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Doğu Türkistan Tarihinde Kirgizlarin

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Doğu Türkistan Tarihinde Kirgizlarin T. C. ULUDA Ğ ÜNİVERS İTES İ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ TAR İH ANAB İLİM DALI GENEL TÜRK TAR İHİ BİLİM DALI DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN TAR İHİNDE KIRGIZLARIN TES İRLER İ (1700-1878 ) (YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ) Abdrasul İSAKOV BURSA 2007 T. C. ULUDA Ğ ÜNİVERS İTES İ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ TAR İH ANAB İLİM DALI GENEL TÜRK TAR İHİ B İLİM DALI DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN TAR İHİNDE KIRGIZLARIN TES İRLER İ (1700-1878 ) (YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ) Danı şman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sezai SEV İM Abdrasul İSAKOV BURSA 2007 2 T. C. ULUDA Ğ ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜ ĞÜNE Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Genel Türk Tarihi Bilim Dalı’nda 700542005 numaralı Abdrasul İsakov’un hazırladı ğı “Do ğu Türkistan Tarihinde Kırgızların Tesirleri (1700-1878)” konulu Yüksek Lisans Çalı şması ile ilgili tez savunma sınavı, …../…../ 20… günü ……- ………..saatleri arasında yapılmı ş, sorulan sorulara alınan cevaplar sonunda adayın çalı şmasının …………….. oldu ğuna …………… ile karar verilmi ştir. İmza Ba şkan …………………………. İmza İmza Üye (Danı şman)………………………………… Üye………………………………. ....../......./ 20..... 3 ÖZET “Do ğu Türkistan Tarihinde Kırgızların Tesirleri (1700-1878)” isimli yüksek lisans çalı şmasında, 1700-1878 yılları arası Do ğu Türkistan’daki siyasi olaylarda Kırgızların tesirleri ara ştırılmak istenmi ştir. Tez: “Do ğu Türkistan Hakkında Genel Bilgi”, “Do ğu Türkistan’da Baskıncılara Kar şı Mücadeleler”, “Do ğu Türkistan’da Kırgızlar” ve “Do ğu Türkistan’da Yapılan Mücadelelerde Kırgızlar” isimli dört ba şlıktan olu şmu ştur. Birinci bölümde, Sakalar devrinden XVIII. yüzyıla kadarki Do ğu Türkistan’ın kısa tarihi, bölgeyi zapt etmi ş olan Kalmuk ve Mançuların tarih sahnesine çıkmaları, ayrı ayrı ele alınmı ş ve ayrıca hocaların men şei ve Do ğu Türkistan’da iktidara gelmeleri anlatılmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Tezimizin ikinci bölümünde ise 1700-1878 arasında Do ğu Türkistan’da baskıncılara kar şı yapılan mücadeleler kronolojiye uygun olarak verilmi ştir. Kalmuklara kar şı mücadeleler anlatılırken, hocaların iki klana bölünmesi dikkat çekicidir. Ch’ing hükümetine kar şı isyanlarda ise Hokand Hanlı ğı, mücadeleleri yönlendirici bir rol üstlenir. Böylece Hokand- Ch’ing ili şkilerinden karlı çıkan Hokand, Do ğu Türkistan’ın 1865’te egemenli ğine kavu şmasına yardımcı olur. Üçüncü bölümde, kaynaklarda “Burut” adı ile bilinen Kırgızların, Doğu Türkistan’ın bir parçası oldu ğu, Kırgızların eskiden bu bölgelerde ya şadıkları, çe şitli dönemlerde göçler sonucu bölgeye yeni Kırgız göçlerinin oldu ğu, Kırgızların eskiden beri Do ğu Türkistan’da etkili birileri oldukları ve siyasi olaylarda önemli rol oynadıkları anlatılmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Do ğu Türkistan günümüz Kırgız Etnosu’nun olu şumunda da önemli rol almı ştır. Bütün bunlar tezimizin konusu için de bir alt yapı olu şturur. Tezimize güçlü bir zemin hazırladıktan sonra, son bölümde, Kırgızların 1700-1760 arasında Kalmuklara kar şı yaptıkları mücadeleler, Ch’inglilere kar şı ise isyanların önderleri sayılan hocalara verdikleri destek ve di ğer yerel halklarla beraber omuz omuza bölgenin ba ğımsızlı ğı için nasıl sava ştıkları ortaya konmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler : Kırgızlar, Do ğu Türkistan, Boylar, Biy, İsyanlar, Ch’ing, Hocalar. SUMMARY İn the master thesis named “Kyrgyz Influence in Eastern Turkestan History, (1700- 1878)”, it is intended to research the influence of Kyrgyz in the political situation of Eastern Turkestan between the years 1700-1878. The thesis has been divided into four parts: “the general information about Eastern Turkestan”, “the struggle against the attackers”, “the Kyrgyz in Eastern Turkestan” and “the Kyrgyz in the Struggles in Eastern Turkestan”. In the first part, the era from Sakas till the 18th century covering the short history of Eastern Turkestan, the appearence of Kalmuks and Manchus that have conquested the Eastern Turkestan and the background of Hocas and their position of pover have been studied seperately. In the second part of the thesis, the fight against the attackers in Eastern Turkestan has been provided chronologically between the years 1700-1878. When describing the fights 4 against Kalmuks, it is worth to pay attention that the Hocas divided into two clans. In the rebellion against the government of Ch’ing, it seems that the state of Hokand Khan has directed the fights. Thus, the Hokand has benefited from the relationship Hokand-Ch’ing and has helped to win the freedom of Eastern Turkestan in 1865. In the third part, it is pointed out that the Kyrgyz, the so-called “Burut” in resorces, is apart of Eastern Turkestan, have lived in those areas, several new Kyrgyz immigration processes happened in various periods, they played an important role in Eastern Turkestan for a long time in political life and in events in Eastern Turkestan. Additionally, the Eastern Turkestan has played an important role in the formation of Kyrgyz Etnos. All of these have formed a sub part in our thesis. After forming a strong base for our thesis, in the last part, the fights of Kyrgyz against Kalmuks between 1700-1760, the supports provided to Hocas that the leaders of the rebellion against Ch’ings and the supports to native people of the area and how they fighted together for the independence have been pointed out. Keywords : Kyrgyz, Eastern Turkestan, Clans, Biys, Rebellions, Ch’ing, Hocas. 5 ÖNSÖZ Do ğu Türkistan, Asya kıtasının merkezi, kalbi ve mihveridir. Bu durumu itibariyle, tarihte Do ğu Türkistan’a hakim olan devlet bütün Asya’ya hükmetmi ştir. Çin’den ve Mo ğolistan’dan batıya do ğru yapılan bütün geni şleme hareketleri Do ğu Türkistan üzerinden olmu ş, bu ülke, tarihte siyasi, askeri faaliyetlerin hareket üssü ve ikmal merkezi olarak kullanılmı ştır. Tezimizin amacı, Kırgız tarihinde önemli yeri bulunan ama Kırgız tarih ilmine kazandırılmamı ş, günümüze kadar yeterince incelenmemi ş olan, Do ğu Türkistan’daki Kırgızların 1700-1878 yılları arasındaki tarihinin aydınlı ğa kavu şmasına, az da olsa katkı sa ğlamaktır. “Do ğu Türkistan Tarihinde Kırgızların Tesirleri (1700-1878)” isimli tezimizde, Kırgızların bölgedeki siyasi olaylardaki önemi ve onların sosyal hayatı anlatılırken, genel olarak Kırgız ve Rus dillerine kazandırılmı ş olan Çin kaynaklarından, Musa Sayrami, Muhammed Sadık Ka şgari gibi yerel alimlerin eserlerinden ve Kuropatkin, Kornilov, Robert Shaw ve Valihanov’un kitaplarından yararlanılmı ştır. Konunun daha iyi anla şılabilmesi ve aksamaması için, bazen parantez içinde açıklamalar yapılmı ştır. Tezde bulunan tüm yanlı ş, eksik ve hatalar bize aittir. Bana her konuda yardımcı olan, her zaman moral vererek motive eden hocam, danı şmanım Uluda ğ Üniversitesi Ö ğretim Üyesi Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sezai SEV İM’e saygılarımı sunarım. Yine ba şta Tarih Bölümü Ba şkanı Prof. Dr. Yusuf O ĞUZO ĞLU olmak üzere, tüm hocalarıma te şekkür ederim. Ayrıca kaynak konusunda yardımlarını esirgemeyen hocam Prof. Dr. Üçler Bulduk ve arkada şım Ara ş. Gör. Kayrat Tabaldiev’e de te şekkür ederim. Bursa – 2007 Abdrasul İSAKOV 6 İÇİNDEK İLER Sayfalar TEZ ONAY SAYFASI……………………………………………………………………II ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………..….III ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………....V İÇİNDEK İLER………………………………………………………………………........VI KISALTMALAR…………………………………………………………………...……..IX GİRİŞ………………………………………………………………………………..….…1 I.BÖLÜM DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN HAKKINDA GENEL B İLG İ 1. KA ŞGAR İYA’NIN KISA TAR İHİ.……………………………………………..9 2. KALMUKLAR VE MANÇULAR ...…………………………………………....14 A) Kalmuklar………………………………………………………………...14 B) Mançular……………………………………………………………….…17 3. HOCALARIN MEN ŞEİ VE XVIII. YÜZYIL DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN’DA S İYASİ DURUM ………………………………………………………………….……...21 A) Hocaların Men şei…………………………………………………….…...21 B) Hocaların Bölgede İktidara Gelmeleri……………………………….…...23 II.BÖLÜM DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN’DA BASKINCILARA KAR ŞI MÜCADELELER 1. KA ŞGAR İYA’DA CUNGARLARA KAR ŞI BA ĞIMSIZLIK HAREKETLER İ ..............................................................................................................................27 A) 1700-1720 Yıllarındaki Direnmeler…………………………………….27 B) Danyal Hoca Dönemi (1720-1750)……………………………………..28 C) Yusuf Hoca İsyanı (1753-1755)…………………………………….…..29 7 D) Burhaneddin Hoca (1755-1759)………………………………………...32 2. CH’ İNG HANEDANI’NIN DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN’I ZAPTI ………………… 35 A) Ch’ing’in Cungarya’yı Zaptı……………………………………………35 B) Baturhan Devleti………………………………………………………..36 3. DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN’DA HOKAND-CH’ İNG İLİŞ KİLER İ ………………...40 A) Hokand-Ch’ing İli şkilerinin İlk Devresi (1755-1770)………………….40 B) Do ğu Türkistan’daki Siyasi Olaylarda Hokand Hanlı ğı’nın Etkisi….…42 C) Aksakallık………………………………………………………………46 4. İSYANLAR YÜZYILI (1765-1878)..……………………………………….....48 A) Üç Turfan İsyanı (1765)………………………………………………...48 B) Zıyavuddin ile Turdumambet İsyanı (1815)………………...……….....50 C) Cahangir İsyanı (1824-1828)……………………………………….......51 D) Yusuf Hoca İsyanı (1830)……………………………………………....54 E) Yedi Hoca İsyanı (1847)………………………………………………..55 F) Valihan Töre İsyanı (1855-1857)…………………………………….....57 G) Uygur ve Döngenlerin İsyanı (1864-1866)…………………….......…...59 H) Yakup Bey Devleti (1865-1878)………………………………………..63 III.BÖLÜM DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN’DA KIRGIZLAR 1. KIRGIZLAR VE DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN ………………………………………69 A) Kırgızların Yenisey’den Batıya İlk Göçleri……………………………….69 B) Do ğu Türkistan Kırgız Derjavası Dahilinde………………………………71 C) Kırgızların Do ğu Türkistan’a Gelmeleri…………………………………..73 2. KIRGIZ YURDU OLARAK DO ĞU TÜRK İSTAN..……………………….…76 A) Hun Devleti Döneminde Kırgızlar……………………………………...…76 B) Do ğu Türkistanlı Kırgızların Bölgedeki Önemi (IX-XIV)……………......78 C) Günümüz Kırgız Etnosu’nun Olu şmasında Do ğu Türkistan’daki Kırgızların Rolü……………………………………………………………….…….....82
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