli ef is lost in the the twelve zodiacal constellations-through which the primitive practi ces of medieval Europe. In the 15th Cen sun, because of the earth's a nnua l orbit around it, tury, the sig ns were used to determine the bes t days for seems to a n observer o n the earth to make a n annua l administering purges a nd bloodletting. Since at least 1569 circuit. ]n its horoscopes and predictions, traditional a lmanacs have indica ted the change in the signs a nd the astro logy makes great use o f the influence o n human various farm activities best performed at such times. 1 Published by John Baer's Sons, Lancaster, sin ce the 1820's. Of The classical names [or the figures surrounding the fan its annual circu lation of over 200,000 copies , seve ral thousand of the Sig ns ha ve lo ng since bee n forgo tten, the local fo lk are so ld in Cumberland COUnLy. 2 J1I eslem Folklore, XVI (1957) , 77-89. having replaced them with more signifi cant names. Thus Aries is now the R am , Taurus the Bull, Gemini the Twins, Cancer the Crab, Leo the Lio n, Virgo the Posey-woman, The Man of the Signs. (Reprin ted by Permission Aquarius the \!\fater-man, Libra the Scales, Scorpio the of John Rafr's Sons, Lancaster, from Bafr's Agri Scorpio n, Sagittarius the Archer, Capricornus the Goat, cultural Almanac, 1966) and Pi sces the Fish. Though most o[ the beliefs about moo n ANA TOMY OF MAN'S BODY, signs are traditio nal, having bee n spread by the a lmanacs, AS SAID TO BE GOVERNED BY THE TWELVE CONSTELLATIONS some develop by a nalogy, through a bela ted functioning The Head and Face - ".t Aries. o[ a beli ef in sympathetic magic. Thus it is thought that Arms, Neck, the best time to plant cabbage is in the sign of the ~ Gemini. jilt' Taurus. head , and the best time to go fi shing is in the sig n of the Fish. T he 70diac signs were origi nally ide ntified Heart , Breast, 'it Leo. >Ii Cancer. with the four elcments- eilrth (co ld a nd dry) , air (hot and moist), fire (hot plant belln.e • so the Almanac says. 29. T he sign o f the W ater-man makes polatoes watery. ES . Brown 8067. JRB. Fogel 10 14; d. 988. 1:1. Pla n t berms in the up sign and they'll go u p the poles. 30. The Twins is a good sig n lo p la nt wate1'7T1e lo 17 s. EB. Fogel 1025; M oon /or!', p. 7; Owens. p . 11 9. ES. l\loon IOJ'e, p. 10 . 14. When the sig n 's in the head [A ri es. the R am] it's a Butchering a nd other activiLies were likewise carried o u t according lo the sig ns of the moon: . " I wi~h to th ank th e fo ll owin g inforlll a nLS [or indica Ling bc 3 1. Butchering should be do ne when the moon is o n lIefs ,IIHI practices of th cir Icla ti\cs and n c i g h bor~ in an ca rlier gcncration: ,\Irs. Ella Barrick (1':11). ,\I rs . Elsic Snyder (ES) • ./ . the increase. so the meat doesn 't shrive l up whe n you fry Ru ssc ll lI anick Cl RB ). Thcsc be li cfs havc bccn co mpared with it. I've seen this happen. thc follOW ing fo lklorc co ll cc ti ons and ~ Lndi cs : The Frollk C. JRB. Brown 7693; Fogel 1259; H offma n, p. 130; 11 '011' 11 CoIIl'r/ioll of SOI/il Corolillo " ollitore, vo ls. VI - VII (Dlllhanl , 196 1- 6 1); Edwin ,\1. Fogcl, II 1'1 il'[.1 I/Ild ')1I/)I'I'.I/i/ioIlS of Owens, p. 120; R a ndolph. p . 47 . C f. Eric Sloa ne, /1,1' P"II II ')''''0 II ill (;"11111111' (Ph il,"lclphi a, 1!11 5): Wayland n. Folldore of American W ea lher (New York, 1963), pp. ~ and, " Pop" lar II c lief~ il nd S llp c r s titi()n ~ fro lll Pcnnsy lva ni a." 59-60. " ':),1/0111' " olli"i/I' (211111/1"/)" )\' (I 95!I) , 106 -120: W. J. Hoffm an. " I·olk-I.orc of thc Pcnmylva nia C: Cl'lll ans. " 10"'"0/ of AlI/ericlIlI :12. lf yo u butcher in the decrease o f the moon, yo ur !'olliloll', I (I HilS), 1 ~5 - 1 35: Moo lliore, pllb. by ./ ohll Bacr's SO liS meat'" shrivel up. (l.an('asLcI , n.d.); ./ . C . Owcn~ . " Folk -I.orc frolll lIuJl alo Vallcy. Pennsylvania Folk CC III"II Pcnnsy lvania ." 101111111 1 of . I II'I',irali " olillore, IV (IR9 1). ES. Brown 77 10. 7715, 7718; Yoder. 11 5-12il; Van ce Rand olph, Owrli S Il/)(,I~/ i/i o Ii S (:\cw York. 1 9~i); life, XII , no.4(1962), p. 37. Don ' ode I' . "Sa ll cd"raIlL in th c Pcnnsy lva ni a Folk -CuILure," 3.'3. The signs 0 1 the Fish. Crab a nd Scorpion are good 1',' 11 II ')''','"' ill Follilifl'. XII . no. 2 (S llIlllllcr. 196 1), 56-69: idem. fi shing signs. " Wit ch Tales frolll ,\ daIlIS (;O llllt v," 1'1' IIIII),itIOliio Folil life XII 11 0 . ~ ( 1 96~). 29-37. ' , • JRB. Moonlore, p. 12. Cf. Brown 7744 . 42 JULY, 7th Month .IRB. MoonI01·e, p. II ; see a lso Frederick Starr, " ome Doys Remarkable Pe llnsy h ·a nia Germall Lore," Jow·nal ot American and Days ~: I S: :~I· ep~:~ n rl::. 1 M~~~~~~:US It1o~!n ~b Weeks I h. h. ~ A .. I h_. m·I'· •. ,. •. Folltlon', JV ( 189 1),322; Owens, p. 120. ~F~ri-Cd a-y-+'I~ThL:e:::oL:bo"'ld:;--1----;T. 7 00\0 "•. C 34. Whe n the sig n o f the Fish comes In the d a rk of the JRB. moon, it's supposed LO be good fi shing. 43. G ro und plowed in the up sig n ~ t ays loose; in the d o wn JRB. sig n it gets harel. 35. Soap should be m ad e in the increase o f the m ooll . .IRB. EB. M oonlore, p. J I. E . a nd O . W e bber, B ound Gid '14 . Spread m a nure in the d o wn sig n . ( .Y., 1950), pp. 52-53: "Soap m ad e whe n the m oon .IRB. M oon /ore, p . 13; Owe ns, p . 120 . was fulling la thered up a nd cut the din, but when it 45. Shing les [wood o r asbesLO s] should be put o n ill the was becoming sm a lle r yo u'd 4 3 Reminiscences of "Des Dumm Fattel" By VICTOR C. DIEFFENBACH lVictor C. DieAenbach ( 1882-1965), long fami liar to the reach dow ll a nd pi ck u p such a dried fi sh a nd then with readers of Pellll.lyllla n ia Fol II liJ e as wri ter of t'llgagi ng hi s barber-k nife he'd cut a Il o tch a t the rear end and p ull , ke tches o f hi s boyhood, alld topical anicles on various o ut the guts. T hey were always dried in their nalUral form phases of Pe llnsy lvania's rural cullUre, died last year at the JU St as God made them. age o[ eighty-three. ' ''' e are ha ppy to publish this article Now in this town lived an erstwhi le venerinarian, a as a tribute to him. It was written in 1965 and is one of the horse doctor o[ sorts, by name of Johnnie S. He had a la;t things he wrote [or us. It deals with hi s fa vorite sub son, \lV iII, and he was a re plica of Peck's Bad Boy. ject, hi s own reminisce nces of hi s boyhood days in the so· One day W ill found the dried rem ains of a ra t in a ca ll ed "Dumb Quan er" ( /)lIlt/ll1 Faile!) of Berks County pi le of waste ma teri a l, and secretly he mixed it in with - tha t no nhwes tern corner of Berks County whi ch was the dried fish , wh ich it very much resembled . 0 as soon pro l·erbially famous for " dlll/l1lle L eit lin Jette Ochse" as 1 had occupied my reserved sea t the following night, (dumb peo ple and fat oxen). The oxen were fa t, but he slipped a slip o f paper in my ha nd. On it was scribbled , the peo ple, judging [ro m Vi ctor ])ieAenbach himse lf a nd " \\latch o ld Schlobbich! " ma ny o ther di;ti"guished farmer;' so ns who ca me [ro m This was a disreputable character, a lways after the her the area , did nOt fit the pro verbia l descriptio n. For the ring. a llti as he ass umed them to be free- Iullch he never arca d escribed ill these tales, sec j\lon o ll L. j\ lolltgomery. paid [or what he co nsumed-maybe se veral dozen-whi le H i.ltory of R alls COllllty ill Pellllsy lvania (Philadelphia, the rest of the gang, keeping account o f the number ISS(i) , e;pecially the chapters 0 11 Be thel, Tulpe hocken, a nd co nsumed by each, a lways paid for them at the co nclusion Upper Tulpe hockell Towilship;. For a brief sketch o f Vic o f the evening's fun at the ratc of o nc celll per fi sh. tor ])ie Ae llbach, ;ee Joel Hartmall, "The Pe llnsy lva nia This night o ld J o hn wa tclling o f some of hi s ex Dutch Dialect Can Never Die Out- Der Alt Bauer," Thr peri e ll ces in the Deep South during the day, of the Con Pellnsylvania Dutchman, Vol. 11'\0. 1 I , July 14, 19'19, page I. fed eracy, a lld old Schlobbich was a fter the fi sh in dead -EDITOR.] earnest, when a ll of a 'udden he started to gurgle, making Thi; arca also illcludes the o ld -s tyl e town o f Frystowll , a noise like a dog Wilh a bone in hi s throat. H e chewed which, a ltho ugh it i over 100 yea rs old, has never been with all hi s mi gh t, he made a double shuRle a nd spewed a post o ffi ce. Eve ll tho ugh it se rved as such for a Ilumber out the ha lf-c hewed carcass of a rat in to hi cupped ha ne!. of years ill the receil'illg a lld distributing o[ mail , it was Old J o hll staned [or the door and he JU St abO Ul made it. the ll kllowll as "Cro;s-Kill l\lills," but the toWIl proper \Vhell he ca me back he said to this fell o w. "j( you do that Il CI'er had thi, Ilame a!> its OW Il . i\ t the extreme wes tern 44 FREE STR, W HATS THE CASKET SLIPPED 1 recall the timc whc n Dad and I were up in the Righ t south of the school-house is a big white building; barn in a rainy day, busil y cngaged in making coops to it is the meetinghouse of the Church of the Brethren. put the chi ckens ill a~ they wcre butchering. Our next \Ve had a ~c hool teacher who was a member of this con neighbor (Isaac B.) had gO ll e LO town LO the gcneral SLOre gregation, so when thcre was a funeral at this house of of Old Sq uire Swope. and we saw him 011 his way back worshi p he allowed us LO go over. One day there was the with several SLOre boxes loaded on his two wheeled gig. funeral of a very big fat old woman a nd as it was in Shonly after dinllcr he ca me o,·er LO our house, and the wtnter, the grou nd had bee n frozen hard when they dug ga te·lock o f the barn bcing wide opcn hc drove right in on the grave; consequently there were big chunks of frozen the barn fl oor. The gig was now loaded to overflowing sod in the pile of ground near Lhe grave. There was a with dozens of new Hraw ha ts, o f all shapes and sizes. big crowd of people in allendance, ~o I got u p on the ·· Pi ck yo ursclf out a few,'· he sa id to me. Then he told pile of ground so as LO see beller. us that he had bought the wooden boxes LO make coops The undertaker in charge of the ob equies was a very as we were doing. In those days therc werc no corrugated old man and somewhat care l e~s. This a ll happened long ago boxes like nowadays. Swope had a boy as clerk in the store, (i n the era of round ~hoelace~) and there wcre no concrete a very li ve ly kid , so when hc un packed boxes he always hurial ' 45 My Granddad, a real Old Time Democrat, said thaL If a kid of fiv e usuall y wi ll be, I was over anxious to taste the boy could fix it, he'd give him five dollars in gold. the sweet juice. A ye ll ow jacket sat on the end of the And was ready LO pay him, but he o nly shook hi s head. straw a nd when I put it in my mouth, I thought tha t " Keep your money," hl: said. ''I'll go up for nix, but ! li ghtning had hit me. 1 holl ered. O ld J ake gathered me in drink first." hi s arms and rushed to the house. Some o ne of the So, to keep the peacl:, the o ld man LOo k the boy over women put so me baking soda on it, but J ake wen t to the LO the hotel, gave him a good snoner of the rea l stuff corner-cupboard a nd go t out a big bottle of whi skey. H e and the n shinned up that pole like a singed cat a nd soon put about a spoonful in a glass, added a good swallow had the tbing a-going. Old Glory was Rung LO the breeze of water, and ga \'e it to me. I drank it and soon forgot and was proudly Rapping whil e the eagle screa med and the pain. likewise did the crowd. And the yo ungst r LOok the money "WET CIDER" I N THE "OFF YEAR" and finally let the good old rye drool from the corners of T he apples 011 the trees whi le still growing a nd im his slack-jawed mouth. H e was ca lled Anson Sourw in e; mature, were just all owed to grow, they were not thinned. later he was a steeple-jack, fell from a church spire that So the tree bore a super crop of fruit, was exhausted, he was pa in ting up in H arrisburg, hit in a sky li ght a nd and the nex t year or the next growing season would fail broke his back. to bring a crop. I t was the year of no fruit a nd was T his was the first pole I ever hel ped LO erect for a ca lled in the Pennsy lva nia German dialect "des ab)'oh,''' Democratic Presidelll of the United tates. The second one the "off year." Nobody seemed to know the cause of it was for '''' oodrow ' '''ilson, aL the Re hrersb urg Fire H all the why a nd the wherefore. in 191 3, a nd the third o ne was for Fra nklin Dela no Roose So whe n there would be a scarcity of fruit (o nly a few ve lt, at 1\ / t. Aeilla in 1932 . I still think that this is quite a a pples), the pomace (eppel-drescltder) , after it had been record for a kid of 82 years o ld . I'd like LO have anyone pressed, was placed in wooden tubs, the big scalding-trough, with such a record write LO the EdiLOr o f Pennsylvania used at butchering time to scald hogs, a nd a lot of water Folklire and tell him. poured on it, un ti l it was covered. It was let soak for several days a nd then it was used to replenish the cider THE O LD C IDER 1\ [JLL barrels. T his was ca lled "nasseT cider" (wet cider) . About a city block South of FrysLO wn was the home of old Jacob Groff. Old J ake was godfa ther LO my Dad and T HE T R AI\ I P AND THE V1NEGAR BARREL so we used LO go thert LO make our cid er. This, in the ]f one wanted good vinegar in a hurry, we put a old ell times, was quitt a chore. Unlike the article by bra nch from a linden-tree (basswood) in through the Alliene DeChant ill a fo rmer issue of the Dutchman which bunghole. Just cut it from a li ve tree, let the bark o n it, describes it- the farmers in our area did lOT co ngregate leave a stub so it wi ll not sli p down illlo the barrel, a nd and discus the crops while waiting their turn at making YO ll will have vi nega r strong enough to use before you cider. know it. I 1 remember the tillle whe n D ad a nd I went LO the I remember the day that I' was busil y employed in clean Groff homestead to find o ut when we could get the mill. ing o ut an old vinegar barrel as a ki d, when a big old J ake scra tched his pa te a nd replied , "Tomorrow (Monday) German tramp (e n nl1n-La era) 4 came into o ur yard and Mike SLOudt will come; Tuesday comes Jim Krause. '''' ecl asked me what I was doing. I told him; the vinegar had nesday is the day for John Deck (Der Schor-Deck [S heep been no good-it wasn't spoil ed- it never had been vinegar. Deck] , ~u ca ll ed since he always had sheep and there was My mother, the hired gi rl , my grandmother a nd all the a nother man of the same name in the co mmunity.) .:1 neighboring women had all tried their luck and it was o you ca n co me o n T hursday!" just an oil y, sticky slop. So Fritz stood the barrel on end, So we went bright and early to the Groff farm. One took off the hoops at the top and lifted out the barrel of the horses was hitched to a lo ng pole, or ra ther to head. "K ein Wunder" (no wonder), he said. H e reached a si ngle-tree attached to the pole, which at the upper in to the barrel a nd removed a n armful of grapevines, end was mortised illlo the revolvi ng shaft of the grinder. twigs, strips of dough, a nd God knows what. All of it had So when the horse walked all the time in a circle with been put in by the vario us diagnosticians. Then he put in the sweep tha t turned the grinder, I would be sea ted near some lime alld wood ashes and boiling water. After we the two wooden groovp.d rollers of the grinder. The apples had clea ned it, he put the hoops back o n it again. were dumped in to a hvpper, fell down into the contraption Fritz helped to pick cider a pples a nd when we were a nd were mashed into a lumpy mass, which clung to the ready to go to Spannuth's Cider 1\/ill he went along. H e rollers. I had a wooden paddle (en britsch) to scrape took a n axe alo ng and while we made cider he went this stuff off the rollers, down into a bin underneath, from upstream, alo ngs ide the mill-dam, with the axe o n his where it was scraped up a nd put in the press nearby. sho ulder. I was deathly afraid that I would drop into the machine Soon he returned carrying a sti ck from a linden tree. and be g'rol' nd to mush. Maybe it wo uld have been lucky H e told us that they ca ll it "Sa ll er- huls" (sour-wood) _ '''' hen for me if l had. we told of this at o ur supper-table, old Sarah, our old Canvas or burlap had not yet been in ve llled, so rye straw, maid hired girl, sa id, "Geb mir tIScht drei beesse weiver threshed with Rails, was used in the press. One time rm' ins Fass duh"-"Just give me three a ngry women to as the man at the prtss sLop ped to put on a fres h layer put in a barrel." :; of apples, I asked him if I c0uld have some cider to 4 Vi ctor Dieffenbach had a particularly rich repertoire of drink. H e handed me a lo ng piece of straw a nd told me tramp stories. See also his va luable articl e, " Peddlers I Remem to drillk all I wanted. Eager to quench my thirst a nd as ber," in Pennsy lvania Folklire. Vol. XIV No.1, Orlober 1964. 5 This "melhod" for sourin g vi nega r, With its obviolls sym ;{ Will our readers se nd lists of simi lar ni cknames familiar to pathelic magic hasis , has bee n common ly reported by folk Ih em from their home areas, to th e Editor of Pennsy lvania lorisls working in th e Pennsylvania Dutch Co untry. The so ur Folk life. ness of th e wom en was th ought to transfer itse lf to th e vi negar. 46 PROVERBIAL LORE OF T HE "DU I [FATTEL" these two-inch logscrews. I wo ult! help whenever I could I. " Never li e back o f a green (unbroken) mule to rest get a hold. during the noon hour (die mk-schl1tl1dl) ." One time I helped to move the landlord from the hotel 2. "Don't lift a guinea-pig by the tailor its eyes will at FrysLOwn LO R ock, in Schuylkill Coullly. It LOok three dro p out." days- one LO get us loaded and drive all the way across 3. "When bringing a new cow home-i.e., one that you the Blue fountai n. It got LOO late and we were tired, just bought-drive it bacllwards around the barn three so we didn't get unloaded that day. At least some of the times a nd the cow won't get homesick," said O ld ick wagons didn't, although some drivers did. \V agner LO me one time. T he second day no one was inclined LO do a stroke "How do yo u go backwards with a cow?" I said. "She in the morning. Towards evening we finished unloading, ha s no reverse." but it was LOO la te LO start for home a nd we went home Then he explained that he mealll counter-clockwise, only the third day. he didn't know that word, so he sa id LO go backwards.G 4. "\Vhen the applebulter would boil up and go over APPLEJACK AT THE FUNERAL the kellle a nd run all over, they LOld us LO put some Speaking of funerals in times past, I recollect Granddad telling of how it used LO be the CUSLO m of passing around bUller in it LO get it down again." \'Ve were at one of the jug or bottle at a funeral before proceeding to the our neighbors when this happened . So o ne of the gi rls s came and put in a hunk o f bUller like a walnut in a pla te ; church and subseq uent interment. If the ma n o f the house had passed on, the eldest son it didn't help. She said tha t down in the cellar was plellly would come out inLO the ya rd with a jug or bottle of but she was afraid LO go down in the d ark all a lo ne, so I rye or applejack. The friends, neighbors, and acqua intances went alo ng LO hold the lantent. I was o nly about fourteen of the deceased then all lined up in a row a lo ngside the then. fence a nd he'd go all a long the'line a nd give each a drink. 5. " When ever o ne mO\'es LO a new place, the very first Granddad sa id that there was one very short fellow who thing the farmer's wife should do in enteri ng her new home would always get LO the upper end of the rmy, get his is this: without speaking o ne word LO a nyo ne, she should drink, then work his way down LO the lower end o f the give LO their dog a freshly cut sli ce o f bread, well smeared class so as LO get a second helping. with butter, a nd that dog will ne\'er let any stra nger or rob I still have in m y possession a black serge swallow- tailed ber elller tha t house!" This is from a very old farm wife that frock coat, worn by a preacher o f ye olden time. It has used LO li\'e up here lo ng ago. It also appli es LO anyone a slas h-pocket in the inside o f the coat-tail, LO slip in a that mO\'es from place LO place, not just LO farmers. Hask.9 FLITTING (MOVING) DAY A VISIT TO THE CE TEN IAL Speaking o f moving, reminds me-some folks say a " Rit remembel- my mo ther relating of her experiences when ting." but that is more modent. Fo lks in LOw ns a nd cities, she a nd my fa ther, in compa ny with a number of friends, rellling, o ften move LO a dista nt place a nd forget LO pay had a tte nded the Centennial in Philadelphi a in 1876. She the rent. This is o ften do ne at night, hence a fl y-by-night, used LO te ll liS o f how full of soldiers, standing on guard, or Ritting.' it was, a nd o f all the numerous statues they saw there. As a kid, 1 remember how Dad a nd 1 would go LO a One place the big crowd jammed the traffic and they moving where fo lks mO\'cd in from a distance, LOO far for had LO ~a it for a moment. A sta tue was right beside her, us LO help transporting their SlUff. So Dad would go, armed or at least she thought it was one; so she reached over with a gia nt old wooden-ha ndled i>crewdriver LO help in a lld gently stroked the cheek of the ma n with her fore selling up the old four-posters with their big iro n fillger a nd sa id, "il ly, but he's got a smooth cheek," anel screws in the ends of the side bari>. iI lost of the folks the fell ow turned hi s head . would llOt ha\'e a n y LOo ls of sllffi cie nt i>tre ngth LO move H This custom repre"entcd the pre-temperance movemelll ,; ~11I1 - wise or clock-wise was . in the Celtic and Cermani c trad slance of the I'enn sy lvd lli d Dut ch I.utherans and Reform ed of itions of ;'\orthwcst Europe. th e accepted direction for going Berks Co unty- who held out longest against th e invas ion of in a circle for hea ling and oth er purposes. Going cou nter-clock the l'urilani7ed mores of Ih e Anglo-A men ca n churches. wise was looked upon in fo lk -u dlll rc as re\'crsing the process n The relish with which Victor Dieffenbach relates this dis involved. cove ry is related to Ihe fac t Ih at Pennsy lva ni a Dutchmen like .. The lenn " flit ling;' fronl th e \ erb " to flit " i~ a co mlll on to tcll stori es of I.ut heran or Reformed preachers of the 19th Scotch-Irishi"n in i'ennsy h ania. Des pite Victor Di effenbach's per Ce ntury who ent ered church on SlInday wilh one too many sona li7ed elymo log) o[ it. the word has been traced, "ia Scot for Ih e road. We need st udies of altitudes of layman to clergy land. to Old :'\oJSe. It means , ilnpl )' to ·move from place to man in Americall religion. Evell in th e Protestant Pennsy l pl ace. Pen nsy lvanians IJ\C th e noun "(lilting" both [or the \ alli a Dutch Co untry Ihere was a lin gering antI-cleri ca lism process of mo,ing personal propC I ty flom farm to [arm, and which expressed ilself in such folktales where Ih e preacher was for t he goods Ill(l' ed a t I he I i me of mo\ i ng. deRated in Ihis comm on way. 47 TOBACCO IN THE CH URCH H e w ~s a na ti,'e o f Lancaster Coun ty ~ nd very se lf-con "Vh cn Gra nddad rcbud t a nd rcmodelcd the old Luthera n fid e nt o ur big LOm Cat a t home when he eats a mo use. j JC KEL H AIRCUTS Men of the show ca me with lo ng iron rods, hea ted in And o ld Serellus o il the tailer who lived at the eaS l a furnace in an enclosed wagon till they were white hot end o f LOw n and a lso officiated as the ,'illage barber, he for at least a foot. T hey pushed the rods in LO the cage would cut yo ur ha ir with the scissor s for no ne knew what until the beast relinquished his grasp a nd the ma n drop a clipper was at that time. It W IOToh;ICCO -chc willg w a~ so C0 1ll111 0 11 ill 191h Cen tury m e l'- II Elmc r :'-:0 11 \va s OIl C of Ihc last praclising Gcrm an- Ia n g ira Ihal SpiII OO Il ' WCIl' p10\ id l'd fOI CO ll SI,II111 y ch e wi ll g l11 ale uage prc;J( he rs [roll. I he 1),. lCh COl '"I 1'\ . 111 I h e last \ ea rs hefore dlll rch -lll e l11 iJ c". ' I his e((icsia,lic;li lo icra ll c o( hlll11an fo ihles his rCCC ll1 d eath Ir e used to I)1'C;lch Ihe (;C l'Ill a n 'C I'I11 0 11 a l Ihe h as died 0 111 ill Ih !\'lle ri Ca ll chllrch cs, h il t o ll e ca n still se ill CO ml11 e l1lOra li\ e dia leCi scn icc, Ihill h ave corn c to be h e ld ce1 1a ill mo. e p.i.llili\ c P,IIIS of 1', lIrope, "ig lls s u ch as the 0 11 widc lv ill I "Ih e r~n a l1 d R eformcd (trn il e cl ) C hu rch es in Eas t which \ 'iclo , l)ic ll l' lliJ ac h Ill c nliom, ' ''hile il is rlllllo red Ih al ern P C I1Il ~\ h il ilia. c,a l11pics of Ihis I'pe of d lll r 48 THE ROUND CH RCH R e li giou~l) . I am a Freethinker, i.e., I am NOT tied down to any stereotyped way of thinking a nd/ or form of worship. And this remind~ me of a ,cry humorous story that I heard one time about a certain smart young man a nd a preacher. The boy was hired to a farmer, and on the first unday at his new home he attended the sen ices in a nearby church. The preacher, noticing the stranger. came up to him after the conclusion of the services and cordia lly extended hi s hand in greeting to the boy. H aving a ked his name he asked the yo uth if he belonged to any church, and if so, to state it, name, location, 19 NOTES and DOCUMENTS Two Documents from the First World War Folklife scholars are illlerested in the sa me hisLOry a nd LO ry a t the University of Pennsy lva ni a. This document culture as sc holars of o ther disc iplines. H owe ver, their in illustra tes a type of " propheti c" biblical numerology that terest in such events as the Civil War o r 'Norld vV ar I, is popul ar amo ng Ameri ca n Protesta nt sects of the apo for exam ple, is not in these events as political or military ca lyptic, pre- m i Il enn ial ist, a nd advelllist varieties. A popu hi sLOry but in the effects o f these eve ntS o n the folk lar pastime for sectarians of this type is LO exercise their culture, a nd the de posit of songs, ball ad s, a nd other ingenuity in fi guring OUt who is the "Beast" of the book effects of the war period o n the area a nd culture understudy. of Da niel o r the "A ntichrist" of the book of Revelation. R ecenuy twO such documents have turned up o n the Since sectari a ns of this mind-set are radica ll y aga inst co n EdiLOr's de k, o ne a Pe nnsy lva ni a Dutch " R ece ipt for ' Na r temporary culture, this usuall y turns out to be the CO il time Ponhoss," a dialect sa tire o n the H oover food-saving temporary "enemy," in 19 18 the Kaise r, earli er Napoleon, program of the ,,,rorld \ Var I period. It represents Penn a nd in our time Hitler. The document would seem LO be sy lva ni a Dutch humor at its broad a nd uneuphemisti c a copy of a newspaper article submitted to a loca l news best. The ma nuscript co py of the " receipt" was given the paper by Pri va te Richard D. Kistler. The manuscript was EdiLOr by l\frs. l\ label Sn yder of Temple, Berks Coullly, long found in Frederi ck, l\ la ryl a nd, which places it within the a faithful demonstraLOr (soa pmaking, whitewashing) at the Pennsy lvania Dutch cultural area. This type of fantastic Folk Festiva l, who has treasured it sin ce the days of its numerologica l ca lculatio n is not limited to Pennsylva ni a first circulation. Dutch sects; it is wide pread in the United States a nd The second document, also a product of the first ' Norld usuall y appears in times of na tional crisis. The document War, was brought LO the EdiLOr by Scott Swa nk of La n is reproduced here with the permissio n of its owner , caster, Pe nnsy lva ni a, graduate student in American His- Scott Swank.-EDITOR. DOCUl\fENT NO.1 " Rece ipt [o r '''' anime Po nhoss" [ENGLl H TRANSLATION) lch bill shOll dale 1II0is frorroh'd werra for m)' "HI'sale" I have already been asked many times for my "receipt" for an glider pOl1h oss Iw IlOeha. Darrieh die "food eo nslar for cooking good po nhoss. Throughout these food constar va lion" Ize ila 1I111S meT alles denka f01- wolfel tzu la va. vatio n times we have to co nsider everything carefully in f) rs is en "ra'sa ll''' os ajJjJroved is bei'm food exlenninalor o rder LO live chea p. This is a receipt that is approved J-J oOve'- lin aw b)1 da JIl rl·. Scoll . by Food Exterminator H oover and also by l\ frs. Scott. Nem ell pailr g Uilt shlivel, en shlivel hneehl, en alt Take a pair of gum-boots, a boot-jack, an old horse's gei!'l p'Y'li err, 20 fOOl rubber hOle, etlic/w j)(wr alia hossa harness, 20 feet of rubber hose, a few pairs of old sus dmg('1 un feTtle k/ofler sehhpjJeTy elm holz; du's all in en penders and a quarter cord of slippery elm wood; put it groller eisner Iinlel 11I1 hocll '.1 III it Izwa aill1er foll wasser all in a big iron ke ttle a nd boil it with tWO pails full of for dTei dmvg 1IddeT lii.1 die gU I/l slilivel wa ich sin 1111 water [or three days o r until the gum-boots are soft and the die hOlsadrageT folla {11I1 dll ldl//{/lla. RIIII 'S all danich en suspenders [all from the butLOns. Run it all through a (/lIi.1/1 I/lill 1111 du's Izw-iek in die bree_ Now du ga nunk mea t-grinder a nd PUt it back inLO the juice. lOW put in soh 1'7110 Ie, 11010 e.,Ii 1(11 lillcllWl/ilza .l/lfro/l nei for (' II dick eno ugh sawdust, coal ashes, a nd buckwheat straw to cook IZII hocl/{! wie 11111.1h. 1'01- Si'alon illg I/lfd II/er qllel1t/e, it thick like musll. For seasoning we use thyme, Epsom english soliz 1111 rhoder jJeUI'1'. leli dl/ ofllll ois j)aar hendfoll salts, a nd red pepper. I often throw in a few handfuls of dodta mic/(a n('i lellm eiYI d('s /lw ehl der POll iiI/a s g1lc/w os dead {-]i es-that ma kes the ponhoss look as if there is meat WOI1 (laish drill wehr II/I dCl /lwclll was III('J' IlIIi ll "calli 01/ in it and that makes what yo u ca ll "camouA age" ponhoss. (lo ge" jJOI1 hass. Now LO fry the ponhoss take a meat-sa w a nd saw it up Now fOT deT jJonhalls tzu broda lI em en f/aish-sake tin in sli ces, smear the skillet with wagon-grease and cook it .wg'n lIf in slices, sc/l1l1ieT die POI1 mil waga-sehmier 1/11 until the gum-boo ts begin LO stink. I recomme nd this pon brod '/1 bis die gum slltivel ow fonga tzu shtinlw. l elt hoss to people that have the pepsy. Te/{omelld del' jJol1 hoas 1m leit os es pepsy hen. 1 don 't charge my readers a nything for the receipt. I Ich cltrlTge 111)' la.\er nix for die "m'sate." Tcll feel es is feel it is my duty LO help people along in these times of 111)' jJ(lichl for da lell lI1il tw helfa in rienno deil'o lu ila. sca rci t y. Such a recei pt is worth a lot a nd hel ps LO wi n So ell "ra'.la le" i .1 {tel (veri It 11/1 Il elft der grieg ga'wilma. t he war. 50 DOCU:-'IE T 0.2 ''''ar Abracadabra The following most remarkable article appeared in the TII/mco iJemocrat for the first time and was published in the Enid Eve nts of En id, Oil/ahoma. W hoever wrote it is a man'el at figures, a nd we most sincerely hope that the author is right, a nd that the figures do not li e. The Kaiser is the man that started the war: erbit r.lie] i. the country where the war started. There are six lellers in each of these words, and if wrilten togeth('r and di vid ed by /Will('f will a lso spell " Kaiser" a nd "Servia." K ai - er, Ser - bia. The grcate.t mall in France is J offre, comma nder at the ,\Iame. ,\pply the .ame rule as above, a nd we have Jor - fre. Fre - nch . GermallY cla ims to be the most cultured natio n 111 the world, ami this Super·culture is termed " kulrur," Turkey is the least "kultur"-ed . Apply this rule: Kul - Tur. Tur- key. A nd now the Kaise r 's number: If the wo rd " Kaiser " i. wrillen with each /eller follo wed by the number of its place in the II/phllbel , a nd 1I[ler these is p/aad the sig nifica nt number "6," we have: K- 116, A- 16, 1- 96, S- 196, E- 56, R - lS6. "666"- the Kaiser 's number. Six times six equals 36, plus Six, equals 42 months. Also no te tha t when the Kaiser started the war he was 55 years and six months old, 666 months, which again fixes the Kaiser's number. Having established this fact, yo u will be interested in the reading from the thi r/eenth chapter of R evelation, the 4th 5th and ISth verses. 4 - "And they worshipped the dragon which gave power un to the beast, a nd they worshipped the beast, saying: 'Vho is like unto the beast, Who is able to m ake war with him?" 5 - " And there was give n unto him a mo uth speaking great thillgs a nd blas phemi es, a nd power was given to con· tinue [or/)' a nd Iwo mOl1ths." IS - " H ere is wisdom, Let him that ha th understa nding co unt the number o f the beast; [or i l is Ihe Illlln!J('1" of a 1111111," a nd hi s number is Six hllndred , Ihr('(' score and .Iix." (6 66.) " 'ar started in August, 191 4. plus 42 m o nths, brings yo u to February, 19 15. R espectfull y Submilled by Richard D. Ki stler, Pri vate, First C lass, Co. B . 7th U .S. Infa ntry, Syracuse, .Y. 51 The Dutch and Irish Colonies of Pennsylvania By TYRONE POWER [Tyrone Power ( 1797- 184 1) was a n Irish actor, born in iogll omy, the third ill descent, (rom the worthies exhorted County 'Vaterrord, Ireland, who spent hi s youth in ' '\Ta les, a" ;li lOIC, remaim uIH.haliged . The cases upo n which, as a E ngland, a nd o u th Africa. From 1826 on he wa, a suc lurymall . he decide>. he hears through the medium of a n cess as an Irish comedi'l n o n the London stage, where, o ffi cia l interpreter; he has hi , own journal, which ser ves according to hi s biographer, he was " best in representa ti o ns o ut hi s portion o f po liti cs to him in Low Dutch, and in of b lundering, good-na tured , a nd eccentric Irish chara the sa me la nguage is printed such portions of the acts tel"> ..." In 1833-1835 he made a n ex tensive thea tri ca l o f the State legisla ture as may in a ny way relate to the tour o f America, repea ting the circuit in 1837 and 1838 ,ecti o n he inhabits; the o nl y portio n of the community, a nd aga in in 1840-184 1. H e di ed at ea on the way back illdeed , whi ch he kllOws, or cares to know, a nyth ing abou t. to E ngla nd o n the ill-fated hip Pre.lidenl which sa nk in :'I/ y ho nest co untrymen o f the sa me cia s, J can a nswer a storm in J\I arch, 184 I. The fo ll owi ng humorous sketch for being as sli g htly so phisti ca ted as their colder neigh o f the Dutch and Irish groups in Pennsy lva nia a ppears IlOurs: it is true, their tattered robes have been superseded in his I mpressions of America, Dliring ti, e Years 1833, by suffi cie nt cl othing, a nd a bit o f good broadcloth for 183-1, and 18,5 (London, 1836), J, 18 1- 187.-EDITOR.] Su nday or Saint's d ay, ,1I1d their protracted lenten fare Here are two colo ni es yet existing within this State, excha nged for abunda n ce o f good meat, and bread , a nd samples of both indeed may be found within a few miles "tay, galore, for the priest a nd the mi s tr es~;" but when of Philadelphia,-and these constilllte with me it never politics or a ny stirring ca use is o fl ered to them, their fai ling source of interest a nd a museme nt. They are com fe lings are found to be as excita ble, and their tempera posed of Dutch a nd I rish, o ften loca ted on adjo ining town ment as fi ery, as tho ugh still sta nding on the banks of the ships, but keeping their borders as clearl y defin ed as though SuiI' or the Shannon. the wall of C hina were drawn between them. No two bodies On all occasio ns of rustic holiday they may yet be exist in nature more re pell ent; neither time, nor the readily recogni7ed by their sling ing gait, the bit of a sti ck nece sities of traffi c. which d a ily arise a mo ng t a growing borne in the hollow of the ha nd, the inimita ble sha pe popula tion, ca n induce a repea l of their tacit non-inter a nd se t o f the ha t, the 10"e of to p-coats in the men, and course sys tem , or re nder them eve n to lera nt o f each other. the abiding taste for red ribands a nd silk gowns amo ngst I have understood tha t Pa t has on occasions o f 11I gh festivity the women. been kno wn to extpnd his courtesy so far as to pay hi s The inherent difl eren ce between the two people is never Germa n neig hbours a ca ll to inquire kindly whether "any mo re strikingly perceived tha n when yo u ha"e occasion to g intleme n in the place might be inclin d for a fight;" but make a ny inqui ry whilst passing through their villages. Pull this evidence o f good-na lllre a ppears to have been neither up yo ur horse by a gro up o f little Dutchmen, in order to understood no r reci proca ted , a nd, proof agai nst the bla nd lea rn yo u r way or a,k a ny information, a nd the cha nce is ishme nt, 1\l ynheer was no t even to be hammered in to they either run away. " upo n instinct," or are screamed at colltact with "dem wilder Irisher." to come within doors by their prudent mo thers; upon It is a curious ma tter to observe the purity with whiCh which cry they SGllter, like scared rabbits, for the warren, bo th people have conserved the dialect of their respective leaving you to " Try TlI m er," or any other shop within hail. countries, a nd the integrity of the ir ma nners, costume, For m yself. a fter a sli gh t experi ence, I succeed ed with prejudices, nay, their very a ir, all of which they yet prese nt m y fri e nds to admira ti o n : the few sentences of indif fresh a nd cha racteristi c as imported by thei r a ncestors, fercnt Dutch which I ye t co nserved from m y educa tion altho ug h so me of them are the third in d escent from the amo nst t he Vee boors, a t the Cape, ser ved as a passport first colo nists. Differing in a ll other particulars, o n this to t heir cil ilit)'. Witho ut this accomplishme nt, a ll stra ngers po int of character their simil arity is striking . arc su' pe<..le d o f being Jri, hers; and, as such, partake of Amongst Ihe Germans I ha ve had families pointed out to the di,like a nd dread in which their more mercurial neig h me, whose fathers beheld the commencement of the war bours arc held by this ,ober and close-ha nded genera tion. of Inde pe nde nce in Pe nnsy lva nia, yet who are at this On t he other il a lld , e n ter a n Jri, 11 vi ll age, and by a ny day as ignoril nt o f its lil nguage, ex tent, policy, or popula cll il nce see the young vi ll ai ns precipitated out of the com ti o n, as was the WOrt hy pastor o f whom it is rela ted , mon >c hool: ca ll to o ne o f these, and a doze n will be that, having bee n req ues ted to communica te to his fl ock ullder yo ur ho rse's feet ill a mo me nt; prompt ill their the want o f su pplies which ex isted in the Ameri ca n ca mp, replie" el en if igno ra nt o f that yo u seck to lea rn; a nd he assured the authorities tha t he had do ne so, as well ready a nd willing to show you a n)' place or road they a, described to them the exact state o f affairs: k now a n )'thi ng, or no thi ng, a bo ut. I ha, e fr eC] ue n tI y on "I sa id to dem ," he re peated in English, "Get op, min the,e occasions, whell a,ked to walk into their ca bin by broders und mine zisters, und put dem paerd by die "agen, the o ld people, o n hearing their accent, and see ing myself mit brood lind corn ; mit sc ha a p 's fl esh and fl esh of die thus surro unded , almo't doubt ed my beill g in the "a ll ey groote bigs, lind os fi e h; und ;tIles be brepare to go op de of i'enn'yil'a ni a. vay, mit odeI' goed me w" to sooply Ge neral Vashinton, So lillie indeed does the accen t of the lrish ,\ meri can, who was fi g hting die E ngli she Konig "01' our peopl es, und who Ii , e, el-clu ;, i, el y aillo ll g>l his own people in the coun d er lifes, lind d er liberdie" o p-o n dem bilnks o f de try p;t rt;,. - difl er IrOIll that 0 1 the se ttler of a year, that Schuylkill, die,e side of die Ves tern Illdies."" on occasio ns o f close ly-co il tes ted elections this leads to im In his piggery o f a residellce a nd hi s palace of a barn, po;, itio ll 0 11 o ll e ha lld ;11 1<1 , exa tion o n the other; a nd ill his waggoll, hi , oxe n, hi s pipe, his person a nd phys- it is Il y 11 0 mea ns uncommo ll for it ma n, w hose fa ther • Power,' ;mpr cs~ l o n s 0 1 th c sO llnd of a Dili ch I'cnm" lvanian was bol'll in the Stales, to I)e ques tioned as to hi s right lil lking English wcrc olH iOll sh mi xcd \\';Ih hi , mcmol ic' of <;o llih o f citi lenship, -----5 .----_. --~~ ~ - ~~.,. ".- I, : : -') I /' f i I ~ ~; I Wida~l' )(a.!SshtYa6~! . -- I ! I II I,18\6 Annu.al 1 1 II I I I _ I I KUTZTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA i . ~ I ' 1\ I' /ill;~~LV 1-8, 1967 ~ ,/ ~> '. ~~:' t; po~e ~ain Next- Year! l,ij: l ~ ~ I j ,~I I I ! I' I l ~ I \ It! \ • , I I <'" 'yO -..'I. ",< ~ -,.. 'I. ~".., ~e.0- ( e. I> 'yO ~".. ",-",< 'l1<:!> ,,'- ~;pv .,,' . ?-4~ • ~ • ~ . -" ..-. '!t..e;< · • (;,fJ ....<- ~ e( W agons -~~~:::' ,.;.",< ...... ,.- C} ~o ,..., ?-0'1. Covered Bridge W ,,~ • o~ ~e;( c:,,¢~ -?-o..,~'" -?-~>"" O~~· • 1.1...... • • • • • • • --~.~.~---...... ~.-- '\J.e.' 0<-" e' eo( e .. ~- . ~'&' ~7T' ~~ ~~ 'y0< _d. ~ • 0° <1-V"'" o'\~ e" 'If'' ~-- _.. - .. <0<0 y."«- ,(,0'0 PROGRAMS and SCHEDULED-ACTIVITIES (See Pages 26-27) Spinning • Penmanship • Rug Making Hex Signs . Furniture . Painting Toleware FOOD PLA HERS 3. SEMINAR Making Spatterware and Glassware Pottery • Cookery • F raktur and Portrait 4. WITCHCRAFT FIRST AID Painting • Display of 18 th and 19th-Century ...- FOOD SPECIALTIES of the Dutch S. HANGING Organs • Block Printing • Basket Making Strawmobiles • Tinware • Etc. EATING and DRINKING STANDS 6. QUILTING REST ROOMS ANTIQUES 7. CHILDREN'S GAMES EXHIBITIONS* FARMERS MARKET • Re-creation of early 19th-century C ~OMMONS 8. SQUARE DANCING Kitchen, Dining Room and Bedroom PIG PENS * 9. SCHOOL DAYS • Old-Time Toy Shop PROGRAMS PUBLICATIONS The Co mmo ns area portrays the down-la -earth Qualities • Country Store • Children's Furniture .'f. Craftsmen from a seven-Co unty area d is o f the Pennsylvania Dutch, demonstrating the many face ts • Dry Goods Store • Grandfather's Clocks pl aying, d emonstrating and sell ing their wares. of their way of life.