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The British Telecom Switched Star System in Westminster (London) Uk Part 1: an Advanced System

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The British Telecom Switched Star System in Westminster (London) Uk Part 1: an Advanced System THE BRITISH TELECOM SWITCHED STAR SYSTEM IN WESTMINSTER (LONDON) UK PART 1: AN ADVANCED SYSTEM Kevin Shergold Director of Local Line Services BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLC INTRODUCTIO'>J The Switched Star System has been developed in British Telecom's Research Laboratories with During the last three or four years, Cable particular focus on the entertainment television Television Operators in the USA have been quite and information services aspects BUT with the justifiably cynical about the prospects for clear intent to evolve towards all digital, all advanced Cable TV Systems which offer a fibre integrated services. sophisticated range of interactive services using optical fibre technology and off-premises This paper (Part 1), together with Part 2 by switched electronics: my colleague John Powter will outline the political/regulatory background in the UK, - There is still little evidence in the USA describe the Switched Star System and its con­ of a significant market place for inter­ struction in the densely populated urban active services. community in Central London and briefly discuss the economics and marketing prospects. - Coaxial technology is a safe and secure technology that is now well understood by BACKGROUND the Industry. Most observers of the European Cable TV scene - Above all, the cost of coaxial plant is are agreed that there has been a dramatic turn­ still significantly cheaper than systems around over the last few years and this has been which employ optical fibre and switched particularly visible in the UK. The early technology. enthusiasm generated by the publication of the Information Technology Advisory Panel Report (ITAP) In the UK however, the political, in February 1982 which made initial proposals for regulatory and commercial climate is very the creation of a national electronic infra­ different to that of the USA and this has structure, has faded considerably as the new directed the British Communications Industry emerging Cable TV industry faced up to the harsh down a path which has resulted in the painful commercial realities. birth of a somewhat fragile Cable Television Industry. In the initial Franchise Round advertised in August 1983, the Department of Trade & Industry In spite of all the difficulties and set­ was eager to see applications that promised the backs, most of which were out of British use of advanced technology and offered a range of Telecom's control, the Switched Star System interactive services. It was hoped that these is now operational in Central London and new networks would provide alternative local is proving to be a strategically important telecommunication systems that would compete with element in the introduction of optical fibre the existing British Telecom local network. into the Local Communications Network. Amongst the initial applications were Consortia who proposed to offer, not only a TV distribution The commitment towards the use of fibre in system with videotex possibilities, but also the local network by many of the Telephone business data and telephony services. In a few Operating Companies throughout the world will cases, there were proposals for the use of optical bring down the cost of fibre and optoelectronic fibre in certain parts of the network. It was devices and challenge MSOs on the use of these assumed (and is still assumed) that all these new technologies. During the next decade, the local networks would be financed from the private telecommunications industry will be moving sector and not from any public funds. towards the provision of integrated broadband local networks capable of delivering not only In November 1983, it was announced that the entertainment television and information Department of Trade and Industry had awarded services but also general telecommunication the first eleven franchises. British Telecom was services including telephony. involved in five of these schemes as a partner in the Operating Consortia and as a provider of the networks in each case. 94-1986 NCTA Technical Papers (A dual approach had been taken by British Telecom Telecard, a company in Central London has to develop both Multi-channel conventional VHF just opened up a home shopping service Coaxial System with final star distribution and offering home delivery of 3,500 supermarket an advanced Switched Star System.) lines (at below store prices) to 8,000 existing Prestel users in London. The Operating Companies were dealt an unexpected blow however when the Chancellor of - The technology and software for photo the Exchequer announced the phasing out of videotex services are already available and capital allowances in his 1984 Budget and this will be shortly introduced on British damaged the already precarious economics of Cable Telecom's coaxial system in Milton Keynes. TV. The Operators had to re-examine their financial models very carefully to find - The penetration of VCRs in the UK is 3~/o approaches that would justify them to proceed. It and is an indication of the demand for was soon apparent also that expectations by the greater viewing choice and evidence that Government of an early demand for non-entertain­ discretionary income is out there to be ment TV services was not to be realised. tapped. The new National Cable Authority who have These features, together with the current the responsibility for awarding Cable TV political climate, have encouraged the industry franchises is now established and have to design systems capable of supporting a range advertised additional "rounds" and awarded of services that go beyond downstream television further franchises. It is important however to entertainment. British Telecom therefore note that the UK Cable Authority is in a decided to develop and install an advanced system position to provide a powerful incentive to that is capable of offering a sophisticated range Operators to offer advanced systems as the of services:- legislation allows for a longer franchise period of 23 years to be awarded for a Switched System a. Downstream television capable of as compared to a 15 year franchise for a more providing basic channels, subscription conventional coaxial tree network. channels and pay-per-view channels. Currently, British Telecom is constructing b. FM Radio - 16 Stereo channels. three major systems passing a total of over 300,000 homes: the Switched Star System in c. Interactive videotex - alphanumeric and Westminster London and VHF Coaxial Systems in photographic. Aberdeen and Coventry. All three systems are operational. d. Individual on demand access to a video library. THE SWITCHED STAR SYSTEM e. An advanced network management system The technical arguments for off-premises offering a customer database plus a range switching on Cable TV Systems are well rehearsed of customer service facilities including a and understood. However, the cost implications billing and accounting system. and the practical implementations of such systems have in the past overshadowed the technical f. Provision is also made for both low advantages. In Europe however, where there are speed telemetry services and high speed national interest considerations and incentives data, although this is not currently being that go far beyond technical elegance, a offered in Westminster. switched topology has become more preferred than in North America:- Although a coaxial tree structured network is the most economic way of delivering downstream - In the UK, teletext services delivered by entertainment services, when it comes to coping the Broadcasters are well established. with the large number of individually routed 1~/o of new domestic television sets that signals that is demanded by such a comprehensive are purchased are equipped to receive and range of services, the problems of congestion, decode teletext services. delay, addressability, security and noise become awesome. A single star network would overcome - Home computer penetration in the UK is most of these problems but, of course, the cost of currently at 20%. providing dedicated broadband paths from a headend to each customer would be prohibitive. - The fully interactive videotex service PRESTEL run by British Telecom is now The BT Switched Star System locates a switch profitable and is currently offering home in the network near the customer so that banking and home shopping too. Prestel communication from the headend to that switch is has more than 50,000 customers of which provided on shared primary circuits. The switch about half are business customers. also acts as a common access point and message Currently, a million pages of information concentrator and provides an ideal network-node are summoned to those screens each day and for the provision of additional intelligence, and over 100,000 electronic mail messages are concentration and primary transmission-bearers as exchanged every week. traffic growth demands. 1986 NCTA Technical Papers-95 In the westminster System where multimode fibre OPTICAL TRANSMISSION IN THE PRIMARY PATHS is used, there is, in fact, a "tree element" in the system as optical taps are used on some of Digital transmission to provide four TV the fibres that are carrying the downstream channels on multimode fibre is, of course, quite channels. feasible but it is also still too expensive to be THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE (Figure 1) appropriate for the architecture described above. The system uses optical fibre transmission The digital transmission costs and the common in the super primary links to the Hub Sites and costs of the receive equipment and codecs located also utilises fibre in the primary link from the in a switch serving a maximum of 300 customers Hub Sites to the Wideband Switch Points (WSP). would not be economic. On the BT system, 4 TV Each Switch Point is served by 5 optically tapped channels are frequency modulated onto a carrier fibres for providing downstream channels plus 5 of 345 MHz and then down-converted and placed dedicated fibres. One of the dedicated fibres within an intermediate multiplex extending up to is used for upstream video and for control 200 MHz.
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