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WHEN MOTHERLANDS RUIN FOREIGN DEMOCRATIZATION EFFORTS by Elis Vllasi

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WHEN MOTHERLANDS RUIN FOREIGN DEMOCRATIZATION EFFORTS by Elis Vllasi SABOTAGE: WHEN MOTHERLANDS RUIN FOREIGN DEMOCRATIZATION EFFORTS by Elis Vllasi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science West Lafayette, Indiana August 2019 2 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Aaron Hoffman, Chair Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada Dr. James A. McCann Department of Political Science, Purdue University Dr. Kyle E. Haynes Department of Political Science, Purdue University Dr. Scott Gates Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Norway Approved by: Dr. Cherie Maestas Head of the Graduate Program 3 To my love, Amy, To my soul, Orion, To my light, Arabella, To my heart, Avisena 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation has come to fruition as a result of the love, support, mentorship, and the counsel of many people. First and foremost, I am eternally grateful to my wife and children, Amy, Orion, Arabella, and Avisena for their unconditional love, patience and unwavering support in following me to Purdue and enabling me to pursue my dreams. I am thankful to my parents, Ali and Fatime, and my brother, Patris, for their love, academic inspiration, and generosity. This dissertation would not have been possible without my wonderful advisor and friend, Aaron Hoffman, whose mentorship, support, and patience over the last several years have been instrumental to my success. I have also benefited from an excellent committee of faculty members, Kyle Haynes, Jay McCann, and Scott Gates. Kyle, I appreciate your attention to detail in reading and commenting on my draft chapters. This dissertation is a much better product as a result of your comments. Also, for your continued mentorship and encouragement to pursue publications. Jay, I enjoyed taking your quantitative classes which were fun and informative. I am thankful for always making the time to meet with me and answer my many questions. Scott, it was an honor and a privilege to have you serve in my committee and for your comments at defense. Your presence in the committee made me feel special. I am eternally grateful to Rosalee Clawson, my champion and the cornerstone since my first day in the department. Your kindness, respect, care, and personal and professional support throughout my years at Purdue shall never be forgotten. There are no words to express the gratitude I feel for all that you have done for me. You are the embodiment of a true scholar and a mentor. I would also like to express my appreciation to the entire faculty in the department who stimulated my academic inquiry through various challenges and passionate debates. I entered the program with a spark for international relations, and I am leaving it now with a burning fire for this subject. This would not have been possible without your dedication to student learning in general and my academic growth in particular. A special thank you to Keith Shimko for engaging me in many discussions, no matter how annoyed he was with my questions or positions. Eric Waltenburg, you were the first person I met on my first visit to Purdue and the first person to give me the wonderful news of admission to the program and the Ross Fellowship award. My life has never been the same since. 5 Special recognitions go to Emily Warter, Stacey Baisden, and Anne Wheldon who made my administrative navigation at Purdue a breeze and for their words of kindness and support over the last several years. Without you, this road to success would have taken longer and would have been more a lot more challenging. Thank you to all my friends here at Purdue, old and new, who made my time here very enjoyable and for having forged some life-lasting friendships. Katie Cahill and David Brule for reading and providing valuable comments on my work. I cherish the moments of our friendship. My officemate Tony Husted, for very enjoyable and passionate discussions about the US foreign policy. Sara Wiest and Giancarlo Visconti for having an open door every time I need help with my quantitative analysis. Summer Forester for sharing her experiences of being on the job market and her application documents. Alli Roberts, Ely Osorio, Mintao Nie, and Bi Zhao for your company. Last, but not least, my time here has been especially memorable as a result of my friendship with the two Brits in our department. To John Megson, for having traveled this road with me the longest and Peter Watkins for the wisdom imparted in me and for many gratifying conversations about movies and soccer during our weekly coffee breaks. Any errors in this work are my own. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 12 1.1 Brief Background .............................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Theoretical Contribution ................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Policy Implications ........................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Overview of Chapters ....................................................................................................... 21 1.5 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 22 THE LITERATURE ON THE EXTERNAL CAUSES OF DEMOCRATIZATION ................................................................................................................ 23 2.1 Key Terms: Democracy, Democratization, and Democracy Promotion .......................... 25 2.2 The Foreign Policy of Democracy Promotion .................................................................. 27 2.2.1 American Democracy Promotion .............................................................................. 29 2.2.2 European Democracy Promotion ............................................................................... 30 2.3 The Mechanisms of Foreign Democracy Promotion ........................................................ 32 2.3.1 Military Intervention as a Mechanism ....................................................................... 34 2.3.1.1 Intervention and Democratization: The Debate .................................................... 34 2.3.2 State-Building as a Mechanism ................................................................................. 36 2.3.2.1 State-Building and Democratization: The Debate ................................................ 37 2.3.3 Decentralization as a Mechanism .............................................................................. 40 2.3.3.1 Decentralization and Democratization: The Debate ............................................. 41 2.4 The Missing Variable: Motherlands ................................................................................. 44 2.5 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 46 THEORY: MOTHERLAND AS A SPOILER ................................................... 48 3.1 Motherland: Terms and Definitions .................................................................................. 50 3.2 Politics of National Identity and Democratization ............................................................ 55 3.3 Recipe for Spoiling: Intensity and Frequency .................................................................. 57 7 3.3.1 Intensity: Political Regime of a Motherland and Time since Loss of Kin ................ 58 3.3.2 Frequency: Internal Capabilities and External Constraints ....................................... 61 3.4 Strategies: A Product of Intensity and Frequency ............................................................ 64 3.4.1 Strategy of Apathy and its Impact on Democratization ............................................. 67 3.4.2 Strategy of Inclusivity and its Impact on Democratization ....................................... 68 3.4.3 Strategy of Segregation and its Impact on Democratization ..................................... 70 3.4.4 Strategy of Annexation and its Impact on Democratization ...................................... 71 3.5 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 72 CROATIA’S DEMOCRATIZATION: A TALE OF TWO STRATEGIES ...... 74 4.1 National Identity and Political Community ...................................................................... 76 4.2 The Two Paths to Democratization................................................................................... 82 4.2.1 Democratization Detour: The Road Not Taken ......................................................... 85 4.3 Intensity and Frequency for an Annexationist Strategy .................................................... 91 4.4 The Annexationist Era and the Democratization Spoiling Tactics (1990 – 1998) ........... 98 4.4.1 Expel the National Authorities ...............................................................................
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