Chapter 10 Speciation and Macroevolution Anya Plutynski
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Sympatric Speciation: Models and Empirical Evidence
ANRV328-ES38-19 ARI 24 September 2007 7:20 Sympatric Speciation: Models and Empirical Evidence Daniel I. Bolnick1 and Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick2 1Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; email: [email protected] 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; email: benfi[email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2007. 38:459–87 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on assortative mating, disruptive selection, reinforcement August 8, 2007 reproductive isolation The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is online at Abstract http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org Sympatric speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation with- This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095804 out geographic barriers, remains highly contentious. As a result of new empirical examples and theory, it is now generally accepted that Copyright c 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved sympatric speciation has occurred in at least a few instances, and is theoretically plausible. Instead, debate has shifted to whether sym- by Rutgers University Libraries on 09/21/09. For personal use only. 1543-592X/07/1201-0459$20.00 patric speciation is common, and whether models’ assumptions are generally met in nature. The relative frequency of sympatric spe- ciation will be difficult to resolve, because biogeographic changes have obscured geographical patterns underlying many past specia- Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2007.38:459-487. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org tion events. In contrast, progress is being made on evaluating the empirical validity of key theoretical conditions for sympatric spe- ciation. Disruptive selection and direct selection on mating traits, which should facilitate sympatric speciation, are biologically well supported. -
Population Size and the Rate of Evolution
Review Population size and the rate of evolution 1,2 1 3 Robert Lanfear , Hanna Kokko , and Adam Eyre-Walker 1 Ecology Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2 National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, USA 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Does evolution proceed faster in larger or smaller popu- mutations occur and the chance that each mutation lations? The relationship between effective population spreads to fixation. size (Ne) and the rate of evolution has consequences for The purpose of this review is to synthesize theoretical our ability to understand and interpret genomic varia- and empirical knowledge of the relationship between tion, and is central to many aspects of evolution and effective population size (Ne, Box 1) and the substitution ecology. Many factors affect the relationship between Ne rate, which we term the Ne–rate relationship (NeRR). A and the rate of evolution, and recent theoretical and positive NeRR implies faster evolution in larger popula- empirical studies have shown some surprising and tions relative to smaller ones, and a negative NeRR implies sometimes counterintuitive results. Some mechanisms the opposite (Figure 1A,B). Although Ne has long been tend to make the relationship positive, others negative, known to be one of the most important factors determining and they can act simultaneously. The relationship also the substitution rate [5–8], several novel predictions and depends on whether one is interested in the rate of observations have emerged in recent years, causing some neutral, adaptive, or deleterious evolution. Here, we reassessment of earlier theory and highlighting some gaps synthesize theoretical and empirical approaches to un- in our understanding. -
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B. -
Introduction to Macroevolution
Spring, 2012 Phylogenetics 200A Modes of Macroevolution Macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species. Darwin illustrated the combined action of descent with modification, the principle of divergence, and extinction in the only figure in On the Origin of Species (Fig. 1), showing the link between microevolution and macroevolution. The New Synthesis sought to distance itself from the ‘origin of species’ (= macroevolution) and concentrated instead on microevolution - variation within populations and reproductive isolation. “Darwin’s principle of divergence derives from what he thought to be one of the most potent components of the struggle for existence. He argued that the strongest interactions would be among individuals within a population or among closely related populations or species, because these organisms have the most similar requirements. Darwin’s principle of divergence predicts that the individuals, populations or species most likely to succeed in the struggle are those that differ most from their close relatives in the way they achieve their needs for survival and reproduction.” (Reznick & Ricklefs 2009. Nature 457) Macroevolution also fell into disfavor with its invocation for hopeful monsters in development as well as its implication in some Neo-Lamarckian theories. Interest in macroevolution revived by several paleontologists including Steven Stanley, Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, the latter two in the context of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that what happens in evolution beyond the species level is due to processes that operate beyond the level of populations – including species selection. Niles Eldredge, in particular, has written extensively on the macroevolutionary hierarchy. -
Comparative Evolution: Latent Potentials for Anagenetic Advance (Adaptive Shifts/Constraints/Anagenesis) G
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 5141-5145, July 1988 Evolution Comparative evolution: Latent potentials for anagenetic advance (adaptive shifts/constraints/anagenesis) G. LEDYARD STEBBINS* AND DANIEL L. HARTLtt *Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and tDepartment of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8031, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110 Contributed by G. Ledyard Stebbins, April 4, 1988 ABSTRACT One of the principles that has emerged from genetic variation available for evolutionary changes (2), a experimental evolutionary studies of microorganisms is that major concern of modem evolutionists is explaining how the polymorphic alleles or new mutations can sometimes possess a vast amount of genetic variation that actually exists can be latent potential to respond to selection in different environ- maintained. Given the fact that in complex higher organisms ments, although the alleles may be functionally equivalent or most new mutations with visible effects on phenotype are disfavored under typical conditions. We suggest that such deleterious, many biologists, particularly Kimura (3), have responses to selection in microorganisms serve as experimental sought to solve the problem by proposing that much genetic models of evolutionary advances that occur over much longer variation is selectively neutral or nearly so, at least at the periods of time in higher organisms. We propose as a general molecular level. Amidst a background of what may be largely evolutionary principle that anagenic advances often come from neutral or nearly neutral genetic variation, adaptive evolution capitalizing on preexisting latent selection potentials in the nevertheless occurs. While much of natural selection at the presence of novel ecological opportunity. -
IN EVOLUTION JACK LESTER KING UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA This Paper Is Dedicated to Retiring University of California Professors Curt Stern and Everett R
THE ROLE OF MUTATION IN EVOLUTION JACK LESTER KING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA This paper is dedicated to retiring University of California Professors Curt Stern and Everett R. Dempster. 1. Introduction Eleven decades of thought and work by Darwinian and neo-Darwinian scientists have produced a sophisticated and detailed structure of evolutionary ,theory and observations. In recent years, new techniques in molecular biology have led to new observations that appear to challenge some of the basic theorems of classical evolutionary theory, precipitating the current crisis in evolutionary thought. Building on morphological and paleontological observations, genetic experimentation, logical arguments, and upon mathematical models requiring simplifying assumptions, neo-Darwinian theorists have been able to make some remarkable predictions, some of which, unfortunately, have proven to be inaccurate. Well-known examples are the prediction that most genes in natural populations must be monomorphic [34], and the calculation that a species could evolve at a maximum rate of the order of one allele substitution per 300 genera- tions [13]. It is now known that a large proportion of gene loci are polymorphic in most species [28], and that evolutionary genetic substitutions occur in the human line, for instance, at a rate of about 50 nucleotide changes per generation [20], [24], [25], [26]. The puzzling observation [21], [40], [46], that homologous proteins in different species evolve at nearly constant rates is very difficult to account for with classical evolutionary theory, and at the very least gives a solid indication that there are qualitative differences between the ways molecules evolve and the ways morphological structures evolve. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift. -
Richard Goldschmidt and the Crossing-Over Controversy Michael Dietrich Dartmouth College
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Dartmouth Digital Commons (Dartmouth College) Dartmouth College Dartmouth Digital Commons Dartmouth Faculty Open Access Articles Open Dartmouth: Faculty Open Access 1-1-2000 Richard Goldschmidt and the Crossing-Over Controversy Michael Dietrich Dartmouth College Marsha Richmond Wayne State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Dietrich, Michael and Richmond, Marsha, "Richard Goldschmidt and the Crossing-Over Controversy" (2000). Dartmouth Faculty Open Access Articles. 24. http://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa/24 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Dartmouth: Faculty Open Access at Dartmouth Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dartmouth Faculty Open Access Articles by an authorized administrator of Dartmouth Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright 2002 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove Richard Goldschmidt and the Crossing-Over Controversy Marsha L. Richmond* and Michael R. Dietrich†,1 *Interdisciplinary Studies Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and †Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 NE of the basic tenets linking the Mendelian laws -
Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Differentiation of Lancea Tibetica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Differentiation of Lancea tibetica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Xiaofeng Chi 1,2 , Faqi Zhang 1,2,* , Qingbo Gao 1,2, Rui Xing 1,2 and Shilong Chen 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (Q.G.); [email protected] (R.X.) 2 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810001, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.Z.); [email protected] (S.C.) Received: 14 December 2018; Accepted: 24 January 2019; Published: 29 January 2019 Abstract: The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) had a profound impact on the plant speciation rate and genetic diversity. High genetic diversity ensures that species can survive and adapt in the face of geographical and environmental changes. The Tanggula Mountains, located in the central of the QTP, have unique geographical significance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the Tanggula Mountains as a geographical barrier on plant genetic diversity and structure by using Lancea tibetica. A total of 456 individuals from 31 populations were analyzed using eight pairs of microsatellite makers. The total number of alleles was 55 and the number per locus ranged from 3 to 11 with an average of 6.875. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.2693 to 0.7761 with an average of 0.4378 indicating that the eight microsatellite makers were efficient for distinguishing genotypes. -
Allopatric Speciation with Little Niche Divergence Is Common Among
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) 43, 591–602 ORIGINAL Allopatric speciation with little niche ARTICLE divergence is common among alpine Primulaceae Florian C. Boucher1*, Niklaus E. Zimmermann2,3 and Elena Conti1 1Institute of Systematic Botany, University of ABSTRACT Zurich,€ 8008 Zurich,€ Switzerland, 2Dynamic Aim Despite the accumulation of cases describing fast radiations of alpine Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research plants, we still have limited understanding of the drivers of speciation in alpine Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland, 3Department of Environmental floras and of the precise the timing of their diversification. Here, we investi- Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of gated spatial and temporal patterns of speciation in three groups of alpine Technology ETH, CH-8092 Zurich,€ Primulaceae. Switzerland Location Mountains of the European Alpine System. Methods We built a new phylogeny of Primulaceae including all species in three focal groups: Androsace sect. Aretia, Primula sect. Auricula and Soldanella. Combining phylogenetic information with a detailed climatic data set, we investigated patterns of range and ecological overlap between sister-species using an approach that takes phylogenetic uncertainty into account. Finally, we investigated temporal trajectories of diversification in the three focal groups. Results We found that a large majority of sister-species pairs in the three groups are strictly allopatric and show little differences in substrate and cli- matic preferences, a result that was robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. While rates of diversification have remained constant in Soldanella, both Androsace sect. Aretia and Primula sect. Auricula showed decreased diversification rates in the Pleistocene compared to previous geological epochs. Main conclusions Allopatric speciation with little niche divergence appears to have been by far the most common mode of speciation across the three groups studied. -
Species Change Over Time
KEY CONCEPT Species change over time. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Fossils are evidence of earlier • About early ideas and observa- life tions on evolution • More complex organisms have • How Darwin developed his developed over time theory of natural selection • Mass extinctions contributed to • How new species arise from the development of Earth’s older species history VOCABULARY THINK ABOUT evolution p. 797 How have telephones changed over time? natural selection p. 801 adaptation p. 802 Today people across the world can speciation p. 804 communicate in many different ways. One of the most common ways is over the telephone. Looking at the two pictures, can you describe how this form of communication has changed over time? Scientists explore the concept of evolution. MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS In a general sense, evolution involves a change over time. You could Make a chart for the main say that the way humans communicate has evolved. Certainly idea scientists explore the concept of evolution. telephones have changed over time. The first telephones were the size Include details about scien- of a shoebox. Today a telephone can fit in the palm of your hand and tists’ observations. can send images as well as sound. In biology,evolution refers to the process though which species change over time. The change results from a change in the genetic material of an organism and is passed from one generation to the next. Check Your Reading What is evolution? Chapter 23: History of Life 797 Early Ideas reading tip In the early 1800s, a French scientist named Jean Baptiste de Lamarck The word acquire comes was the first scientist to propose a model of how life evolves. -
Speciation in Geographical Setting
Speciation Speciation 2019 2019 The degree of reproductive isolation Substantial variation exists in among geographical sets of species - anagenesis populations within an actively 1859 1859 evolving species complex is often Achillea - yarrow tested by crossing experiments — as in the tidy tips of California 100K bp 100K bp back in time back in time back Rubus parviforus K = 4 mean population assignment 2 mya 2 mya ID CO WI_Door 5 mya BC_Hixton BC_MtRob WI_BruleS 5 mya BC_McLeod CA_Klamath MI_Windigo WA_Cascade WA_BridgeCr SD_BlackHills OR_Willamette MI_Drummond Speciation Speciation 2019 Reproductive isolation will ultimately stop all Although simple in concept, the recognition of species and thus the definition genetic connections among sets of populations of what are species have been controversial — more than likely due to the – cladogenesis or speciation continuum nature of the pattern resulting from the process of speciation 1859 Example: mechanical isolation via floral shape changes and pollinators between two parapatric species of California Salvia (sage) 100K bp back in time back 2 mya S. mellifera 5 mya Salvia apiana 1 Speciation Speciation Although simple in concept, the recognition of species and thus the definition Animal examples of speciation often show of what are species have been controversial — more than likely due to the clear reproductive barriers - hence zoologists continuum nature of the pattern resulting from the process of speciation preference (as opposed to botanists) for the Reproductive isolating Biological