Liberated from the Papacy a Journey with Scripture, Our Confessions, and Dr
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Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform
6 RENAISSANCE HISTORY, ART AND CULTURE Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform of Politics Cultural the and III Paul Pope Bryan Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Renaissance History, Art and Culture This series investigates the Renaissance as a complex intersection of political and cultural processes that radiated across Italian territories into wider worlds of influence, not only through Western Europe, but into the Middle East, parts of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It will be alive to the best writing of a transnational and comparative nature and will cross canonical chronological divides of the Central Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Renaissance History, Art and Culture intends to spark new ideas and encourage debate on the meanings, extent and influence of the Renaissance within the broader European world. It encourages engagement by scholars across disciplines – history, literature, art history, musicology, and possibly the social sciences – and focuses on ideas and collective mentalities as social, political, and cultural movements that shaped a changing world from ca 1250 to 1650. Series editors Christopher Celenza, Georgetown University, USA Samuel Cohn, Jr., University of Glasgow, UK Andrea Gamberini, University of Milan, Italy Geraldine Johnson, Christ Church, Oxford, UK Isabella Lazzarini, University of Molise, Italy Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Bryan Cussen Amsterdam University Press Cover image: Titian, Pope Paul III. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / Bridgeman Images. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 252 0 e-isbn 978 90 4855 025 8 doi 10.5117/9789463722520 nur 685 © B. -
Luther's Bible the Ehv 500Th Anniversary Lutheran
LUTHER’S BIBLE & THE EHV O N T H E 500TH ANNIVERSARY O F T H E LUTHERAN REFORMATION Alle Schrift von Gott eingegeben October 31, 2017 Introductory Thoughts on the 500th Anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation We are celebrating 500 years of the Lutheran Reformation, and there is much to celebrate. We praise God that we are saved by grace alone through faith alone in Jesus Christ alone. We learn this from Scripture alone. To God alone be all the glory and praise! Most say that the Reformation started on October 31, 1517. On that day, Dr. Martin Luther sent a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz about indulgences. Here are a few excerpts from that letter: Under your most distinguished name, papal indulgences are offered all across the land for the construction of St. Peter’s…. I bewail the gross misunderstanding…. Evidently the poor souls believe that when they have bought indulgence letters they are then assured of their salvation. After all, the indulgences contribute absolutely nothing to the salvation and holiness of souls.1 After that, Luther also posted his Ninety-five Theses on the Castle Church door. These Latin statements were intended for public debate by university professors and theologians. Contrary to Luther’s expectations, his Ninety-five Theses were translated, published, and read by many people throughout Germany and in many other places. This was the spark that started the Reformation. Yet Luther was still learning from Scripture. In 1517, Luther still thought he was on the side of the Pope. By October of 1520, Luther had become clearer about many things. -
IN FO R M a TIO N to U SERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master. UMI Films the Text Directly From
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margin*, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Ben A Howeii Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.761-4700 800.521-0600 RENDERING TO CAESAR: SECULAR OBEDIENCE AND CONFESSIONAL LOYALTY IN MORITZ OF SAXONY'S DIPLOMACY ON THE EVE OF THE SCMALKALDIC WAR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James E. -
The Motivation for the Patronage of Pope Julius Ii
THE MOTIVATION FOR THE PATRONAGE OF POPE JULIUS II Christine Shaw As the head of the Western Church, Giuliano della Rovere, Pope Julius II (1503-13), has had his critics, from his own day to ours, above all for his role as ‘the warrior pope’. The aspect of his rule that has won most general approval has been his patronage of the arts. The complex iconography of some of the works Julius commissioned, particularly Raphael’s frescoes in the Vatican Stanze, and the scale of some of the projects he initiated – the rebuilding of St Peter’s, the development of the via Giulia, the massive and elaborate tomb Michelangelo planned to create for him – have provided fertile soil for interpretation of these works as expressions of Julius’s own ideals, aspirations, motives and self-image. Too fertile, perhaps – some interpretations have arguably become over-elaborate and recherchés. The temptation to link the larger than life character of Julius II with the claims for the transcendent power and majesty of the papacy embodied in the ico- nography and ideology of the works of art and writings produced in Rome during his pontificate, whether or not they were commissioned by the pope, has often proved irresistible to scholars. Some of the works associated with Julius can be read as expressions of certain conceptions of papal authority, and of the Rome of the Renaissance popes as the culmination of classical and Jewish, as well as early Christian history. But should they be read as Julius’s conception of his role as pope, his programme for his own papacy? Just because others identified him with Julius Caesar, or with Moses, does that mean that he saw himself as Moses, as a second Julius Caesar? There were plenty of learned men in Rome, ready to elabore theories of papal power which drew on different traditions and to fit Julius into them, just as they had fitted earlier popes and would fit later popes into them. -
Martin Luther’S New Doctrine of Salvation That Resulted in a Break from the Catholic Church and the Establishment of Lutheranism
DO NOW WHAT DOES THE WORD REFORM MEAN? WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MEANS REGARDING THE CHURCH? Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson I Want Students To: 1. KNOW the significance of Martin Luther’s new doctrine of salvation that resulted in a break from the Catholic church and the establishment of Lutheranism. 2. UNDERSTAND the way humanism and Erasmus forged the Reformation. 3. Analyze (SKILL) how Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. Essential Question. What caused the Protestant Reformation? REFORMATION RE FORM TO DO TO MAKE AGAIN BUT DO OVER/MAKE WHAT AGAIN?THE CHURCH! Definitions Protest Reform To express strong To improve by objection correcting errors The Protestant Reformation 5 Problems in the Church • Corruption • Political Conflicts Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) – Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) – Attacked corruption in the Church Corruption • The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! • Do not go to Hell! • Do not go to Purgatory! • Get through Purgatory faster! • Do not pass Go! Martin Luther Who was Martin Luther? • Born in Germany in 1483. • After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk. • Lived in the city of Wittenberg. • Died in 1546. Luther Looks for Reforms • Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. • He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. • Stresses faith over He nailed his Ninety- works, rejected church Five Theses, or as intermediary. -
Ann Arbor Publishers, 1960. Reformation Bibles in the Crossfre: the Story of Jerome Emser, His Anti- Lutheran Critique, and His Catholic Bible Version
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Autumn 1995, No. 2, 17 1-183 Copyright 1995 by Andrews University Press BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KENNETH A. STRAND Through 1994 Compiled by Nancy J. Vyhmeister and Jennifer Kharbteng BOOKS A Reformation Paradox. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1960. Reformation Bibles in the Crossfre: The Story of Jerome Emser, His Anti- Lutheran Critique, and His Catholic Bible Version. Ann Arbor: AM Arbor Publishers, 196 1. WoodcutsJFomthe Earliest Lutheran and Emserian New Testaments. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1962. Reformation Bible Pictures: Woodcutsfiom Early Lutheran and Emserian New Testaments. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1963. German Bibles Before Luther: The Story of 14 High German Editions. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966. Three Essays on Early Church History, with Emphasis on the Roman Province of Asia. Ann Arbor: Braun-Brumfield, 1967. Early Low-German Bibles: The Story of Four Pre-Lutheran Editions. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1967. Woodcuts to the Apocalypse in Diirer 's Time: Albrecht Diirer 5 Woodcuts Plus Five Other Sets from the 15th and 16th Centuries. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1968. Diirer's Apocalypse: The 1498 German and 151 1 Texts in Facsimile Plus Samples of Diirer's Woodcuts and Grags Copies. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1969. Woodcuts to the Apocalypse JFom the Early 16th Century. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers, 1969. Brief Introduction to the Ancient Near East: A Panorama of the Old Testament World. Ann Arbor: Braun-Brumfield, 1969. The Open Gates of Heaven: A Brief Introduction to Literary Analysis of the Book of Revelation. Ann Arbor: Braun-Brumfield, 1970. Second edition, enlarged, 1972. -
Meet Martin Luther: an Introductory Biographical Sketch
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Spring 1984, Vol. 22, No. 1, 15-32. Copyright O 1984 by Andrews University Press. MEET MARTIN LUTHER: AN INTRODUCTORY BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH KENNETH A. STRAND Andrews University Introductory Note: The following biographical sketch is very brief, given primarily to provide the nonspecialist in Luther studies with an introductory outline of the Reformer's career. Inasmuch as the details presented are generally well-known and are readily accessible in various sources, documentation has been eliminated in this presentation. Numerous Luther biographies are available. Two of the more readable and authoritative ones in the English language which may be mentioned here are Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand (New York: Abingdon Press, 1950), and Ernest G. Schwiebert, Luther and His Times (St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1950). These or any number of good Luther biographies may be con- sulted for a detailed treatment of Luther's career. Following the sketch below, a chronological listing is provided of important dates and events in Luther's life and in the contemporary world from the year of his birth to the year of his death. Just over 500 years ago, on November 10, 1483, Martin Luther was born in the town of Eisleben, in central Germany (now within the German Democratic Republic or "East Germany"). He was the oldest son of Hans and Margarethe (nee Ziegler) Luther, who had recently moved to Eisleben from Thuringian agricultural lands to the west. It appears that before Martin's first birthday, the family moved again-this time a few miles northward to the town of Mans- feld, which was more centrally located for the mining activity which Hans Luther had taken up. -
1 the Personal Letters of Martin Luther the Diet of Worms Papers
The documents below are excerpts from Martin Luther's personal letters written between December 29, 1520 and April 28, 1521. These letters were written before his appearance at the Diet of Worms regarding his excommunication and publications, his appearance at the Diet of Worms where he refused to recant his statements and publications, and the events up to the date of his kidnapping by friends who took him to the Wartburg Castle. The purpose of this edition is to encourage discussion and research by students in World and European History and other interested groups and individuals. The statements following the "Reflection" are the perspective of Hank Bitten, history educator. The pictures and images are not part of Luther's letters and included for the purpose of education and context. The complete documents are published in Luther's Works, Volume 48 Letters 1, Fortress Press, Philadelphia, 1963. Library of Congress No. 55-9893. Edited by Gottfried C. Krodel The Personal Letters of Martin Luther The Diet of Worms Papers Letter to George Spalatin (Part 1 of 2) December 29, 1520 To the learned and devout man, Mr. George Spalatin, Saxon court chaplain, my friend in the Lord “Greetings. Today I received copies of the letters from Allstedt as well as your letter from Kindelbruck. In it you ask me what I would do if called by Emperor Charles and if I could do anything without endangering the gospel and the public welfare, since you see that my enemies do everything to bring this affair to a head. Of course I would by all means come, if called, in so far as it would be up to me, even if I could not come by my own power an instead would have to be driven there as a sick man. -
The Project Gutenberg Ebook of a History of the Reformation (Vol. 1 of 2) by Thomas M
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of the Reformation (Vol. 1 of 2) by Thomas M. Lindsay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: A History of the Reformation (Vol. 1 of 2) Author: Thomas M. Lindsay Release Date: August 29, 2012 [Ebook 40615] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION (VOL. 1 OF 2)*** International Theological Library A History of The Reformation By Thomas M. Lindsay, M.A., D.D. Principal, The United Free Church College, Glasgow In Two Volumes Volume I The Reformation in Germany From Its Beginning to the Religious Peace of Augsburg Edinburgh T. & T. Clark 1906 Contents Series Advertisement. 2 Dedication. 6 Preface. 7 Book I. On The Eve Of The Reformation. 11 Chapter I. The Papacy. 11 § 1. Claim to Universal Supremacy. 11 § 2. The Temporal Supremacy. 16 § 3. The Spiritual Supremacy. 18 Chapter II. The Political Situation. 29 § 1. The small extent of Christendom. 29 § 2. Consolidation. 30 § 3. England. 31 § 4. France. 33 § 5. Spain. 37 § 6. Germany and Italy. 41 § 7. Italy. 43 § 8. Germany. 46 Chapter III. The Renaissance. 53 § 1. The Transition from the Mediæval to the Modern World. 53 § 2. The Revival of Literature and Art. 56 § 3. Its earlier relation to Christianity. 59 § 4. The Brethren of the Common Lot. -
Biographical Dates
BIOGRAPHICAL DATES 1475 March 6, born in the village of Caprese in Tuscany, second son of Lodovico (1444-1531) and Francesca. Lodovico, grandson of a successful banker and son of an unsuccessful banker in Florence, lived on a small income from land and occasional government posts; at this time he was Podesta (governor) of Caprese. March 31, Lodovico's term expired; the family doubtless returned to Florence. The oldest son, Lionardo (1473-1510) entered the Dominican order in Pisa in 1491 and played virtually no part in Michelangelo's life. 1477 May 26, brother Buonarroto bom. 1479 March 11, brother Giovansimone born. 1481 January 22, brother Gismondo bom. About this time the family was living in an apartment rented from Lodovico's brother-in-law, a dyer. December 6, mother died. 1485 Father's second marriage to Lucrezia Ubaldini (d. M97)- 1488 April 8, Michelangelo left grammar school and was apprenticed for three years to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. MICHELANGELO [1] 1489 Left Ghirlandaio and studied sculpture in the gar- den of Lorenzo de' Medici the Magnificent. 1492 Lorenzo the Magnificent died, succeeded by his old- est son Piero. 1494 Rising against Piero de' Medici, who fled (d. 1503). Republic re-established under Savonarola. October, Michelangelo fled and after a brief stay in Venice went to Bologna. 1495 In Bologna, carved three small statues which brought to completion the tomb of St. Dominic. Returned to Florence, carved the Cupid, sold to Baldassare del Milanese, a dealer. 1496 June, went to Rome. Carved the Bacchus for the banker Jacopo Galli. 1497 November, went to Carrara to obtain marble. -
Martin Luther As Translator of the Bible
Martin Luther as translator of the Bible Of those who have translated Scripture into the vernacular Martin Luther (1483-1546) ranks among the best. Whereas Luther himself gave a very modest assessment of his German translation of the Bible, history has shown that the “Luther-Bible” was one of the greatest services which the reformer rendered to the church of Christ. Not only did the German Bible promote the reformation of the church in Germany, but also it became the standard for subsequent translations of Scripture throughout continental Europe and England, thereby furthering the Reformation beyond Luther’s native country. The most influential translator of Scripture into English, William Tyndale, revealed an open debt to Luther’s version. And the Authorized Version, which remains the touchstone for modern English editions, shows several influences of Luther’s German Bible.1 And yet relatively little attention has been devoted to the principles which guided Martin Luther in his translation of Scripture. Perhaps it will be of interest to Reformed believers concerned about English versions of the Bible used in the home and during the public worship services to know the principles that governed this powerful translation. The purpose of this article is to sketch the theory and practice of Martin Luther’s translation of the Bible into German. Luther did not publish a systematic exposition on the theory and practice of Bible translation; it was long thought that the reformer had not defined these clearly in his own mind. While Luther did have -
51. 'The Finger of God Is Here!' 1539
Alone & on Foot_reprint 2017.qxp_Layout 1 30/01/2017 07:34 Page 163 51. ‘The finger of God is here!’ 1539 AVAILABILITY ShoRtly afteR the companionS had decided to foRm a ReligiouS congRegation, the pope had BRoët and RodRigueS aSSigned both to the RefoRmation of monaSteRieS of ReligiouS women in Siena and to the caRe of the univeRSity StudentS theRe. The eleven founding fatheRS would neveR again be togetheR aS a gRoup. Seven of thoSe who weRe Still in Rome on 4 May Signed a fuRtheR document, in which the coRneRStoneS of the Society weRe laid: the membeRS would make a Special vow of obedience to the pope; each one would teach ChRiStian doctRine to childRen foR at leaSt foRty dayS each yeaR; they would be aSSigned theiR woRk and theiR place of woRk by a SupeRioR; theRe would be a thRee-month peRiod of pRobation foR new candidateS, duRing which time they would make the SpiRitual ExeRciSeS, go on a pilgRimage, and help in hoSpitalS. They lateR agReed that the taSk of teaching catechiSm to childRen Should be included in the vowS. NeveR duRing the couRSe of hiStoRy haS a moRe democRatic method been tRied by the Rank-and-file membeRS of a ReligiouS oRdeR. In June, they agReed that theRe would be one SupeRioR geneRal foR the whole body of the Society, elected foR life – Something unheaRd of in the tRadition of Canon Law. They could accept houSeS, but only aS placeS to live, and alSo chuRcheS, but no fixed RevenueS could be attached to them. The chaRacteRiStic maRk of the Society waS availability, an availability that waS paRticulaRly at the SeRvice of otheRS and waS SpiRitual; moReoveR, it waS an availability that waS cleaRly functional.