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Les Chemises Rouges De Thaïlande

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Les Chemises Rouges De Thaïlande LES CHEMISES ROUGES DE THAÏLANDE L’auteur Eugénie Mérieau est doctorante à l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO), diplômée de cette même institution en siamois ainsi que titulaire d’un Master de l’Institut d’études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), mention « Affaires internationales-Conflits et sécurité ». Graphiques : Mikael Brodu, d’après Eugénie Mérieau Couverture et mise en page : Mikael Brodu ISBN 978-616-7571-16-4 © IRASEC, juillet 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or means, without prior permission of the author or the publisher. The opinions expressed in these papers are solely those of the author(s). Les Chemises rouges de Thaïlande Eugénie Mérieau Carnet de l’Irasec / Occasional Paper n° 23 L’Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine (USR 3142 – UMIFRE 22 CNRS MAEE) s’intéresse depuis 2001 aux évolutions politiques, sociales et environ- nementales en cours dans les onze pays de la région (Brunei, Birmanie, Cambodge, Indonésie, Laos, Malaisie, Philippines, Singapour, Thaïlande, Timor-Leste and Viêt Nam). Basé à Bangkok, l’Institut fait appel à des chercheurs de tous horizons disciplinaires et académiques qu’il associe au gré des problématiques. Il privilégie autant que possible les démarches transversales. The Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia (USR 3142 – UMIFRE 22 CNRS-MAEE) has since 2001 focused its activities on the political, economic, social and environmental evolutions of the eleven countries of the region (Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam). Based in Bangkok, the Institute promotes a variety of approaches by calling on experts and specialists from all academic fields and teaming them up as required. Comparative approaches and transversal studies are favored as much as possible. Sommaire Introduction Ratchaprasong (3 avril 2010 - 19 mai 2010) ......................................... 7 1 - Population de Ratchaprasong.................................................................................. 8 2 - Vie et mort à Ratchaprasong.................................................................................. 14 3 - Les Chemises rouges, des terroristes ? Défaite et colère à Ratchaprasong ...... 20 Chapitre 1 Historique du mouvement des Chemises rouges.......................... 27 1 - De la Caravane des pauvres aux groupuscules bangkokiens (2006-2007)....... 28 2 - Des grandes manifestations de People’s TV au Songkhran de sang (2007-2009) ........................................................................ 35 3 - L’UDD-Rouge sur toutes les terres (2009-…)....................................................... 41 Chapitre 2 Géographie des Chemises rouges........................................................... 49 1 - Caractéristiques socio-économiques des Chemises rouges ............................... 50 2 - Le clivage Nord/Sud et la question de la ruralité .............................................. 54 3 - Bangkok (et ses classes moyennes éduquées), là où tout se joue...................... 58 Chapitre 3 Les trois piliers : le parti, l’organisation, les masses .................. 65 1 - L’UDD des « trois compères » : la fidèle garde de Thaksin............................... 65 2 - L’UDD rêvée de Thida, une UDD de convictions............................................... 71 3 - Opportunistes, idéalistes pacifistes et révolutionnaires..................................... 79 Chapitre 4 Ingénierie de mobilisation ............................................................................. 87 1 - Leçons tirées de l’expérience des Chemises jaunes............................................. 87 2 - L’utilisation des médias.......................................................................................... 89 3 - Les manifestations................................................................................................... 92 5 LES CHEMISES ROUGES DE THAÏLANDE Chapitre 5 Articulation progressive d’un discours radical (à demi-mot) .........................................................99 1 - Temps 1 (2006-2007) : Deux mouvements d’opposition étanches l’un à l’autre.....................................................................100 2 - Temps 2 (2007-2008) : Bangkok et la province entament leur convergence...................................................................................102 3 - Temps 3 (2009-…) : Articulation d’une idéologie « pour une démocratie libérée de l’emprise de ses élites traditionnelles (l’ammat) » ............................107 Chapitre 6 Les Chemises rouges et la monarchie ................................................111 1 - La monarchie et le coup d’État du 19 septembre 2006 : une quête de sens ...................................................................................................111 2 - Wan ta sawang haeng chat (jours d’illumination nationale) ...............................115 3 - Les intellectuels prennent conscience du potentiel critique des partisans de Thaksin : le combat contre la lèse-majesté.....................................................119 Conclusion Quelle Thaïlande pour les Chemises rouges ? ..............................131 1 - Quelle est la proportion de Chemises rouges dont les « yeux sont éclairés » ?............................................................................131 2 - Les Chemises rouges sont-elles vraiment « thaïlandaises » ? ..........................132 3 - Finir la révolution de 1932, et après ?..................................................................134 Annexes...................................................................................................................137 Chronologie...........................................................................................................145 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................163 6 Introduction Ratchaprasong (3 avril 2010 - 19 mai 2010) Si je choisis d’aborder mon étude des Chemises rouges par un récit des manifestations de Phan Fa/Ratchaprasong, en avril-mai 2010, alors que le mouvement des Chemises rouges a déjà bientôt quatre ans, c’est pour deux raisons : tout d’abord, parce que les acteurs clés du mouvement se mettent en scène à Ratchaprasong ; ensuite parce que la répression sanglante de mai 2010 est un moment charnière1 de l’histoire des Chemises rouges en tant que mouvement social, constituant son mythe fondateur. Paysans et intellectuels, Bangkokiens et provinciaux, « opportunistes » et « idéalistes », différentes composantes du mouvement des Chemises rouges jusqu’alors relativement étrangères les unes aux autres, ont noué des solidarités indéfectibles à la faveur de la tragédie de mai 2010. Les futurs historiens de la Thaïlande choisiront peut- être d’enterrer la prophétie auto-réalisatrice des « deux démocraties »2 à Ratchaprasong, en 2010, qui constitue à ce jour la plus grande manifestation prodémocratique de l’histoire du pays. 1 Le bilan officiel fait état de 91 morts et plus de 2 000 blessés. 2 Une des théories socio-politiques les plus structurantes de ces vingt dernières années dans les discours des Thaïlandais est sans doute la théorie « des deux démocraties » d’Anek Laothamatas, dont l’article « Le Conte des deux démocraties : Perceptions conflictuelles sur les élections et la démocratie en Thaïlande » a été publié en 1996. Selon sa théorie (militante), Bangkok se serait toujours opposée aux choix politiques du reste de la Thaïlande : les masses rurales éliraient les gouvernements, tandis que Bangkok les renverserait par des coups d’État ou de grandes manifestations. Cette théorie trouve ses origines dans un ensemble d’inégalités de développement entre une Thaïlande pauvre, rurale, provinciale et agrarienne, a priori pas assez « éduquée » pour comprendre les enjeux de la démocratie, d’une part, et une Thaïlande des élections et des élites urbaines de Bangkok, d’autre part. Les ruraux vendraient leurs votes aux plus offrants, résultant en un Parlement d’hommes politiques corrompus et malhonnêtes, que les Bangkokiens auraient le devoir moral de renverser. 7 LES CHEMISES ROUGES DE THAÏLANDE 1 - Population de Ratchaprasong Le 12 mars 2010, à l’appel des dirigeants de l’Union démocratique contre la dictature3 (UDD) qui annoncent un million de manifestants, des Chemises rouges venues des quatre coins du pays débarquent en masse dans la capitale pour la « grande manifestation » (chumnum yai) prévue le dimanche 14 mars, avec une seule revendication : la dissolution du Parlement (yup sapha). Le nombre de véhicules entrant à Bangkok en flux continu toute la nuit du 11 au 12 mars aurait atteint le nombre de 7 280, dont 24 bus, 137 mini vans, 400 motos, et environ 6 000 camions4. Selon certaines estimations, plus de 100 000 manifestants se seraient retrouvés dans la capitale ce jour-là, dont 40 000 Bangkokiens, 26 920 Chemises rouges venues des provinces du Nord-Est, 11 510 du Nord, 21 350 des plaines centrales et 1 320 du Sud5. Au plus fort des manifestations, la première semaine, le nombre de participants est estimé à 300 0006. Ils arborent des pancartes « Nous aimons la démocratie et Thaksin Shinawatra », ancien Premier ministre (2001-2006) renversé par un coup d’État le 19 septembre 2006 et en exil depuis 2009. À la fin du mois de mars7, le nombre de manifestants diminue significativement, et lorsque la manifestation se déplace de Phan
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