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Pembroke Castle Information Pack Contents Welcome Background information for teachers 2 We welcome you to Pembroke Castle. Pembroke Castle - A Brief History 2 This Information Pack contains a range of useful material about the castle for • Early Settlers 2 use with your pupils and can be used independently or alongside the Education • An Earth and Wood Castle. 1093- Pack to fully support your visit to us. 1204 2 We encourage you to make use of it as • A Stone Castle. 1204-1247 3 pupils will beneft from having some background knowledge about the castle • The Invincible Castle. 1247-1454 3 before they visit. The material contained within it is designed to be easy to • Pembroke Castle and the Tudors. disseminate and adapt to meet the needs of the group you are working with and 1454-1642 4 your topics. A guidebook is also available to purchase from the gift shop. • The Civil War. 1642-1648 5 • Restoration at the Castle. 1880-present 5 Attack and Defence 7 Timeline 8 A Tour of the Castle 10 Castle Stories 15 Important Characters 19 Glossary 22 1 Background information for teachers Pembroke Castle - A Brief History 2. An Earth and Wood Castle Pembroke Castle is one of the largest 1093-1204 in Wales and sits high on the tip of a The Norman Conquest of Wales began rocky limestone peninsula, alongside the in 1093 after Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last Cleddau estuary. The following information Prince of south-west Wales was killed in describes how Pembroke Castle changed a border skirmish. His death allowed the hands over time, and evolved from a castle Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, with earthwork ramparts and timber walls, to sweep into Pembroke at the head of his to the sympathetically restored stone invading force. He established his base castle you see today. here and built an earth and timber castle on the site of the present Inner Ward. 1.Early Settlers Roger had fve sons and when he died in An unusual feature of the castle is ‘The 1094, Arnulf, his youngest son received Wogan’ (pictured below). A vast natural the castle. Arnulf ruled as a Marcher cavern deep in the limestone rock beneath. (or frontier) Lord, which was a Norman It provided shelter for cave dwellers for system that gave enormous power to thousands of years and flint tools from the barons in return for the subjugation of the Stone Age period have been found there. surrounding area. Further evidence of occupation comes from later cave dwellers, who sought The downfall of Arnulf de Montgomery shelter here at the end of the Roman came in 1102 when he and his eldest occupation of Britain, leaving a coin hoard brother Robert rebelled against the new behind. The Normans constructed a spiral king of England, Henry I. They were quickly staircase from the cavern to the castle defeated and banished, and Pembroke was above, and today, you can still reach the seized by the king. cavern directly from the castle via the 55 step staircase. Between 1102 and 1135 King Henry I 2 Background information for teachers increased Norman control in the area 3. A Stone Castle by founding the town of Pembroke at 1204-1247 the castle gate, establishing a market William Marshal, had come to the attention and mint. To encourage people to settle of several kings of England as a trusted here he granted Pembroke a charter that and brave soldier and statesman. He offered a range of rights and privileges. championed the causes of both Richard I He also reorganised the Marcher lordship and John, whom he advised on the Magna and appointed a succession of sheriffs to Carta. In recognition of his loyal support administer the region. The most notable to the monarchy, King Henry II promised was Gerald de Windsor who married his marriage to Isabel de Clare, Richard Princess Nest, the daughter of Rhys ap Strongbow’s only daughter and the heiress Tewdwr. of Pembroke. Richard I upheld this promise and William and Isabel married in 1189, When King Henry I died in 1135 his a union that made William a very wealthy succession was contested and a bloody and powerful man. In 1200 he received civil war followed. In order to gain support Pembroke Castle. the new King, Stephen granted away many of Henrys acquisitions of land as As the new Earl of Pembroke, William earldoms. The earldom of Pembroke was Marshall erected the frst stone structure created and given to Gilbert de Clare, a at Pembroke Castle in 1201, a time of fearless fghter who became known as upheaval in the region. He set about ‘Strongbow’. His son, Richard ‘Strongbow’ creating a huge stone castle in a classic became the second earl of Pembroke upon Norman design, beginning with the great Gilbert’s death in 1148. Richard is best cylindrical tower or Keep with domed roof. remembered for his involvement in the When William died in 1219 at the ripe old invasion of Ireland where he proclaimed age of 72, his sons made some additions himself Lord of Leinster and Governor of to the castle for example the Dungeon Ireland. Alarmed by his growing strength, Tower. the new king of England, Henry II, ordered Richard to return from Ireland or forfeit 4. The Invincible Castle his land in England. Richard Strongbow 1247-1454 was eventually able to regain King Henry II After the death of Marshal, fve of his sons favour before he died in 1176. Without an were Earls of Pembroke, each of them heir, the castle fell to the crown. dying childless. The Earldom passed to William de Valance, the husband of William Marshal’s granddaughter, Joan de Munchensy. The Valence family held the castle for over 70 years, strengthening it by building the walls and towers around the Outer Ward. They also fortifed the town, creating a ring of walls with three main gates and a postern. On the death of Aymer, William de Valence’s son, the castle passed through 3 Background information for teachers marriage into the hands of the Hastings never a private home or administrative family and the last Earl of Pembroke. centre again. With no role to fulfl it was eventually sold by King James I to the In 1389, the castle reverted to Richard Pryse Family of Gogerddan. II. It was granted out in a series of short tenancies and began to fall into disrepair. Origins of the Tudor Dynasty In 1400, the castle was attacked by Owain The Tudors were a Welsh-English family Glyndwr, but escaped a siege because that ruled England from 1485 to 1603. the Constable at the time, Francis a They came to power as a result of the Court, bought off Glyndwr with the Welsh victory of Henry VII over Yorkist king equivalent of danegeld. A danegeld is a Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in land tax collected for national defence by 1485. The Tudor dynasty ended when Norman kings. Henry’s grand-daughter Queen Elizabeth I died childless. 5. Pembroke Castle and the Tudors 1454-1642 The name Tudor comes from Henry’s Jasper Tudor was the son of Queen great, great, grandfather, who’s frst name Catherine of France and Owen Tudor, was Tudur. He was a landowner and along a Welsh squire. Pembroke Castle was with other members of his family served presented to him in 1454 as part of the the Welsh princes, who ruled Gwynedd in recreated Earldom of Pembroke, a title north Wales. They had important jobs and given to him by his half-brother, King became trusted lieutenants of Llewelyn the Henry VI. When Jasper’s brother Edmund died in November 1456, Jasper offered protection to Margaret Beaufort, his pregnant widow. She was only thirteen years old and on the 28th January 1457 she gave birth to a son, Henry. Henry would go on to defeat Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field to become the frst Tudor monarch, King Henry VII. He was a descendant of Prince Rhys ap Gruffydd. None of the earls apart from Jasper made Pembroke their chief residence, and Jasper was only resident between 1454 and 1461. He oversaw lots of renovation at the castle including a decorative oriel, and it is likely that a detached, private ‘mansion house’ that once stood in the Outer Ward was his. When he died in 1495 the county fell to the crown again and Pembroke Castle was 4 Background information for teachers Great, who ruled from about 1200. to Henry V, the Lancastrian King Henry VI. He was fond of his half-brothers and Over the next two centuries, fghting often ennobled them. Edmund became Earl broke out between the Welsh princes of Richmond and was married to Lady and English kings, and the Tudor family Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of King supported the Welsh princes. Then, in Edward III. Jasper became the Earl of around 1400 they became involved in a Pembroke and Owen became a monk. rebellion led by Owain Glyndwr that left them defeated. Yet, the life of the youngest 6.The Civil War son of the family and Henry’s grandfather, 1642-1648 Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur, was about When civil war erupted in 1642, Pembroke to change for the better. declared support for Parliament, and Pembroke Castle became a He went into the service of the warrior parliamentarian stronghold in a fervently king Henry V and fought with the king in pro-royalist country. The Mayor of his French wars. He became close to the Pembroke, John Poyer garrisoned the English royal court and after the death castle during the winter of 1642-3.
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