Arthur, Roi Des Bretons D'armorique

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Arthur, Roi Des Bretons D'armorique LA VOCATION DE L’ARBRE D’OR est de partager ses admirations avec les lecteurs, son admiration pour les grands textes nourrissants du passé et celle aussi pour l’œuvre de contem- porains majeurs qui seront probablement davantage appréciés demain qu’aujourd’hui. Trop d’ouvrages essentiels à la culture de l’âme ou de l’identité de cha- cun sont aujourd’hui indisponibles dans un marché du livre transformé en industrie lourde. Et quand par chance ils sont disponibles, c’est finan- cièrement que trop souvent ils deviennent inaccessibles. La belle littérature, les outils de développement personnel, d’identité et de progrès, on les trouvera donc au catalogue de l’Arbre d’Or à des prix résolument bas pour la qualité offerte. LES DROITS DES AUTEURS Cet e-book est sous la protection de la loi fédérale suisse sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins (art. 2, al. 2 tit. a, LDA). Il est également pro- tégé par les traités internationaux sur la propriété industrielle. Comme un livre papier, le présent fichier et son image de couverture sont sous copyright, vous ne devez en aucune façon les modifier, les utiliser ou les diffuser sans l’accord des ayant-droits. Obtenir ce fichier autrement que suite à un téléchargement après paiement sur le site est un délit. Trans- mettre ce fichier encodé sur un autre ordinateur que celui avec lequel il a été payé et téléchargé peut occasionner des dommages informatiques suscepti- bles d’engager votre responsabilité civile. Ne diffusez pas votre copie mais, au contraire, quand un titre vous a plu, encouragez-en l’achat. Vous contribuerez à ce que les auteurs vous réservent à l’avenir le meilleur de leur production, parce qu’ils auront confiance en vous. Gwenc’hlan Le Scouëzec Arthur, roi des Bretons d’Armorique le roi des pierres TOME I © Arbre d’Or, Genève, janvier 2002 http://www.arbredor.com Tous droits réservés pour tous pays I TERRE DES PIERRES Bien qu’il n’ait pas manqué d’auteurs pour s’occuper des Romans de la Table Ronde, qu’ils fussent britanniques, français ou américains, qu’ils fussent formés aux disciplines universitaires ou qu’ils appartinssent au monde des doux fantai- sistes, qu’ils connussent, comme Joseph Loth la linguistique du monde celtique, ou qu’ils n’en sussent, comme la plupart des autres auteurs, pas un traître mot, l’histoire de la légende arthurienne s’est faite dans le désordre et avant même que quelques problèmes fondamentaux aient pu être, sinon résolus, du moins fortement éclaircis, on a tiré des conclusions péremptoires ou tout simplement affirmé et confirmé des parti-pris. Le sens et les implications profondes du mythe ont échappé à la plupart des commentateurs jusqu’à présent. L’origine des récits tels qu’ils nous sont parve- nus, reste inconnue ou peut-être mal orientée. Les toponymes n’ont pas vraiment été identifiés et la géographie qui apparaît dans les textes, demeure totalement incompréhensible. Les anthroponymes ne sont pas expliqués et le nom même d’Arthur n’a pas donné lieu à la discussion nécessaire à son bon usage. N’a-t-on pas entendu récemment une universitaire, affirmer à la télévision l’origine grande-bretonne de la tradition arthurienne, avec cette simple réserve qu’on n’a jamais réussi à identifier les lieux et qu’ils sont donc purement mythi- ques. C’est, on en conviendra, le type même du raisonnement faux et le contraire d’une saine critique historique. Il faut dire que l’origine du roi Arthur se perd, comme celle des grandes figu- res mythiques et parfois historiques, dans le brouillard des incertitudes. On en parlerait pour la première fois, dans des Annales Galloises du Xe siècle où il est dit avoir combattu contre Medraut à Camlann : mais on ne nous dit là ni qui il est, ni qui est son compétiteur, ni bien sûr où se trouvent la Lande courbe, Camlann. Quelques récits légendaires britanniques le mentionnent. Un de ces fourre-tout sans caution comme il y en a tant, placé sous le vocable de Nennius raconte à son sujet quelques faits de folklore et de mythologie, mais la première version à en parler date de la fin du XIe siècle, ce qui est déjà tardif. Des sculptures, qui seraient d’inspiration armoricaine, représentent une scène arthurienne au portail de Modène en Italie. Enfin, en 1138, paraît l’œuvre de Geoffroy de Monmouth, ARTHUR, ROI DES BRETONS D’ARMORIQUE l’Historia Regum Britanniæ, qui raconte la vie et les exploits du grand roi Arthur, roi de Grande Bretagne et d’une large partie des anciennes Gaules. On a parlé de faux à propos de Geoffroy : il s’agit plus probablement d’un mé- lange de mythologie et, comme disent les Anglais, de forgeries, c’est-à-dire d’in- ventions et d’emprunts hors de propos. Ce qui est certain c’est que l’ouvrage a été écrit à la plus grande gloire des rois anglo-angevins et pour le soutien de leur politique contemporaine. La source de Geoffroy serait un ouvrage armoricain. Par la suite, et en particulier au XIXe siècle, une interprétation géographique a été mise en place sans le moindre commencement de preuve le plus souvent, et c’est elle qui fait foi aujourd’hui de la tradition arthurienne. Autant dire que toute la question des origines et de la nature même des récits est à reprendre, si nous voulons obtenir quelque clarté à ce sujet. Certes il ne nous est pas possible de relire dans cet esprit toute la littérature arthurienne qui emplit des bibliothèques entières et notre projet s’est volontairement restreint, outre les mentions antérieures, au surgissement de la tradition dans l’Europe du XIIe siècle, c’est-à-dire à Nennius, aux quelques textes insulaires, à Geoffroy de Monmouth, à Chrétien de Troyes surtout, à Marie de France et, en raison de son importance géographique, au franconien Wolfram von Eschenbach. Robert de Boron déjà brode sur les récits primitifs : nous n’y avons fait allusion qu’épiso- diquement. Mais, avant toutes choses, la question primordiale, celle qui se pose d’emblée, trop vite résolue par la plupart des auteurs, c’est bien le sens et l’origine du nom d’Arthur. Mais aussi d’où il nous vient, quelles en sont les premières mentions et dans quel contexte elles se situent. 1 LE ROI DES OURS Le roi Arthur, commandant de CRS ? Mis à part quelques chercheurs, on est généralement persuadé du caractère singulier du terme : nul n’en aurait été désigné avant le XIIe siècle, si ce n’est le Grand Roi semi-légendaire des Bretons, dont nous avons entrepris à notre tour de percer le mystère. Les soi-disant spécialistes de la Matière de Bretagne suivent d’ordinaire les meilleurs celtisants pour qui Arthur relève du mot brittonique qui s’entend de l’ours, mais aussi du guerrier. Le celtique Artos, plus proche de l’Arctos grec que de l’Ursus latin, a donné Arzh en breton moderne où Arthur se dit normalement Arzhur. En cornique cependant, comme en breton dialectal, en particulier vannetais, le mot ours ou ors, d’origine latine, a fini par prévaloir. ARTHUR, ROI DES BRETONS D’ARMORIQUE L’appellation, ainsi définie, convient parfaitement, il faut le dire, au « chef de guerre » que nous présentent les anciens textes de Nennius et de Geoffroy de Monmouth. Il se rapproche d’ailleurs d’un autre nom, celui d’Armel, réguliè- rement venu d’un Arthmaël médiéval et d’un Arto-magalos antique : c’est là « le prince Ours » ou « le Grand Ours ». La plus ancienne apparition d’un Arthur sur la scène historique, selon Léon Fleuriot, l’historien des origines de la Bretagne, daterait du IIe siècle de notre ère. A cette époque en effet un certain L. Artorius Castus commandait la VIe Légion Victrix en garnison à Epetium. Cette ville de Dalmatie, devenue Sobrez de nos jours, est située près de Salone, dans la région de Split et s’est trouvée récemment rattachée à la nouvelle Croatie. Le colonel en question n’intéresserait donc que de très loin notre propos si le régiment placée sous ses ordres n’avait été aupara- vant installé à Eburacum, c’est-à-dire à York en Grande-Bretagne. Une inscription trouvée sur le site dalmate nous précise les exploits antérieurs de ce militaire. A la tête de ses braves Bretons, Artorius aurait réprimé une révolte des Armoricains. C’est du moins ce qu’un érudit anglais K. Malone, a tiré d’un texte tronqué duci legg c m Britaniciarum adversus Arm s qu’il a lu duci legionum, cohortum, alarum Britaniciniarum adversus Armoricanos, chef des légions, des cohortes et des ailes des Bretons contre les Armoricains. Pour Malone, ce serait un des prototypes d’Arthur. L’hypothèse n’est pas très plaisante, ni pour les uns ni pour les autres. Le grand Arthur en commandant de CRS, entraînant ses miliciens, comme le chan- tait naguère Gilles Servat, à taper sur leurs frères, voilà qui n’est guère engageant. Mais enfin… la science et l’histoire nous ont habitué à avaler bien d’autres cou- leuvres. Toutefois on peut porter le même nom, ou à peu près, on peut même avoir la même vocation militaire, et être profondément différent. Jusqu’à plus ample informé, il nous est loisible de considérer l’épisode d’Artorius non comme l’ap- parition de notre héros, mais comme la première manifestation, en pure séman- tique, d’un dérivé de l’Artos. Le Roi Arthur était-il irlandais ? gallois ? cornique ? Après cet Artorius d’ailleurs, il faut attendre quelque peu avant de rencontrer un homonyme, même approché, en fait jusqu’à la fin du VIIe siècle.
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