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Buzz About Bees 2014.Pages What’s the Buzz About Bees?! Bob Allen! Research Associate, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden! Research Associate in Entomology, Natural History Museum of L.A. County! Outline! Western Honey Bee! • What are bees?! • Western Honey bee, Apis mellifera, on Telegraph • Bee-evolution! Weed, Heterotheca grandiflora (p. 123), and on • Bee-odiversity! dove weed, Croton setiger (p. 234)in Riley • Bee-ology! Wilderness Park! • Bee-threats! • Native to Europe & Africa, the Western Honey • Bee-action! Bee, Apis mellifera, is now worldwide! • Bee-happy!! • Several local forms of Apis mellifera, especially in ! Europe! What are bees?! • Northern Europe, Apis mellifera mellifera! Southern Europe, Apis mellifera ligustica! Arthropods! • • South Africa, Apis mellifera scutellata! • Exoskeleton! • • Major body regions! ! • Paired jointed appendages! Bee-ology! • Internal features.! • Holometabolous! ! • Complete metamorphosis! What are bees?! • Life cycle models made by Insect Lore, US Toy, Safari Ltd.! • Insects! • 3 main body regions! ! • Head (nerve, feeding)! Where do they nest?! • Thorax (locomotion)! • Nearly all bee species are solitary! • Abdomen (digest, repro)! • ~70% in the ground! • 6 legs (thorax)! • ~30% under bark, in holes & cracks! • Wings: 0, 2, 4 (thorax).! • Few make their own holes: carpenter! ! • Very few species are social! Bee-evolution! • Small nests: bumble bees! Only 1 species nests in little white boxes! Apis Evolved from wasps! • • mellifera! • Share a recent common ancestor with Sphecidae! Mud daubers! ! • Leafcutter bee, Osmia spp., make linear nests in Mud wasps! • • hollow stems! • Sand wasps.! • Leafcutter bees cut circular holes in soft-leaved ! plants! Bee-odiversity! • Leafcutter bee, Megachile spp., make branched • World 20,000! nests in wood tunnels made by beetles! • North America 4,000! • Western digger bee, Anthophora occidentalis, • California 1,600! makes nests in soil, makes a mud chimney! • So Calif ? 1,000! • Longhorn bees, Melissodes spp., makes nests in • OC ? 600! soil, unadorned opening! ! • Life cycle: pollen gathering, pollen ball, egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa, adult" Page #1 of #3 Bee-threats! • “Foraging of bumble bees, Bombus sp., can be impaired by neonicotinoids.”! Some decline in diversity & abundance of native • “Commercial hives can be heavily contaminated bees. Causes?! • with pesticides.”! pesticide use, habitat destruction and • “Honey bees can be killed by acute exposure to fragmentation, global climate change, reduction • aerially dispersed seed coatings containing of host plants, invasive species…! neonicotinoids. Chronic exposure can cause ! foragers to lose their way.”! Bee-threats! • Salon article: “More than half of the purportedly • Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) ! “bee-friendly” plants sold at Home Depot, Lowe’s • Workers can lose their way home! and Wal-Mart garden centers across the U.S. and • Workers & drones leave the colony! Canada actually contain neonicotinoids — • Young and the queen die! meaning gardens planted to save the bees, or • Colony collapses.! even just planted under the assumption that they ! aren’t contributing to the die-offs, instead may be Bee-threats! killing the pollinators.”! • Closeup of a hive killed by CCD. Note that brood • Green Retail Decisions article: “Home Depot, BJ’s Collaborate to ban bee-killing pesticides.”! ! is present, but all adult bees have disappeared.! ! Bee-threats! Bee-action! • CCD only affects western honey bee, Apis • Promote health & numbers of bees! mellifera. Cause(s) still unknown! • Establish gardens, restoration sites! • Mites? Mutation? Pesticides?! • Eliminate/reduce pesticides.! • Western Honey Bee with attached Varroa Mites • General pesticides kill everything!! (Varroa destructor)! ! • http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bees/ Bee-action! varroa_mite.htm! • UC Berkeley Urban Bee Lab: observations at ! Leaning Pine Arboretum, Cal Poly SLO! Poisoning! • Plants from S. Africa, Australia, Central/South • Imidacloprid (IMD)! America are largely ignored by California native • Relatively new, widely used! bees! • Neonicotinoid “neo-nic”! ! • Annual die-off rate WHB 30%! Bee-action! • Even trace amounts of IMD make WHB lose their • California’s native bees evolved with native desire to feed! flowering plants! • Quickly leads to colony collapse.! • Plant it and they will come…! • “We found that worker foraging performance, ! particularly pollen collecting efficiency, was Lawns! significantly reduced with observed knock-on Used mostly by your neighbor’s dog! effects for forager recruitment, worker losses and • Support nearly no wildlife! overall worker productivity. Moreover, we provide • 70-90% of your water bill!! evidence that combinatorial exposure to • pesticides increases the propensity of colonies to ! fail.”! • “A honey bee, Apis mellifera, is headed toward an almond blossom. Massive losses of these managed honey bees are occurring every year, and pesticide poisoning is part of the problem.”! • “Soil contamination puts ground-nesting bumble bees, Bombus sp., at risk.”! Page #2 of #3 Bee-action! References! • Use California native plants!! Allen, R.L. & F.M. Roberts, Jr. 2013. Wildflowers of • Tree of Life Nursery, SJC! Orange County and the Santa Ana • Fullerton Arboretum, Fullerton! Mountains. Laguna Wilderness Press, Laguna • Golden West College, Huntington Beach! Beach, CA.! • Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont! Bornstein, C., D. Fross, and B. O’Brien. 2005. • Theodore Payne Foundation, Sunland.! California Native Plants for the Garden. ! Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA.! Take inspiration from nature…! Bornstein, C., D. Fross, and B. O’Brien. 2011. Reimagining the California Lawn: Water- Beardtongues, Penstemon spp. - perennial! • conserving Plants, Practices, and Designs. Golden yarrow, Eriophyllum confertiflorum - • Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA.! perennial! Frankie, G. 2014. California Bees & Blooms. A California buckwheat, Eriogonum fasciculatum - • Guide for Gardeners and Naturalists. Heyday perennial! Press, Berkeley, CA.! Phacelia spp.: Several species, Seasonality, • LeBuhn, G. 2013. Field Guide to Common Bees of Annuals & perennials! California, Including Bees of the Western United Desert canterbury bells, Phacelia campanularia • States. California Natural History Guides. UC - annual! Press, Berkeley, CA.! Tansy phacelia, Phacelia tanacetifolia - annual! • O’Toole, C. 2013. Bees, A Natural History. Firefly Branching phacelia, Phacelia ramosissima - • Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.! perennial! Ruben, G., & L. Warren. 2013. California Native Western sunflower, Helianthus annuus - annual! • Landscape. The Homeowner’s Design Guide to Coastal goldenbush, Isocoma menziesii - • Restoring its Beauty and Balance. Timber Press, perennial! Portland, OR.! California poppy, Eschscholzia californica - annual • Koch, J., J. Strange, P. Williams. 2012. Bumble or short-lived perennial! Bees of the Western United States. Pollinator ! Partnership. http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/ Bee-action! uploads/2008/09/Western_BB_guide.pdf! • Provide nesting sites! Pollinator Partnership. Poster: Bumble Bees of the • Open ground, bee holes, bee boxes! Western United States.$ ! http://pollinator.org/wbbposter.htm! Ponder, M.V., G.W. Frankie, et al. 2013. How to Attract and Maintain Pollinators in Your Garden. UC ANR Publication 8498. $ https://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8498.pdf! Michener, C.D. 2007. Bees of the World, second edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.! Moisset, B., & S. Buchmann. Bee Basics. An Introduction to Our Native Bees. A USDA Forest Service and Pollinator Partnership Publication. http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/ FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5306468.pdf! Williams, P.H., R.W. Thorp, L.L. Richardson, & S.R. Colla. Bumble Bees of North America, An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Page #3 of #3.
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