DOCSLIB.ORG

2. Palaeolithic India and Human Dispersal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2. Palaeolithic India and Human Dispersal Palaeolithic lndia and Human Dispersal D.K.BHATTACHARYA 6BSTRECT Studies of Palaeolithic evidences from lndia are numerous but most of these are based on surface collection. So, for a majority of sites, technological analysis or demonstrating internal evolution is not possible. A brief survey has been done to show the three basic periods through which these studies progress. lt is also shown that lndian archaeology till date remains more or less Descrptive and one has to still wait for an Analytical phase to emerge. Human evolution within lndia cannot be traced through hard evidence because of an almgst total absence of fossils. Yet one cannot deny on the basis of the archaeological evidences that lndia not only acted as the corridor of human migration to south-east Asia, but also had intensive human occupation at a time much before any other place in the Old World. CONTENTS l.INTRODUC丁 10N 2.CHRONOLOGY 3 THE FORMATiVE PER10D 4 THE DESCRIPTIVE PER10D 5.丁 HE ANALYTICAL PER10D 6.`OUT OF AFRICバ MODEL 7.CONCLUS10N I. INTROOUCTION Cfh" rise and development of studies on Palaeolithic archaeology in India can be viewed as having I passed through three stage s - Formative, Descriptive and Analytical. The Formative stage sees L,/ ttre exploration of virgin forests and hills leading to the discovery of stray antiquities from these regions. Since these discoveries were made immediately after Charles Darwin's theory of evolution became popular in the West, these antiquities were taken to be evidences of the presence of Prehistoric man in India and the extent of their expansion. 69 ANCIEN'I'INDIA, NEW SERIES, NO.1 Antiquities in themselves or their context were issues that started getting greater attention only after the rise of archaeological studies by the Lubbockian school (:1865). Naturally issues of chronology during this period also were dealt within a summarized manner. The attempt of V. Commont (1910) to connect the Somme alluvial deposits with Pleistocene inter-glacials in France brought about a change in the direction of enquiries in Indian prehistory. Cammiade and Burkitt (1930) attempt a typological classification. of Palaeoliths collected from the Ifuishna basin. They also ascribe their defined classes of took; to past climatic cycles with an aim to allude to their chronological status. It is interesting to observe that these works attempt to arrive at a statement on a macro-level, although the database lbr doing the same stems from the micro or regional level. In this maner, the development pattern of Indian Palaeolithic archaeology almost mirrors similar atrempts in England and France. The biggest flaw in this kind of generalization is that while England and France do not show much of inner climatic variation one could take a stand of extending a regional fearure to be representative of national picture. However, this would not be a viable option in India where climatic variation is much more diverse than it is in Europe. z. cinomolocy The lack of a general chronological framework for the entire country on the one hand and the possibility of looking for regionai character on the other were the rw6 issues that emerged as major areas of concern in the Formative stage. The Yale-cambridge expedition (79g6-7939) arrived with the specific agenda of constructing a Pleistocene chronomerer for India (de Terra and Paterson 1939) . This team concentrated on the Potwar plateau, which 1,vas a lacustrine formation in the north-wesr Punjab region. This was uplifted during Pliocene in the Tertiary period and was.subsequently desiccated by river Sohan - an effluent of the river Sutlej. This is the first time a river terrace structure was rried to be correlated with glacial and interglacial evenrs in the Himalayas, which were assumed as being coeval with the same in the Alps. This chronomerer was further extended to the alluvial cycles of Narmada in central India. Again the basic assumPtion that acted as the guideline was thar pluviation or higher rainfall occurs in the tropical belt exactly when the glaciations occur in the Himalayas. Three series gravel of were identified in the Narmada and these were taken as coeval with three terraces in the Sohan. Pleistocene period was identified through these three gravels which were taken as representing the last three glaciations in the Aips. Consequently no specific alluvial deposits were counted for the first glaciation or Lower pleistocene in Indian chronology. (1950) Zeuner surveyed the rivers in Gujarat and claimed that he could identify only two alluvial deposits representing wet cycle and not three gravels as claimed by de Terra and paterson. Subbarao (1958) provided an English translation of Zeuner's (1953:54) larer publication in German.l Gregory Possehl (797\) subsequently opined that probably all the gravels in Indian rivers belong to upper Pleistocene, because these gravels have not been supported by corresponding 70 PALAEOLittHIC iND!AAND H∪ MAN DiSPERSAL marker fossils. This was 'Jre final blow on the practice of river deposits being taken as a means of creating Pleistocene calendar without looking for marker fauna or proper palaeontological analysis. 3. THE FORMATIUE PERIOD The number of antiquities collected tiii about 1950 is really very impressive. Although there was no standard methodology used for reporting these, the range of their varieties - both in core tools and flake tools remain exemplary. Most archaeological delineations concentrated on rreating Lower Palaeoliths in great detail while both Middle Palaeoliths as also Upper Palaeoliths seldom get much attention. Such terms as 'round pebble' or 'pointed pebble' were common in archaeological descriptions. At times some terms used in French or British archaeology would also be used to identify Indian finds, without exercising any standard attribute considerations. getting referred as The antiquities collected from the Potwar region soon started . to belonging to Sohanian tradition. Semantically, this referred to a continuous occurrence of pebble tools and flakes for the entire Pleistocene period. Thus, lirde attempt was necessary to seek the status of Middle and Upper palaeolithic separately within this term. The Sohanian tradition continued to be taken as just Palaeolithic sensulato. Movius (1948) further extended this Sohanian concept by suggesting that if a line can be the region drawn between potwar and Burma, one can observe that no handaxes or bifaces occur in lying north and norrh-east of this line. Soon researchers started referring to this concept as the ,Movius line' concept. The present evidences, however, suggest that bifaces in this zone are not other parts of altogether absent, although one has to admit that they are not as prolific as in Europe or Mohapatra India. Hou et al. (2000) documented some handaxes from the Bose basin in south China. in (1981 and lgBT), in fact, not oniy demonstrates Acheulian bifaces in the Sohanian homeland with the western sub-Himalayan region but even deliberates over the relationship of Sohanian Acheuiian (Mohapatra 7997). (ASI) the ln 1947, V. D. Krishnaswami of the fuchaeological Survey of India described Tamil rich palaeolithic material discovered by him from the boulder beds of Kortalayar river in of both the Nadu. This publication (Krishnaswami 1947) shows a detailed and rigorous treatment fabrication techniques chronoiogical context as weli as the archaeological contents. varieties of stone Iftishnaswami of biface manufacrure, first defined in east Africa, were identified in this industry. a continuous also attempts to show a vertical evolution of these bifaces, in order to establish them as tradition. He named this tradition as Madrasian' The nationalistic fervour of Indian's independence in 1947 made Ikishnaswami avoid in the name Acheulian which was then being used in Europe' By this time, both Clactonian Europe England and Markkleebergian in Germany had demonstrated that some zones within other areas where are without bifaces and contain only flake and pebble tools, while there are of handaxes and cleavers occur. This led to a kind of bipolar dialecticism in the understanding Palaeolithic metamorphosis in the West. 71 ANCiENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1 IGishnaswami's claim that pebble tools are absent in Kortalayar valley helped in usheting this dialecticism in Indian archaeology as well. Thus, the Formative period ended by suggesting that the Lower Palaeolithic in India demonstrates rwo distinct 'traditions'. These are conveniently named the Sohanian and Madrasian traditions.2 The mutually exclusive character of these two traditions starred getting indirect support when Graham Clark (1968) suggested terms like Mode I, II, etc., to designate techno-complexes without any indication of them being used to enunciate cultural traditions. In European context, one can visualize these techno-complexes as representing traditions but the mutually exclusive nature of these modes is not demonstrated in the Indian context. 4. THE DESCRIPTIUE PERIOD The Descriptive period of Indian Palaeolithic archaeology started with H. D. Sankalia when he wrote the article: 'In Search of Early Man aiong the Sabarmati' published in 7942. For the next 14 years till 1956, he reported a number of Prehistoric evidences from Gujarat and Maharashtra. Prehistoric context of Gujarat was sought from river valley surveys and the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic and subsequent metal ages were documented in a persistent quest to reconstruct the prehistory of the region. In 1956, one of his students, B. Subbarao published a book on Prehistoric archaeology of India but chose to cali it The Personaliqr of India after the book titled Personality of Britain written by Cyril Fox in 7932. In fact, Subbarao deserves to be counted as heralding a post Descriptive phase occurring several decades before it can actually be seen in the research publications. Sankalia laid the groundwork and initiated a large number of students to survey all possible corners of India so that in due course of time, the archaeological map of India could be completed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran
    Intl. J. Humianities (2011) Vol. 18 (2): (63-87) Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran Hamed Vahdati Nasab 1 Received:21/9/2010 Accepted:27/2/2011 Abstract Although the Iranian plateau has witnessed Paleolithic researches since the early twenty century, still little is known about the Paleolithic of Iran. There are several reasons for this situation and lack of scholarly enthusiasm on the part of Iranian archaeologists seems to be the most imperative one. Concerning the history of Paleolithic surveys and excavations conducted in Iran, three distinct phases are recognizable. First, from the beginning of the twenty century to the 1980 when numerous field missions were executed in this region all by western institutes, second phase observes a twenty years gap in the Paleolithic studies hence; only few surveys could be performed in this period, and the third phase starts with the reopening of the Iranian fields to the non-Iranian researchers, which led to the survey and excavation of handful of new Paleolithic sites. This article reviews Paleolithic researches conducted in Iran since the beginning of twenty century to the present time. Keywords: Paleolithic, Iran, Zagros, Alborz Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 4:34 IRST on Monday September 27th 2021 1. Assistant Professor of Archaeology, Faculty of Humianities, Tarbiat Modares University. [email protected] Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran Intl. J. Humianities (2010) Vol. 18 (1) Introduction The most peculiar point about the Iranian Iran is surrounded by some of the most Paleolithic is the absence of any hominid significant Paleolithic sites in the world. To its remains with just few exceptions (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Pre-Historic Stone Age Period of India
    Journal of Arts and Culture ISSN: 0976-9862 & E-ISSN: 0976-9870, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp.-126-128. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=53. A STUDY OF PRE-HISTORIC STONE AGE PERIOD OF INDIA DARADE S.S. Mula Education Society's Arts, Commerce & Science College, Sonai, Newasa- 414105, MS, India *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: November 01, 2012; Accepted: December 06, 2012 Abstract- Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilizations. The earli- est archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Keywords- history, Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Indian Citation: Darade S.S. (2012) A Study of Pre-Historic Stone Age Period of India. Journal of Arts and Culture, ISSN: 0976-9862 & E-ISSN: 0976 -9870, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp.-126-128. Copyright: Copyright©2012 Darade S.S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li- cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Clovis Dynamics: Confronting Theory with Models and Data Across Scales
    QUANTIFYING CLOVIS DYNAMICS: CONFRONTING THEORY WITH MODELS AND DATA ACROSS SCALES by MARCUS JOHN HAMILTON B.Sc., Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 1998 M.S., Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2002 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ANTHROPOLOGY The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August, 2008 Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics ©2008, Marcus John Hamilton ii Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Ana Desiree Davidson, and the two halves of my family, the UK Hamilton side and the US Davidson side, for all their love and support. I would also like to dedicate this dissertation to two old friends who were instrumental in getting me interested in archaeology, Briggs Buchanan, and Wayne Warren Kinney, Jr. iii Marcus J. Hamilton: Quantifying Clovis Dynamics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their advice and guidance over the years. They are co-chairs, Bruce Huckell and Jim Boone, 3rd department member Ozzie Pearson, and outside member Vance Holliday. Much of this dissertation would not have been possible without access to the Rio Grande Valley Clovis collections, granted by Dr. Robert H. Weber, of Socorro, New Mexico. Bob sadly died in February, 2008 after leading a long and productive life, very much in the tradition of classic Southwest scientists. Over his 80+ years Bob amassed an encyclopedic knowledge of the geology, geography, archaeology and history of the region, much of it on foot with a canteen and map.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E
    Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biface Distributions and the Movius Line: a Southeast Asian Perspective
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2012 Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective Adam Brumm University of Wollongong, [email protected] Mark W. Moore University of New England Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brumm, Adam and Moore, Mark W.: Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective 2012, 32-46. https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/4441 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective Abstract The ‘Movius Line’ is the putative technological demarcation line mapping the easternmost geographical distribution of Acheulean bifacial tools. It is traditionally argued by proponents of the Movius Line that ‘true’ Acheulean bifaces, especially handaxes, are only found in abundance in Africa and western Eurasia, whereas in eastern Asia, in front of the ‘line’, these implements are rare or absent altogether. Here we argue, however, that the Movius Line relies on classifying undated surface bifaces as Acheulean on typological grounds alone, a long-standing and widely accepted practice in Africa and western Eurasia, but one that is not seen as legitimate in eastern Asian contexts. A review of the literature shows that bifaces are relatively common as surface finds in Southeast Asia and on this basis we argue that the Movius Line is in need of reassessment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis of Bengali Gentility in Calcutta
    The Crisis of Bengali Gentility in Calcutta Benoy Ghose The social scale and the paraphernalia of gentility are all rapidly and constantly changing, and it is becoming increasingly difficult for different income-groups of the Bengali middle-classes to keep pace with that change, particularly in urban centres like Calcutta. Bengali gentility is facing a really critical situation. And it has been made worse by the heavier influx of non-Bengalis in search of employment and almost impossible by the arrival of lakhs of Bengalis from East Pakistan who are largely concentrated in and around Calcutta. The concept of gentility moreover, is no less psychological than economic. And as the frontier of is changing and its scale is ascending, the struggle for climbing up to it and for preserving the status quo as well is becoming keener day by day. The crisis of Bengali gentility is therefore not only economic. It is a social and psychological crisis also, with all its ramifying consequences. The author is a well known writer in Bengali, and his recent study on the culture of West Bengal following his earlier survey of Bengal villages and towns, cultural and economic, is a pioneer work in the field bf Bengali letters. IT Is very difficult to locate , the access to the status of gentility. These are, more or less, material concept of "gentility" in a parti- The stigma of 'upstartism' is rubbed criteria of gentility, in so far as culair social sphere because it covers out in a generation or two, and the they are directly or Indirectly asso­ many, vague concepts.' The term descendants of the so-called 'igno­ ciated with the gaining of material "gentleman" however is purely Eng­ ble' upstarts become perfectly noble or economic status.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables. 16R dune site, 36, 43, 440 Adittanallur, 484 Adivasi peoples see tribal peoples Abhaipur, 498 Adiyaman dynasty, 317 Achaemenid Empire, 278, 279 Afghanistan Acharyya, S.K., 81 in “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 205 Acheulean industry see also Paleolithic era in history of agriculture, 128, 346 in Bangladesh, 406, 408 in human dispersals, 64 dating of, 33, 35, 38, 63 in isotope analysis of Harappan earliest discovery of, 72 migrants, 196 handaxes, 63, 72, 414, 441 skeletal remains found near, 483 in the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, 441–443 as source of raw materials, 132, 134 lack of evidence in northeastern India for, 45 Africa major sites of, 42, 62–63 cultigens from, 179, 347, 362–363, 370 in Nepal, 414 COPYRIGHTEDhominoid MATERIAL migrations to and from, 23, 24 in Pakistan, 415 Horn of, 65 related hominin finds, 73, 81, 82 human migrations from, 51–52 scholarship on, 43, 441 museums in, 471 Adam, 302, 334, 498 Paleolithic tools in, 40, 43 Adamgarh, 90, 101 research on stature in, 103 Addanki, 498 subsistence economies in, 348, 353 Adi Badri, 498 Agara Orathur, 498 Adichchanallur, 317, 498 Agartala, 407 Adilabad, 455 Agni Purana, 320 A Companion to South Asia in the Past, First Edition. Edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R. Walimbe. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002649130.indd 534 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM INDEX 535 Agra, 337 Ammapur, 414 agriculture see also millet; rice; sedentism; water Amreli district, 247, 325 management Amri,
    [Show full text]
  • The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia Robin Dennell New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 548 Pp
    The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia Robin Dennell New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 548 pp. (paperback), $50.00; (hardback), $95.00. ISBN-13: 9780521613101 (paperback). ISBN-13: 9780521848664 (hardback). Reviewed by AUGUST G. COSTA Human Origins and Primate Evolution (HOPE) Lab, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Student Building 130, 701 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; [email protected] ThinkinG outside The Cradle origins of the Indian and East Asian monsoon systems udyard Kipling once wrote that “there is too much Asia that constitute the “heartbeat” of Asian prehistory (p. 473). Rand she is too old” (1899: 167). Indeed the continent of Chapters 4 and 5 highlight the fossil and archaeological Asia represents the largest and most diverse stage upon evidence for the earliest Asians, and are structured some- which human evolution occurred. Shockingly however, what irregularly. Chapter 4 reviews the best-known Early no one has ever published an integrated account of early Pleistocene sites from Southwest Asia according to geomor- Asian prehistory. Robin Dennell’s new book is an excellent phic setting (lakes and streams) and focuses on the main attempt at filling this void.The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia data points of Dmanisi and Ubeidiya. In contrast, Chapter 5 is a monumental contribution towards a continent-wide combines the evidence from a very large geographic spread understanding of early Asian prehistory. This work com- (South and Southeast Asia and China). bines an authoritative review of Asian Plio-Pleistocene pa- The South Asian portion of Chapter 5 describes the fos- leoenvironments with an up-to-date summary of the main siliferous Upper Siwalik deposits and Dennell’s controver- fossil and archaeological evidence prior to the last intergla- sial discoveries from Riwat and the Pabbi Hills in Northern cial (i.e., ca.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Stone Age Technology in India
    Stone AEe Technologv in India K,PADDAYYA ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of various aspects of Stone Age (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic) general technology in lndia. After initial remarks about the history of Prehistoric studies and culture Sequence, detailed observations are made about how changes in raw material of utilization, experienced from time to time, and consequent improvements in techniques tool-manufacture and tooltypes themselves led to changes in subsistence and settlement patterns of Stone Age hunter-gatherer groups. The review concludes with remarks highlighting the need for identification of regional settlement systems, functional interpretation of lithic of non- assemblages, study of present-day use of stone for various purposes, and recognition utilitarian dimensions of Stone Age technology. CONTENTS l.lNTRODUCT10N 2.HISttORY OF PREHISttORiC RESEARCH 3 FIRST PARADIGM 4.PARADIGM SHIFT 5.FRESH FIELD RESEARCH 6.GENERAL CULttURE SEQUENCE 7.USE OF ORCANIC MAttERIALS 8.LITHIC ttECHNOLOGY A.lmprovements in raw mateHal ulllza10n 9.SttUDIES iN TECHNOLOGY A.Lower PalaeolithlC B.Mlddle and Upper Palaeolithic C.Mesolnhic 10 GENERALTRENDS ロ ロ 暉 r‐ ‐ ロ ロ 口 ‐ 甲 甲 ― ― ― ― ― ■ ■ 口 ‐ 口 ‐ 口 甲 暉 "― ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 甲 ・ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||■ ANCIENT INDiA,NEW SERIES,NO.1 11. TASKS AHEAD A" Regional adaPtive sYstems B. Functional interPretations C. Rspects of non-utilitarian behaviour learning D. Ethnography as a source of 「 IIIiDIDNOTPROGRESSUNIFORMLYORSTEADILYBUTHEDIDPROGRESSONTHE1/VHOLE MAKING AND T00L― USiNG CREATURE WHO FROM A FAIRLY INEFFICIENT AN!MAL TO A T00L― DOMINATED THE VVHOLE PLANET BY HIS NUMBERS AND B漱 ::[:η晏[li:Fギ ∫」][担 ACTIVITY,AND HAS NOⅥ′ONLY TO LEARN TO CONTROL Hい I. INTRODUCTION upon certain aspects a review of the evidence bearing paper I propose to present by H' D' 7futhis This topic was first dealt with ur,d Mesolithic t"tft*togy in lndia' Llof Palaeolithi.
    [Show full text]
  • COGNITIVE ARCHAEOLOGY: in SEARCH of the EARLIEST SYNTACTIC LANGUAGE-USERS in HIMALAYA Maheshwar P
    COGNITIVE ARCHAEOLOGY: IN SEARCH OF THE EARLIEST SYNTACTIC LANGUAGE-USERS IN HIMALAYA Maheshwar P. Joshi Recent scientific studies unfold that neural structures bearing on intonation of speech have a deep evolutionary history traced to mammal-like reptiles called therapsids found in the Triassic period (∼252.17 mya, million years ago). Therefore, these structures were already present in the primates. It goes to the credit of Homo sapiens who developed it to the extent that humans are defined as symbolling animals, for language is the most articulated symbolism. Cognitive archaeology makes it clear that it took hominins millions of years to develop a syntactic language. Stratigraphically controlled and securely established artefact-bearing sites of the Middle Palaeolithic Arjun complex in the Deokhuri Valley, West Nepal, provide firm dates for the presence of the earliest syntactic language speakers in Himalaya from 100 ka to 70 ka (thousand years ago). Keywords: cognitive archaeology, neural structure, syntactic language, verbal communication, Arjun complex 1. Introduction Study of prehistory of language falls in the domain of cognitive archaeology and this discipline ‘is still in early development’ (Renfrew 2008: 67). To the best of my information, no scholar studying South Asian prehistory has addressed this issue despite the fact that South Asia is very rich in material culture vis-à-vis prehistory of language (see for details, Joshi 2014: in press-a; Joshi 2017: in press-b). Since my primary concern in this essay is Himalaya in general and Central Himalaya in particular, I will focus on the earliest syntactic language-users in the context of Central Himalaya.
    [Show full text]
  • The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection
    /i £\ The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection MICHAEL PETRAGLIA and RICHARD POTTS ILLUSTRATIONS BY MARCIA BAKRY SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 48 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement; "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Early Acheulian Evidence from South Asia by Parth R
    A review of the Early Acheulian evidence from South Asia by Parth R. Chauhan Abstract South Asia represents the easternmost geographical occurrence of typical Acheulian biface assemblages in spatial and temporal abundance. All Acheulian evidence from this region is found in a rich mosaic of diverse palaeoenvironmental, geographical, and landform contexts, highlighting the dynamic adaptive and behavioral strategies of South Asian hominins during the Pleistocene. These assemblages have been traditionally categorised as either Early or Late Acheulian, based primarily on the absence or presence of certain tool-types or evident techniques. The earliest Acheulian evidence in South Asia is represented by unique technological attributes such as the absence of the Levallois technique, a relatively low number of cleavers, and a higher presence of core-tools and choppers, when compared with the Late Acheulian. Recent excavations and associated dating efforts by investigators working in several parts of peninsular India have revealed that the Early Acheulian in South Asia may extend well beyond the Matuyama/Brunhes transition. However, the frequency of these early occurrences within the subcontinent is low, reasons for which are currently unknown. In contrast, there is a significant and marked intensification in hominin activity and land-use from the Middle Pleistocene and onwards. South Asian Acheulian tool-types are generally comparable in techno-morphology with similar assemblages known from other parts of the Old World and represent direct technological influence from Africa, where the earliest Acheulian sites are documented. This paper reviews the evidence for the Early Acheulian in South Asia and discusses the unique attributes that separate such assemblages from the Late Acheulian, generally found in younger geomorphological contexts.
    [Show full text]