DOCSLIB.ORG

Glossary of Technical Terms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glossary of Technical Terms -- ---- -- -- ---- -- ------ --- --- - -- - -- --- -- -- - -- --- - -- EUROP~ ITIES Apwentl i ce$ Tale. ~ar.iQ~St .Information 1i1i:J ies /imd lnhovation COM(87) 290 .final (1G XI I I ~ussels , 30 June 'd~87 , D (Green Paper on the Development of the Common Market .for Telecomrnunic:atidhs services and equipment) 1 : THE REGULATORY TRENDS IN MEMBER STATES AND THE UNI 2 : SATELLITE SERVICES CURRENT TRENDS 3 : THE EUROPEAN TELECOMMUN MECHAN I SMS AND APPENDIX 4: INTERNA T IONAL TELECOMMUN ICAT.TONS (ITU) : IMPACT ON THE REGULATClJRY OF THE COMMUNITY GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS........................ ........................................... ABLE o~. CONTI~;N~rS APPENDIX 1: THE REGULATORY TRENDS IN THE MEMBER ........... 1 STATES AND THE UNITED S'l'ATES AND JAPAN REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COMMUNITY.................. 1 OVERVIEW : Present Telecommunications Market Structures in the European Communi ties Per Country REGULATORY BODY II. TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATOR Ill. THE CURRENT SITUATION WITH REGARD TO SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT IV. CURRENT NATIONAL TRENDS AND DISCUSSIONS ON REGULATORY ISSUES Belgium............................................... Denmark............................................... France................................................ Germany............................................... Greece................................................ - Ireland.,...............................,................. Italy................................................. - Luxembourg................................................ Netherlands........................................... - Spain........, - Portugal.................................,............. - United Kingdom........................................... 49 :................................................ .. ." . ... .. .. ... ... .... .. ..... ... .. .. .... REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS OUTSIDE THE COMMUNITY... UNITED STATES :........................................... 58 HISTORY............................................. 58 II. CURRENT SITUATION.................................. 60 ILL Regulatory Bodies.......................... 60 I1.2. Telecommunications Operators............... 62 I1.3. standardisation............................Increase of resources for 11. 4. Service definition problems. A . A . A . " A . " II . Effects on tariffs......................... 65 II.6. Interconnection issues..................... 65 I1. 7. International repercussions................ 66 III. COMPUTER II I / COMPARABLY EFFICIENT INTERCONNECTION (CEI) / OPEN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (ONA)................................. 67 II 1. 1. Computer III /FCC objectives for the enhanced services market............... 67 III.2. Comparably Efficient Interconnection (CEI). 67 1. Pr inciples of CEI..................... 68 2. Related Competitive Safeguards........ 69 III. 3. Open Network Architecture (ONA)............. 69 1. DNA objectives according to Computer III......................... 69 2. ONA Planning........................... 70 IV. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS............................... 71 JAPAN. HISTORY............................................ 73 II. THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAWS................... 73 ILL Type I operator-s........................... 74 II. 2. International Type I operators............. 75 II. 3. Type II operatorsA" " A II 1. ROLE OF THE MPT.................................... 77 IV. RESULTS OF THE NEW LAWS........ EFFECT OF THE NEW LAWS ON NTT..................... 78 .............................: - . - . - .- .. .- .. .. .. .. .. APPENDIX 2: SATELLITE SERVICES IN EUROPE cURHRNT TRENDS J . EUROPE.....................................................SA'I'KLL"PJ'; COMf\1UNICA'I'IONS SYS'rEMS COVERING 1..1. The E:U'PELSA'I' system .............................. 1. 2. The INTELSAT system .............................. 1. 3. The INMARSAT system REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE................................................ Regulator-y elements of satellite systems ......... 89 1.1. The uplink.......................................... 89 1. 2. The space segment................................. 89 1.3. The downlink....................................... 90 Regulatory situation r-egarding satellite communications in Member- States.................... 91 Belgium............................................. 91 Denmar-k.............................................Fr-ance............................................. 91 Gr-eece.............................................Ger-many .......................................... Ireland ........................................... Italy.............................................. 94 Luxembourg........................................ 95 Netherlands....................................... 95 10. Portugal.......................................... 95 11. Spain............................................. 96 12. United Kingdom.................................... 96 Regulation of satellite services in the United States..................................... 97 FUTURE SATELLITE SYSTEMS COVERING EUROPE.................. 99 SATELLITE SERVICES SUITABLE FOR THE EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT............. 103 TECHNICAL AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES........... 106 ADJUSTMENT OF REGULATORY CONDITIONS TO IMPROVE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE.. 107 ,................................................................:......- . -. .. ... .. APPENDIX 3: THE EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF POSTAL AND... 111 TELECOMMUNICATIONS ADMINISTRATIONS (CEPT) : MECHANISMS AND CO-OPERATION WITH THE COMMUNITY Structure ................................................. Jl1 Objectives and their accomplishment ....................... 112 Or-ganisation ............................................... 112 Relations between CEPT and the Community.................. 113 APPENDIX 4: INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION 116 ( ITU) : IMPACT ON THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT OF THE COMMUNITY Inter-national Telecommunications Union (ITU) 116 Structure and obj ecti ves Organisation........ .......,. .. 117 Ma in implications of ITU activities for the Communi ty. 119 1 International standardisation 119 2 Frequency Allocation.................................... 121 3 other- Recommendations................................... 122 Accounting r-ates and K-factors...................... 122 Pr-esent Recommendations concerning................. 123 pr-ovision of international circuits. World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference (WATTC - 88) ................................................ 124 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS......... - . 126 APPENDIX 1 CURRENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS Regulatory Developments inside the Community This survey of regulatory trends in the Community was carried out dur- ing the first half of 1987 in conj unction with the Senior Officials Group on Telecommunications (SOG-T). The information was dr-awn from a range of sources available to the Commission , and was confirmed by the SOG-T. For easy reference , tables are reproduced from the Green Paper. Regulatory Developments outside the Community - United States - Japan fig. 1/1 01.06. PRESENT TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET STRUCTURES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (1) COUNTRIES Be 1 9 i urn Denmark France Germany Greece I re land 1. Relations with S (1) PTT (5) PTT postal services 2. Basic Service Network a) Loca 1 GM (PC) OM (5) GM (PC) GM (PC) b) Long-distance GM (PC) GM (PC) GM (PC) c) I nternat iona GM (PC) GM (PC) GM (PC) d) Mobile GM (PC) GM (6) GM (PC) Termina 1 Equipment a) Supply: Main Telephone set M (21) PBX Telex PL (2) RC (LIM) Modem PL (3) L (20) Data Termina 1 Mobi le b) Ma intenance Main Telephone set M (21) PBX Te lex Modem L (20) Data Terminal Mobi Ie 4. Use of leased circuits a) Domestic: Shared use/resa le N (4) N (7) Y (8a) N (4) Interconnection with N (7) Y (ab) N (4) pub I i c network b) International: Shared use/resa le N (4) N (4) N (4) Y (8a) N( 4) N (4) Interconnect i on wi th N (4) N (4) N (4) Y (8c) N (4) N (4) pub Ii c network (1) SOURCES: Member States (SOG-T) Abbreviations: see following page fig. 1/2 PRESENT TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET STRUCTURES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (1) COUNTRIES l!ill Luxembourg The Nether lands Portu a 1 Spain United KingdOm 1. Relations with S/PTT (5) PTT PTT (10) PTT (5) (16) postal services 2. Basi c Serv i ce Network a) Loca 1 GM (PC) GM (11) GM (PC) OM (16) RC (LlM) b) Long-distance (PC) GM (11) GM (PC) OM (16) RC (LIM) c) International GM (PC) (11) GM (PC + OM) (5) OM (16) (LIM) d) Mobile (PC) (11) (16) (LIM) 3. Terminal Equipment a) Supply: Ma in Te 1ephone set M (12) PBX RC (LIB) (19) Telex M (3) Modem M (3) Data Termina. Mobile M (13) b) Maintenance: Main Telephone set PBX Telex Modem Data Termina 1 Mobi 1e M (13) 4. Use of leased circuits a) Domestic: Shared use/resa 1 e N (9) (14) (15) (17) Interconnect ion with N (9) (14) (15) (17) pub 1 i c network b) International: Shared use/resa le N (4) (4) (4) (4) Y (18) Interconnection with N (4) N (4) N (4) (4) (18) pub 1 i c network fl1 SOURCES: Member State~. ISOG- Figure 2. Survey 0" Terminal equipment Regulatory Supply Conditions Upd..t-d 1&:00, .lJ 1~/e7 MOBILE RADIO MOCEMS PHONES PAGERS N-tVv'ork "IIIH.d Supply: Prlv...te Op.r..tor N""tVv'ork Non", . EHolus!v40 Operatorl 5..'ppl:,.- Provl",!""." Prlv...t. Cordy r""-::OOTE:.. tabl", of thl", kind I", Inevitably.. :sl,."pllfl..atlon; It d..."'rib..,,, the .:Iomin...nt f.....tur..", of the regul.atory "'Itu...tl.:)r, I,.... ...oh oountry for publio r,..t'Nork
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ODQN 10-1.Indd
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News Volume 10, Issue 1 January 2006 Collision Avoidance Maneuver Performed by NASA’s Terra Spacecraft Inside... The Terra spacecraft, often referred to as the ignator 1983-063C, U.S. Satellite Number 14222) fl agship of NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS), would come within 500 m of Terra on 23 October, successfully performed a small collision avoidance GSFC and SSN personnel undertook a more de- Large Area Debris maneuver on 21 October 2005 to ensure safe passage tailed assessment of the coming conjunction. Collector (LAD-C) by a piece of orbital debris two days later. This ac- The Scout debris was in an orbit with an alti- Update ........................2 tion demonstrated the effectiveness of a conjunction tude similar to that of Terra (approximately assessment procedure implemented in 2004 680 km by 710 km), but its posigrade Revision of Space by personnel of the NASA Goddard inclination of 82.4° and different orbit Shuttle Wing Leading Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the plane meant that a collision would have Edge Reinforced U.S. Space Surveillance Network occurred at a high velocity of near- (SSN). The trajectories of Terra ly 12 km/s. By 21 October Carbon-Carbon Failure and its companion EOS space- refi ned analysis of the Criteria Based on craft are frequently com- future close approach Hypervelocity Impact pared with the orbits of indicated that the miss and Arc-Jet Testing ...3 thousands of objects distance was only ap- tracked by the SSN proximately 50 m with Object Reentry to determine if an an uncertainty that Survivability Analysis accidental collision yielded a probability Tool (ORSAT) – is possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Comment Operators at Crossroads: Market Protection Or Innovation?
    Comment Operators at crossroads: Market protection or innovation? Arnd Webera*, Daniel Scukab Published in: Telecommunications Policy, Volume 40, Issue 4, April 2016, Pages 368–377, doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2015.11.009. Permission to publish an authors’ version has kindly been granted by Elsevier B.V. a KIT (ITAS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany b Mobikyo K.K., Level 32, Shinjuku Nomura Building, 1‐26‐2 Nishi‐Shinjuku, Shinjuku‐ku, Tokyo 163‐0532, Japan Abstract Many today believe that the mobile Internet was invented by Apple in the USA with their iPhone, enabling a data‐driven Internet ecosystem to disrupt the staid voice and SMS busi‐ ness models of the telecom carriers. History, however, shows that the mobile Internet was first successfully commercialised in Japan, in 1999. Some authors such as Richard Feasey in Telecommunications Policy (Issue 6, 2015) argue that operators had been confused and un‐ prepared when the Internet emerged and introduced “walled gardens”, without Internet access. This comment article reviews in detail how the operators reacted when the fixed, and later the mobile Internet spread; some introduced walled gardens, some opened it for the “unofficial” content on the Internet. The article concludes that most large European tel‐ ecom and information technology companies and their investors have a tradition of risk avoidance and pursued high‐price strategies that led them to regularly fail against better and cheaper foreign products and services, not only when the wireless Internet was introduced, but also when PCs and the fixed Internet were introduced. Consequences, such as the need to enable future disruptions and boost the skills needed to master them, are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Put Prestel Viewdata System Into Every British Home Racing for the Cosmic Flash
    _4l_O _______________________ NEWS------------N_A_T_U_R_E_V_O_L_.3_3_0_3_D_E_C_E_M_B_E_R_1_98_7 Proposal to put Prestel viewdata Racing for the system into every British home cosmic flash London to supply continuously updated informa­ Sydney BRITISH Telecom has decided to embark tion on ferry availability. Indeed, by 1981, AsTRONOMERS in Australia and New on an ambitious scheme to put its pioneer­ British Telecom had changed its market­ Zealand are rushing to complete gamma­ ing viewdata system Prestel into every ing strategy to aim at the business world ray telescopes in time to catch the ex­ telephone subscriber's household. At rather than householders. Now, of Prestel's pected arrival of gamma rays from the present. only 24,000 British households 78,000 terminals, 69 per cent are in the February supernova in the Large Magel­ have Prestel terminals, out of 18 million workplace and 31 per cent in the home. lanic Cloud. domestic telephone subscribers. It is The lack of interest of domestic users is Two new instruments are under con­ understood that British Telecom will in generally blamed on poor marketing and struction; one in the Australian desert at the first instance set up a trial, with sub­ the cost of hardware. At present, the least Woomera and the other 1,650 m up a scribers in one London telephone district expensive means of using Prestel is to buy mountain near Blenheim on New Zea­ and one district outside London being an adaptor priced at around £100 for an land's South Island. supplied with Prestel terminals for a existing television set. Although Prestel's Visually, the supernova has long passed fixed time.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) Handbook 2018 I CONTENTS
    FOREWORD This handbook has been produced by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), and is intended for use on ships that are: • compulsorily equipped with GMDSS radiocommunication installations in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Convention 1974 (SOLAS) and Commonwealth or State government marine legislation • voluntarily equipped with GMDSS radiocommunication installations. It is the recommended textbook for candidates wishing to qualify for the Australian GMDSS General Operator’s Certificate of Proficiency. This handbook replaces the tenth edition of the GMDSS Handbook published in September 2013, and has been amended to reflect: • changes to regulations adopted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) World Radiocommunications Conference (2015) • changes to Inmarsat services • an updated AMSA distress beacon registration form • changes to various ITU Recommendations • changes to the publications published by the ITU • developments in Man Overboard (MOB) devices • clarification of GMDSS radio log procedures • general editorial updating and improvements. Procedures outlined in the handbook are based on the ITU Radio Regulations, on radio procedures used by Australian Maritime Communications Stations and Satellite Earth Stations in the Inmarsat network. Careful observance of the procedures covered by this handbook is essential for the efficient exchange of communications in the marine radiocommunication service, particularly where safety of life at sea is concerned. Special attention should be given to those sections dealing with distress, urgency, and safety. Operators of radiocommunications equipment on vessels not equipped with GMDSS installations should refer to the Marine Radio Operators Handbook published by the Australian Maritime College, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. No provision of this handbook or the ITU Radio Regulations prevents the use, by a ship in distress, of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Analysis of Inmarsat and Iridium Aeronautical Services in the Same Oceanic Airspace
    E.F.C.LaBerge Senior Fellow, Honeywell CNS RTC June 18, 2008 [email protected] Updated Analysis of Inmarsat and Iridium Aeronautical Services in the Same Oceanic Airspace. 1 IEEE/AIAA 26th DASC, October 2007, Paper 213 EFC LaBerge & D. Zeng Purpose and Scope of the Analysis • Investigate Iridium AMSS/AMS(R)S and Inmarsat AMSS/AMS(R)S on separate aircraft in the same oceanic airspace • Analysis is limited to Oceanic Airspace structured following DO-306 guidelines, since FANS-1/A datalink Air Traffic Service (ATS) has widespread approval for operations in oceanic airspace • Conclusions are not applicable to other operational scenarios or airspace, including: - Polar, continental enroute, terminal, approach, and airport surface airspace as defined in Eurocontrol/FAA COCR document; - Simultaneous independent operation of Iridium and Inmarsat AESes on the same aircraft; and - All non-aeronautical terminals and non-aeronautical services 2 Released to ICAO ACP WGM June 18, 2008 Conclusions • The probability of Inmarsat AMSS/AMS(R)S causing a service interruption that would affect the availability of Iridium AMSS/AMS(R)S operating on separate aircraft in oceanic airspace is very small • In oceanic airspace, Inmarsat AMSS/AMS(R)S out of band emissions from one aircraft do not cause harmful interference to Iridium AMSS/AMS(R)S on another aircraft: - The functioning of Iridium AMSS/AMS(R)S is not endangered; - No serious degradation, obstruction or repeated interruption of the operation of Iridium AMSS/AMS(R)S 3 Released to ICAO ACP WGM June 18, 2008 Full disclosure, etc. • This work was based on the volumetric interference approach briefed to AMCP WGA in 1998-2000… • …and supported by Iridium, LLC (the old Iridium).
    [Show full text]
  • Is Iot the Next Industrial Satellite Communication Revolution?
    WHITEPAPER: IS IOT THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION? By Oscar Glottmann, Spacebridge Inc. The Internet of Things (IoT) and associated expected to grow 23 percent annually, and MachineTo-Machine (M2M) connectivity of the 28 billion total devices that will be has been named the next Industrial connected by 2021, close to 16 billion will be Revolution, as it will bring major changes in IoT devices. the way all businesses, governments, and people will interact with each other, as well Other notable forecasts summed up as with the entire world. In this article, we will by Forbes(*2) on November 2016 are explore if IoT/M2M will also bring about the McKinsey’s estimates that the total IoT next Industrial Satellite Communications market size in 2015 was up to $900M, (SATCOM) Revolution. Forecasts for growth growing to $3.7B in 2020 attaining a 32.6% and expected number of IoT/M2M devices CAGR, the General Electric prediction are staggering. Just to take one example, that the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) Ericsson Mobility Report(*1) beginning investment is expected to top $60 trillion of 2016 predicts IoT will overtake mobile during the next 15 years, and the IHS phones by 2018, and predicts that between forecast predicting that the IoT market will 2015 and 2021 the number of IoT/M2M grow from an installed base of 15.4 billion connected devices will grow 23 percent devices in 2015 to 30.7 billion devices in annually. Furthermore, Ericsson predicts 2020 and 75.4 billion in 2025. the number of IoT connected devices is Predictions are predictions, but one thing is for certain, IoT is going to be big.
    [Show full text]
  • Harnessing the Right Inmarsat Service Successfully for Your Business Manoj Mohindra, Solutions & Sales Engineering, Inmarsat Maritime
    Harnessing the Right Inmarsat Service Successfully for your Business Manoj Mohindra, Solutions & Sales Engineering, Inmarsat Maritime © Inmarsat confidential What I will cover? 1. The Maritime Product Portfolio 2. Inmarsat Adding Value 3. A look at the future of Maritime Communications First things first - INMARSAT! " ! Strong Maritime presence with 32 years of experience " ! 500,000 Global terminals •! 250,000 maritime terminals •! >30,000 FleetBroadband active installations " ! The only GMDSS provider for Maritime " ! Future secure, Alphasat & Global Xpress " ! We are the Gold Standard – for all our Markets. Inmarsat confidential 1. Maritime Product Portfolio (a) Networks / Satellites (b) Terminals (c) Unique Capability Committed to servicing User Needs Realities of today & into the future I- I- I- AlphaSat Global Xpress 4 4 4 !""#$ !""%$ !""&$ !""'$ !""($ !"")$ !""*$ !"+"$ !"++$ !"+!$ !"+#$ !"+%$ !"+&$ !"+'$ !"+($ !"+)$ " ! L-band to remain a major component of Inmarsat services Future Needs driven by requirements for: " ! A new generation of broadband MSS at Ka-band •! high bandwidth demand, •! worldwide coverage, " ! Independent from L-band •! dynamic / flexible resource mgnt. constellation, but integrated as a service offering Provide the capacity where it is needed, when it is needed! " ! Life Expectancies into late 2020’s © Inmarsat confidential a1. Existing & Evolved I-2 & I-3 Satellite Network (8) a2. Existing & Evolved (E&E) (I2 & I3 Satellites) 7 a3. Three Inmarsat BGAN I-4 Satellites F3* F2 F1 F3* 3 Satellites at 53°W, 64°E
    [Show full text]
  • Inmarsat Mini-C Mobile Earth Station
    INMARSAT MINI-C MOBILE EARTH STATION MODEL FELCOM 16 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS WARNING CAUTION Do not open the equipment. Use the proper fuse. Hazardous voltage which can Use of a wrong fuse can result in fire or cause electrical shock, burn permanent damage to the equipment. or serious injury exists inside the equipment. Only qualified WARNING LABEL personnel should work inside A warning label is attached to the the equipment. communication unit. Do not remove the label. If the label is missing or damaged, Hazardous microwave. contact your dealer about replacement. Do not approach within 60 cm of the antenna radome WARNING Name: Warning Label (1) when it is transmitting. To avoid electrical shock, do not Type: 86-003-1011 remove cover. No user-serviceable Code No.: 100-236-741 Microwave radiation can be parts inside. harmful to the human body, particularey the eyes. Radiation Level At 10W/m 2 60 cm Do not disassemble or modify the equipment. Fire, electrical shock or serious injury can result. Turn off the power immediately if water leaks into the equipment or the equip- ment is emitting smoke or fire. Continued use of the equipment can cause fire or electrical shock. Any repair work must be done by a licensed radio technician. Improper repair work can cause electrical shock or fire. i TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.........................................................................................................vi SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ..............................................................................viii INMARSAT C SYSTEM OVERVIEW
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Infrastructure Nadine I
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons School of Information Studies Faculty Articles Information Studies (School of) 2015 Access to Infrastructure Nadine I. Kozak University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/sois_facpubs Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Kozak, Nadine I., "Access to Infrastructure" (2015). School of Information Studies Faculty Articles. 8. https://dc.uwm.edu/sois_facpubs/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Information Studies Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-publication print, February 2014. Kozak, N. I. (2015). Access to infrastructure. In Ang, P. H. & Mansell, R. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication & Society. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118290743/wbiedcs146 Access to Infrastructure Nadine I. Kozak University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee [email protected] Word count (not including abstract): 5001 Abstract Access to infrastructure is a perennial issue in the field of communication, which started in the era of postal services and continues to the present era of broadband networks. As infrastructures, or large- scale systems, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are central to citizens’ political, economic, and social lives. Historically and today, a variety of factors such as political and regulatory decisions impact access to infrastructure. Current concerns about equitable access include the network neutrality. Keywords: access, communication and public policy, history of media and communications, information and communication technology, media convergence, media law and policy, media regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Telecommunications Traffic Report- 1991
    International Institute of Communications (IIC) THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC REPORT- 1991 Gregory C. Staple -Editor Principal International Telecom Flows © HC 1991 THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC REPORT - 1991 Gregory C. Staple - Editor © Copyright 1991 International Institute of Communications T~S ~S co~,¥ .o./~ DO NOT REPRODUCE The IIC is an independent educational and policy research organi- zation with members in more than 70 countries. It focuses on telecommunications and broadcasting issues on a world-wide basis. Institute publications include a bimonthly magazine, Intermedia, and a range of topical brief’rag papers. IIC publications and reports do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Institute’s officers, trustees or members. Previous IIC reports in this series: 1990 The Global Telecommunications Traffic Boom 1989 Global Telecommunications Traffic Flows and Market Structures For additional copies of this report or other publications, contact: International Institute of Communications Tavistock House South, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9LF Tel: 071-388-0671/Fax: 071-380-0623/Telex: 24578 IICLDN G Cover Illustration - The cover maps the largest streams of switched international telecommunications traf17c onto a ci~cular projection. Routes shown generally had a two-way flow in 1990 exceeding gO million Minutes of Telecommunication Traf17c (MITT). Some routes have been omitted for presentation purposes. Shaded map areas show major points of origin and destination. Concept: Gregory C. Staple. Illustration: Maryland CartoGraptffcs. ©International Institute of Communications 1991 The Global Telecommunications T:aflqc R#port- 1991 This report could not have been compiled without assistance. Carriers, government departments and regulatory organizations from around the world responded to our informational requests.
    [Show full text]
  • PRFP-11) & Interconnectivity Workshop 26-30 November 2019, Apia, SAMOA
    11th APT Policy and Regulation Forum for Pacific (PRFP-11) & Interconnectivity Workshop 26-30 November 2019, Apia, SAMOA Workshop Topic ENABLERS FOR A BETTER CONNECTED PACIFIC - New Satellite Technologies and Services (MSS, ESIM and LEOs) Dr Bob Horton Consultant Satellite Industry ENABLERS FOR A BETTER CONNECTED PACIFIC - New Satellite Technologies and Services (MSS and LEOs) CONTENTS • Examples of progress : MSS, ESIM – Inmarsat LEOs – OneWeb • Pacific Needs - understanding and participating in the regional/global environment - the Pacific : a “Collection of Islands” or an “Island Collective”? - opportunities overdue in APAC Inmarsat use of spectrum L band Ka band User links: 1626.5-1660.5 MHz ↑, 1525-1559 Feeder link ↑ : 27.5 – 30.0 GHz MHz↓ Feeder link↓ : 17.7 – 20.2 GHz Extended L-band: User link ↑ : 29.0 – 30.0 GHz User link↓ : 19.2 – 20.2 GHz User links: 1668-1675 MHz ↑, 1518 MHz-1525 MHz ↓ Used by Inmarsat Global Express satellites S band Used by Inmarsat-4 satellites and Alphasat Feeder link ↑ : 27.5 – 29.5 GHz Feeder link↓ : 17.7 – 19.7 GHz User link ↑ 1980-2010MHz Q/V band User link↓ : 2170-2200MHz C band 37.5-42.5 GHz ↓ Used by Europasat Feeder links for L-band satellites operate in 47.2-50.2 GHz + 50.4-51.4 GHz ↑ the bands 3550 – 3700 MHz and 6425 – - Planned for future satellites to free 6575 MHz through more than 20 Land Earth Stations up Ka-band for user terminals TT&C operated in standard C-band on most - Developmental payload on Alphasat Inmarsat satellites Inmarsat and Extended L-band Extended L-band will be available
    [Show full text]
  • From Packet Switching to the Cloud
    Professor Nigel Linge FROM PACKET SWITCHING TO THE CLOUD Telecommunication engineers have always drawn a picture of a cloud to represent a network. Today, however, the cloud has taken on a new meaning, where IT becomes a utility, accessed and used in exactly the same on-demand way as we connect to the National Grid for electricity. Yet, only 50 years ago, this vision of universal access to an all- encompassing and powerful network would have been seen as nothing more than fanciful science fiction. he first electronic, digital, network - a figure that represented a concept of packet switching in which stored-program computer 230% increase on the previous year. data is assembled into a short se- was built in 1948 and This clear and growing demand for quence of data bits (a packet) which heralded the dawning of data services resulted in the GPO com- includes an address to tell the network a new age. missioning in July 1970 an experi- where the data is to be sent, error de- T mental, manual call-set-up, data net- tection to allow the receiver to confirm DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1 work that used modems operating at that the contents of the packet are cor- These early computers were large, 48,000bit/s (48kbit/s). rect and a source address to facilitate cumbersome and expensive machines However, computer communica- a reply. and inevitably a need arose for a com- tions is different to voice communi- Since each packet is self-contained, munication system that would allow cations not only in its form but also any number of them can be transmit- shared remote access to them.
    [Show full text]