Archaeology Wales

Goldcroft Common Caerleon, Newport

Archaeological Watching Brief

By Jennifer Muller

Report No. 1684

Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Archaeology Wales

Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport

Archaeological Watching Brief

Prepared For: Western Power Distribution

Edited by: Philip Poucher Authorised by: Mark Houliston Signed: Signed: Position: Philip Poucher Position: Managing Director Date 29/05/18: Date: 04/06/18

By Jennifer Muller

Report No. 1684

May 2018

Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Llanidloes, SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected] Web: arch-wales.co.uk Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology 3 3. Watching Brief Results 4 4. Finds 5 5. Conclusion 5 6. Bibliography 5

List of Figures Figure 1 Location map of the site Figure 2 Location map of the excavation Figure 3 Plan of excavated area

List of Plates Photo 1 Driveway prior to excavation Photo 2 Trench section at northwest end Photo 3 Trench in plan at northwest end Photo 4 Trench section near northwest end Photo 5 Trench section in centre of driveway Photo 6 Trench section at southeast end of driveway Photo 7 General shot of trench within driveway Photo 8 General shot of trench in road Photo 9 Southeast facing trench section in road Photo 10 Northwest facing trench section in road

Appendices Appendix I Context Register Appendix II Written Scheme of Investigation Appendix III Archive Cover Sheet

Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd. retain copyright of this report under the copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, and have granted a licence to Western Power Distribution Ltd, to use and reproduce the material contained within. The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey

Non-Technical Summary

This report results from work undertaken by Archaeology Wales Ltd (AW) for Western Power Distribution Ltd on land at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG, centred on ST 33826 90864. The report details the results of an archaeological watching brief that took place to ensure the preservation by record of any archaeological remains encountered during groundworks associated with service renewal work. The area of works lies within the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore had the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). Glamorgan- Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division had therefore recommended that an archaeological watching brief be undertaken during ground disturbing works. No finds, features or deposits of archaeological interest were encountered during the works. All deposits encountered would appear to relate to modern driveway and road surfaces, along with modern services. The watching brief complied with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standards and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (2014).

1. Introduction Location and scope of work

Archaeology Wales Ltd (AW) was commissioned by Western Power Distribution Ltd to undertake an archaeological watching brief during service renewal work on land at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG, centred on ST 33826 90864 (Figures 1 & 2). The work comprised the excavation of a 10m-long service trench along a driveway and into the road to connect with existing services.

The area of works lies within the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore had the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). Glamorgan- Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division (GGAT-CD) therefore recommended that an archaeological watching brief be undertaken during ground disturbing works.

Prior to works commencing an approved Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) was produced by AW in accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (CIfA 2014) and was designed to provide an approved methodology of archaeological work to be implemented during the excavations (Appendix II).

The watching brief took place on 9 May 2018 under the supervision of Jennifer Muller, and the project was managed by Philip Poucher MCIfA, both of AW. The AW project number for the work is 2607, and the site code is GCC/18/WB. The project details are summarised on the Archive Cover Sheet (Appendix III).

Topography and Geology

The site, located at ST 33826 90864, lies adjacent to No.30A Goldcroft Common with Caerleon. The work comprised the excavation of a service trench along a driveway and into the road to connect with existing services. A row of terraced and semi-detached housing line the northwest side of Goldcroft Common, fronted by a tarmac road and a triangular area of turf-covered common beyond. This is bounded by the High Street (B4236) which runs along the southeast edge of the common.

The site lies within the urban centre of Caerleon, at approximately 17mOD. The historic core of the town extends to the northeast and southeast, with more modern development extending beyond the railway line to the northwest. The River Usk curls around Caerleon approximately 600m to the southeast of the site, joined by the Afon Lwyd tributary approximately 800m to the east of the site. The ground rises gradually to the northwest of the site for approximately 600-700m before rising more steadily along the valley side.

The underlying geology of the area comprises interbedded argillaceous rocks and sandstone of the Maughans Formation, overlain by undifferentiated sand and gravel river terrace deposits (BGS 2018).

Archaeological and Historical Background

The site lies on the edge of the Roman legionary fortress established at Caerleon, or Isca, around 75AD. This is one of only three permanent legionary fortresses in Britain, and is likely linked to the campaigns of Julius Frontinus, the Roman governor of Britain, against the native Silures. The fortress was the home of the 2nd Augusta Legion, a legion of over 500 men. It was laid out in a standard playing card design, covering an area of some 50 acres, with a gated entrance in the centre of each side. The turfed area of the common a few metres to the southeast of the development site lies within boundaries of the Scheduled Ancient Monument of MM233 Caerleon Legionary Fortress: Coldcroft Common. This covers the remains of the barracks blocks located within the northern defences, and to the east of the northern gateway. The barrack blocks would have housed 80 men, with the Centurion’s residence, along with housing for junior officers and offices, located at the northern end of each barrack block. The limits of the fortress extend beyond the Scheduled Area, but subsequent development suggested these remains are likely to be truncated. The location of the gateway lies some 100m to the southwest of the site, but the site itself is likely to lie on the line of the fortress defences. The fortress was in use by the 2nd Augusta Legion until around 300AD, after which it appears to have been partially occupied, although it is unclear if this was civilian or military in nature. Following the end of Roman administrative control in the early 5th century it is possible that activity continued in Caerleon. Caerleon may have been important to the early Christian church, being the site of the martyrdom of Saint Julius and Saint Aaron in the 3rd century. Graves of 6th to 7th century date have been recorded in the town, and the site likely equates to the city of ‘Caer Lion’ listed by monk Nennius, writing in the 9th century. During the

medieval period a castle was built utilising in part the southern wall of the Roman fortress defences. This castle was built before 1086, when it was recorded in the Domesday Book, making it likely to be one of the earliest castles built in Wales during the Norman conquest, with a likely construction date between 1067 and 1075. The castle is described, passing between various owners, into the 13th century. It is mentioned again in the 17th century, but described as ‘utterly ruinated’. The location of the known early medieval and medieval sites within Caerleon would suggest settlement activity had moved to the southeast part of the former Roman fortress, away from the development site, but the potential remains for early medieval and medieval activity within the area around the development. The northern edge of Goldcroft Common had been developed by the time accurate maps of the area begin to appear in the mid-19th century, although the current building occupying No. 30A would appear to be early-20th century in date.

2. Methodology A watching brief complying with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (2014) was undertaken during all intrusive ground work on the site.

The watching brief was undertaken to allow the preservation by record of any archaeological deposits, the presence and nature of which could not be in advance of works. The watching brief also provides an opportunity, if needed, for the watching archaeologist to signal to all interested parties, before the destruction of the material in question, that an archaeological find has been made for which the resources allocated to the watching brief itself are not sufficient to support treatment to a satisfactory and proper standard (CIfA, 2014). The excavation comprised one trench 10m in length by 0.30m in width that extended into the road in an L-shape approximately 1.5m by 2m (Figure 3). The trench reached a maximum depth of 0.55m in the driveway, and 0.64m in the road. The entire process was monitored by a suitably trained archaeologist. Sections and plans of the excavation were photographed using a 12MP digital camera. All the deposits encountered were recorded by means of a continuous context numbering system and recorded on pro- forma context sheets. All features and deposits are described in accordance with CIfA conventions. A register of all contexts and photographs was also made.

3. Watching Brief Results The basal layer occurring for the first 4.5m of the trench (excavation commencing at the northwest end of the trench) was a mid orangey-brown clay (103) varying from 0.30m – 0.35m thick (Photo 2). Within this deposit was an electric cable up against the house, and two small water pipes 0.50m from the house running parallel to the wall in a northwest-southeast direction (Photo 3). Overlying this was a dark grey-black sandy silt mixed with aggregate (102), approximately 0.20m thick. This layer contained a disused gas pipe running 1m north of the water services and also in a northwest-southeast direction. Above this sat a packed earth/aggregate surface (101) with a depth of 0.03m, and then a gravel layer (100) forming the surface of the driveway at 0.05m thick (Photo 2). About 2m from the start of the trench a brick surface {104} 0.10m thick emerged just on top of the clay deposit (103) and below the sandy silt surface (102) (Photo 4). This brick surface {104} continued for almost 7m along the trench. The middle section of the trench consisted of a different basal deposit made up of silty clay, mid brownish-red in appearance (105) and 0.32m thick. This emerged after a cut [106] into the clay layer (103) about 4.5m from the start of the trench, marked by two large sub-angular stones (107). Significantly, this cut appeared just next to a modern manhole immediately south of the trench and is likely related to its construction. Deposit (105) continued in the trench for approximately 4.3m. The upper sequence remained the same and therefore shows the cut occurred before the upper surface was laid, though the stratigraphic relationship between (105) and (103) remained unclear (Photo 5). The last 1.7m of the trench still within the driveway contained another basal deposit. This was visible as a cut [108] into deposit (105), infilled by a sandy-silt deposit (109) similar to (102) but with brick fragments and poorly sorted sub-angular stones. This deposit was about 0.45m in depth (Photo 6) and it is clear that the brick surface {104} was disturbed by this cut, though again the upper layers (100, 101, 102) were intact. The trench opened up into an L-shape in the road approximately 1.5m long by 2m wide and 0.64m deep to expose the main service pipe running northeast-southwest along the road line (Photo 8). Here the basal deposit was (105) and 0.10m thick. Above this was a mid-brown sandy silt (111), which mixed with the upper deposit (109) continuing into the road from the driveway with a combined thickness of approximately 0.40m. This mixed deposit contained fragments of brick, medium to large poorly sorted, sub-angular stones, and modern ceramic material. Fragments of what might be the brick surface {104} emerged above this in the southeast-facing section for a depth of 0.10m. Above this was deposit (102), 0.06m thick, and then the modern tarmac (110), 0.08m thick (Photos 9 & 10). The mixed deposits in this area indicated a redeposition of material after the pipe was inserted. The northwest-facing section contained no sign of the upper deposits ({104}, (102)) which shows the likelihood that the brick surface {104} did not extend into the road.

4. Finds Artefacts recovered from the contexts recorded during the course of the excavation include two fragments of modern tile, 11 fragments of modern glazed ceramic wares, a fragment of a possible ceramic pipe, and a fragment of a ceramic flower pot. Once noted these artefacts were not retained.

5. Conclusion An archaeological watching brief was undertaken during service renewal work on land at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG, centred on ST 33826 90864, on the recommendation of Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division. The site lies within the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore had the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). The excavation revealed a series of deposits containing modern services and a variety of modern finds. An earlier brick surface was revealed running along the driveway, although again modern in origin. Otherwise, no archaeological finds, features or deposits of any archaeological significance were revealed during the course of works on the site. According to the layout of the Roman fortress, the excavation site probably lies between the fortress defences and the end of the barracks blocks previously identified under the common immediately southeast of the site. This development does not appear to have impacted upon the local archaeological resource.

6. Bibliography CIfA (2014) Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (Unpublished Guidance accessible at www.archaeologists.net) NERC (2018) British Geological Survey Maps (accessed at www.bgs.ac.uk) University of Cardiff (2011) Isca: the Roman legionary fortress at Caerleon http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/research/explore/find-a-project/view/640989-isca-the-roman- legionary-fortress-at-caerleon (accessed 9 May 2018). University of Cardiff (2011) Lost City of the Legion: new discoveries on the site of the Roman fortress at Caerleon, https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/641969/LostCityof-the- LegionEnglishsmallfile.pdf (accessed 9 May 2018).

0 200 400 600 800 1000 m

SITE

Figure 1: Location plan, 1:25,00 @ A4

The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey 0 1020304050 m1: 1,000

SITE

Scheduled Figure 2: Location plan, Area showing area of Scheduled groundworks in blue, and Area extent of the Scheduled Scheduled Ancient Monument in Area red. 1:1000 @ A4 31

Driveway

Goldcroft Common Excavated area (Road)

Figure 3: Groundworks plan, showing extent of excavated area.

1:100 @ A4 Scheduled Area

012345 m

Photo 1: View northwest up the driveway prior to the start of excavations.

Photo 2: View south of the section at the northwest end of the trench, showing deposits (103), (102), (101) & (100). 0.5m scale.

Photo 3: View south of the trench excavation in plan, showing the numerous service cables. 0.5m scale.

Photo 4: View south of brick surface {104} appearing in the trench section. 0.5m scale.

Photo 5: View northeast showing the typical sequence of deposits in the mid-section of the trench, showing deposits (105), (102), (101) & (100). 1m scale.

Photo 6: View northeast of deposits at the end of the driveway. Showing deposits (109), (102), (101) & (100). 1m scale.

Photo 7: General view ESE of the trench excavation within the driveway. 1m scale.

Photo 8: View northwest of the excavations within the road. 1m scale.

Photo 9: View northwest of the sequence of deposits revealed within the road. Showing deposits (105), (111), (109), (102) & (110) 1m scale.

Photo 10: As above, opposing section. 1m scale. Archaeology

Wales

APPENDIX I: Context List Appendix 1: Context Register

No. Type Description Relationship 100 Deposit Driveway surface. Loose, light yellow- Above 101 grey gravel. 0.05m thick. No finds 101 Deposit Aggregate/packed earth under gravel. Below 100 Firm, light brown-yellow aggregate. Above 102 0.03m thick. No finds 102 Deposit Levelling deposit. Moderate, dark grey- Below 101 black sandy silt. Above 103 0.2m thick. & 104 No finds 103 Deposit Modern service infill. Firm, mid orange- Below 102 brown clay. Above 103 0.3m to 0.35m thick. & 105 No finds 104 Structure Brick surface. Exceeds trench limits, Below 102, 0.1m thick. above 103 105 Deposit Firm, mid brown-red silty clay. Below 104 0.3m thick. No finds 106 Cut Modern services. Linear in plan, step Filled by sides, pointed base. 107. Cuts 103 & 105 107 Fill Fill of [106]. Loose, dark grey-black Fill of 106. sandy-silt with large sub-angular stone Below 104 inclusions. No finds 108 Cut Modern services. Plan uncertain, Filled by moderate sides, flat base. 109. 0.3m wide, 0.35m deep. Cuts 105. 109 Fill Fill of [108]. Loose, dark grey-black Fill of 108. sandy-silt. Below 104. No finds. 110 Deposit Tarmac road surface. Above 102 111 Deposit Road make-up deposit. Loose, mid Below 109 orange-brown sandy-silt. Above 105. 0.3m thick. Modern pottery

Archaeology

Wales

APPENDIX II Written Scheme of Investigation

WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION

FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL

WATCHING BRIEF

AT GOLDCROFT COMMON, CAERLEON, NEWPORT

Prepared for:

Western Power Distribution

Project No: 2607

April 2018

Archaeology Wales Limited The Reading Room, Town Hall, Great Oak Street Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6BN Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 Email: [email protected]

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Contents Page Summary ...... 3 1. Introduction and planning background ...... 3 2. Site Description ...... 4 3. Archaeological background ...... 4 4. Objectives ...... 5 4.1. Site Specific Research Aims ...... 6 5. Timetable of works ...... 6 5.1. Fieldwork ...... 6 5.2. Report delivery ...... 6 6. Fieldwork ...... 6 6.1. Detail ...... 6 6.2. Recording ...... 7 6.3. Finds ...... 7 6.4. Environmental sampling strategy ...... 8 6.5. Human remains ...... 8 6.6. Specialist advisers ...... 8 7. Monitoring ...... 9 8. Post-fieldwork programme ...... 10 8.1. Archive assessment ...... 10 8.2. Reports and archive deposition ...... 11 9. Staff ...... 12 Additional Considerations ...... 12 10. Health and Safety ...... 12 10.1. Risk assessment ...... 12 10.2. Other guidelines ...... 12 11. Community Engagement and Outreach ...... 12 12. Insurance ...... 12 13. Quality Control ...... 13 13.1. Professional standards ...... 13 13.2. Project tracking ...... 13 14. Arbitration ...... 13

Figure 1. Site location Figure 2. Detailed plan of the site, showing areas of proposed investigation

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Summary This Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) details a programme of archaeological mitigation to be undertaken by Archaeology Wales at the request of Western Power Distribution Ltd.

The archaeological mitigation will consist of a watching brief and will be undertaken during ground works associated with the service renewal work at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG centred on ST 33826 90864.

The area of works lies within the area of the Roman fortress of Isca and within the Caerleon Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA). The works therefore have the potential to encounter remains of Roman origin, and possibly later date (medieval or post-medieval). Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust – Curatorial Division have therefore recommended that an archaeological watching brief is undertaken during ground disturbing works.

All work will be undertaken in accordance with the standards and guidelines of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014).

1. Introduction and planning background This WSI details the methodology for a programme of archaeological mitigation (watching brief) to be undertaken in association with proposed service renewal work at 30A Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport, NP18 1NG centred on ST 33826 90864 (Figure 1 and 2). The work is being undertaken on behalf of Western Power Distribution Ltd.

This WSI has been prepared by Philip Poucher MCIfA, Project Manager, Archaeology Wales Ltd (henceforth - AW) at the request of Western Power Distribution Ltd.

The methodology set out in this WSI has been agreed with Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust-Curatorial Division (GGAT-CD) in its capacity as the regional archaeological advisory service, with an established agreement with Western Power Distribution. GGAT-CD has recommended that archaeological mitigation (watching brief) of the development area is undertaken during ground works to mitigate the impact of the proposed development on the archaeological resource.

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The recommendations made by GGAT-CD are set out in an email to Western Power Distribution Ltd dated 14/03/18, GGAT-CD file reference U2499.

The purpose of the archaeological mitigation (watching brief) is to provide the local planning authority with sufficient information regarding the nature of archaeological remains on the site of the development, the requirements for which are set out in Planning Policy (revised edition 9, 2016), Section 6.5 and Technical Advice Note (TAN) 24: The Historic Environment (2017). The work is to ensure that all buried artefacts and deposits are fully investigated and recorded if they are disturbed or revealed as a result of activities associated with the development.

All work will be undertaken to the standards and guidance set by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (2014). AW is a Registered Organisation with the CIfA.

2. Site Description The site, located at ST 33826 90864, lies adjacent to No.30A Goldcroft Common with Caerleon. The work will comprise the excavation of a 10m long service trench along a driveway and into the road to connect with existing services. A row of terraced and semi-detached housing line the northwest side of Goldcliff Common, fronted by a tarmac road and a triangular area of turf-covered common beyond. This is bounded by the High Street (B4236) which runs along the southeast edge of the common.

3. Archaeological background The site lies on the edge of the Roman legionary fortress established at Caerleon, or Isca, in around 75AD. This is one of only three permanent legionary fortressed in Britain, and is likely linked to the campaigns of Julius Frontinus, the Roman governor of Britain, against the native Silures. The fortress was the home of the 2nd Augusta Legion, a legion of over 500 men. It was laid out in a standard playing card design, covering an area of some 50 acres, with a gated entrance in the centre of each side.

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The turfed area of the common a few metres to the southeast of the development site lies within boundaries of the Scheduled Ancient Monument of MM233 Caerleon Legionary Fortress: Coldcroft Common. This covers the remains of the barracks blocks located within the northern defences, and to the east of the northern gateway. The barrack blocks would have housed 80 men, with the Centurion’s residence, along with housing for junior officers and offices, located at the northern end of each barrack block. The limits of the fortress extend beyond the Scheduled Area, but subsequent development suggested these remains are likely to be truncated. The location of the gateway lies some 100m to the southwest of the site, but the site itself is likely to lie on the line of the fortress defences.

The fortress was in use by the 2nd Augusta Legion until around 300AD, after which it appears to have been partially occupied, although it is unclear if this was civilian or military in nature. Following the end of Roman administrative control in the early 5th century it is possible that activity continued in Caerleon. Caerleon may have been important to the early Christian church, being the site of the martyrdom of Saint Julius and Saint Aaron in the 3rd century. Graves of 6th to 7th century date have been recorded in the town, and the site likely equates to the city of ‘Caer Lion’ listed by monk Nennius, writing in the 9th century.

During the medieval period a castle was built utilising in part the southern wall of the Roman fortress defences. This castle was built before 1086, when it was recorded in the Domesday Book, making it likely to be one of the earliest castles built in Wales during the Norman conquest, with a likely construction date between 1067 and 1075. The castle is described, passing between various owners, into the 13th century. It is mentioned again in the 17th century, but described as ‘utterly ruinated’. The location of the known early medieval and medieval sites within Caerleon would suggest settlement activity had moved to the southeast part of the former Roman fortress, away from the development site, but the potential remains for early medieval and medieval activity within the area around the development. The northern edge of Goldcroft Common had been developed by the time accurate maps of the area begin to appear in the mid-19th century, although the current building occupying No.30A would appear to be early-20th century in date.

4. Objectives This WSI sets out a program of works to ensure that the mitigation (watching brief) will meet the standard required by The Chartered Institute for Archaeologist’s Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (2014). The objective of the watching brief will be: • to allow a rapid investigation and recording of any archaeological features that are uncovered during the proposed groundworks within the application area. • to provide the opportunity, if needed, for the watching archaeologist to signal to all interested parties, before the destruction of the material in question, that an archaeological find has been made for which the resources allocated to the

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watching brief are not sufficient to support the treatment to a satisfactory or proper standard. A written report will be compiled following the fieldwork. Sufficient desk-top research will be undertaken to ensure that the results of this work are properly understood, interpreted and reported. The report will include a comprehensive assessment of the historic context within which the archaeological evidence rests and will aim to highlight any relevant research issues within regional, national and, if relevant, international research frameworks.

4.1. Site Specific Research Aims It is important to recognize that whilst primarily designed to mitigate impacts, developer-led archaeology is also regarded as research activity with an academic basis, the aim of which is to add to the sum of human knowledge. Curators recognize the desirability of incorporating agreed research priorities as a means of enhancing the credibility of the development control process, ensuring cost- effectiveness and legitimately maximizing intellectual return. A research framework for the archaeology of Wales has been produced and has in the process of review since 2009. Given the archaeological potential of this site this mitigation has the capacity to identify areas that may contribute to the themes outlined in the recently refreshed published research aims of the Romano-British period (Davies 2017), in particular archaeology of the campaigning years and settlement patterns.

5. Timetable of works 5.1. Fieldwork The programme of mitigation will be undertaken during ground works associated with the proposed development. An initial start date of early May has been established. Archaeology Wales will update GGAT-CD with the exact date.

5.2. Report delivery The report will be submitted to the client and to GGAT-CD within three months of the completion of the fieldwork. A copy of the report will also be sent to the regional HER.

6. Fieldwork 6.1. Detail The work will be undertaken to meet the standard required by The Chartered Institute for Archaeologist’s Standard and Guidance for Watching Briefs (2014).

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The Watching Brief will be carried out by a suitably qualified archaeologist on groundworks associated with the proposed development. The planned groundworks include the excavation of a 10m long trench to accommodate services (see Figure 2), with connection to existing services adjacent to No.30A Goldcroft Common and within the road adjacent. Any mechanical excavation should be undertaken using a toothless ditching bucket wherever ground conditions allow. The site archaeologist undertaking the watching brief will be afforded the required access by the main contractor in order to observe and where necessary to record any archaeological remains revealed. Groundwork will not be undertaken without the presence of the site archaeologist. The site archaeologist will record finds and less significant archaeological deposits and features without significant delay to the work program. Where significant or complex archaeological deposits or features are encountered there will be a requirement for those areas to be fenced off and highlighted to all contractors employed on the site. Machines or contractors shall not disturb this area until archaeological recording has been completed. If significant or complex archaeological features are revealed during the work a meeting between the client, GGAT-CD and AW will be called at the earliest convenience. To comply with professional guidelines, a contingency for further, appropriate uninterrupted access to each such area and for a small team of further archaeologists to be employed should be provided. Contingency costs will be agreed in advance before any extension to the programme commences and will follow a site meeting between Archaeology Wales, the client and GGAT-CD.

6.2. Recording Recording will be carried out using AW recording systems (pro-forma context sheets etc) using a continuous number sequence for all contexts.

Plans and sections will be drawn to a scale of 1:50, 1:20 and 1:10 as required and related to Ordnance Survey datum and published boundaries where appropriate.

All features identified will be tied in to the OS survey grid and fixed to local topographical boundaries.

Photographs will be taken in digital format with an appropriate scale, using a 12MP camera with photographs stored in Tiff format.

The archaeologist undertaking the watching brief will have access to the AW metal detector and be trained in its use.

6.3. Finds The professional standards set in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research

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of archaeological (2014) will form the basis of finds collection, processing and recording. All manner of finds regardless of category and date will be retained. Finds recovered that are regarded as Treasure under The Treasure Act 1996 will be reported to HM Coroner for the local area. Any finds which are considered to be in need of immediate conservation will be referred to a UKIC qualified conservator (normally Phil Parkes at Cardiff University).

6.4. Environmental sampling strategy Deposits with a significant potential for the preservation of palaeoenvironmental material will be sampled, by means of the most appropriate method (bulk, column etc). Where sampling will provide a significant contribution to the understanding of the site AW will draw up a site-specific sampling strategy alongside a specialist environmental archaeologist. All environmental sampling and recording and will follow Historic England’s Guidelines for Environmental Archaeology (2nd Edition 2011).

6.5. Human remains In the event that human remains are encountered, their nature and extent will be established and the coroner informed. All human remains will be left in situ and protected during backfilling. Where preservation in situ is not possible the human remains will be fully recorded and removed under conditions that comply with all current legislation and include acquisition of licenses and provision for reburial following all analytical work. Human remains will be excavated in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologist’s Excavation and Post-Excavation Treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains: Technical Paper Number 13 (1993). A meeting with GGAT-CD, the client and AW will be called if the human remains uncovered are of such complexity or significance that the contingency arrangement (6.1 above) would not be of sufficient scope.

6.6. Specialist advisers In the event of certain finds, features or sites being discovered, AW will seek specialist opinion and advice. A list of specialists is given in the table below although this list is not exhaustive.

Artefact type Specialist

Flint Kate Pitt (Archaeology Wales)

Animal bone Richard Madgwick (Cardiff University)

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CBM, heat affected clay, Rachael Hall (APS) Daub etc.

Clay pipe Hilary Major (Freelance)

Glass Rowena Hart (Archaeology Wales)

Cremated and non- Malin Holst (University of York)/Richard cremated human bone Madgwick (Cardiff University)

Metalwork Kevin Leahy (University of Leicester)/ Quita Mold (Freelance)

Metal work and Dr Tim Young (GeoArch) metallurgical residues

Neo/BA pottery Dr Alex Gibson (Bradford University)

IA/Roman pottery Jane Timby (Freelance)

Roman Pottery Rowena Hart (Archaeology Wales)/ Peter Webster (Freelance)

Post Roman pottery Stephen Clarke (Monmouthshire Archaeology)

Charcoal (wood ID) John Carrot (Freelance)

Waterlogged wood Nigel Nayling (University of Wales – Lampeter)

Molluscs and pollen Dr James Rackham

Charred and waterlogged Wendy Carruthers (Freelance) plant remains

6.6.1. Specialist reports Specialist finds and palaeoenvironmental reports will be written by AW specialists, or sub-contracted to external specialists when required.

7. Monitoring GGAT-CD will be contacted approximately five days prior to the commencement of archaeological site works, and subsequently once the work is underway.

Any changes to the WSI that AW may wish to make after approval will be communicated to GGAT-CD for approval on behalf of Planning Authority.

Representatives of GGAT-CD will be given access to the site so that they may monitor the progress of the work. If significant archaeology is uncovered this area

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will not be back-filled, until GGAT-CD has had the opportunity to inspect it, unless permission has been given in advance. GGAT-CD will be kept regularly informed about developments, both during the site works and subsequently during post- excavation.

8. Post-fieldwork programme 8.1. Archive assessment 8.1.1. Site archive An ordered and integrated site archive will be prepared in accordance with The National Standard and Guidance to Best Practice for Collecting and Depositing Archaeological Archives in Wales 2017 (National Panel for Archaeological Archives in Wales) and the guidelines of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists upon completion of the project. The site archive (including artefacts and samples) will be will be prepared in accordance with the National Monuments Record (Wales) agreed structure and deposited with an appropriate receiving organisation, in compliance with CIfA Guidelines (Standard and guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives’, 2014). The legal landowners consent will be gained for deposition of finds. 8.1.2. Analysis Following a rapid review of the potential of the site archive, a programme of analysis and reporting will be undertaken. This will result in the following inclusions in the final report:  Non-technical summary  Location plan showing the area/s covered by the watching brief, all artefacts, structures and features found  Plan and section drawings (if features are encountered) with ground level, ordnance datum and vertical and horizontal scales.  Written description and interpretation of all deposits identified, including their character, function, potential dating and relationship to adjacent features. Specialist descriptions and illustrations of all artefacts and soil samples will be included as appropriate.  An indication of the potential of archaeological deposits which have not been disturbed by the development  A discussion of the local, regional and national context of the remains by means of reviewing published reports, unpublished reports, historical maps, documents from local archives and the regional HER as appropriate.  A detailed archive list at the rear listing all contexts recorded, all samples finds and find types, drawings and photographs taken. This will include a statement of the intent to deposit, and location of deposition, of the archive.

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8.2. Reports and archive deposition 8.2.1. Report to client Copies of all reports associated with the mitigation (watching brief), together with inclusion of supporting evidence in appendices as appropriate, including photographs and illustrations, will be submitted to the client and GGAT-CD upon completion. 8.2.2. Additional reports After an appropriate period has elapsed, copies of all reports will be deposited with the relevant county Historical Environment Record, the National Monuments Record and, if appropriate, Cadw. 8.2.3. Summary reports for publication Short archaeological reports will be submitted for publication in relevant journals; as a minimum, a report will be submitted to the annual publication of the regional CBA group or equivalent journal. 8.2.4. Notification of important remains Where it is considered that remains have been revealed that may satisfy the criteria for statutory protection, AW will submit preliminary notification of the remains to Cadw. 8.2.5. Archive deposition The final archive (site and research) will, whenever appropriate, be deposited with a suitable receiving institution. If artefacts are recovered, and dependent on the size of the final archive, the preferred receiving institution would be the National Roman Legion Museum, High Street, Caerleon NP18 1AE. If the archive is not acceptable the archive will be deposited with Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Cardiff. If no artefacts are recovered then the archive will be deposited with the National Monuments Record, RCAHMW, Aberystwyth. Arrangements will be made with the receiving institution before work starts. Although there may be a period during which client confidentiality will need to be maintained, copies of all reports and the final archive will be deposited no later than six months after completion of the work. Copies of all reports, the digital archive and an archive index will be deposited with the National Monuments Record, RCAHMW, Aberystwyth.

Wherever the archive is deposited, this information will be relayed to the HER. A summary of the contents of the archive will be supplied to GGAT-CD. 8.2.6. Finds deposition The finds, including artefacts and ecofacts, excepting those which may be subject to the Treasure Act, will be deposited with the same institution, subject to the agreement of the legal land owners.

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9. Staff The project will be managed by Philip Poucher, MCIfA (AW Project Manager) and the fieldwork undertaken by suitable qualified and experience AW staff. Any alteration to staffing before or during the work will be brought to the attention of GGAT-CD and the client.

Additional Considerations

10. Health and Safety 10.1. Risk assessment Prior to the commencement of work AW will carry out and produce a formal Health and Safety Risk Assessment in accordance with The Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1992. A copy of the risk assessment will be kept on site and be available for inspection on request. A copy will be sent to the client (or their agent as necessary) for their information. All members of AW staff will adhere to the content of this document. 10.2. Other guidelines AW will adhere to best practice with regard to Health and Safety in Archaeology as set out in the FAME (Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers) health and safety manual Health and Safety in Field Archaeology (2002).

11. Community Engagement and Outreach Wherever possible, AW will ensure suitable measures are in place to inform the local community and any interested parties of the results of the site investigation work. This may occur during the site investigation work or following completion of the work. The form of any potential outreach activities may include lectures and talks to local groups, interested parties and persons, information boards, flyers and other forms of communication (social media and websites), and press releases to local and national media. The form of any outreach will respect client confidentiality or contractual agreements. As a rule, outreach will be proportional to the size of the project. Where outreach activities have a cost implication these will need to be negotiated in advance and in accordance with the nature of the desired response and learning outcomes.

12. Insurance AW is fully insured for this type of work, and holds Insurance with Aviva Insurance Ltd and Hiscox Insurance Company Limited through Towergate Insurance. Full details of these and other relevant policies can be supplied on request.

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13. Quality Control 13.1. Professional standards AW works to the standards and guidance provided by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. AW fully recognise and endorse the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Code of Conduct, Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology and the Standard and Guidance for archaeological watching briefs currently in force. All employees of AW, whether corporate members of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists or not, are expected to adhere to these Codes and Standards during their employment.

13.2. Project tracking The designated AW manager will monitor all projects in order to ensure that agreed targets are met without reduction in quality of service.

14. Arbitration Disputes or differences arising in relation to this work shall be referred for a decision in accordance with the Rules of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators’ Arbitration Scheme for the Institute for Archaeologists applying at the date of the agreement.

Archaeology

Wales

APPENDIX III: Archive Cover Sheet ARCHIVE COVER SHEET

Goldcroft Common, Caerleon, Newport

Site Name: Goldcroft Common, Caerleon

Site Code: GCC/18/WB

PRN: 00514g Isca (Caerleon Roman Fortress)

NPRN: 95647 Caerleon; Isca Legionary Fortress

Listed Building: -

Other Ref No: Scheduled Ancient Monument MM233: Caerleon Legionary Fortress – Goldcroft Common

NGR: NGR ST 33826 90864

Site Type: Service trench through driveway, within bounds of Roman fort

Project Type: Watching Brief

Project Manager: Philip Poucher

Project Dates: April 2018 – September 2018

Categories Present: -

Location of Original Archive: AW

Location of duplicate Archives: RCAHMW, Aberystwyth

Number of Finds Boxes: -

Location of Finds: -

Museum Reference: -

Restrictions to access: None

Archaeology Wales

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