What Is Macroevolution?
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Introduction to Macroevolution
Spring, 2012 Phylogenetics 200A Modes of Macroevolution Macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species. Darwin illustrated the combined action of descent with modification, the principle of divergence, and extinction in the only figure in On the Origin of Species (Fig. 1), showing the link between microevolution and macroevolution. The New Synthesis sought to distance itself from the ‘origin of species’ (= macroevolution) and concentrated instead on microevolution - variation within populations and reproductive isolation. “Darwin’s principle of divergence derives from what he thought to be one of the most potent components of the struggle for existence. He argued that the strongest interactions would be among individuals within a population or among closely related populations or species, because these organisms have the most similar requirements. Darwin’s principle of divergence predicts that the individuals, populations or species most likely to succeed in the struggle are those that differ most from their close relatives in the way they achieve their needs for survival and reproduction.” (Reznick & Ricklefs 2009. Nature 457) Macroevolution also fell into disfavor with its invocation for hopeful monsters in development as well as its implication in some Neo-Lamarckian theories. Interest in macroevolution revived by several paleontologists including Steven Stanley, Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, the latter two in the context of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that what happens in evolution beyond the species level is due to processes that operate beyond the level of populations – including species selection. Niles Eldredge, in particular, has written extensively on the macroevolutionary hierarchy. -
Functional Replacement of a Primary Metabolic Pathway Via Multiple Independent Eukaryote-To-Eukaryote Gene Transfers and Selective Retention
doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01797.x Functional replacement of a primary metabolic pathway via multiple independent eukaryote-to-eukaryote gene transfers and selective retention A. M. NEDELCU, A. J. C. BLAKNEY & K. D. LOGUE Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada Keywords: Abstract ammonium transporter; Although lateral gene transfer (LGT) is now recognized as a major force in the glutamate synthase; evolution of prokaryotes, the contribution of LGT to the evolution and glutamine synthetase; diversification of eukaryotes is less understood. Notably, transfers of complete lateral gene transfer; pathways are believed to be less likely between eukaryotes, because the Monosiga; successful transfer of a pathway requires the physical clustering of functionally primary metabolic pathway. related genes. Here, we report that in one of the closest unicellular relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate, Monosiga, three genes whose products work together in the glutamate synthase cycle are of algal origin. The concerted retention of these three independently acquired genes is best explained as the consequence of a series of adaptive replacement events. More generally, this study argues that (i) eukaryote-to-eukaryote transfers of entire metabolic pathways are possible, (ii) adaptive functional replacements of primary pathways can occur, and (iii) functional replacements involving eukaryotic genes are likely to have also contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes. Lastly, these data underscore the potential contribution of algal genes to the evolution of nonphotosynthetic lineages. Palmer, 2008). On the other hand, as functional replace- Introduction ments can be either adaptive or selectively neutral, their Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is currently recognized as a impact on the recipient’s adaptive or long-term evolu- major force in the evolution of prokaryotes (e.g. -
Comparative Evolution: Latent Potentials for Anagenetic Advance (Adaptive Shifts/Constraints/Anagenesis) G
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 5141-5145, July 1988 Evolution Comparative evolution: Latent potentials for anagenetic advance (adaptive shifts/constraints/anagenesis) G. LEDYARD STEBBINS* AND DANIEL L. HARTLtt *Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and tDepartment of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8031, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110 Contributed by G. Ledyard Stebbins, April 4, 1988 ABSTRACT One of the principles that has emerged from genetic variation available for evolutionary changes (2), a experimental evolutionary studies of microorganisms is that major concern of modem evolutionists is explaining how the polymorphic alleles or new mutations can sometimes possess a vast amount of genetic variation that actually exists can be latent potential to respond to selection in different environ- maintained. Given the fact that in complex higher organisms ments, although the alleles may be functionally equivalent or most new mutations with visible effects on phenotype are disfavored under typical conditions. We suggest that such deleterious, many biologists, particularly Kimura (3), have responses to selection in microorganisms serve as experimental sought to solve the problem by proposing that much genetic models of evolutionary advances that occur over much longer variation is selectively neutral or nearly so, at least at the periods of time in higher organisms. We propose as a general molecular level. Amidst a background of what may be largely evolutionary principle that anagenic advances often come from neutral or nearly neutral genetic variation, adaptive evolution capitalizing on preexisting latent selection potentials in the nevertheless occurs. While much of natural selection at the presence of novel ecological opportunity. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift. -
Uniting Micro- with Macroevolution Into an Extended Synthesis: Reintegrating Life’S Natural History Into Evolution Studies
Uniting Micro- with Macroevolution into an Extended Synthesis: Reintegrating Life’s Natural History into Evolution Studies Nathalie Gontier Abstract The Modern Synthesis explains the evolution of life at a mesolevel by identifying phenotype–environmental interactions as the locus of evolution and by identifying natural selection as the means by which evolution occurs. Both micro- and macroevolutionary schools of thought are post-synthetic attempts to evolution- ize phenomena above and below organisms that have traditionally been conceived as non-living. Microevolutionary thought associates with the study of how genetic selection explains higher-order phenomena such as speciation and extinction, while macroevolutionary research fields understand species and higher taxa as biological individuals and they attribute evolutionary causation to biotic and abiotic factors that transcend genetic selection. The microreductionist and macroholistic research schools are characterized as two distinct epistemic cultures where the former favor mechanical explanations, while the latter favor historical explanations of the evolu- tionary process by identifying recurring patterns and trends in the evolution of life. I demonstrate that both cultures endorse radically different notions on time and explain how both perspectives can be unified by endorsing epistemic pluralism. Keywords Microevolution · Macroevolution · Origin of life · Evolutionary biology · Sociocultural evolution · Natural history · Organicism · Biorealities · Units, levels and mechanisms of evolution · Major transitions · Hierarchy theory But how … shall we describe a process which nobody has seen performed, and of which no written history gives any account? This is only to be investigated, first, in examining the nature of those solid bodies, the history of which we want to know; and 2dly, in exam- ining the natural operations of the globe, in order to see if there now actually exist such operations, as, from the nature of the solid bodies, appear to have been necessary to their formation. -
S41467-021-25308-W.Pdf
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w OPEN Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota ✉ ✉ Luis Javier Galindo 1 , Purificación López-García 1, Guifré Torruella1, Sergey Karpov2,3 & David Moreira 1 Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living fla- gellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often 1234567890():,; unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and San- chytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchy- trids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids’ phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages. 1 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France. 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. ✉ Petersburg, Russia. 3 St. -
Master Document Template
Copyright by Benjamin Joseph Liebeskind 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Benjamin Joseph Liebeskind Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Ion Channels and the Tree of Life Committee: Harold Zakon, Supervisor David Hillis, Co-Supervisor Richard Aldrich Hans Hofmann Mikhail Matz Ion Channels and the Tree of Life by Benjamin Joseph Liebeskind, B.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2014 Dedication For my father, John. Acknowledgements I would first of all like to acknowledge my advisors Harold Zakon and David Hillis for their guidance, support, and, especially, for the excellent example they set as scientists, scholars, thinkers, and teachers. I also thank my committee members, Richard Aldrich, Hans Hofmann, and Mikhail Matz for their advice and support on this dissertation and on my personal development as a scientist. The members of the Zakon and Hillis labs from 2009 – 2014 have been a wonderful source of feedback and support over the years. I would especially like to acknowledge Thomas Keller, Emily-Jane McTavish, April Wright, Alfredo Ghezzi, Kristin Koenig and Ammon Thompson. This dissertation relied largely on computational skills that I did not possess when I began it. Several individuals put aside time to bring me up to speed, but I would most of all like to acknowledge James Derry, who devotes a huge portion of his own time to helping scientists learn about programming. Finally, I thank my family for their care and support. -
•How Does Microevolution Add up to Macroevolution? •What Are Species
Microevolution and Macroevolution • How does Microevolution add up to macroevolution? • What are species? • How are species created? • What are anagenesis and cladogenesis? 1 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Species Concepts • Biological species concept: Defines species as interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such populations. • Evolutionary species concept: Defines species as evolutionary lineages with their own unique identity. • Ecological species concept: Defines species based on the uniqueness of their ecological niche. • Recognition species concept: Defines species based on unique traits or behaviors that allow members of one species to identify each other for mating. 2 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms • Premating RIMs Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical incompatibility • Postmating RIMs Sperm-egg incompatibility Zygote inviability Embryonic or fetal inviability 3 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Modes of Evolutionary Change 4 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Cladogenesis 5 Sunday, March 6, 2011 6 Sunday, March 6, 2011 7 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Evolution is “the simple way by which species (populations) become exquisitely adapted to various ends” 8 Sunday, March 6, 2011 All characteristics are due to the four forces • Mutation creates new alleles - new variation • Genetic drift moves these around by chance • Gene flow moves these from one population to the next creating clines • Natural selection increases and decreases them in frequency through adaptation 9 Sunday, March 6, 2011 Clines -
A Flagellate-To-Amoeboid Switch in the Closest Living Relatives of Animals
RESEARCH ARTICLE A flagellate-to-amoeboid switch in the closest living relatives of animals Thibaut Brunet1,2*, Marvin Albert3, William Roman4, Maxwell C Coyle1,2, Danielle C Spitzer2, Nicole King1,2* 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States; 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States; 3Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zu¨ rich, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain Abstract Amoeboid cell types are fundamental to animal biology and broadly distributed across animal diversity, but their evolutionary origin is unclear. The closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellates, display a polarized cell architecture (with an apical flagellum encircled by microvilli) that resembles that of epithelial cells and suggests homology, but this architecture differs strikingly from the deformable phenotype of animal amoeboid cells, which instead evoke more distantly related eukaryotes, such as diverse amoebae. Here, we show that choanoflagellates subjected to confinement become amoeboid by retracting their flagella and activating myosin- based motility. This switch allows escape from confinement and is conserved across choanoflagellate diversity. The conservation of the amoeboid cell phenotype across animals and choanoflagellates, together with the conserved role of myosin, is consistent with homology of amoeboid motility in both lineages. We hypothesize that -
Macroevolution Spring 2002 Reading List and Syllabus I. Introduction
Biology 4182 - Macroevolution Spring 2002 Reading List and Syllabus I. Introduction - Darwinism and Macroevolution 1. Mayr, E. 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought. Harvard Univ. Press. (Pp. 21-78) 2. Mayr, E. 1985. Darwin's five theories of evolution. Pp. 755- 772 in D. Kohn (ed.) The Darwinian Heritage. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton. 3. Gould, S. J. 1995. Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction of Darwinism. Pp. 125-144 in W. M. Fitch and F. J. Ayala (eds.) Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years after Simpson. National Academy Press, Washington. (Pp. 125-134) 4. Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. (Pp. 197-217) II. Systematics I - Concepts of the Higher Taxa A. Evolutionary Taxonomy 5. Simpson, G. G. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. (Pp. 199-212; 338-359) 6. Mayr, E. 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge. (Pp. 614-616; 233-235) 7. Miller, A. H. 1949. Some ecologic and morphologic considerations in the evolution of higher taxonomic categories. Pp. 84-88 in E. Mayr and E. Schuz (eds.) Ornithologie als Biologische Wissenschaft. Carl Winter/Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg. B. Phenetic Taxonomy 8. Sneath, P. H. A. and R. R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. (Pp. 5, 9-10, 27-30, 37- 40, 55-67). C. Cladistic Taxonomy 9. de Queiroz, K. 1988. Systematics and the Darwinian Revolution. Philosophy of Science 55:238-259. 10. Eldredge, N. and J. Cracraft. 1980. Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process. -
Connecting Micro and Macroevolution Using Genetic Incompatibilities and Natural Selection On
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/520809; this version posted January 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Connecting micro and macroevolution using genetic incompatibilities and natural selection on 2 additive genetic variance 3 Greg M. Walter1*, J. David Aguirre2, Melanie J Wilkinson1, Mark W. Blows1, Thomas J. Richards3 and 4 Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos1 5 1University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia 6 2Massey University, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland 0745, New Zealand 7 3Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of plant Biology, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden 8 * Corresponding Author: Greg M. Walter 9 Email: [email protected] 10 Address: School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building 11 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK BS8 1TQ 12 Phone: +44 7377 074 175 13 Running head: Divergent natural selection on additive genetic variance 14 Data archiving: Data will be deposited in Dryad on acceptance. 15 Keywords: natural selection, trade-offs, additive genetic variance, selection gradient, response to 16 selection, adaptive divergence, adaptive radiation, genetic incompatibilities, reproductive isolation, 17 macroevolution 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/520809; this version posted January 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 19 Abstract 20 Evolutionary biologists have long sought to identify the links between micro and macroevolution to better 21 understand how biodiversity is created. -
Speciation in Parasites: a Population Genetics Approach
Review TRENDS in Parasitology Vol.21 No.10 October 2005 Speciation in parasites: a population genetics approach Tine Huyse1, Robert Poulin2 and Andre´ The´ ron3 1Parasitic Worms Division, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK, SW7 5BD 2Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5555 CNRS-UP, CBETM, Universite´ de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France Parasite speciation and host–parasite coevolution dynamics and their influence on population genetics. The should be studied at both macroevolutionary and first step toward identifying the evolutionary processes microevolutionary levels. Studies on a macroevolutionary that promote parasite speciation is to compare existing scale provide an essential framework for understanding studies on parasite populations. Crucial, and novel, to this the origins of parasite lineages and the patterns of approach is consideration of the various processes that diversification. However, because coevolutionary inter- function on each parasite population level separately actions can be highly divergent across time and space, (from infrapopulation to metapopulation). Patterns of it is important to quantify and compare the phylogeo- genetic differentiation over small spatial scales provide graphic variation in both the host and the parasite information about the mode of parasite dispersal and their throughout their geographical range. Furthermore, to evolutionary dynamics. Parasite population parameters evaluate demographic parameters that are relevant to inform us about the evolutionary potential of parasites, population genetics structure, such as effective popu- which affects macroevolutionary events. For example, lation size and parasite transmission, parasite popu- small effective population size (Ne) and vertical trans- lations must be studied using neutral genetic markers.