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Exploratory Study of Anti-Populist Attitudes and Its Correlates

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Exploratory Study of Anti-Populist Attitudes and Its Correlates EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ANTI-POPULIST ATTITUDES AND ITS CORRELATES Daniela Chacón-Mendoza A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Public Opinion and Survey Methodology Director: Dr. Christian Staerklé Expert: Dr. Matteo Cavallaro For this thesis's publication, formal modifications have been made after its submission to the SSP Faculty. Lausanne, Switzerland Autumn, 2020 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I will like to thank the University of Lausanne for the opportunity and support provided with the Master Scholarship for international students. Secondly, I want to thank Professor Christian Staerklé for all of his guidance and disposition to help; his feedback and expertise were of great value for my formation. I extend this gratitude to Dr. Matteo Cavallaro for agreeing to participate in my defense. I also will like to express appreciation to my POSM colleagues and friends in Switzerland who have always offered me help and encouragement. Finally, I want to especially thank all my family in Costa Rica and Esteban for their loving support and patience. 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 11 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 17 Populism/Anti-Populism Mutual Constitution ...................................................................... 17 Populism/Anti-Populism Performativity & Content Characterization .................................. 19 Democracy, Crisis & Media .................................................................................................. 20 Exploratory Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 23 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................... 29 Research Design......................................................................................................................... 29 Spatial and Temporal Delimitation ....................................................................................... 29 Target population & Sample ................................................................................................. 30 Sampling Design .................................................................................................................... 30 Survey Questionnaire Design .................................................................................................... 31 Survey Validity & Reliability ................................................................................................. 32 Survey Data Collection Fieldwork............................................................................................. 33 Completion Rate .................................................................................................................... 34 Data Management & Preparation ......................................................................................... 35 Measurements ............................................................................................................................ 36 Anti-populist attitudes ............................................................................................................ 36 Predictive variables ............................................................................................................... 36 Survey Respondents ................................................................................................................... 41 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Predictive Variables Descriptive Analysis................................................................................. 43 Anti-Populist Attitudes .............................................................................................................. 44 Anti-Populism Correlates........................................................................................................... 46 Anti Right-Wing Populism Correlates ....................................................................................... 47 Socio-demographic Correlates .............................................................................................. 48 Populism Dimensions, Elitism & Pluralism .......................................................................... 49 Media Trust Effect ................................................................................................................. 51 Covid-19 Impressions ............................................................................................................ 52 Democratic Deficit & Political Support ................................................................................ 52 Organizing principles: Entitlement & Egalitarianism .......................................................... 53 Anti Left-Wing Populism Correlates ......................................................................................... 56 Socio-demographic ................................................................................................................ 57 Populism Dimensions, Elitism & Pluralism .......................................................................... 57 Media Trust ............................................................................................................................ 58 Covid-19 Impressions ............................................................................................................ 58 Democratic Deficit & Political Support ................................................................................ 58 Organizing principles: Entitlement & Egalitarianism .......................................................... 59 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 63 5 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 67 APPENDIXES .............................................................................................................................. 71 APPENDIX A. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES ......................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. SURVEY DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................ 93 APPENDIX C. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS & DATA PRIVACY...................................... 97 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................................... 97 Survey Data Privacy Statement ................................................................................................. 97 APPENDIX D. OPERATIONALIZATION ................................................................................. 99 APPENDIX E. ANTI-POPULISM ............................................................................................. 104 APPENDIX F. REGRESSION ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS DIAGNOSIS ........................... 105 Anti Right-Wing Hierarchical Multiple Regression Assumptions Diagnosis ......................... 105 Homoscedasticity ................................................................................................................. 105 Normally distributed residuals ............................................................................................. 105 Anti Left-Wing Hierarchical Multiple Regression Assumptions Diagnosis ........................... 106 Homoscedasticity ................................................................................................................. 106 Normally distributed residuals ............................................................................................. 107 APPENDIX G. ANTI RIGHT-WING POPULISM HMR ......................................................... 108 APPENDIX H. ANTI LEFT-WING POPULISM HMR ............................................................ 109 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. PCA for Items Measuring Populist Attitudes (N=304). .................................................. 38 Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the three Populist attitudes component indices (N=304) ....... 39 Table 3. Sample Survey Respondents Description (N=304). ........................................................ 42 Table 4. Predictor variables overview (N=302) ........................................................................... 43 Table 5. PAF for Items Measuring Anti-Populist Attitudes (N=304). .......................................... 45 Table 6. Descriptive statistics for the two Anti-Populist attitudes factor indices (N=304) .......... 46 Table 7. Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting Anti Right-Wing Populist Attitudes (N
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