DOCSLIB.ORG

Wessex Archaeology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wessex Archaeology Wessex Archaeology The Maritime Archaeology of the Welsh Coal Trade Ref: 53111.02s-3 April 2009 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES IN RELATION TO THE PROTECTION OF WRECKS ACT (1973) THE MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WELSH COAL TRADE Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 6EB Prepared for: CADW Welsh Assembly Government Plas Carew Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Parc Nantgarw Cardiff CF15 7QQ April 2009 Ref: 53111.02s-3 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2009 Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No.287786 The Maritime Archaeology of the Welsh Coal Trade Wessex Archaeology 53111.02s-3 THE MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WELSH COAL TRADE Ref: 53111.02s-3 Summary “It is the great quantities of Bulksome Commodities that multiplies ships” - Thomas Tryon, 1669 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by CADW to undertake a thematic desk-based study of the maritime archaeology of the Welsh coal trade. Although now in serious decline, the coal industry was fundamental in shaping the development of modern Wales, particularly in the south. For a brief period of time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was arguably also Britain’s greatest single export and Welsh ‘steam coal’ powered the industrial and transport revolutions taking place across the world. The coal industry bestrode Wales like a behemoth. Most of the coal was exported and therefore the coal trade was by necessity largely a maritime trade. Both South and North Wales had separate coal industries. The coalfields of North Wales were in the north-east. The South Wales coalfield extended across a wide area, from Abersychan in the east to St Bride’s Bay in the west. The famous steam coal, ideal for use in steam engines, is found in parts of the South Wales coalfield. The origin of these coalfields can be traced back to the medieval period. Output and coal exports grew slowly but steadily in the Post-medieval period, partly promoted by the development of iron smelting industry close to the collieries. However, it was not until the modern period that development of canal and then railway links between inland parts of the coalfields and the coast made trade in large quantities of coal economic. This coincided with a world of rapidly industrialising countries and created an explosion in demand for Welsh coal. This led to a huge rise in output and trade volumes and the building of massive coal ports to handle the large numbers of ships needed to transport the coal away to market. The report provides a synthesis of available data concerning the history of the coal trade and of the coal ports and discusses by period the different types of vessel used to export coal. Available primary and secondary sources have also been used to compile an archaeological audit of both known losses and known wrecks of vessels carrying Welsh coal within a loosely-drawn study area comprising UK territorial and near-territorial waters around the Welsh coast. A total of 592 known losses of coal carrying ships have been traced, of which 533 were carrying coal loaded in Welsh ports. The great majority were sailing vessels, although significant numbers of steamships were also lost from the second half of the 19th century onwards. Searches of UKHO records and selective secondary sources have, by contrast, identified only 32 known wrecks of vessels carrying Welsh coal in a similar but slightly smaller study area. Available data concerning all of these wrecks has been compiled and discussed. Only four of the 32 wrecks are those of sailing vessels. None of the wrecks appear to have been subject to archaeological investigation and data concerning their current condition is fairly sparse. This assessment is by necessity not a complete study but is in effect a scoping study. It is clear that the maritime archaeology of the coal trade has not received the research attention it deserves and has not produced the public benefits that it is capable of providing. The report therefore makes a number of recommendations for further related work. i The Maritime Archaeology of the Welsh Coal Trade Wessex Archaeology 53111.02s-3 THE MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WELSH COAL TRADE Ref: 53111.02s-3 Acknowledgements This investigation was commissioned by CADW and the assistance provided by Sian Rees is gratefully acknowledged. Wessex Archaeology is particularly grateful for the advice and assistance provided by Dr David Jenkins, Senior Curator, National Waterfront Museum, Swansea. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank the following people and organisations, in alphabetical order: x Amgueddfa Cymru / National Museums Wales (Dr Eurwyn William, Deputy Director General; Kevin Thomas, Senior Photographic Officer) x Amgueddfa Genedlaethol y Glannau / National Waterfront Museum, Swansea x Archifdy Caernarfon / Caernarfon Record Office (Lynn C. Francis, Senior Archivist) x Archifdy Sir Ddinbych / Denbighshire Record Office (Lorna Williams, Archivist) x Brecon SAC (Phil Norman) x Caernarfon Maritime Museum (Anne Venables) x Cardiff Octopus Club (Mandy Berry) x Carmarthenshire County Council (Gavin Evans) x Chris Holden x Cwmtawe SAC (David Atkins) x Dave Parham, Bournemouth University x Dive Magazine Forum x Flintshire County Council (Deborah Snow) x Flintshire Record Office (Steven Davies, Archivist) x Glamorgan Record Office x Gwasanaeth Archifau Ynys Môn /Anglesey County Archives Service (Anne Venables) x H.M. Deputy Receiver of Wreck Rebecca Tye x Ian Cundy x Lleyn SAC (Mike Duke) x Newport Museum and Gallery (Rachael Anderton) x Prif Swyddog Amgueddfeyd / Flintshire County Council (Debbie Snow, Principal Museums Officer) x Puffin Diving Club (Colin Deller) x Royal Commision on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Wales x Simon Adey-Davies x South Glamorgan SAC x Torfaen SAC (Gail Salter and members) x United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (June Dillon and others, Wrecks Section) The report was compiled by Graham Scott, with contributions by Niall Callan, Kevin Stratford, Sue Nelson and Sue Davies. Kitty Brandon prepared the illustrations. Steve Webster edited the report and managed the project for Wessex Archaeology. ii The Maritime Archaeology of the Welsh Coal Trade Wessex Archaeology 53111.02s-3 Data Licences Material derived from the UKHO is subject to licence 820/020220/11 and the conditions on end-users and third parties contained therein. The following chart has been added to Schedule 1 Annex A: Digital use of Chart 2209 (dated 2006). The chart used in Figure 1 was obtained from the UK Hydrographic Office. The following notice applies: This product has been derived, in part, from Crown Copyright Material with the permission of the UK Hydrographic Office and the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (www.ukho.gov.uk) All rights reserved. NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION. WARNING: The UK Hydrographic Office has not verified the information within this report and does not accept liability for the accuracy of reproduction or any modifications made thereafter. iii The Maritime Archaeology of the Welsh Coal Trade Wessex Archaeology 53111.02s-3 THE MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WELSH COAL TRADE Ref: 53111.02s-3 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Assessment Background................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Document Parameters .................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 1 3. THE COALFIELDS....................................................................................................... 3 3.2. The South Wales Coalfield............................................................................................. 3 3.3. The North Wales Coalfield............................................................................................. 4 4. THE SOUTH WALES COAL TRADE........................................................................ 4 4.1. Pre-medieval (to 1066 AD)............................................................................................. 4 4.2. Medieval Period (1066-1540) ......................................................................................... 4 4.3. Post-medieval Period (1540-1799) ................................................................................. 5 4.4. Modern (1800-Present)................................................................................................... 7 5. HISTORY OF THE NORTH WALES COAL TRADE ........................................... 11 5.1. Pre-medieval (to 1066 AD)........................................................................................... 11 5.2. Medieval Period (1066-1540) ....................................................................................... 11 5.3. Post-medieval Period (1540-1799) ............................................................................... 12 5.4. Modern (1800-Present)................................................................................................. 13 6. THE COAL PORTS ..................................................................................................... 14 6.1. South Wales..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PEMBROKESHIRE © Lonelyplanetpublications Biggest Megalithicmonumentinwales
    © Lonely Planet Publications 162 lonelyplanet.com PEMBROKESHIRE COAST NATIONAL PARK •• Information 163 porpoises and whales are frequently spotted PEMBROKESHIRE COAST in coastal waters. Pembrokeshire The park is also a focus for activities, from NATIONAL PARK hiking and bird-watching to high-adrenaline sports such as surfing, coasteering, sea kayak- The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc ing and rock climbing. Cenedlaethol Arfordir Sir Benfro), established in 1952, takes in almost the entire coast of INFORMATION Like a little corner of California transplanted to Wales, Pembrokeshire is where the west Pembrokeshire and its offshore islands, as There are three national park visitor centres – meets the sea in a welter of surf and golden sand, a scenic extravaganza of spectacular sea well as the moorland hills of Mynydd Preseli in Tenby, St David’s and Newport – and a cliffs, seal-haunted islands and beautiful beaches. in the north. Its many attractions include a dozen tourist offices scattered across Pembro- scenic coastline of rugged cliffs with fantas- keshire. Pick up a copy of Coast to Coast (on- Among the top-three sunniest places in the UK, this wave-lashed western promontory is tically folded rock formations interspersed line at www.visitpembrokeshirecoast.com), one of the most popular holiday destinations in the country. Traditional bucket-and-spade with some of the best beaches in Wales, and the park’s free annual newspaper, which has seaside resorts like Tenby and Broad Haven alternate with picturesque harbour villages a profusion of wildlife – Pembrokeshire’s lots of information on park attractions, a cal- sea cliffs and islands support huge breeding endar of events and details of park-organised such as Solva and Porthgain, interspersed with long stretches of remote, roadless coastline populations of sea birds, while seals, dolphins, activities, including guided walks, themed frequented only by walkers and wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey
    T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Desk-based Heritage Assessment by Steve Preston Site Code TDA13/31 (SH3950 7380) The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Desk-based Heritage Assessment for New Forest Energy Ltd by Steve Preston Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code TDA13/31 April 2013 Summary Site name: The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Grid reference: SH3950 7380 Site activity: Desk-based heritage assessment Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Steve Preston Site code: TDA13/31 Area of site: 29ha Summary of results: There are no known heritage assets on the site. There are, however, two Scheduled Monuments close enough to be in a position where their settings could be affected by its development. On balance it is not considered that the nature of the proposal would adversely affect the appreciation of these monuments. The area around the site, particularly to the south and east, is comparatively rich in known archaeological sites, with several small Roman settlements besides the two Scheduled Monuments, and the speculative line of a Roman road. The site covers a very large area, increasing the probability of archaeological remains being present simply by chance. The landscape of the site has been farmland since cartographic depictions began, and most of the fields are comparatively recent constructions. The proposal overall does not obviously carry any significant adverse impacts on archaeological remains but there may be the potential for localized disturbance in areas of electricity substation or deeper cable trenches.
    [Show full text]
  • Walk 0A# Mortehoe And
    Walking on Exmoor and the Quantock Hills saurus’s back. Pick your way carefully down to the point (25mins, [1]), then turn around and exmoorwalker.uk take the coast path on what is now your le -hand (north) side, heading for the lighthouse at Bull Point. You may see seals among the rocks here. Connuing along the coast path ignore Walk 0A. Mortehoe and Lee Bay. the turn to Mortehoe, but follow a short diversion soon a er where the original path is dan- gerously close to crumbling cliffs. Go through a gate, climb upwards, and pass a short secon 7.2 miles, ascents and descents of 550 metres. 3 hours 5 minutes constant walking, next to a sheer drop before heading down again. Through another gate, then another path allow 4-5 hours overall. from Mortehoe comes in from the right; keep le here. The path goes up and down before Terrain: A mix of roads, tracks, and paths, some uneven and potenally slippery. Morte Point is going through a third gate, just a er another Mortehoe path (55mins, [2]), and bearing le . uneven rock. A er the next gate the path diverts briefly inland; the 2014 storms washed away the way Access: Start from the car park in Mortehoe (SS 458 452, EX34 7DR, £). Bus 31 runs roughly down to the beach, leaving wooden steps hanging precariously over the cliff. Take a narrow hourly between Ilfracombe, Mortehoe and Woolacombe on weekdays and Saturdays. The walk path to the le , bringing you to Bull Point lighthouse (1hr10mins, [3]). You can walk all the can also be started from the car park at Lee (SS 480 464, near EX34 8LR).
    [Show full text]
  • Ldu: 578 Lct: 4H, 2C, 4C
    LDU: 578 LCT: 4H, 2C, 4C Area of LDU within AONB: 236.5 hectares % of LDU within AONB: 69% Date surveyed: 24 February 2010 Survey points: SS479464, SS478465, SS454447, SS454446, SS456445 Summary of landscape character This LDU comprises the dramatic north-western coastline of the AONB, stretching from the western fringes of Ilfracombe (Torrs Point) to Morte Bay. The majority of the coast is unsettled, with rocky cliffs displaying complex, folded strata backed by coastal heath and rough maritime grassland. The landscape retains high levels of tranquillity and evokes a wild, exposed character, disrupted in the south by tourism-related development around the coastal headland from Woolacombe. All of the landscape falls within the North Devon Heritage Coast and most is owned by the National Trust. LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION LANDFORM / TOPOGRAPHY Landform description Undulating, rocky coastline punctuated by small coves and bays. Cliffs up to 100 metres high display a complex geology of mainly Upper Devonian sandstones and slates. Cliffs are backed by often steeply sloping land with rounded summits. LAND USE AND PATTERNS Agriculture Main agricultural land use Other agricultural land use(s) Rough grazing Pasture fields, particularly on the north coast. Field patterns and Field patterns and origins Size (note Boundary type / boundaries variations) description The majority of the LDU N/A There are some comprises rough grazing land stone-faced Devon on open cliff slopes and hedges in parts (many in a poor state of summits. repair) Other land uses (e.g. Recreation: walking along the South West Coast Path and Tarka Trail. recreation) The coastline above Morte Point is open access land.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabrina Times July 2007 Editorial Library This Issue Is a Short One and It's Late
    E 17 July 2007 Severnside Branch SSaabbrriinnaa TTiimmeess Branch Organiser's Bit I have just reviewed my last piece for the newsletter and find I made a comment about how the weather would surely be better for our May fieldtrip. How wrong I was! Although the day before had been lovely, Sunday 13th May was very overcast and wet. The Cat's Back was not visible through the cloud but I was impressed by the number of members who turned out in such weather. It was great to see you all. Also, well done and thank you to Duncan who was able to offer us an alternative, lower route, avoiding the cloud if not the rain, and still filled the day with interesting Ever wonder where the exposures. “Sabrina” name comes Our trip to Flat Holm in June was fully booked; from? Here's your answer. as is the week’s trip to Kindrogan in July. Unlike One of a series of carved the Cat's Back trip, the weather for Flat Holm oak statues near the Old was good. It was an excellent day out, and I'd Railway Station, Tintern, like to thank Chris Lee for guiding us. it is dedicated to the Jan and Linda are running a shoestring trip to legend of the Celtic the Sierras in Central Spain in September. goddess, whose latinised There are still spaces on this. In addition to the name is Sabrina. The geology there are many medieval towns in the inset is of the signboard area to explore; not to mention Madrid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Skyrmes of Pembrokeshire (1) Manorbier and Penally
    The Skyrmes of Pembrokeshire (1) Manorbier and Penally David J Skyrme The Skyrmes of Manorbier and Penally Contents Do You Know Your Skyrmes? ............................................................................................... 3 10 Interesting Facts .............................................................................................................. 3 Preface .................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 Skyrmes of Manorbier .......................................................................................................... 5 George Skyrme (1819 – 1876) & Eliza .................................................................................. 6 Charles Skyrme (1840 – 1908) .......................................................................................... 8 David Skyrme (1844-1901) ............................................................................................... 9 George Thomas Skyrme (1846 – 1929) .......................................................................... 11 James Thomas Skyrme (1849 – 1905) ............................................................................ 12 John Thomas Skyrme (1854 – 1903) .............................................................................. 12 Thomas Skyrme (1857 – 1932) and Ellen (1854 – 1922) ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • I Grey Seal Distribution and Abundance in North Wales, 2002
    Grey seal distribution and abundance in North Wales, 2002-2003 Westcott, S.M. & Stringell, T.B. Marine Monitoring Report No: 13 This is a report of research commissioned by the Countryside Council for Wales. The Council has a programme of research in scientific and other areas, which supports the development of policies and practical work and helps point the way to new countryside legislation. However, the views and recommendations presented in this report are not necessarily those of the Council and should, therefore, not be attributed to the Countryside Council for Wales. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Countryside Council for Wales. i Report Number: 13 Publication Date: March 2004 Contract Number: FC-73-02-183 Nominated Officer: T.B. Stringell Title: “Grey seal distribution and abundance in North Wales, 2002-2003” Authors: Westcott, S.M. & Stringell, T.B. Series editors: W.G. Sanderson (monitoring) A. McMath (marine mammals) Restrictions: None Distribution List CCW: T. Stringell CCW HQ x3 M. Baines x1 M.McMath, CCW HQ x1 S. Stansfield, Bardsey Island Bird B.Sanderson CCW HQ x1 Observatory x1 R. Holt, CCW HQ x1 A. Moralee, RSPB South Stack x1 L. Kay, CCW NWA x1 C. Sharpe, Manx Bird Atlas x1 Mike Camplin, CCW, H'FordW x1 T. Johnston, Exploris, Portaferry, NI x1 Blaise Bullimore, CCW H'fordW x1 C. Liret, Oceanopolis, Brest, Brittany x1 Paul Day, CCW NEA x1 R. Penrose, Marine Env Monitoring x1 Neil Smith, CCW NEA x1 Ivor Rees, Uni.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Character Areas MCA 19 WEST PEMBROKESHIRE
    Marine Character Areas MCA 19 WEST PEMBROKESHIRE ISLANDS, BARS & INSHORE WATERS Location and boundaries This Marine Character Area comprises the inshore waters off the west Pembrokeshire coast, encompassing the offshore islands of the Bishops and Clerks, Grassholm and The Smalls. The boundary between this MCA and MCA 17 (Outer Cardigan Bay) is consistent with a change from low energy sub-littoral sediment in the eastern part of this MCA to moderate/high energy sub-littoral sediment influencing MCA 17. The southern boundary is formed along a distinct break between marine sediments. The northern offshore boundary follows the limits of the Wales Inshore Marine Plan Area. The MCA encompasses all of the following Pembrokeshire local SCAs: 12: Strumble Head Deep Water; 14: Western Sand and Gravel Bars; 19: Bishops and Clerks; 28: West Open Sea; and 27: Grassholm and The Smalls. It also includes the western part of SCA 8: North Open Sea MCA 19 West Pembrokeshire Islands, Bars & Inshore Waters - Page 1 of 7 Key Characteristics Key Characteristics Varied offshore MCA with a large area of sea, ranging from 30-100m in depth on a gravelly sand seabed. A striking east-west volcanic bedrock ridges form a series of islands (Smalls, Grassholm and Bishops and Clerks), rock islets and reefs along submarine ridges, interspersed with moderately deep channels off the west coast. Two elongated offshore bars of gravelly sand lie on the seabed parallel to the coastline, shaped in line with tidal stream. Bais Bank (parallel with St David’s Head) includes shallows of less than 10m depth and dangerous shoals/overfalls.
    [Show full text]
  • Flat Holm Island
    bbc.co.uk/walesnature © 2010 wales nature&outdoors Weatherman Walking - Flat Holm Approximate distance: 1.2 miles 1 This walk begins in Cardiff Bay where you will catch the boat across to the island. 2 Start / End 10 9 7 8 6 3 4 5 N 500 ft W E S Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database right 2009.All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100019855 The Weatherman Walking maps are intended as a guide to the TV programme only. Routes and conditions may have changed since the programme was made. The BBC takes no responsibility for any accident or injury that may occur while following the route. Always wear appropriate clothing and footwear and check weather conditions before heading out. 1 bbc.co.uk/walesnature © 2010 wales nature&outdoors Weatherman Walking - Flat Holm Approximate distance: 1.2 miles A race against the tide to look at wartime relics and a stunning lighthouse on this beautiful island in the Bristol Channel. 1. The Cardiff Bay Barrage 4. Flat Holm Lighthouse This is where you will catch the boat to the The first light on the island was a simple island. The Barrage lies across the mouth brazier mounted on a wooden frame, which of Cardiff Bay between Queen Alexandra stood on the high eastern part of the island. Dock and Penarth Head and was one of The construction of a tower lighthouse with the largest civil engineering projects in lantern light was finished in 1737. Europe during the 1990s. Today it’s solar powered and the light from its three 100 watt bulbs can be seen up to 16 miles away.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Wales
    Archaeology Wales Proposed Wind Turbine at Nant-y-fran, Cemaes, Isle of Anglesey Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Adrian Hadley Report No. 1517 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Great Oak Street, Llanidloes, Powys, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: www.arch-wales.co.uk Archaeology Wales Proposed Wind Turbine at Nant-y-fran, Cemaes, Isle of Anglesey Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Prepared for Engena Ltd Edited by: Kate Pitt Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Position: Project Manager Position: Managing Director Date: 04.11.16 Date: 04.11.16 Adrian Hadley Report No. 1517 November 2016 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Great Oak Street, Llanidloes, Powys, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: www.arch-wales.co.uk NANT-Y-FRAN TURBINE: ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 1 Introduction This impact assessment has been produced following scoping in order to determine the likely significance of the effect of the proposed development upon the cultural heritage resource within the application site and the wider landscape. The work is intended to form a Cultural Heritage chapter of an Environmental Statement. The proposed scheme comprises a single wind turbine, approximately 77m high to tip of the blade, at Nant-y-fran, Cemaes, Anglesey, LL67 0LS. The impact assessment for the turbine has been commissioned by Engena Limited (The Old Stables, Bosmere Hall, Creeting St Mary, Suffolk, IP6 8LL). The local planning authority is the Isle of Anglesey County Council. The planning reference is 20C27B/SCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Wales
    Archaeology Wales Goldcroft Common Caerleon, Newport Archaeological Watching Brief By Jennifer Muller Report No. 1684 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Archaeology Wales Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport Archaeological Watching Brief Prepared For: Western Power Distribution Edited by: Philip Poucher Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Position: Philip Poucher Position: Managing Director Date 29/05/18: Date: 04/06/18 By Jennifer Muller Report No. 1684 May 2018 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology 3 3. Watching Brief Results 4 4. Finds 5 5. Conclusion 5 6. Bibliography 5 List of Figures Figure 1 Location map of the site Figure 2 Location map of the excavation Figure 3 Plan of excavated area List of Plates Photo 1 Driveway prior to excavation Photo 2 Trench section at northwest end Photo 3 Trench in plan at northwest end Photo 4 Trench section near northwest end Photo 5 Trench section in centre of driveway Photo 6 Trench section at southeast end of driveway Photo 7 General shot of trench within driveway Photo 8 General shot of trench in road Photo 9 Southeast facing trench section in road Photo 10 Northwest facing trench section in road Appendices Appendix I Context Register Appendix II Written Scheme of Investigation Appendix III Archive Cover Sheet Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • 68736 Caerwent Monmouthshire.Pdf
    Wessex Archaeology Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Ref:68736.01 February 2009 Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Prepared on behalf of: Videotext Communications Ltd 49 Goldhawk Road LONDON SW1 8QP By: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB Report reference: 68736.01 February 2009 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2009, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Contents Summary Acknowledgements 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Background .................................................................................1 1.2 Archaeological Background....................................................................1 1.3 Previous Archaeological Work................................................................3 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................4 3 METHODS...........................................................................................................4 3.1 Topographical survey ..............................................................................4 3.2 Geophysical survey..................................................................................4 3.3 Evaluation
    [Show full text]