Taiwanese Offshore (Distant Water) Fisheries in Southeast Asia, 1936 – 1977 Chen, Ta-Yuan [陳大元] (BA, MA) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University 2007 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary educational institution. Chen, Ta-Yuan [陳大元] Copyright © 2007 by Chen, Ta-Yuan [陳大元], all rights reserved. i Abstract The Japanese colonial fisheries authorities of pre-war Taiwan played an important role in the diffusion of offshore and distant water fishing methods. Two of the main fisheries in post-war Taiwan, the longline and trawl fisheries, were introduced from Japan during the pre-war period. Although Taiwan’s fishing industry was devastated in the course of World War Two, with financial aid from the international community and the government’s policy guidance, it was revived in a comparatively brief period of time. Fishing vessels from Taiwan, especially Kaohsiung, soon became, once again, a common sight in the waters of Southeast Asia. The first part of thesis traces the pre-war historical background, the government’s post-war policy guidance and the birth of Taiwan’s offshore and distant water fishing industry in Southeast Asia after World War Two. After the Chinese communists came to power in 1949 Taiwan’s fishing communities were placed under the strict surveillance of the Kuomintang authorities out of consideration for national security. The Taiwanese Government and the military adopted a variety of measures to control and regulate the development of the fishing communities. Also, the people in the fishing industry did their best to cope with the Government intervention. To safeguard their onshore business interests, Kaohsiung’s fishing companies also put considerable energy and effort into dealing with local shipyards, ice-manufacturers, and other fishing ancillary industries. Vessel owners developed industry partnership with those who were cooperative, and either avoided or boycotted those who were viewed as a potential nemesis. With a view to analysing the interactions between the fishing industry, the Government, the military, and key ancillary industries, the second part of the thesis focuses upon the history of Taiwan’s post-war fishing industry from the perspective of the national-industrial level. The development of Kaohsiung’s fishing industry was also deeply affected by ethnic factors. Siao Liouciou fishers were solely dedicated to the longline fishing method; Shandong people preferred to be involved in pair-trawl fishing. The final part of the thesis further narrows down the scope of the history of Taiwan’s fishing industry to the local level context of the fishing communities. The histories of six fishing companies are used to compare the cultures and management styles of the trawling and longlining fisheries. Finally, the fishers’ daily lives in the waters of Southeast Asia, and the culture and routine practices of Kaohsiung’s fishing communities are explored in depth. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ii Maps v Pictures vii Tables ix Abbreviations xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Chapter One Japan and the Development of Taiwan’s Fishing 8 Industry Chapter Two The Revival of the Fishing Industry of Post-war 45 Taiwan Chapter Three Kaohsiung Fishing Port and its Fishing Ancillary 82 Industries Chapter Four The Kaohsiung Fishing Industry, the Military 107 and Political Complex Chapter Five The Kaohsiung Fishing Industry and its 138 Ancillary Industries Chapter Six The Development of Kaohsiung’s Fishing 169 Companies Chapter Seven Daily Lives at Sea, Fishing Zones and Politics 218 Chapter Eight The Culture and Daily Life of the Kaohsiung 255 Fishing Communities Chapter Nine The 1970s Crisis in the Taiwanese Fishing 286 Industry Conclusion 318 iii Page Appendix I The most common species of fish caught by 329 Taiwanese trawl fishers and longline fishers Glossary 336 Note on the Sources 339 Bibliography 342 List of Informants 358 iv Maps Number Title Page 0.01 Geographical location of Kaohsiung (Takao) 2 0.02 Location of Gushan, Cijin and Cianjhen 3 1.01 Ocean currents around Taiwan 14 1.02 Takao’s geographical advantage: a major supply base for the 15 developing fishing industry in Southeast Asia 1.03 Fishery education in pre-war Taiwan 33 1.04 The southward development of Takao’s fishing industry 36 1.05 Construction of Takao Fishing Port 40 3.01 Kaohsiung Fishing Port 84 3.02 Gushan Fishing Port 85 3.03 Cianjhen Fishing Port 87 3.04 Fishery education in post-war Taiwan 105 5.01 Location of Nanfang’ao 139 6.01 Industrial properties of the Fisheries Branches 174 6.02 Geographic location of Zhoushan and Dachen 178 v 6.03 Mainland Chinese’ fishing migration: China, Keelung, then 183 Kaohsiung 7.01 Expansion of the Taiwanese distant water trawl fishing 236 grounds 7.02 Fishing grounds of Kaohsiung distant water longliners before 239 the 1960s 7.03 Fishing zones of the Kaohsiung local offshore longline fishery 243 7.04 The fishing grounds of Siao Liouciou fishers before they 245 moved to Kaohsiung 7.05 The fishing grounds of Siao Liouciou fishers after they moved 246 to Kaohsiung 8.01 Penghuans and Siao Lioucious’ fishing migration 257 9.01 Kaohsiung and Batanes Island 297 vi Pictures Number Title Page 1.01 Nando-maru 31 1.02 Takao Fish Market in 1931 41 6.01 A longline vessel under construction 197 6.02 Changtai nos 11and 12, distant water pair-trawlers in 199 1967 6.03 Changsheng nos 1 and 2, distant water pair-trawlers in 199 1973 6.04 Distant water pair-trawlers just about ready to put to sea 200 in 1959 6.05 Chen Shengli and another of his offshore longliners 211 being repaired in drydock in Cianjhen Fishing Port 6.06 Chen Shengli’s offshore longliner, Sinshengyi no. 2 213 taking on ice in Cianjhen Fishing Port 6.07 Chen Shengli’s offshore longliner, Jinlongfa ,moored in 213 Cianjhen Fishing Port in 1979 8.01 Fishing nets and longlines 264 8.02 Nylon line 266 8.03 Oyster farms along the beaches of Cijin District 267 8.04 A common scene of women in the Cijin District busy 268 shucking oysters 8.05 An early photograph of Gushan District 280 vii 8.06 Gushan Fishing Port in the twenty-first century (01) 280 8.07 Gushan Fishing Port in the twenty-first century (02) 281 8.08 Ferries carry passengers to and fro between Gushan and 281 Cijin 8.09 Kaohsiung in the twenty-first century with the Cianjhen 282 River in the foreground 8.10 Kaohsiung is the centre of Taiwan’s heavy industries 283 viii TABLES Number Title Page 1.01 The position of the fisheries Authority in colonial Taiwan 19 and the reorganisation of bureaucracy (1895- 1945) 1.02 Incentive measures launched by the fisheries authorities during 22 the period 1926- 1930 1.03 Incentive measures launched by the fishing authorities during 23 the period 1931- 1934 1.04 The development of the (single) trawl fishery in Taiwan 1931 28 to 1940 1.05 The development of the pair trawl fishery in Taiwan during the 30 period 1931- 1940 1.06 The fishery training schools in Taiwan during the colonial era 34 1.07 The experimental fishing vessels of Taiwan during the 35 Colonial Era, 1921- 1938 1.08 The catch value of the tuna longline fishery, and trawl fisheries 38 in Takao, 1938- 1940 2.01 The decline of the single trawl fishery in Taiwan during the 47 period from 1940 to 1945 2.02 The decline of the pair trawl fishery in Taiwan during the 47 period from 1940 to 1944 2.03 The application procedures of US aid for fisheries 54 2.04 The distribution of US aid 54 2.05 The fisheries authorities and fisheries-related institutes, 1945- 57 1965 ix 2.06 The fisheries authorities of the Central Government and those 57 of Taiwan Province 2.07 Important fisheries policies, fisheries regulations and 70 development plans and programmes 1945 – 1973 2.08 The uses of US Aid for the development of Taiwan’s fishing 74 industry from 1951 to 1959 through the Council for US Aid 2.09 US Aid for the development of Taiwan’s fishing industry 76 1951-1964 Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction 2.10 US Aid in the construction of distant water fishing vessels, 77 offshore fishing vessels and coastal fisheries, 1951-1960 2.11 The growth of distant water fisheries and offshore fisheries 80 2.12 The growth of single, pair trawl fishing and longline fishing 80 2.13 The growth of offshore longline fishing 80 3.01 Financial expenditures for the construction of fishing ports in 90 Taiwan (1970) 3.02 The shipbuilding industry of Taiwan in 1958 92 3.03 The daily output of ice- manufacturing plants in the major 94 cities and counties of Taiwan in 1951 3.04 Main ice-manufacturers of Kaohsiung City in 1951 95 3.05 The development of the ice-manufacturing industry in Taiwan, 96 1951- 1964 3.06 The ice-manufacturing industry in the major cities and counties 96 of Taiwan in 1964 3.07 Sales volume of the main port fish markets in Taiwan in 1955 98 x 3.08 Domestic market distribution of fish products unloaded at 99 Kaohsiung in 1954 3.09 The three marketing systems of fish products in post-war 100 Taiwan 3.10 Fish processing industry of Taiwan in 1953 101 4.01 The heads of the FAA / FB from 1951 to 1986 110 4.02 Presidents of the CFC (including the Managing Agency of 111 Fisheries Reconstruction Materials) 4.03 The National Assembly Delegates elected from China’s fishing 127 circles 4.04 Legislators elected from China’s fishing industry 128 6.01 Catch outcomes of the Fisheries Branch of the AFCT (its 173 predecessor, the TFC included)