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Rauchfleisch Diss.Pdf Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Funktionen von Onlineöffentlichkeit: eine globale Perspektive Rauchfleisch, Adrian Abstract: Das Konzept der Öffentlichkeit ist eines der populärsten und am meisten diskutierten Konzepte der politischen Philosophie im 20. Jahrhundert. Trotz der bereits reichen intellektuellen Geschichte des Konzepts gibt es noch keinen Konsens über die richtige Verwendung und Definition des Konzepts. In meiner Dissertation werde ich die Öffentlichkeit als ein essentially contested concept (Rauchfleisch, in Druck) vorstellen. Ich erfasse die Forschung der letzten 20 Jahre zu Öffentlichkeit mit einer Kozitations- analyse. Diese Methode hat das Potenzial, den gesamten Korpus der akademischen Literatur zu erfassen. Zusätzlich kann die intellektuelle Struktur des Konzepts abgebildetwerden. Konzeptionell schlage ich das hierarchisches Modell der generalized functions der Öffentlichkeit vor (Rauchfleisch Kovic, 2016). Ich identifiziere vier allgemeine Funktionen: Identity Building, Agenda-Setting, Kontrolle und Kritik und Deliberation. Mit Hilfe von Makrolevelvariablen, welche die strukturellen Voraussetzungen für eine Öf- fentlichkeit angeben, identifiziere ich die höchste mögliche Funktion der Öffentlichkeit für jedes Land,zu der das Internet möglicherweise beitragen kann. Abschliessend wird die Frage nach dem transformativen Potential des Internets gestellt. Der Gesamteinfluss ist in China grösser als in der Schweiz. In China ist das Internet ein Ersatz für die staatlich kontrollierte Massenmedienöffentlichkeit. In der Schweiz hingegen ist das Internet nur ein komplementäres Netzwerk für eine gut funktionierende Öffentlichkeit. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-172401 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Rauchfleisch, Adrian. Funktionen von Onlineöffentlichkeit: eine globale Perspektive. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. FUNKTIONEN VON ONLINEÖFFENTLICHKEIT: EINE GLOBALE PERSPEKTIVE Abhandlung (kumulative Dissertation) zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Adrian Rauchfleisch Angenommen im Herbstsemester 2016 auf Antrag der Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer «(hauptverantwortliche Betreuungsperson)» Prof. Dr. Frank Esser Zürich, 2017 Meine Dissertation widme ich Man-Ying Rauchfleisch ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Konzept der Öffentlichkeit ist eines der populärsten und am meisten diskutierten Konzepte der politischen Philosophie im 20. Jahr- hundert. Trotz der bereits reichen intellektuellen Geschichte des Kon- zepts gibt es noch keinen Konsens über die richtige Verwendung und Definition des Konzepts. In meiner Dissertation werde ich die Öf- fentlichkeit als ein essentially contested concept (Rauchfleisch, in Druck) vorstellen. Ich erfasse die Forschung der letzten 20 Jahre zu Öffent- lichkeit mit einer Kozitationsanalyse. Diese Methode hat das Poten- zial, den gesamten Korpus der akademischen Literatur zu erfassen. Zusätzlich kann die intellektuelle Struktur des Konzepts abgebildet werden. Konzeptionell schlage ich das hierarchisches Modell der generali- zed functions der Öffentlichkeit vor (Rauchfleisch & Kovic, 2016). Ich identifiziere vier allgemeine Funktionen: Identity Building, Agenda- Setting, Kontrolle und Kritik und Deliberation. Mit Hilfe von Makro- levelvariablen, welche die strukturellen Voraussetzungen für eine Öf- fentlichkeit angeben, identifiziere ich die höchste mögliche Funktion der Öffentlichkeit für jedes Land, zu der das Internet möglicherweise beitragen kann. Abschliessend wird die Frage nach dem transformativen Potenti- al des Internets gestellt. Der Gesamteinfluss ist in China grösser als in der Schweiz. In China ist das Internet ein Ersatz für die staatlich kontrollierte Massenmedienöffentlichkeit. In der Schweiz hingegen ist das Internet nur ein komplementäres Netzwerk für eine gut funk- tionierende Öffentlichkeit. ABSTRACT The public sphere has been both one of the most popular and most debated concepts in political philosophy in the 20th century. Despi- te the already rich intellectual history of the concept, many scholars still disagree over its proper use and definition. In my dissertation, I will introduce the public sphere as an essentially contested concept essentially contested concept (Rauchfleisch, in Druck). I review recent re- search into the public sphere with a co-citation analysis. This method has the potential to capture the whole corpus of academic literature focusing on the concept. Additionally, the intellectual structure of the concept can be mapped. I propose a hierarchical model of generalized functions of the pu- blic sphere (Rauchfleisch & Kovic, 2016). I identify four generalized iii functions: identity building, agenda-setting, control and criticism, and deliberation. With the help of macro-level variables which indicate the structural preconditions for a public sphere, I identify the highest possible function of the public sphere for each country to which the Internet can potentially contribute. Finally, the question is raised about the transformative potential of the Internet. The overall influence is greater in China than in Swit- zerland. In China, the Internet is a substitute for the state-controlled mass media public sphere. In Switzerland, on the other hand, the In- ternet is only a complementary network for a well-functioning public sphere. iv DANKSAGUNG An dieser Stelle möchte ich allen Personen danken, die direkten oder indirekten Einfluss auf meine Dissertation hatten. Besonders möchte ich meinem Doktorvater und ersten Gutachter Pro- fessor Mike S. Schäfer für seine Unterstützung in den letzten drei Jah- ren danken. Er hat mich stets mit seinen Anregungen unterstützt und mir genügend intellektuelle Freiräume gelassen, damit ich die Disser- tation in drei Jahren abschliessen konnte. Auch Professor Frank Esser als Zweitgutachter bin ich zum Dank verpflichtet, da er sich kurzfris- tig bereiterklärte, meine Dissertation zu begutachten. Obwohl die Dissertation meine Eigenleistung ist, würde sie ohne die Hilfe meiner Koautoren nicht in dieser Form vorliegen. Ich danke Jean-Francois Mayoraz, Mike S. Schäfer, Julia Metag sowie Marko Ko- vic für die fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit. Jede Zusammenarbeit war eine intellektuelle Bereicherung für mich. Auch danken möchte ich allen Personen, die jeweils kleinere Auf- gaben bei den einzelnen Projekten übernahmen. Spezieller Dank ge- bührt Julian Szenogrady, Muriel Fischer sowie Man-Ying Rauchfleisch. Über die Jahre bekam ich immer wieder hilfreiche Kritik zu einzelnen Publikationen. Besonders danken möchte ich an dieser Stelle Marc Sele, Kerry de Zilva, Jonas Kaiser, Udo Rauchfleisch sowie Regine Rauchfleisch für ihren Einsatz. v INHALTSVERZEICHNIS i synopse 1 1 einleitung 3 2 aufbauderdissertation 7 2.1 Essentially contested concept: Entwicklung über die letz- ten 20 Jahre 7 2.2 Internet und Öffentlichkeitstheorie 9 2.3 Nationaler Kontext 10 2.3.1 Onlineöffentlichkeit in China 12 2.3.2 Onlineöffentlichkeit in der Schweiz 13 2.4 Der Einfluss des Internets auf Öffentlichkeit 13 3 relevanz der öffentlichkeitstheorie im 21. jahr- hundert 15 3.1 Die letzten 20 Jahre Forschung zu Öffentlichkeit 15 4 das konzept der öffentlichkeit 19 4.1 Definition Öffentlichkeit 19 4.2 Von Optimisten und Pessimisten 21 4.3 Klärung eines umstrittenen Konzepts 21 5 funktionen von öffentlichkeit 23 5.1 Identity-Building 23 5.1.1 Historische Bedeutung von Identätsbildung 24 5.1.2 Die Bedeutung von kollektiver Identität 25 5.1.3 Identity-Building und Gegenöffentlichkeiten 26 5.1.4 Kollektive Identität und soziale Bewegungen 27 5.1.5 Von Identity-Building zu Agenda-Setting 30 5.2 Agenda-Setting 31 5.2.1 Das Ende der Gegenöffentlichkeiten 33 5.2.2 Nullsummenspiel der Themenaufmerksamkeit 34 5.3 Kritik und Kontrolle 35 5.4 Deliberation 36 6 länderunterschiede 39 6.1 Normalization auf Staatsebene 40 7 schlussbemerkungen 43 7.1 Beitrag der Dissertation zur Kommunikationswissen- schaft 44 7.2 Zukünftige Forschung 45 7.3 Ausblick: Unabhängige Öffentlichkeit 46 Literatur 49 ii appendix 61 a eigenleistung 63 b publikationen 65 vii viii inhaltsverzeichnis b.1 The Public Sphere as an Essentially Contested Con- cept 65 b.2 Generalized Functions of the Public Sphere 103 b.3 Die Rolle von Sina Weibo 119 b.4 Multiple public spheres of Weibo 149 b.5 Swiss politicians on Twitter 167 b.6 Agenda-building and journalists’ use of political tweets 187 c selbstständigkeitserklärung 207 d curriculum vitae 209 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abbildung 1 Internetpenetration und -population im Län- dervergleich 11 Abbildung 2 Visualisierung der Ko-Zitationsnetzwerke. 17 ix Teil I SYNOPSE 1 EINLEITUNG „We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity.“ John Perry Barlow (1996) „The age of new media, with its characteristic fragmentation of public discourse and decentralization of control, has made the lives of propaganda officials toiling in stuffy offices of authoritarian governments considerably easier.“ Evgeny Morozov (2011, S. 117) Seit Barlows Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace aus dem Jahr 1996 hat sich das Internet stark verändert. Mittlerweile haben in den USA und in vielen anderen Ländern private Unternehmen oder staatliche Institutionen die Kontrolle über das Internet sowie dessen Regulierung übernommen (McChesney,
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