Japanese Journal of 魚 類 学 雑 誌 Vol.21,No.3.1974 21巻3号1974年

Apogonid Fishes of Miyake-Jima and Ishigaki-Jima,Japan, with Description of a New Species

Hitoshi Ida and Jack T.Moyer Received May 21,1974)(

Abstract 27 species of apogonid fishes were collected from southern Japan,of which ten species are new to Japanese waters.The widest extention of range among these new records is shown by semiornatus hitherto unknown east of the Seychelles. Most of the others have previously been known north to the Philippines.Their occurence in Japanese waters is believed to accentuate the homogeneity of the Indo- West Pacific as a whole in fish distribution.The vicinity of Miyake-jima seems to be the northern limit for the establishment of some of the tropical apogonids.Ecology and diagnostic features of several apogonids are discussed and a new species in the Apogon from Ishigaki-jima is described.

The development of diving equipment and known from the type locality and the Seychel- other instruments for underwater observation les. has accelerated the accumulation of informa- Meristic features;D.VI-I,9;A.II,8; tion on aquatic (e.g.Hobson,1965, L.L.26,L.tr.3/9-11. 1968).Since 1970,we have observed shore fishes Color when alive:Fins are hyaline.Most in the waters around Miyake-jima(34•‹05'N, of the body is translucent except the three 139•‹30'E)and Ishigaki-jima(24•‹25'N,124•‹ dark grey bands. 10'E).Using hand nets and seines,we collected Color after death:The translucent part of many fishes formerly unknown from Japanese body changes into faint red immediately after waters,some of them belonging to genera death,which darkens with time.Three black unrecorded from Japan.Most of our field bands are present on the side of body,which surveys were made using SCUBA,but on are indistinct in aged specimens.Opercular, some occasions,in shallow waters,snorkeling caudal peduncle,and central part of caudal was found more convenient.The present study fin remain black. deals with fishes of the family from Ecology:Diurnally the species dwells in these islands,presenting highlighted informa- sub-interstices of rock caverns in loose shoals, tion on ,ecology,and distribution. never coming into the open,but its behavior at night is unknown.The swimming pattern Results of this fish is unlike the usual apogonids,more I.Apogon Japanese name:Tenjikudai-zoku closely resembling brotulids. Apogon Lacepede,1802(type by monotypy Judging from its thin population in Miyake Apogon ruber Lacepêde) waters,the species seems to be established 1.Apogon semiornatus Peters,1876 there,though not commonly seen. Figs.3-B,4,5-C, 2.Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker,1856 New Japanese name:Yami-tenjikudai Fig.5-1. Apogon semiornatus Peters,1876:436.Type New Japanese name:Itohiki-tenjikudai. locality:Zanzibar Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker,1856c:204. Materials:Tanaka Memorial Biological Sta Type locality:Ternate(Moluccas) tion 730728-05(3),July,1973,Miyake and Materials:School of Fishery Sciences,Kita- TMBS 730920-08(1),September,1973,Miyake, sato University 701011-03(13),October 1970, 23.5-53.0 mm in St.L. Ishigaki and FSKU 710803-05(16),August Distribution:New to Pacific.Formerly 1971,Ishigaki,20.5-33.7 mm in St.L.

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Distribution:First record from Japan(Ishi- to the opercular through the eye,breaking gaki-jima).Previously recorded from Ternate, into dots posteriorly.Another blue line is on New Guinea,and Great Barrier Reef,north the margin of the upper jaw.Pores on lateral to Guam(Lachner,1953). line scales show a dotted line. Morphological features:Prolongation of the Color after preservation:Ground color of second dorsal spine and a deep body distin- body is pale brown.The blue lines on the guishes this species from all others in this snout and upper jaw remain as black lines, genus treated here. but the blue dots on the side of body disap- Color when alive:Body is opaque white pear. with several narrow blue vertical bands mar- Ecology:Diurnally the species forms shoals gined by darkness on the anterior part of body. in caves and caverns in the reef.In some All fins are hyaline except the long black cases,in summer and autumn especially,it is anterior margin of the first dorsal.The rim found in mixed shoals with Apogon apogonides. of the eye is light blue. Since habitat and coloring are quite similar Color after preservation:The light blue in these two species,they are hardly dis- rim of the eye and blue bands on the body tinguishable in the water.In dark caverns, become indistinct in aged specimens.The head their dark opaque reddish bodies are unobtru- is stained by thick peppering.The dorsal and sive,but A.aureus can still be recognized by ventral profile of the body are blackish. the three blue lines on the snout and upper Ecology:This species dwells in shoals in jaw,as opposed to the blue snout of A. the vicinity of the long-spined urchin Diadema apogonie'es.Their behavior too,is somewhat sp.in shallow open areas.When approached different.A.aureus is more bold than the closely by an observer or other large , other species,and will frequently approach they hide between the long spines of Diadema within a few centimeters of a motionless sp.in a compact shoal.The intimateness in diver.Motion will drive both species to the relation to iadema is much less than that back of the cave,but A.aureus remains of sp.Their behavior at night is oriented ventrally toward the floor of the unknown.The abundance and appearance of cave,often turning to show the black banded the species during more than two years of caudal peduncle.A.apogonides usually orients observation attests to its firm establishment in its ventral surface toward the back wall of the Ishigaki waters.However,we failed to collect cave,head pointed downward,clearly showing A.leptacanthus in our efforts at Okinawa-jima, the diagnostic black tip of the first dorsal. Amamioshima,and Miyake-jima. A.aureus leaves the protection of its cavern 3.Apogon aureus(Lacepkle,1802) to move out along the reef as sunset approa- New Japanese name:Aosuji-tenjikudai ches,but A.apogonides usually tends to remain Fig.5-B. in the shelter of the cave until darkness. Behavior of both species at night is unknown. Centropomus aureus Lacepde,1802:p.253. In winter and spring,the two species occupy Type locality:Great Equatorial Region? separate caverns and crevices and are rarely Materials:TMBS 730727-04(1),July 1973, seen together.A.aureus has been observed Miyake,and 730922-01(2),September 1973, actively foraging in 14•Ž,while A.apogonides Miyake,and 730920-26(2),September 1973, seems to remain fairly inactive in cold water. 52-93 mm in St.L. Both species appear in greater numbers as Distribution:New record from Japan. water temperatures reach 17•Ž,but A.apo- Formerly known from East Africa,the goni es seems to survive the cold winter water Seychelles(Smith,1963),Red Sea,India, more effectively than A.aureus.The latter Hong Kong(Fowler,1937).Not known from remains fairly common as waters warm up in the Marshalls nor Marianas(Lachner,1953). April,but noticeably fewer in numbers than Color when alive:Body is opaque red with in autumn.From its abundance and wide a black broad band on the caudal peduncle. range on Miyake,A.aureus appears to be Black margined blue lines on snout extend firmly established.Interestingly,neither this

―114― Ida and Moyer:Apogonids of Southern Japan with Description of a New Species species nor A.apogonides has been observed aureus,as noted above,and the two some- or collected in several expeditions to Okinawa. times apper together in mixed shoals.How- 4.Apogon apogonides(Bleeker,1856) ever,although locally abundant,its range on Fig.5-D. Miyake-jima is more spotty than that of the New Japanese name:Aohana-tenjikudai former species.This species is believed to be apogonides Bleeker,1856b firmly established. p.37.Type locality:Menado(Celebes) 5.Apogon ishigakiensis,sp.nov. Materials:TMBS 730920-01(6),and 730922 New Japanese name:Ishigaki-tenjikudai -02(1),collected in September,1973,Miyake, Figs.1,3-A,5-A. 44-69 mm in St.L. Materials:ZUMT(Zoological Department. Distribution:New record from Japan. University Museum,the University of Tokyo) Previously known from Singapore,Celebes, 52989(holotype),ZUMT 52988 and 52990,and Banda(Weber and Beaufort,1929).Not FSKU 731013-01 a,b,c,and d.See Table-1. recorded from Micronesia(Lachner,1953),nor Diagnosis:A species of Apogon distin- Hong Kong(Fowler,1937). guishable from other members of the genus Color when alive:The body is opaque red, by the combination of the following characters. yellowish below.The tip of first dorsal is Deep body,depth about 40% of standard black.The snout is black,margined by blue length;seven spines in the first dorsal,the lines which extend to the opercle through the anterior two of which are less than half of upper and lower edges of iris,these two blue the third,which is the longest.The body is lines breaking into dots posteriory.No black brown,with white and dark speckles scattered band appears on the caudal peduncle.Most over its entire surface.Clear stripes or bands of the snout gleams blue in the sea.The are lacking on the body.The maxillary ends general appearance of the species is very similar below the middle of the eye. to that of Apogon aureus in captivity. Comparison with allied species:The present Color after preservation:The faint blue new species resembles in its general appearance gleam disappears immediately after capture. Apogon novaeguineae(Java to Japan),A. The two blue lines on the head are indistinct truncata(South China Sea),and A.rueppelli in aged specimens.The tip of the first dorsal (North Australia,see Taylor,1964).It differs remains black. from A.novaeguineae by the presence of Ecology:The habitat and behavior of this palatine teeth(absent in A.novaeguineae), species are quite similar to that of Apogon shortness of the premaxillary ending below

Fig.1.Apogon ishigakiensis sp.nov.,holotype 37.6mm in St.L.ZUMT 52989,collected at the northern coast of Iriomote-jima,20km west of Ishigaki-jima.Ryukyu Islands.

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Table 1.Counts and proportional measurements of Apogon ishigakiensis sp.nov.,measure- ments expressed in percentage of standard length.

the middle of the eye(reaching to below the over the whole area associated with the distri- hindborder of the eye in A.novaeguineae), bution of the lateralis.These buds on the absence of dark bands from eye to cheek,and head are never connected directly to the canal fewer scales below the lateral line(8-9 vs.6); itself,and are lacking on the scaled part of from A.truncata by fewer scales below the body.The anterior opening of the nostril lateral line(7-8 vs.6);from A.rueppelli by extends into a short tube,but the posterior the number of dorsal spines(7 vs.6). one is an oval slit. Description:Scales on lateral line 25(3), The postocular commissure is very short. 26(3),or 28(1),those above lateral line Supraorbital canals on both sides of head join invariably 2 and 6 below.Dorsal rays VII(6) in the interorbital.Supratemporal branches or VIII(1)-I,8(1)or 9(6).Anal II,7(1), on both sides also join at the occipital region 8(5)or 9(1).Pelvic rays I,5. and five long curved sub-branches extend The body is rather deep and oval,the posteriorly from each supratemporal branch. The third dorsal spine is the longest being greatest depth at the origin of the first dorsal. The head is slightly longer than the depth of about twice the second,and the first is about body.The eye is rather large,measuring about half of the second.The length of the third one third of the head length.The dorsal dorsal spine is subequal to the maxillary.The profile of the nape is nearly straight,never pelvic spine,the second anal spine,and depth convex.Meristic characters and proportional of the caudal peduncle are equal in their length of body parts are listed in Table-1. length.The maxillary,third dorsal spine,and Preopercle ridge is smooth,its edge serrated. the longest anal ray are equal in their length. Scales are present on body,opercle,and cheek The maxillary ends just below the middle of but other parts are naked. the eye. The lateralis system on the body is complete, Bands of villiform teeth are present on the and that on the head is very thick with many dentary,premaxillary,vomer,and palatine. branches(Fig.3).Many openings are present Scales are ctenoid. at the end of these branches and on the stems The caudal fin is slightly emerginate.The themselves.Sensory buds(neuromasts),much posterior margins of the two dorsal fins and smaller in size than the diameter of openings the anal fin are vertical.The pelvic insertion of the sensory canals(Fig.4)are scattered is anterior to the pectoral.

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Color when alive:Body and spinous dorsal genus(Fraser,1972):one row of teeth on the and pelvic fins are brown.Darker and lighter dentary,smooth opercle and fused hypural speckles are scattered on the whole body but plates. there are no obvious stripes nor bands.Soft Our records add two species of the genus dorsal,anal,and caudal fins are almost hyaline . to the fauna of Japan.Characters distinguish- Color after preservation:The body is light ing this species and the following species, tan,with the margin of each scale darker. cypselura,are as follows: The anterior spinous dorsal and the basal part R.gracilis•cno black line on caudal fin; of the pelvic fin are blackish.Other fins are 12(or 13)anal rays;two predorsal bones. hyaline. R.cypselura•cblack lines on upper and

Ecology:This species dwells under staghorn lower margins of caudal fin;9 anal rays;one corals(Acropora formosa,etc)in shallow predorsal. waters.In the same habitat,Dascyllus aruanum Ecology:Nothing is known about the (Pomacentridae)and aurita(Apogo- ecology of the present species.The speci- nidae)are usually observed but the present mens were collected at night by light ex- species is much less common than the other two.In October 1973,some males were found periments conducted by the Okinawa Prefecture Fisheries Research Station. carrying eggs in their buccal cavities.No parental care has been observed after hatching 2.Rhabdamia cypselura Weber,1909 in captivity.We failed to collect or observe New Japanese name:Kurosuji-sukashiten- individuals larger than 50 mm in standard jikudai. length. Fig.3-F,5-J. Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber,1909:167.Type II Rhabdamia(New record from Japan)New locality:Ceram(East Indies) Japanese name:Sukashi-tenjikudai-zoku Materials:TMBS 730726-03(1),July 1973, Rhabdamia Weber,1909:165(type by sub- Miyake and FSKU 680511-01(18),May 1968, sequent designation of Jordan,1920 Rhabda- Okinawa,and 731005-28(2),October 1973, mia clupeiformis Weber) Ishigaki;26.8-51.2 mm in St.L. 1.Rhabdamia gracilis(Bleeker,1856) Distribution:East Africa,Seychelles(Smith, New Japanese name:Sukashi-tenjikudai 1969).New Guinea,Philippines(Fowler, Fig.5-K. 1930),Bikini(Lachner,1953).New record gracilis Bleeker,1856b:371. from Miyake,Okinawa-jima,and Ishigaki. Type locality:Ternate(Moluccas) Color when alive:The body is uniformly Materials:FSKU 690316-01(12),March transparent,and slightly pinkish in captivity . 1969,Nago Bay(Okinawa-jima)and 710705- Color after death:The transparent body 01(2),Sonai(Irimoto-jima),46.5-50.5 mm in changes to opaque white immediately after St.L. death.Three black lines appear after captiv- Distribution:First record from Japan.Pre- ity,from the tip of the snout to the opercle viously recorded from the Philippines(Fowler and on the upper and lower margins of the and Bean,1930),Marshalls(Lachner,1953), caudal fin.These three black lines are distinct and Singapore(Weber and Beaufort,1929) . even in aged specimens. Color after preservation:The body is uni- Ecology:This species forms large shoals formly white to straw yellow,suggesting its in the vicinity of isolated coral reefs on sandy transparency when alive.Faint black pepper- bottoms in New Guinean waters(witnessed ings scatter on the tips of the snout and lower by H.Ida),but,in the waters around Okinawa jaw,but never extend behind the eye. and Miyake,where not commonly seen,it Diagnostic characters:The absence of dwells with other transparent fishes such as chromatophores from most of the body,even Parapriacanthus sp.and glastic stages of Apogon at the adult stage,is one of the salient features notatus in the vicinity of soft corals or reefs. of this genus.In addition,a combination of Adults of the species are often trawled from the following characters is peculiar to the depths of more than 40m in the South China

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Sea,and are attracted to lights.In New tenjikudai-zoku Guinean waters,this fish is one of the domi- Pseudamia Bleeker,1865:284.(Type by nant species in light collections.In more than monotypy,Apogon polystigma Bleeker) 1,000 specimens collected by lights at Bougain- 1.Pseudamia amblyuroptera(Bleeker, ville Island(Nov.,9,1969)it was found that 1856) most larger males carried eggs in their mouths, New Japanese name:Numeri-tenjikudai but no females were incubating eggs. Figs.3-G,5-F. Cheilodipterus amblyuropterus Bleeker,1856d: III (New record from Ishigaki,Japan) 395.Type locality:Buru(Moluccas) New Japanese name:Yatsutoge-tenjikudai- zoku Materials:FSKU 731006-09(12),October 1973,Ishigaki,62.5-82.0 mm in St.L. Neamia Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe,1912: Distribution:New to Japan.Formerly 441.(type by original designation and mono- type,Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe) known from Singapore,Borneo,Buru(Weber and Beaufort,1929),and Philippines(?) 1.Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe, Diagnostic characters:The body surface 1912. is somewhat slimy.Scales are cycloid and Fig.5-H. very deciduous.The anterior nostril is attached New Japanese name:Yatsutoge-tenjikudai by a flap on its hind margin but never forms Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe in a tube,like Fowleria,in which the flap of the Radcliffe,1912:441.Type locality:Rasa anterior opening of the nostril is developed Island(Queensland) into a complete tube(Fig.3-C,D).D.VI-I, Material:FSKU 710801(1),August 1971, 8;Gillrakers 1+1+6(No other count has been Ishigaki,38.0 mm in St.L. recorded for these three characters in all of Distribution:New to Japan.Formerly our 12 specimens).L.L.ca 23,L.tr.5/11. known from Rasa Island,also from the (Most of the scales are torn off in our speci- Seychelles and Mozambique(Smith,1969). mens.) Diagnostic characters:Distinguishable by Color in fresh state:Small dark dots from the numerous first dorsal spines invariably longitudal lines on the whole body.All the numbering eight.The body is deep ovoid and fins,except the caudal,are hyaline.The transparent.The opercular bones are smooth. caudal fin is slightly pointed and black,with Villiform teeth bands grow on the premax- both upper and lower margins whitish. illary,dentary,and vomer.D.VIII-I,9; Ecology:Nothing is known.Night light A.II,8;L.L.22;L.tr.2/7. collections suggest its nocturnal habits,like Color when alive:The body and all the most other apogonids.Most of the samples fins are transparent except for three radiating examined had stomachs full of penaeid shrimps black lines from the eye. measuring about 10 mm in carapace length. Color after preservation:The transparent All the females had disintegrated ovarian eggs body changes to opaque white.Three black in their body cavity(collected October,1973). lines from the eye are distinct in aged speci- Species ambiguity in the genus Pseudamia mens.The hind borders of the scales on the As has been pointed out by Fraser(1972), upper part of body are somewhat darker. the validity of the three nominal species of Ecology:This specimen was caught from Pseulamia has yet to be clarified.We tenta- a deep coral hollow at Ishigaki.No other tively followed Smith(1955)that Pseudamia information on the species is available.No amblyuroptera Bleeker,1856 is a young form additional samples have been collected,thus of P.polystigma Bleeker,1859,though he the establishment of the species in Ishigaki notes meristic differences between these two may not be certain. species. IV Pseudamia(New record from Ishigaki, Referring to meristic counts,our specimens Japan) fall on P.gelatinosa of Smith,but the color New Japanese generic name:Numeri- phase corresponds to P.polystigma,and the

―118― Ida and Moyer:Apogonids of Southern Japan with Description of a New Species relative length of the first two dorsal spines Material:TMBS 730922-03(1),September suggest P.amblyuroptera(see Weber and Beau- 1973,Miyake,31.5 mm in St.L. fort,1929,who record the first dorsal spine Diagnostic characters:D.VI-I,9;A.II,8; of P.polystigma shorter than the second.) Gillrakers 1+1+7.Preopercular edge is ser- The situation is reversed in P.amblyuroptera. rated.Five black horizontal stripes on body. Most of our specimens have slightly shorter The posterior margins of the second dorsal and first dorsal spines than the second,but not so anal fins are vertical,not rounded.Canine small as illustrated for P.amblyuroptera in teeth present on the premaxillary,dentary, Bleeker's figure(1856).Obviously,the rela- vomer,and palatine.The anterior margin of tionships between these nominal species of the second dorsal and the upper and lower Pseudamia are extremely confusing,and the margins of the caudal fin are dark. absence of the type of P.amblyuroptera from Species ambiguity:The specimen at hand Leiden Museum adds to this confusion.For differs from young of Cheilodipterus macrodon the solution to this problem,observation on by a wide and intense black on the caudal color changes with growth and a meristic peduncle(Lachner,1953:485),from C.singa- analysis are needed. purensis by the shortness of the premaxillary, and from C.truncatus by a lower count of V Cheilodipterus Japanese name:Ryukyu- gillrakers(Lachner,1953:487).Meristic yarai-ishimochi-zoku characters of the present specimen are in Cheilodipterus Lacepede,1802:539.(type by accord with the description of C.lineatus sensu subsequent designation of Cuvier in Cuvier Smith 1961 but it differs by the absence of and Valenciennes,1828,Cheilodipterus lighter black lines running between the distinct lineatus Cuvier) lines.Black bands,wider than interspaces in 1.Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier,1828 C.lineatus,seem to be a prominent feature in Japanese name:Yarai-ishimochi. the genus.Moyer observed these black bands Fig.3-E. in larger individuals.We tentatively identified Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier in Cuvier the specimen as C.lineatus but scrutiny of the and Valenciennes,1828:167.Type locality: changes with growth in this as well as other Borabora(Society Is.) species of the genus seems to be needed.The Material:TMBS 730922-21(1),September number of horizontal stripes on the body 1973,Miyake,52mm in St.L. increases with growth in some members of Distribution:Slight range extention from the genus. Kagoshima to Miyake.Formely recorded from East Africa,Micronesia,Philippines, VI Pseudamiops(New record from Ishigaki, Okinawa,Kagoshima,and Hawaii. Japan) Ecology:This fish attains a size of about New Japanese name:Kudaribozugisu- 80mm in St.L.,a rather small species in the modoki-zoku genus.Like other members of the genus,it Pseudamiops Smith,1954:783.(Type by dwells solitarily in rocks or reef crevices. original designation Pseudamiops pellucidus 2.*Cheilodipterus lineatus Lacepede,1802 Smith) Type locality:Indian Ocean 1.Pseudamiops gracilicauda(Lachner), New Japanese name:Kuroobi-yarai-ishi- 1953. mochi. New Japanese name:Kudaribozugisu- Fig.5-E. modoki Cheilodipterus lineatus Laceped,1802:543. Fig.5-G. Material:TMBS 730922-03(1),September Gymnapogon gracilicauda Lachner,1953:497. 1973,Miyake,31.5 mm in St.L. Type locality:Bikini(Marshall Islands) Distribution:New to Japan.Formerly Material:FSKU 710805-01(1),August known from Philippines,Red Sea,South 1971,Ishigaki,25.3 mm in St.L. Africa and Seychelles(Smith,1961) Distribution:New to Japan.Formerly *see page 123. known from Marshalls,Solomons,and Hawaii.

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Color when alive:The body is transparent. species by the number of anal rays(15-18 vs. No distinct color markings are seen on the 13N15)and total gillrakers(less than 21 vs. body.Fins are all hyaline. more than 22).In addition,the density of Color after death:The transparent body pepperings on the body seems to be useful in changes to opaque white immediately after identification.Pepperings of A.lineolata(col- death. lected Feb.,1972,Rabaul)are very fine,while Diagnostic characters:D.VI-I,8;A.II,8; those of A.fucata are comparatively large. P.15;Gillrakers 1+1+15.Scales on body The number of pepperings on the mid part are very deciduous.There are about five of the body are as follows: predorsal scales.Lines of neuromasts are A.lineolata•cca.35/length of 2nd dorsal distributed on the whole body and the anterior fin base. part of caudal fin.The general features of A.fucata•cca.17/length of 2nd dorsal fin the genus are very similar to those of the base. allied genus Gymnapogon but differ in the In addition to the records dealt with in the presence of scales and the rounded caudal fin. The caudal fin of Gymnapogon is emerginate. previous pages,the following 14 species,seven Ecology:The specimen at hand was col- from Miyake,six from Ishigaki,and one from lected from a deep coral cave at a depth of both islands,were collected(figures in paren- about three meters at Ishigaki.No other theses give the number of individuals). information is available. I Genus Apogon VII Japanese name:Atohiki-ten- Subgenus 6.Apogon cyanosoma Bleeker,TMBS 730920- jikudai-zoku 07(2),September 1973.Miyake Archamia Gill,1863:81.(Type by mono- 7.A.notatus(Houttuyn),TMBS 730726-01 type,Apogon bleekeri Gunther) (10),730920-05(4).Miyake 1.Archamia fucata(Cantor,1849) 8.A.endekataenia Bleeker,TMBS 730920-06 New Japanese name:Atohikitenjikudai- (3).Miyake damashi 9.A.doederleini Jordan and Snyder,TMBS Apogon fucatus Cantor,1849:986.(Type 730728-01(1).Miyake locality:Penang(Malaysia) 10.A.novemfasciatus Cuvier,TMBS 730920- Materials:FSKU 731006-08(4),October 05(1),FSKU 701013-09(1).Miyake and 1973,Ishigaki 48-59 mm in St.L. Ishigaki. Distribution:Marshalls,Malaysia,and Ishi- 11.A.amboinensis Bleeker,FSKU 701016-03 gaki(Japan).Kusaka(1974,p.166)reported (1).Ishigaki the first record of the species from Japan. 12.A.nubilus Garman,FSKU 701011-18(14). Meristic characters:D.VI-I,7;A.II,9; Ishigaki Gillrakers 4+1+15(2)or 16(2). 13.A.semilineatus Temminck and Schlegel, Color after preservation:All the fins are TMBS 740414-01(1).Miyake hyaline.Fine pepperings are scattered on the Subgenus whole body.A large black spot is present 14.A.fraenatus Valenciennes,TMBS 730727- on the base of the caudal fin. 05(1),730726-04(1).Miyake Ecology:Nothing is known.Night light Subgenus Pristicon collections from outside the lagoon suggest 15.A.trimaculatus Cuvier,FSKU 710803-05 its nocturnal habit and a rather deep distri- 2),710807-10(2).Ishigaki ( bution,as has been suggested by Lachner Subgenus Apogon (1953). 16.A.erythrinus Snyder,TMBS 730728-07(1), Comparison with allied species:Some 730920-28(2),730923-01(3).Miyake authors,e.g.Weber and Beaufort,1929; Matsubara,1955,synonymized this species V Genus Cheilodipterus with Archamia lineolata(Ehrenberg).But 3.C.macrodon(Lacepede),FSKU 731006-16 Lachner(1953)clearly distinguishes these two 1).Ishigaki (

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VIII Genus Fowleria uroptera,Archamia fucata.However,esta- 1.F.aurita(Valenciennes),FSKU 701013-10 blishment of the following species may not 1),710807-13(6).Ishigaki ( be definite:Neamia octospina,Pseudamiops 2.F.isostigma Jordan and Seale,FSKU gracilicauda. 710807-12(1).Ishigaki According to Fraser(1972),19 genera have been recognized in the family Apogonidae, Discussion excluding the subfamily Epigoninae.Of these As mentioned above,27 species of apogonid the following eleven genera range widely in fishes were collected from Miyake-jima and the Indo Pacific extending to Japan:Neamia, Ishigaki-jima.Of these,ten species and four Psuedamia,Psuedamiops,Gymnapogon,Fowl- genera,i.e.Rhabdamia,Neamia,Pseudamia, eria,Apogonichthys,Cheilodipterus,Archamia, and Psuedamiops,are new to Japanese waters. Siphamia,and Apogon.Two of the remaining Most fishes of these genera were formerly genera,i.e. and ,are known north to the Philippines.The maximum endemic to the western tropical Atlantic,and range extention is that of Apogon semiornatus the remaining three,i.e.Pterapogon,Glos- previously known from East Africa,Red Sea, samia,and ,are endemic to the and the Seychelles(Smith,1969). waters around Australia.With the exception Judging from their abundance in Miyake of Coranthus from Reunion(Mauritius),the waters,the following species are believed to last group,viz.(Madagascar-Philippines) be established:Apogon apogonides,A.aureus, and (Borneo-Philippines)occur A.semiornatus,A.fraenatus and Cheilodipterus also in the Indo-Pacific.Thus our present lineatus.However,since the following two knowledge shows little difference between the species are rather rare,their establishment in Indian and western Pacific Oceans in terms of Miyake waters may not be definite:Cheilo- apogonid genera. dipterus quinquelineatus,Rhabdamia cypselura. In accordance with the belief by Fraser In Ishigaki waters,the following species are (1972),that Apogon is the only genus which also believed to be firmly established:Apogon has become established throughout the whole leptacanthus,A.ishigakiensis,Rhabdamia tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific and gracilis,R.cypselura,Psuedamia ambly- Atlantic,more than 40 species of this genus

Table 2.Number of species of apogonids reported from Pacific Ocean localities .

*In addition to those species described in Matsubara(1955),ten species new to Japan discussed in this paper are included.

―121― 魚 類 学 雑 誌Japan.J.Ichthyol.21(3),1974 have been recorded from both the Indian and activity,habitat,and food and thus resources western Pacific oceans,excluding the Australian are partitioned in such a way as to reduce region.Out of these,nearly 20 species,or competition in a certain area.For Japanese 50% of the total,are common to both oceans, waters,the ecological niches of apogonid about 10 species are endemic to the Indian fishes are schematized in the following figure Ocean,and the remaining 15 species are (Fig.2),and the following trend can be pro- restricted to the western Pacific.Although posed to classify their way of life: more than 250 nominal species have been A.Solitary behavior: proposed,the validity of most is still uncertain Al.Solitary plankton feeder in sheltered (Fraser,1972).The present study suggests area:Neamia,Fowleria,Gymnapogon. that the percentage of common species from A2.Solitary carnivore,in less-sheltered both oceans will increase with further research. area:Cheilodipterus. Apart from the Indo-West Pacific region, B.Forming small groups the distribution of members of the subfamily B1.Small grouped macroplankton feeder in the Pacific Ocean is summarized in sheltered area:Pseudamia. in Table-2. B2.Small grouped plankton feeder,greatly As can be seen from the table,the western protected by other animals,such as Pacific is rich in both genera and species, Diadema and Acanthaster:Siphamia. especially in the genus Apogon.Fiji and C.Forming large groups Hawaii have almost the same generic com- Cl.Large grouped plankton feeder in open position but differ in the number of species area:Rhabdamia,most Apogon. of the genus Apogon.To the contrary,the C2.Large grouped plankton feeder slightly American Pacific coast has only two species protected by other animals,such as of this subfamily viz.Apogon retrosella and Diadema:Apogon leptacanthus. A.guadalpennis(Hobson,1966;Miller and It must be noted here that there exists much Lea,1972).Thus the East Pacific Barrier variety in niches within the genus Apogon, seems to be an effective one in distribution while other genera show less.Most apogonidae of this subfamily,as in other shore fishes emerge and become free from daytime habitats (Briggs,1961). at night. Habits and habitats of some apogonids in Though the numerousity of habitat and the regions of the American Pacific coast and species in the eastern Pacific and in Japanese Hawaii have been reported by Hobson(1966) waters differ,the present results are in accor- and Rosenblatt et al.(1962).According to dance with the findings of Rosenblatt et al. them,most shore fishes differ in the time of (1972).

Fig.2.A schematic presentation of the usual habitats and habits of selected apogonid fishes in shallow water.Drawn based on diving observations conducted at Miyake-Jima(rocky area) and Ishigaki-jima(coral area)from 1970 to 1973.See text for notes of ecological observa- tions.

―122― Ida and Moyer:Apogonids of Southern Japan with Description of a New Species

A

E

B

F

C G

Fig.3.Lateralis and canal free neuromasts on the head of five representative genera of apogonids examined.A.Apogon ishigakiensis,sp.nov.;Be Apogon semiornatus;C .Fowleria aurita; D.Fowleria isostigma;E.Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus;F .Rhabdamia cypselura;G.Pseudamia amblyuroptera.Open circles show the pores opened in the system ,and small dots indicate neuromasts.an,anterior nostril:pn,posterior nostril;aio ,anteriormost opening of in- fraorbital canal;aso,anteriormost opening of supraorbital canal .

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Rosenblatt (1963) discusses ecological factors In addition to the habitat and speciation of such as habitat, length of early pelagic stage. the apogonids, some taxonomic problems are size of living space. life spun, intimateness to dealt with below. In the course of our substrate, and modes of reproduction of marine taxonomic study we found some erroneous shore fishes in relation to speciation. Accord statements in some authors' keys to the identi- ing to him, the smallness of habitat and living fication of genera in the family Apogonidae. space and the shortness of length of pelagic Some of them are corrected or amended as stage and life span result in rapid speciation. follows: Briggs (1966) emphasizes the importance of 1) Nostrils: In most species of Apogon, the loss of genetic variability within a popula the edge of the anterior nostril is elevated, tion in a peripheral region as a contributing This elevation is more developed in Fowleria, factor to speciation. becoming tubular in the long flap in Pseudarnia. The vast uniformity in distribution and the The statement "papillae on tip of snout" great variety of species of apogonid fishes in (Smith, 1965 and Matsubara, 1955) is to be the lndo-West Pacific corresponds to a variety altered to "anterior nasal tube ". (see Fig. 3). of genetic resources and habitats. On the 2) Sensory organs: "A fine network of pit other hand, the paucity of apogonids in the organs on the head and body "seems to be a eastern Pacific corresponds to limited habitat prominent character of the genus Gymnapogon and genetic variability in that region. These (Lachner, 1953 and Matsubara, 1955). but the facts tend to support the writings of the above structures are usually developed in many species authors (Briggs, 1966; Rosenblatt, 1963). of Pseudamiops (Smith, 1954), Apogon, Rhab- damia, and Fowleria and less developed in Cheilodipierus, Pseu. amia, and Neamia as shown in Figs. 3, 4. Moreover. these pit organs" are free from canals or pits. Tenta tively, we name these neuromast sensory buds" on the basis that they are very similar to taste buds in the buccal cavity in shape and size. The extention of these sensory buds from the head to the body or caudal fin seems to be peculiar to the genera Grmnapogon and Pseudamiops. In Fowleria and Rhabdannia. the sensory buds are found on the scales of the lateral line but never on other scales. Fig. 4. A photograph of scanning electron The genera of the subfamily Apogoninae microscope showing the relative size and found in Japanese waters are listed in Table number of sensory buds (canal free 3, with key characters (generic names follow neuromasts) on preoperculo-mandihular Fraser, 1972). canal of the lateralis of Apogon semior natus, 23.5 mm in St. L. (Height of buds Acknowledgments is reduced under preparation). dn: We wish to thank the director Seikei Aragaki. dentary, mx: maxillary, pmx: premax and all other staff of the Yaevama Branch illary. of the Okinawa Prefecture Fisheries Research The most plausible reason why only the Station, for their kind support of field surveys genus Apogon has been established as far east at Ishigaki-jima; Director Isa and Mr. Akino as the American Pacific coast seems to be suke Tomori of the Okinawa Fisheries Research that ecological requirements such as food Station, for offering valuable specimens; Dr. habitat, etc., of the genus Apogon as a whole, Yoshiaki Tominaga for valuable suggestions on are the least specialized of the apogoninae, taxonomic procedure; Dr. Katsuzo Kuronuma and thus endemism occurs in the eastern for his critical reading of the manuscript; Pacific. Miss Joanna Reid of the Tanaka Memorial

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―125― 魚 類 学 雑 誌Japan.J.Ichthyol.21(3),1974

Biological Station staff,whose accurate dive of Hawaiian fishes. Univ. Hawaii Press, notes led us to Apogon aureus. Honolulu., 1•`372, figs. Hobson, E. S. 1965. Diurnal•`nocturnal activity Literature cited of some inshore fishes in the Gulf of California.

Bleeker, P. 1856a. Beschrijvingen van nieuwe Copeia, 1965 (3): 291•`302.

of weing bekende vischsoorten van Menado en Hobson, E. S. 1968. Predatory behavior of some Makassar grootendeels verzameld op cene naar shore fishes in the Gulf of California. U. S.

den Molukchen Archipel in het gevolg van Dept. Interior, Fish Wildlife Serv. Bureau den Gouverneur•`General Duymaer van Twist. Sport Fish. Wildlife Res. Rept., 73: 1•`92.

Act. Soc. Sc. Indo•`Neerl., 1: 1•`80. Jordan, D. S. 1920. The genera of fishes, part Bleeker, P. 1856b. Zevende bijdrage tot de 4. Leland Jr. Univ. Pub., Univ. Ser., 411•`576 xviii pp. + kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 10: 357•`386. Kusaka, T. 1974. The urohyal of fishes. Univ.

Bleeker, P. 1856c. Achtste bijdrage tot de Tokyo Press: 1320, figs. 1•`713. kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate. Lacepêde, B. G. E. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des

Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 12: 191•`210. poissons. 4: ixliv, 1•`728, pls. 16. Bleeker, P. 1856d. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Lachner, E. A. 1953. Family apogonidae: car- dinal fishes. In Schultz, L. P. ed. Fishes of ichthyologische fauna van het eiland Boero. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 11: 383•`414. Marianas Islands. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 202 (1): Bleeker, P. 1865. Enumeration des especes de 421•`498, figs. 68•`84. Matsubara, K. 1955. Fish morphology and poissons actuellement connues de l'iles d'Am•` hierarchy. Part 1. Ishizaki Shoten, Tokyo: boine. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 2: 270•`293. Bleeker, P. 1873•`1876. Atlas ichthyologique des 1•`789, figs. 1•`289. Miller, D. J. and R. N. Lea 1972. Guide to the Indes Orientals Neerlandaises. 7: 1•`126, 42 pls. Briggs, J. C. 1961. East Pacific Barrier and the coastal marine fishes of California. State Cali- fornia Res. Agency Dept. Fish Game, Fish Bull., distributions of marine shore fishes. Evolution, 15 (4): 545•`554. (157): 1•`235, many figs. Briggs, J. C. 1966. Zoogeography and evolution. Peters, W. C. H. 1876. Uebersicht der von Dr. K.

Evolution, 20 (3): 282•`289. MObius in Mauritius und bei bei den Seychellen

Cantor, T. E. 1849. Catalogue of Malyan fishes. gesammelten Fische. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 18 part 2: 985•`1443. Berlin, 1875: 435•`447. (Not seen). Cuvier, G. 1828. In Cuvier and Valenciennes. Radcliffe, L. 1912. Description of fifteen new 1828. Histoire naturelle des poisson. 2, Paris. fishes of the family Cheilodipteridae, from the 490 pp. Philippine Island and contiguous waters. Pre. Fowler, H. W. 1930. The fishes of the families U. S. Nat. Mus. 41: 431•`436, pls. 34•`38.

Amiidae, Chandidae, Duleidae, and Serranidae, Rosenblatt, R. H. 1963. Some aspects of specia obtained by the United States Bureau of tion in marine shore fishes. Speciation •`in the

Fisheries Steamer" Albatross" in 1907 to 1910, sea, Systematic Assoc. Pub., (5): 171•`180. chiefly in the Philippine Islands and adjacent Rosenblatt, R. H., J. E. McCosker, and I. Rubinoff Seas. U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 100 (10): 2•`143. 1972. Indo-West Pacific fishes from the Gulf

Fowler, H. W. 1937. A synopsis of the fishes of Chiriqui, Panama. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los

of China, part 7. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Angeles County, Contr. Sci., 234: 1•`18. 8 (2): 127•`145. Smith, J. L. B. 1949. The sea fishes of Southern

Fowler, H. W. 1959. Fishes of Fiji. Govern•` Africa. 1•`580, pp.1135, 111 pls. (fourth edition, ment of Fiji, Suva., 1670, figs. 1•`243. 1965).

Fraser, T. H. 1972. Comparative osteology of Smith, J. L. B. 1954. Apogodid fishes of the the shallow water cardinal fishes[perciformes: subfamily Pseudaminae from South-East Africa.

Apogonidaej with reference to the systematics Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 12 (7): 775•`795,

and evolution of the family. Ichthyol. Bull. pl. 23. J. L. B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. Rhodes Univ., (34): Smith, J. L. R. 1955. The fishes of Aldabra-Part 1•`105, pls. 144. 2. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 12 (8): 44•`697,

Gill, T. 1863. Catalogue of the fishes of Lower pl. 18. California•ccollected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proc. Smith, J. L. B. 1961. Fishes of the family Apo-

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15: 140•`151, 242 gonidae of the western Indian Ocean and the 246, 249•`262. •` Rea Sed. Ichthyol. Bull. Rhodes Univ., (22); Gosline, W. A. and V. E. Brock 1960. Handbook 373•`478.

―126― Ida and Moyer:Apogonids of Southern Japan with Description of a New Species

Fig.5.Some additions of the family Apogonidae to Japanese fish fauna .A:Apogon ishigakiensis n.sp.37.0mm SL,B:Apogon aureus(Lacepede)93 .0mm,C:Apogon semiornatus Peters 53.0mm,D:Apogon apogonides(Bleeker)69.0mm,E:Cheilodipterus lineatus Lacepede 31.5mm, F:Pseudamia amblyuroptera(Bleeker)upper specimen(73 .4mm)after six month preserva- tion,lower specimen(82.0mm)just after collection,G:Pseudamiops gracilicauda(Lachner) 25.3mm,H:Neamia octospina Smith et Radcliffe 38.0mm,I:Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker 33.7mm,J:Rhabdamia cypselura Weber 35.6mm,K:Rhabdamia gracilis(Bleeker)46 .5mm. (Photographs of J and K are taken five and four years after preservation respectively .)

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Smith, J. L. B. and M. M. Smith. 1963. Fishes day. of Seychelles. J. L. B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. Species ambiguity:Some authors report allied Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown: 1•`123, pls. 1•` species under the name,Cheilodipterus lineatus 102. (Linnaeus),from the Indo-Pacific,but Day(1859) Taylor, W. R. 1964. Fishes of Arnhem Land. and Lachner(1953)show dark bands numbering in Rec. Amer.-Austral. Scie. Exped.): 45•`307,( more than 12,and differing from descriptions by

pls. 1•`68. Smith(1961)and Fowler(1930).Smith,1961, Weber, M. 1909. Diagnosen neuer Fische der explains the inadequacy of the use of Perca Siboga Expedition. Notes Leyden Mus., 31: lineata Linnaeus for any known species of the 143•`169. family Apogonidae.Fowler's description of Weber, M. and de Beaufort. 1929. The fishes Cheilodiperus lineatus is well in accord with of Indo-Australian Archipelago. 5. J. E. Brill, that of Smith. Leyden: 1•`458, figs. 1•`98. (School of Fishery Sciences,Kitasato University, Sanriku-cho,Kesen-gun,Iwate-ken,022-01: After contributing the manuscript,Moyer col- Tatsuo Tanaka Memorial Biological Station,Toga. lected additional adults of Cheilodipterus lineatus Farm,Ako,Miyake-jima,Tokyo,100-12,Japan) Lacepôde from the same locality as the specimen described on page 119,and we confirmed the 1新 種 を 含 む 三 宅 島 と 石 垣 島 の テ ン ジ ク ダ イ 科 identification.Characters of the additional three 魚 類 に つ い て 井 田 斉 ・Jack T.Moyer specimens are as follows. 表 記 両 島 の 周 辺 海 域 よ り27種 の テ ン ジ ク ダ イ 科 の Materials:TMBS 741012-01,741013-01,and 魚 類 が 得 ら れ た 。 そ の 内10種 は 日本 か ら の 初 記 録 で 741014-01;69-74 mm in St.L. あ り,そ の 多 く は 従 来Philippines周 辺 ま で の 分 布 が Meristic characters:D.VI-I,9;A.11-8;L.1. 報 告 さ れ て い た.上 記10種 中 の5種 はPseudamia 24(2)or 26(1);L.tr.2/6;Gr.1+1+5(1)or (ヌ メ リ テ ン ジ ク ダ イ 属,新 称),Neamia(ヤ ツ トゲ テ 1+1+7(2). ン ジ ク ダ イ 属,新 称),Rhabdamia(ス カ シ テ ン ジ ク ダ Color when alive:The head and eyes are イ 属,新 称),Pseudamiops(ク ダ リ ボ ウ ズ ギ ス モ ド キ yellowish and apt to fade after the capture. 属,新 称)の4属 の 魚 で こ れ ら は 日本 か ら の 初 記 録 の Nine distinct and faint dark bands are arranged 属 で あ る. alternately on the body.The interspaces are 採 集 さ れ た 種 の 分 布 を 検 討 し た 結 果 はIndo-West narrower than the dark bands.A large dark Pacmc Oceansの 沿 岸 魚 の 共 通 性 を 強 く裏 付 け て い る. spot on the caudal peduncle is encircled by a Apogon属 の 分 布 の 広 さ は 同 属 の 魚 の 生 活 様 式 の 多 様 white band.The spinous dorsal is dark. 性 に よ る も の と推 定 さ れ た 。 ま た 石 垣 ・西 表 両 島 よ り Color after death:Black lines on the upper 得 ら れ た1新 種Apogon ishigakiensisに つ い て 記 載 and lower margins of the caudal fin form gradu- し た.さ ら に 従 来 本 科 魚 類 の 検 索 に 使 用 され て い る 分 ally after death. 類 上 の 形 質 に つ い て も 若 干 の 検 討 を 加 え た. Ecology:This species comes out from reef caverns to forage in late afternon.Frequent (022-01岩 手 県 気 仙 郡 三 陸 町 北 里 大 学 水 産 学 部:100 observation suggest its firm establishment in 12東 京 都 三 宅 島 阿 古 富 賀 農 園 田 中 達 男 記- 念 生 物

Miyake waters.It is seldom seen during the 実 験 所)

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