DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeology Wales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeology Wales Archaeology Wales Goldcroft Common Caerleon, Newport Archaeological Watching Brief By Jennifer Muller Report No. 1684 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Archaeology Wales Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport Archaeological Watching Brief Prepared For: Western Power Distribution Edited by: Philip Poucher Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Position: Philip Poucher Position: Managing Director Date 29/05/18: Date: 04/06/18 By Jennifer Muller Report No. 1684 May 2018 Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology 3 3. Watching Brief Results 4 4. Finds 5 5. Conclusion 5 6. Bibliography 5 List of Figures Figure 1 Location map of the site Figure 2 Location map of the excavation Figure 3 Plan of excavated area List of Plates Photo 1 Driveway prior to excavation Photo 2 Trench section at northwest end Photo 3 Trench in plan at northwest end Photo 4 Trench section near northwest end Photo 5 Trench section in centre of driveway Photo 6 Trench section at southeast end of driveway Photo 7 General shot of trench within driveway Photo 8 General shot of trench in road Photo 9 Southeast facing trench section in road Photo 10 Northwest facing trench section in road Appendices Appendix I Context Register Appendix II Written Scheme of Investigation Appendix III Archive Cover Sheet Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd. retain copyright of this report under the copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, and have granted a licence to Western Power Distribution Ltd, to use and reproduce the material contained within. The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey i Non-Technical Summary This report results from work undertaken by Archaeology Wales Ltd (AW) for Western Power Distribution Ltd on land at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG, centred on ST 33826 90864. The report details the results of an archaeological watching brief that took place to ensure the preservation by record of any archaeological remains encountered during groundworks associated with service renewal work. The area of works lies within the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore had the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). Glamorgan- Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division had therefore recommended that an archaeological watching brief be undertaken during ground disturbing works. No finds, features or deposits of archaeological interest were encountered during the works. All deposits encountered would appear to relate to modern driveway and road surfaces, along with modern services. The watching brief complied with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standards and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (2014). 1. Introduction Location and scope of work Archaeology Wales Ltd (AW) was commissioned by Western Power Distribution Ltd to undertake an archaeological watching brief during service renewal work on land at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG, centred on ST 33826 90864 (Figures 1 & 2). The work comprised the excavation of a 10m-long service trench along a driveway and into the road to connect with existing services. The area of works lies within the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore had the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). Glamorgan- Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division (GGAT-CD) therefore recommended that an archaeological watching brief be undertaken during ground disturbing works. Prior to works commencing an approved Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was produced by AW in accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (CIfA 2014) and was designed to provide an approved methodology of archaeological work to be implemented during the excavations (Appendix II). The watching brief took place on 9 May 2018 under the supervision of Jennifer Muller, and the project was managed by Philip Poucher MCIfA, both of AW. The AW project number for the work is 2607, and the site code is GCC/18/WB. The project details are summarised on the Archive Cover Sheet (Appendix III). 1 Topography and Geology The site, located at ST 33826 90864, lies adjacent to No.30A Goldcroft Common with Caerleon. The work comprised the excavation of a service trench along a driveway and into the road to connect with existing services. A row of terraced and semi-detached housing line the northwest side of Goldcroft Common, fronted by a tarmac road and a triangular area of turf-covered common beyond. This is bounded by the High Street (B4236) which runs along the southeast edge of the common. The site lies within the urban centre of Caerleon, at approximately 17mOD. The historic core of the town extends to the northeast and southeast, with more modern development extending beyond the railway line to the northwest. The River Usk curls around Caerleon approximately 600m to the southeast of the site, joined by the Afon Lwyd tributary approximately 800m to the east of the site. The ground rises gradually to the northwest of the site for approximately 600-700m before rising more steadily along the valley side. The underlying geology of the area comprises interbedded argillaceous rocks and sandstone of the Maughans Formation, overlain by undifferentiated sand and gravel river terrace deposits (BGS 2018). Archaeological and Historical Background The site lies on the edge of the Roman legionary fortress established at Caerleon, or Isca, around 75AD. This is one of only three permanent legionary fortresses in Britain, and is likely linked to the campaigns of Julius Frontinus, the Roman governor of Britain, against the native Silures. The fortress was the home of the 2nd Augusta Legion, a legion of over 500 men. It was laid out in a standard playing card design, covering an area of some 50 acres, with a gated entrance in the centre of each side. The turfed area of the common a few metres to the southeast of the development site lies within boundaries of the Scheduled Ancient Monument of MM233 Caerleon Legionary Fortress: Coldcroft Common. This covers the remains of the barracks blocks located within the northern defences, and to the east of the northern gateway. The barrack blocks would have housed 80 men, with the Centurion’s residence, along with housing for junior officers and offices, located at the northern end of each barrack block. The limits of the fortress extend beyond the Scheduled Area, but subsequent development suggested these remains are likely to be truncated. The location of the gateway lies some 100m to the southwest of the site, but the site itself is likely to lie on the line of the fortress defences. The fortress was in use by the 2nd Augusta Legion until around 300AD, after which it appears to have been partially occupied, although it is unclear if this was civilian or military in nature. Following the end of Roman administrative control in the early 5th century it is possible that activity continued in Caerleon. Caerleon may have been important to the early Christian church, being the site of the martyrdom of Saint Julius and Saint Aaron in the 3rd century. Graves of 6th to 7th century date have been recorded in the town, and the site likely equates to the city of ‘Caer Lion’ listed by monk Nennius, writing in the 9th century. During the 2 medieval period a castle was built utilising in part the southern wall of the Roman fortress defences. This castle was built before 1086, when it was recorded in the Domesday Book, making it likely to be one of the earliest castles built in Wales during the Norman conquest, with a likely construction date between 1067 and 1075. The castle is described, passing between various owners, into the 13th century. It is mentioned again in the 17th century, but described as ‘utterly ruinated’. The location of the known early medieval and medieval sites within Caerleon would suggest settlement activity had moved to the southeast part of the former Roman fortress, away from the development site, but the potential remains for early medieval and medieval activity within the area around the development. The northern edge of Goldcroft Common had been developed by the time accurate maps of the area begin to appear in the mid-19th century, although the current building occupying No. 30A would appear to be early-20th century in date. 2. Methodology A watching brief complying with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (2014) was undertaken during all intrusive ground work on the site. The watching brief was undertaken to allow the preservation by record of any archaeological deposits, the presence and nature of which could not be in advance of works. The watching brief also provides an opportunity, if needed, for the watching archaeologist to signal to all interested parties, before the destruction of the material in question, that an archaeological find has been made for which the resources allocated to the watching brief itself are not sufficient to support treatment to a satisfactory and proper standard (CIfA, 2014). The excavation comprised one trench 10m in length by 0.30m in width that extended into the road in an L-shape approximately 1.5m by 2m (Figure 3). The trench reached a maximum depth of 0.55m in the driveway, and 0.64m in the road.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey
    T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Desk-based Heritage Assessment by Steve Preston Site Code TDA13/31 (SH3950 7380) The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Desk-based Heritage Assessment for New Forest Energy Ltd by Steve Preston Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code TDA13/31 April 2013 Summary Site name: The Bryn Yr Odyn Solar Park, Tyn Dryfol, Soar, Anglesey Grid reference: SH3950 7380 Site activity: Desk-based heritage assessment Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Steve Preston Site code: TDA13/31 Area of site: 29ha Summary of results: There are no known heritage assets on the site. There are, however, two Scheduled Monuments close enough to be in a position where their settings could be affected by its development. On balance it is not considered that the nature of the proposal would adversely affect the appreciation of these monuments. The area around the site, particularly to the south and east, is comparatively rich in known archaeological sites, with several small Roman settlements besides the two Scheduled Monuments, and the speculative line of a Roman road. The site covers a very large area, increasing the probability of archaeological remains being present simply by chance. The landscape of the site has been farmland since cartographic depictions began, and most of the fields are comparatively recent constructions. The proposal overall does not obviously carry any significant adverse impacts on archaeological remains but there may be the potential for localized disturbance in areas of electricity substation or deeper cable trenches.
    [Show full text]
  • 68736 Caerwent Monmouthshire.Pdf
    Wessex Archaeology Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Ref:68736.01 February 2009 Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Prepared on behalf of: Videotext Communications Ltd 49 Goldhawk Road LONDON SW1 8QP By: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB Report reference: 68736.01 February 2009 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2009, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Caerwent Roman Town, Monmouthshire, South Wales Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Contents Summary Acknowledgements 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Background .................................................................................1 1.2 Archaeological Background....................................................................1 1.3 Previous Archaeological Work................................................................3 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................4 3 METHODS...........................................................................................................4 3.1 Topographical survey ..............................................................................4 3.2 Geophysical survey..................................................................................4 3.3 Evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales
    Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales 01 MANAGING Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales Cadw Welsh Government Plas Carew Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Parc Nantgarw Cardiff CF15 7QQ Telephone: 03000 256000 Email: [email protected] Website: http://cadw.gov.wales WG39705 Digital ISBN 978-1-83933-836-6 © Crown Copyright 2020 except where specified. Cadw is the Welsh Government’s historic environment service working for an accessible and well-protected historic environment for Wales. Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. Cover photograph: In 2019, this well-preserved Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter, which came down off the North Wales coast in 1942, became the first crashed military aircraft in the UK to be protected as a scheduled monument. (Maid of Harlech Copyright Credit: © 2019 Joseph Mearman, SCSEE, Bangor University — All rights reserved). ii Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales Statement of Purpose Managing the Marine Historic Environment of Wales explains the Welsh Government’s approach to the marine historic environment and offers best-practice guidance for its protection and management. The marine historic environment can be defined as places under the sea and in the intertidal zone where evidence for human activity is preserved. Here, this means historic remains found below the high water mark. The first part explains the different types of evidence, how to find it and what it can tell us about how people lived in the past. It also outlines some of the threats to the marine historic environment and opportunities for how it can be managed sustainably for the benefit of people now and in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales C.AD400–1150
    Impact case study (REF3b) Institution: 10007857 – Bangor University Unit of Assessment: UoA 30 History Title of case study: Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales c.AD400–1150 1. Summary of the impact (indicative maximum 100 words) Bangor University’s research into inscribed stones and stone sculpture in Wales c.AD400–1150 has impacted on the Welsh Government leading to the establishment of an ‘At Risk List’ for early medieval stone monuments to aid better protection, changes in national records and changes in heritage management policies and practices. Publications in this field have also impacted on the cultural heritage of Wales through advice on monument interpretation to encourage wider audiences and tourism development, exhibitions and engagement with the media, benefitting audiences both in Wales and globally. 2. Underpinning research (indicative maximum 500 words) Letters in square brackets refer to Section 3. Context Professor Nancy Edwards was appointed to Bangor University (BU) in 1979. Her research focuses on the early medieval archaeological heritage of Wales. Her leading role in A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, a project recording and analysing these monuments, began in 1996. At that time little research had been published on them for 50 years and there were c.150 new discoveries. All three regional volumes, comprising nearly 600 monuments, are now published, two by Edwards: the south-west [B] and north [E]. Project partners were National Museum Wales (NMW) and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). Edwards’s research comprises over 90% of both volumes and was funded by the AHRC, the British Academy, the University of Wales’ Board of Celtic Studies and the Cambrian Archaeological Association (CAA).
    [Show full text]
  • Post Medieval and Modern
    A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales Select Bibliography, Southwest Wales Post Medieval and Modern A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales Southwest Wales – Post Medieval, bibliography 22/12/2003 This list is drawn from a number of sources : a small number derive from the original audit by Cambria Archaeology; more from a trawl through Ceredigion County Library, Aberystwyth; some from published bibliographies, but most from an incomplete search of current periodical literature. The compiler does not claim to have run all these to earth at first hand, so some page references, the names of publishers and some places of publication are missing. It should be noted that not all apparently authoritative published bibliographies - on the web and off it - are necessarily as complete as might be expected. Some may be biased by the interests or prejudices of their compilers. The Website on Mining Bilbiography is a good example. It excludes certain materials on processing and hydrology, and omits virtually everything the present writer has written on dating mines! The present writer regrets if his equally subjective selection inadvertently omits anything significant to the interests of its readers, but welcomes notification of it. Bibliographical Sources Dyfed 1990. Dyfed Llayfryddiaeth Ddethol: A Select Reading List, Adran Gwasanaethau Diwylliannol: Cultural Services Department. [This is a very useful document as far as it goes. However, it is carelessly edited and rather thin on archaeology]. Jones, G. Lewis, u. D. (c1968) A Bibliography of Cardiganshire, Cardiganshire Joint Library Committee. General BBC Wales Southwest website. Cadw 1998. Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales, Cadw: Cardiff.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthur, Roi Des Bretons D'armorique
    LA VOCATION DE L’ARBRE D’OR est de partager ses admirations avec les lecteurs, son admiration pour les grands textes nourrissants du passé et celle aussi pour l’œuvre de contem- porains majeurs qui seront probablement davantage appréciés demain qu’aujourd’hui. Trop d’ouvrages essentiels à la culture de l’âme ou de l’identité de cha- cun sont aujourd’hui indisponibles dans un marché du livre transformé en industrie lourde. Et quand par chance ils sont disponibles, c’est finan- cièrement que trop souvent ils deviennent inaccessibles. La belle littérature, les outils de développement personnel, d’identité et de progrès, on les trouvera donc au catalogue de l’Arbre d’Or à des prix résolument bas pour la qualité offerte. LES DROITS DES AUTEURS Cet e-book est sous la protection de la loi fédérale suisse sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins (art. 2, al. 2 tit. a, LDA). Il est également pro- tégé par les traités internationaux sur la propriété industrielle. Comme un livre papier, le présent fichier et son image de couverture sont sous copyright, vous ne devez en aucune façon les modifier, les utiliser ou les diffuser sans l’accord des ayant-droits. Obtenir ce fichier autrement que suite à un téléchargement après paiement sur le site est un délit. Trans- mettre ce fichier encodé sur un autre ordinateur que celui avec lequel il a été payé et téléchargé peut occasionner des dommages informatiques suscepti- bles d’engager votre responsabilité civile. Ne diffusez pas votre copie mais, au contraire, quand un titre vous a plu, encouragez-en l’achat.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans and Reducing Recidivism: Archaeology, Social Benefit, and Working with Offenders in Wales (Part 1) Caroline Pudney Univer
    Romans and reducing recidivism: Archaeology, social benefit, and working with offenders in Wales (Part 1) Item Type Article Authors Pudney, Caroline Citation Pudney, C. (2018). Romans and reducing recidivism: Archaeology, social benefit, and working with offenders in Wales (Part 1). Public Archaeology 16(1), 19-41. DOI 10.1080/14655187.2017.1411142 Publisher Taylor & Francis Journal Public Archaeology Download date 02/10/2021 18:21:44 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620864 Romans and Reducing Recidivism: Archaeology, social benefit, and working with offenders in Wales (Part 1) Caroline Pudney University of Chester, UK Claims that public and community archaeology can help ‘change lives’ have recently come under criticism. Challenging these critiques, this article explores how archaeology can be socially beneficial in the rehabilitation of offenders. Using a case study from South Wales, the article demonstrates how a prison-based outreach project can offer an innovative trajectory for public archaeology, highlighting the links between archaeology and political agendas. The article challenges the concept of ‘archaeologist-as-social-worker’ and considers the successes and limitations of such an approach, including the challenges of measuring impact. Ultimately, it demonstrates that archaeology-based activities can provide positive life experiences for offenders but only through a successful partnership between heritage and offender management specialists, as part of a wider programme of support and intervention. Keywords Public archaeology, community archaeology, social benefit, prison, impact Introduction Inspired by recent discourse surrounding claims of community archaeology and social benefit archaeology (Carmen, 2011; Little & Shackel, 2007; Simpson, 2009; Simpson & Williams, 2008; Stottman, 2010; Zimmerman, et al., 2010), this paper tackles the long- running debate of the social roles of public archaeology, particularly archaeologies with social purpose at their core.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Commission Thematic Research Framework Document
    ROYAL COMMISSION THEMATIC RESEARCH FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales ROYAL COMMISSION THEMATIC RESEARCH FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT COMMO TO Edited by Louise Barker & Toby Driver Version 1.0 March 2015 Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales Plas Crug, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 1NJ www.cbhc.gov.uk / www.rcahmw.gov.uk Cover: Detailed earthwork survey of Castell Grogwynion Iron Age hillfort, Ceredigion (NPRN 303671) 2 ROYAL COMMISSION THEMATIC RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ‘For our historic environment to survive deliver strategic outcomes for the people and thrive it has to be valued; and to be of Wales. valued it has to be understood’ (Historic This Thematic Research Framework Environment Strategy for Wales, Cadw Document enables the Commission to 2013, 5). This is at the heart of the Royal decide upon priorities and provides Commission’s Thematic Research guidance when evaluating funding Framework. Research supports a virtuous opportunities and partnerships. It circle whereby it improves our knowledge recognises the Commission’s strategic and understanding, enables conservation work areas, its particular strengths and and protection, engages owners and expertise and encourages projects across communities and encourages enjoyment a range of timely and forward-looking and participation in the heritage of Wales. themes. Our work in this area will continue to set national and international standards for recording and investigation, Introduction archive and data, and will pursue innovative and creative approaches to As the investigation body and national record, interpret and present the historic archive for the historic environment of environment.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH FRAMEWORK for the ARCHAEOLOGY of EARLY MEDIEVAL WALES C
    RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WALES 2016: EARLY MEDIEVAL RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY MEDIEVAL WALES c. AD 400–1070 Nancy Edwards, Tudur Davies and Katie A. Hemer INTRODUCTION It is now over a decade since the first publication of the Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales. The early medieval section of the document reviewed the current state of knowledge and understanding of Wales in the period c. AD 400–1070 (Edwards et al. 2005). It also highlighted both the strengths and weaknesses in our knowledge and understanding as they were perceived at the time, as well as research issues and opportunities for the future. It concluded with a set of recommendations, which are still relevant, and are therefore restated here. It was proposed that the following should be given priority: 1. Identification of potential early medieval sites, particularly secular settlements, through collation and assessment of new and existing information sources. 2. Confirmation of potential early medieval sites through fieldwork, trial excavation and the application of dating techniques. 3. Full archaeological investigation and characterisation of a sample of identifiable early medieval sites, both secular and ecclesiastical, in different regions, through fieldwork and 1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WALES 2016: EARLY MEDIEVAL excavation, and an understanding of their location in the wider landscape, both physical and temporal. 4. Detailed analysis of early medieval artefacts and their contexts and characterisation of site assemblages. 5. Identification and analysis of environmental evidence from excavated samples and increased pollen sampling. 6. Analysis of human remains for information on origins, demography, health, nutrition and transfer of pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Medieval Wales: a Framework for Archaeological Research
    A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales0 Version 01, Final Paper Early Medieval EARLY MEDIEVAL WALES: A FRAMEWORK FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Nancy Edwards,1 Alan Lane,2 Ian Bapty,3 Mark Redknap4 INTRODUCTION The early medieval period in Wales (c AD 400-1070), spanning the centuries between the end of Roman rule and the coming of the Normans, embodies a process of fundamental social, political and economic transition from which – in language, human landscapes, culture and belief – the recognisable beginnings of Wales itself first emerged. Yet it is still a period about which we know remarkably little archaeologically and the evidence to date leaves many of the most fundamental questions unanswered. The documentary sources, though they are also notoriously sparse and frequently difficult to interpret, continue to provide a basic chronological framework. However, historical questions have tended to frame our knowledge or lack of it and have often been seen to drive the archaeological research agenda. Thus, the end of Roman imperial control, Irish settlement in the west, the establishment of distinct regional kingdoms, the emergence and ideological triumph of Christianity, increasing Anglo-Saxon pressure in the east, the Viking impact, Anglo-Norman conquest and the Welsh response, provide datable, or otherwise, markers to what might be expected to be major changes, if indeed they are recognisable in the archaeological record. The impact these factors had on the population, settlement and land use are for archaeology to answer. 1 Department of History and Welsh History, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG. 2 School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University, PO Box 909, Cardiff, CF10 3NU.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Scrutiny Report
    Report No. 2/2013-14 REPORT OF THE SCRUTINY PANEL SUBJECT: How effective is the Brecon Beacons National Park Authority in conserving and enhancing the Park’s archaeological heritage? Carreg Cennen 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 3 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 6 CURRENT PRACTICE ........................................................................................................................... 6 KEY QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 9 Topic Question: .................................................................................................................................. 9 Framework Questions ........................................................................................................................ 9 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 32 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 33 GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A History of England Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings
    HISTORY OF ENGLAND UXDER THE ANGLO-SAXON KINGS o ^t CransIatcK from tfjc ©crman^trf. J. M. LAPPEXBERG,* F.S.A., FORMERLY KEEPER OP THE ARCHIVES OF THE CITY OF HAMBURG BY THE LATE BENJAMIN THORPE^ F.S. A., EDITOR OF THE ' ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE,' 'ANCIENT LAWS AND INSTITUTES OF ENGLAND,' ETC. NEW EDITION REVISED BY E. C. OTTE O IN TWO VOLUMES. Vol. I. \T LONDON': GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COY EXT GARDEN. 1881. LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWE8 AND SONS, LIMITED, BIAVFOKD STRKET AND CHABQI NOTE Mr. Thorpe's Translation of Dr. Lappenberg's History of the Anglo-Saxons having been for some years out of print, it has been thought expedient to republish it in the cheaper and more convenient form of the Standard Library. A thorough revision of the Trans- lation has been made for the present edition, while a few of the passages, originally omitted with the full concurrence of the Author, have been restored. These and" other alterations, including the division of the matter into chapters, together with the addition of an Index, and occasional notes, giving the more recent dates of the publication of works referred to in the text, will, it is hoped, be found to have increased the value of Mr. Thorpe's Translation. E. C. 0. 1 London, 1880. — CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Author's Preface ...... Page xi Translator's Preface xvii Literary Introduction xxi PAET I. BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS, B.C. 54. CHAPTER I. Earliest Knowledge of Britain—Descent and Tradilions Language — Religion — Government — Customs— Tribes First Appearance of Romans—Julius Caesar ; his Account of Britain—Departure of Roman Legions .
    [Show full text]